Compounds > trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
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trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination

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Description

Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID358641
CHEMBL ID58061
CHEBI ID3770
SCHEMBL ID870329
MeSH IDM0024001

Synonyms (205)

Synonym
benzenesulfonamide, 4-a)mino-n-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-, mixt. with 5-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
8064-90-2
nsc-618652
benzenesulfonamide, mixt. with 5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4- pyrimidinediamine
co-trimoxazole
esteprim
trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
cotrim-puren
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination
trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole
benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-n-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-, mixt. with 5-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
abacin
kemoprim
biseptol
gantaprin
bactiver
trigonyl
supracombin
trimexazol
primazole
microtrim
mikrosid
cotriver
sigaprim
teleprim
trimetho comp
omsat
bibacrim
strepto-plus
baktar
cotrim_basf
centrin
insozalin
sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
chemitrim
pyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)- and n'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide
oxaprim
uroplus
sulfa-tyl
suprim
chemotrim
bactoreduct
bactrizol
co-trimaxazol
bactromin
eslectin
ciplin
trimexole-f
teleprin
cotrimoxazole
thiocuran
agoprim
maxtrim
imexim
cotrimoxazol al
jenamoxazol
abactrim
bacton
pantoprim
fectrim
sulfotrimin
dibaprim
sulprim
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
laratrim
duon
drylin
sigaprin
eltrianyl
nsc 618652
bactropin
groprim
escoprim
cotrimhexal
trimetoger
kepinol forte
cotrimox-wolff
trifen
cotrim-hefa
eusaprim
trimezole
momentol
trimosulfa
trimforte
alfatrim
co-trim-tablinen
septrim
kepinol
oecotrim
microtrim forte
cotribene
servitrim
sumetrolim
cotrim holsen
gantaprim
bactrim forte
tribakin
tms 480
aposulfatrim
cotrim-radiopharm
cotrimoxazol
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
linaris
cotrimoxazol-cophar
berlocid
trimethoprimsulfa
hsdb 6780
duratrimet
sulfotrim
cotrim eu rho
helveprim
cotrimstada
nopil
tacumil
trimesulf
bacteral
comox
bactilen
centran
baktrisid-ds
oriprim
trimedin
bacterial forte
a 033
septrin
septra
sulfatrim
tmp-smx
co-trimazole
sxt
cotrim
50808-41-8
trimethoprim & sulfamethoxazole
benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-n-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)- & 5-((3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
4-amino-n-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide; 5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
tmp & smx
gantrim
nsc618652
co-trimoxazole (ban)
septra (tn)
bactrim (tn)
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
D00285
sulfamethoprim-ds
sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim
sulfatrim-ds
sulfatrim-ss
sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim double strength
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim single strength
uroplus ds
bactrim pediatric
sulfatrim pediatric
sulmeprim pediatric
septra grape
uroplus ss
bactrim ds
septra ds
CHEMBL58061
sulfameth/trimeth
sulfameth/tmp
sulfamethoxazole-trimeth
tmp / smx
sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim
tmp/smx
cotrim.l.u.t.
smx-tmp
cotrim d.s.
smx/tmp
sulfamethoxazole / tmp
smx / tmp
sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim
EPITOPE ID:141805
chebi:3770
benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-n-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-, mixt. with 5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
SCHEMBL870329
WZRJTRPJURQBRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
AKOS030548395
4-amino-n-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide compound with 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (1:1)
Q898623
DTXSID0032233 ,
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
4-amino-n-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide;5-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
CS-0182655
cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1:5)
HY-141619
trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole
sulfamethoxazole/tmp
sulfameth/trimeth-ds
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim ds
sulfamethox-tmp ds
dtxcid301474601
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprimdouble strength
trimethoprim;sulfamethoxazole
sulfamethoxazole;trimethoprim
4-amino-n-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (1:1)
sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprimds
sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim
pyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-and n'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide
sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim mixture
sulfamethoxazol/trimetoprim
cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1:19)
HY-141619A
CS-0885981

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse events probably related to treatment occurred in 6% of those treated with lomefloxacin and in 7% of patients treated with TMP/SMX."( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections: results from a multicenter study.
Aguirre-Avalos, G; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Flores-Gaxiola, A; Lopez-Guillen, P; Morfin-Otero, R; Rodriguez-Noriega, E, 1992)		0.28
"A case of adverse side effects of co-trimoxazole (Biseptol) was observed, with predominance of neurological changes in the clinical picture."( [A case of side effect of Biseptol].
Kepa, L, 1992)		0.28
"Questions have been raised regarding the safety of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) in organ transplantation, particularly adverse interactions with azathioprine and cyclosporine."( A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation. Side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, interaction with cyclosporine.
Belzer, FO; Fox, BC; Kuntz, J; Maki, DG; Sollinger, HW, 1992)		0.28
" A total of 46% of patients developed an adverse reaction, that was considered severe in 24."( [Adverse effects of cotrimoxazole in Spanish patients with AIDS and pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii].
Cifuentes, N; Lucero, MI; Pérez-Cortés, S; Pérez-Pérez, M; Torres, M; Vergara de Campos, A, )		0.13
" A treatment course of ofloxacin, once-a-day for three days, was as safe and effective as a standard course of TMP/SMX, twice a day for seven days."( Randomized study to evaluate efficacy and safety of ofloxacin vs. trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
Basista, MP, 1991)		0.28
" This precludes drawing conclusions about relative risks of side effects from the current system of notifications of adverse drug effects."( Adverse effects of antibiotics in a general practice. The relative risk of co-trimoxazole.
Bridges-Webb, C; Britt, H, 1990)		0.28
" We conclude (1) that extending high dose cotrimoxazole therapy beyond 2 weeks is usually unnecessary, provided that reduced dose maintenance therapy is given directly, and (2) that dose reduction on appearance of toxicity signs during the second week of treatment is safe and allows two-thirds of patients to be maintained on cotrimoxazole with satisfactory results."( Can the course of high dose cotrimoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS be shorter? A possible solution to the problem of cotrimoxazole toxicity.
Danner, SA; Eeftinck Schattenkerk, JK; Lange, JM; van Steenwijk, RP, 1990)		0.28
" There were 39 toxic reactions, 15 of them serious: leukopenia (n = 23), abnormal liver functions (n = 14), skin changes (n = 12), gastrointestinal complaints (n = 10) and thrombocytopenia (n = 9)."( [Side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with AIDS].
de Matos-Marques, B; Pohle, HD; Ruf, B; Sixt, C; Weinke, T, 1988)		0.27
"During the decade 1968-1978 the Danish Board of Adverse Reactions to Drugs received 572 (6% of the total number) reports on hepatotoxicity."( Drug-induced liver disease in Denmark. An analysis of 572 cases of hepatotoxicity reported to the Danish Board of Adverse Reactions to Drugs.
Andreasen, PB; Døssing, M, 1982)		0.26
"Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is considered a safe drug for treatment of infectious bacterial diseases in children."( Fulminant hepatic failure in a child as a potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
Deutsch, J; Fend, F; Margreiter, R; Meister, B; Ofner, D; Simma, B; Sperl, W; Vogel, W, 1995)		0.29
"Atovaquone was compared to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) for the relationship of time receiving therapy, plasma drug concentrations, and incidence of adverse reactions in patients with AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia."( Adverse events associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and atovaquone during the treatment of AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Hughes, WT; LaFon, SW; Masur, H; Scott, JD, 1995)		0.29
" The treatment groups did not differ significantly with respect to changes in CD4 counts or p24 antigen levels or with respect to clinical adverse experiences or laboratory abnormalities."( Safety and efficacy of thymopentin in zidovudine (AZT)-treated asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects with 200-500 CD4 cells/mm3: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Beall, G; Blick, G; Calabrese, LH; Conant, MA; Fisher, A; Galpin, JE; Goldstein, G; Grossman, HA; Hirsch, RL; Stampone, P, 1995)		0.29
" One patient developed transient dyspnoea following a dose of SMX, but no other serious adverse drug reaction occurred."( Efficacy and safety of rechallenge with low-dose trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in previously hypersensitive HIV-infected patients.
Carr, A; Cooper, DA; Penny, R, 1993)		0.29
"Rechallenge with TMP-SMX appears safe in HIV-infected patients with a history of non-life-threatening hypersensitivity and is most likely to be successful in patients with a low CD4+ lymphocyte count."( Efficacy and safety of rechallenge with low-dose trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in previously hypersensitive HIV-infected patients.
Carr, A; Cooper, DA; Penny, R, 1993)		0.29
" For dapsone, among 100 patients given 100 mg daily instead of twice a week for 1 year (primary prophylaxis), seven fewer patients would develop P carinii pneumonia, but 17 more would have significant toxic reactions."( A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.
Cappelleri, JC; Ioannidis, JP; Lau, J; Sacks, HS; Skolnik, PR, 1996)		0.29
" Low doses of dapsone reduce toxic effects, but at the expense of some loss of efficacy."( A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.
Cappelleri, JC; Ioannidis, JP; Lau, J; Sacks, HS; Skolnik, PR, 1996)		0.29
"The overall incidence of adverse events (AE) in our study cohort was 39%."( Safety of dapsone as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with allergy to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Beumont, MG; Graziani, A; MacGregor, RR; Ubel, PA, 1996)		0.29
"Drug therapies for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are associated with adverse events that can potentially limit their effectiveness."( Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Chaisson, RE; Fortgang, I; Keruly, J; Moore, RD, 1996)		0.29
"We calculated specific and overall adverse event rates from use of zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, cotrimoxazole, and dapsone in an observational urban cohort of 1,450 HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ count of 500 cells/mm3 or less."( Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Chaisson, RE; Fortgang, I; Keruly, J; Moore, RD, 1996)		0.29
"Overall adverse event rates in order of incidence were dapsone, 16."( Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Chaisson, RE; Fortgang, I; Keruly, J; Moore, RD, 1996)		0.29
" Adverse event rates increase progressively with decline in CD4+ count."( Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Chaisson, RE; Fortgang, I; Keruly, J; Moore, RD, 1996)		0.29
" None of the 16 patients treated with atovaquone experienced treatment-associated adverse effects."( A prospective randomized trial comparing the toxicity and safety of atovaquone with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
Colby, C; Finkelstein, D; Fishman, J; McAfee, S; Sackstein, R; Spitzer, T, 1999)		0.3
"To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals)."( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996).
Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)		0.31
" Relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) were calculated to compare risk of adverse reactions between foals treated with erythromycin and control foals."( Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996).
Gardner, IA; Stratton-Phelps, M; Wilson, WD, 2000)		0.31
"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is recognized as the superior agent for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis but a high incidence of adverse drug reactions, which may be due to toxic drug metabolites, limits its use."( Reduced toxicity with gradual initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 268.
Becker, S; Black, JR; Dohn, M; Finkelstein, D; Para, MF; Walawander, A, 2000)		0.31
"Although potentially significant adverse reactions and drug interactions have been reported in association with erythromycin, oral tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, overall these agents are associated with excellent safety profiles, especially considering their widespread use over many years."( Systemic therapy for rosacea: focus on oral antibiotic therapy and safety.
Del Rosso, JQ, 2000)		0.31
" Safety was assessed in the intent-to-treat population and the incidence of drug-related adverse events were significantly lower following CIP (17%) than following TMP/SMX (27%) (P= ."( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin oral suspension versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole oral suspension for treatment of older women with acute urinary tract infection.
Gomolin, IH; Haverstock, DC; Heyd, A; Reuning-Scherer, J; Siami, PF, 2001)		0.31
" Furthermore, CIP suspension was associated with significantly lower rates of adverse events and premature discontinuations compared with TMP/SMX suspension."( Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin oral suspension versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole oral suspension for treatment of older women with acute urinary tract infection.
Gomolin, IH; Haverstock, DC; Heyd, A; Reuning-Scherer, J; Siami, PF, 2001)		0.31
" Phone call follow up in 25 patients disclosed that 15 patients continued to take celecoxib, while five patients did not take celecoxib following the oral challenge, and five discontinued celecoxib due to adverse effects, lack of drug efficacy or physician preference."( Safety of celecoxib in individuals allergic to sulfonamide: a pilot study.
Knowles, SR; Neuman, MG; Shapiro, LE; Shear, NH; Weber, E, 2003)		0.32
"To evaluate QOL in women treated for acute cystitis, and describe the relationship between QOL, clinical outcome and adverse events of each of the interventions used in the study."( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment.
Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)		0.33
"To evaluate QOL in women treated for acute cystitis, and describe the relationship between QOL, clinical outcome and adverse events of each of the interventions used in the study."( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment.
Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)		0.33
" Clinical outcome was assessed by telephone interview on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 using a standardized questionnaire to assess resolution of symptoms, compliance with the prescribed regimen, and occurrence of adverse events."( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment.
Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)		0.33
" While there was no difference in QOL by treatment assignment, patients experiencing an adverse event had lower QOL throughout the study period."( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment.
Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)		0.33
" While QOL is improved by treatment, those reporting adverse events have lower overall QOL compared to those who do not experience adverse events."( Women's quality of life is decreased by acute cystitis and antibiotic adverse effects associated with treatment.
Bergus, GR; Ernst, EJ; Ernst, ME; Hoehns, JD, 2005)		0.33
" We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a home-based, safe water intervention on the incidence and severity of diarrhea among persons with HIV living in rural Uganda."( Effect of home-based water chlorination and safe storage on diarrhea among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in Uganda.
Bunnell, R; Coutinho, A; Downing, R; Ekwaru, JP; Hughes, P; Kaharuza, F; Kigozi, A; Lule, JR; Malamba, S; Mermin, J; Nakanjako, D; Quick, R; Ransom, R; Wafula, W, 2005)		0.33
" Given the substantial benefits of TMP-SMZ prophylaxis for HIV-infected women living in resource-limited settings, this review indicates that it is safe to abide by the WHO guidelines recommending daily TMP-SMZ prophylaxis for HIV-infected pregnant women."( Systematic review of the safety of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis in HIV-infected pregnant women: implications for resource-limited settings.
Brooks, JT; Forna, F; Homsy, J; Kitabire, FN; McConnell, M; Mermin, J; Weidle, PJ, )		0.13
"Although co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) is an effective drug for prophylaxis against and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia, patients often experience adverse events with this combination, even at prophylactic doses."( Association of the diplotype configuration at the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene with adverse events with co-trimoxazole in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hara, M; Kamatani, N; Katsumata, Y; Kawaguchi, Y; Kawamoto, M; Mimori, A; Mitamura, T; Nakajima, A; Soejima, M; Sugiura, T; Takagi, K, 2007)		0.34
" The pathophysiological mechanism involved may be either a direct toxic effect of trimethoprim or an immune-mediated reaction to sulfamethoxazole."( [Serious side effects of frequently used antibiotics in childhood: biliary sludge or stones induced by ceftriaxone and thrombocytopenia induced by co-trimoxazole].
Landstra, AM; Maseland, MH; van Setten, PA; Voeten, M, 2007)		0.34
" Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 5) between the patient's development of hepatotoxicity and the TMP-SMX therapy."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hepatotoxicity in a pediatric patient.
Bell, TL; Foster, JN; Townsend, ML, 2010)		0.36
"Neurotoxicity is an unwanted acute side effect of aggressive chemotherapy."( Evidence for acute neurotoxicity after chemotherapy.
Cornelissen, J; Filippi, M; Giovannoni, G; Hintzen, R; Kappos, L; Kuhle, J; Lowenberg, B; Mondria, T; Petzold, A; Rocca, MA; te Boekhorst, P, 2010)		0.36
"Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-STX), an agent used for prophylaxis against pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised hosts, causes serious adverse effects (AEs) in some patients."( Positivity for anti-RNP antibody is a risk factor for adverse effects caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a prophylactic agent for P. jiroveci pneumonia, in patients with connective tissue diseases.
Arai, S; Fukuda, T; Kurasawa, K; Maezawa, R; Okada, H; Owada, T, 2013)		0.39
"CTX is safe and efficacious against malaria."( Safety and efficacy of co-trimoxazole for treatment and prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review.
D'Alessandro, U; Manyando, C; Njunju, EM; Van Geertruyden, JP, 2013)		0.39
"Antibiotic therapy during pregnancy may be beneficial and impacts positively on the reduction of adverse pregnancy outcomes."( Safety of daily co-trimoxazole in pregnancy in an area of changing malaria epidemiology: a phase 3b randomized controlled clinical trial.
Alessandro, UD; Champo, D; Chongwe, G; Claeys, Y; De Crop, M; Manyando, C; Mkandawire, R; Mulenga, M; Mwakazanga, D; Njunju, EM; Ravinetto, RM; Van Geertruyden, JP; van Overmeir, C, 2014)		0.4
"Three databases and 1 conference abstract site were searched in duplicate up to October 31, 2013, for studies reporting adverse maternal and infant outcomes among women receiving cotrimoxazole during pregnancy."( Safety of cotrimoxazole in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abrams, EJ; Ford, N; Frigati, L; Jao, J; Mofenson, L; Shubber, Z, 2014)		0.4
" The majority of adverse drug reactions were mild."( Safety of cotrimoxazole in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abrams, EJ; Ford, N; Frigati, L; Jao, J; Mofenson, L; Shubber, Z, 2014)		0.4
" There were no differences between the study arms in the incidence of serious adverse events during the intervention and the incidence of malaria during the 1-y period after the intervention was stopped."( Protective efficacy and safety of three antimalarial regimens for the prevention of malaria in young Ugandan children: a randomized controlled trial.
Achan, J; Aweeka, FT; Bigira, V; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Havlir, DV; Huang, L; Kamya, MR; Kapisi, J; Kinara, S; Muhindo, MK; Mwangwa, F; Osterbauer, B; Rosenthal, PJ, 2014)		0.4
" The study aims to assess whether the intervention regimen is not inferior, with respect to the incidence of pre-defined CTX-preventable events, to the control regimen and superior with respect to the incidence of haematological adverse events."( Safety of discontinuing cotrimoxazole prophylaxis among HIV infected adults on anti-retroviral therapy in Uganda (COSTOP trial): Design.
Abaasa, A; Anywaine, Z; Grosskurth, H; Kamali, A; Kasirye, R; Levin, J; Munderi, P; Nunn, A, 2015)		0.42
" However, it is not commonly prescribed for patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) due to the risk of adverse reactions (ADRs)."( Safety and efficacy of upfront graded administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective cohort study.
Deshpande, GA; Kawaguchi, Y; Kishimoto, M; Kobayashi, D; Matsui, K; Min, C; Okada, M; Rokutanda, R; Sassé, B; Suyama, Y; Takahashi, O, 2016)		0.43
" There was also no association found between peak SMX levels and rates of adverse events."( Relationship of Sulfamethoxazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Clinical Efficacy and Toxicity: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Barreto, JN; Dao, BD; Dierkhising, RA; Ice, LL; Jannetto, PJ; Langman, LJ; Tosh, PK; Wolf, RC, 2016)		0.43
" We evaluated the safety and tolerability of ATII-cell transplantation by assessing the emergent adverse side effects that appeared within 12 months."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)		0.43
"No significant adverse events were associated with the ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)		0.43
"Our results support the hypothesis that ATII-cell intratracheal transplantation is safe and well tolerated in patients with IPF."( Safety and Tolerability of Alveolar Type II Cell Transplantation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Arguis, P; Bayas, JM; Burgos, F; Closa, D; de la Bellacasa, JP; Fiblà, JJ; Gay-Jordi, G; Guillamat-Prats, R; Hernandez-Gonzalez, F; Marin, P; Martorell, J; Molins, L; Ramirez, J; Rodríguez-Villar, C; Rovira, I; Sánchez, M; Serrano-Mollar, A; Soy, D; Tetley, TD; Xaubet, A, 2016)		0.43
" Electronic health records were reviewed to determine baseline characteristics, rate of breakthrough PCP infection, characteristics of IV pentamidine use, and adverse events."( Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Pentamidine for Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients.
Dubrovskaya, Y; Klejmont, LM; Lighter-Fisher, J; Papadopoulos, J; Scipione, MR; Solodokin, LJ, 2016)		0.43
" Nineteen patients (16%) experienced adverse events and 5 of the 19 patients required discontinuation of IV pentamidine."( Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Pentamidine for Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients.
Dubrovskaya, Y; Klejmont, LM; Lighter-Fisher, J; Papadopoulos, J; Scipione, MR; Solodokin, LJ, 2016)		0.43
" The incidence of PJP infection in children with chronic glucocorticoid exposure is unknown, and PJP prophylaxis has been associated with adverse events."( Incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Adverse Events Associated With Pneumocystis Prophylaxis in Children Receiving Glucocorticoids.
Basiaga, ML; Gerber, JS; Ogdie, A; Ross, ME, 2018)		0.48
" In general, the intraventricular administration of cytotoxic antitumor drugs provides a high drug concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid with a reduced risk of systemic adverse reactions."( [A Survey of the Adverse Effects and Influence of Concomitant Drugs for Methotrexate Intrathecal Administration].
Imakyure, O; Kamimura, H; Matsuo, K; Takamatsu, Y; Uchiyama, M; Ueno, M, 2018)		0.48
"Dapsone may be used for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis in hematology patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in the setting of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) adverse drug reaction (ADR) history."( Dapsone safety in hematology patients: Pathways to optimizing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in hematology malignancy and transplant recipients.
Pisasale, D; Trubiano, JA; Urbancic, KF; Wight, J, 2018)		0.48
" There were significant dose-dependent increasing trends of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for SMX/TMP that were graded as ≥3 according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."( Effectiveness and safety of lower dose sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim therapy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases: A retrospective multicenter study.
Iwagaitsu, S; Kazawa, N; Maeda, S; Miyamoto, T; Naniwa, T; Niimi, A; Ohmura, SI; Shichi, D; Tamechika, SY; Wada, JI, 2019)		0.51
" Post-transplant management balances preventing PcP with managing TMP-SMX-related adverse effects."( Safety and efficacy of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia involving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dose reduction in kidney transplantation.
Beckley, J; Gunasekaran, M; Huang, M; Mathur, M; Nash, MM; Prasad, GVR; Rapi, L; Zaltzman, JS, 2019)		0.51
" Actual TMP-SMX dose and duration, adverse effects, number of dose reductions and reasons, and PcP events were captured."( Safety and efficacy of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia involving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dose reduction in kidney transplantation.
Beckley, J; Gunasekaran, M; Huang, M; Mathur, M; Nash, MM; Prasad, GVR; Rapi, L; Zaltzman, JS, 2019)		0.51
" To limit the need for TMP-SMX dose reduction due to adverse effects, a clinical trial comparing daily to thrice weekly single strength TMP-SMX in de-novo KTR is justified."( Safety and efficacy of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia involving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dose reduction in kidney transplantation.
Beckley, J; Gunasekaran, M; Huang, M; Mathur, M; Nash, MM; Prasad, GVR; Rapi, L; Zaltzman, JS, 2019)		0.51
" The adverse effects due to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were more frequently observed in HIV-PCP (86."( Diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected or non-HIV-infected patients-difficulties in diagnosis and adverse effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Kato, H; Nakajima, H; Samukawa, S; Takahashi, H, 2019)		0.51
" Though these drugs are generally well tolerated, they can result in potentially severe adverse effects."( Murphy's law in force: sequential adverse events encountered during the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia (cotrimoxazole-induced acute peripheral neuropathy and primaquine-induced methemoglobinemia).
Agarwal, R; Dhooria, S; Muthu, V; Prasad, KT; Saxena, P; Sehgal, IS, 2020)		0.56
"For most antimicrobials reviewed, adverse maternal/fetal/neonatal outcomes were not observed consistently."( Safety of Antimicrobials During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Antimicrobials Considered for Treatment and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Plague.
Broussard, CS; Kim, HJ; Meaney-Delman, D; Nelson, CA; Parker, CM; Russell, Z; Smith, PW; Tran, EL; Yee, EL; Yu, PA; Yu, YC, 2020)		0.56
" General and bortezomib-specific adverse events are monitored continuously."( Generate-Boost: study protocol for a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled, double-blinded phase II trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with severe autoimmune encephalitis.
Chung, HY; Geis, C; Günther, A; Lehmann, T; Leypoldt, F; Platzer, S; Prüss, H; Scherag, A; Wickel, J, 2020)		0.56
"OST for properly selected patients with SAB could be a safe therapeutic option and can reduce their use of CIT and their hospital stay."( The benefits and safety of oral sequential antibiotic therapy in non-complicated and complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
Álvarez-Fernández, M; Crespo, M; Diéguez, P; Lima, O; Longueira, R; Moreno-Flores, A; Pérez-Rodríguez, MT; Sousa, A; Suárez, M; Vasallo, FJ, 2021)		0.62
" Although TMP/SMX is frequently used in dermatology for cases treated with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants, it is often difficult to continue the administration of TMP/SMX due to adverse events."( Adverse effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in dermatology.
Fujimoto, N; Kato, T; Kokubu, H; Nishikawa, J; Tanaka, T, 2021)		0.62
"A study was conducted from March 2018 to October 2019; it included HIV-positive patients who presented an adverse skin reaction to TMP-SMX; fifteen of them received desensitization scheme 1, which lasted ten days, and five patients received scheme 2, which lasted six hours."( [The efficacy and safety of two schemes of desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in HIV-positive patients].
Hernández-Morales, MR; Mancilla-Hernández, E, )		0.13
"Both schemes of desensitization to TMP-SMX showed efficacy and safety in HIV-positive patients, who frequently present adverse reactions to these medications."( [The efficacy and safety of two schemes of desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in HIV-positive patients].
Hernández-Morales, MR; Mancilla-Hernández, E, )		0.13
" Our aim was to report adverse effects (AE) and outcome for patients presenting with cUTI and treated with these compounds."( Cotrimoxazole for community-acquired urinary tract infections leads to more adverse effects than fluoroquinolones.
Courjon, J; Curlier, E; Michelangeli, C; Roger, PM, 2021)		0.62
" Adverse effects were associated with increased LHS compared to patients without AE: 11±6 vs."( Cotrimoxazole for community-acquired urinary tract infections leads to more adverse effects than fluoroquinolones.
Courjon, J; Curlier, E; Michelangeli, C; Roger, PM, 2021)		0.62
" The endpoints were cumulative incidence of PCP and cumulative discontinuation rate of TMP-SMX due to adverse events."( Safety and efficacy evaluation of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV uninfected patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective observational study.
Hashida, T; Ikesue, H; Muroi, N; Shimomura, Y; Yamashita, K; Yoshimoto, A, 2021)		0.62
"None of the study patients developed PCP, and the cumulative discontinuation rate of TMP-SMX due to adverse events was significantly lower in the low-dose group compared to that in the standard-dose group (P = 0."( Safety and efficacy evaluation of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV uninfected patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective observational study.
Hashida, T; Ikesue, H; Muroi, N; Shimomura, Y; Yamashita, K; Yoshimoto, A, 2021)		0.62
" Several studies have suggested similar mortality outcomes and an improved adverse effect profile using a lower dose (<15 mg/kg/day) SMX-TMP regimen."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
" Outcomes evaluated in our meta-analysis include survival and adverse reactions."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
"After excluding studies that did not meet our inclusion criteria, four studies were analyzed for adverse reactions and three for mortality."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
"This meta-analysis shows a significant decrease in adverse reactions and similar mortality rates with lower-dose SMX-TMP compared to conventional dosing."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
" Regarding the adverse drug reactions (ADRs), quinolones did not bring higher risks, while the incidence of ADRs in the quinolone group was also even significantly lower (P < 0."( Efficacy and safety of quinolones vs. other antimicrobials for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cai, Y; Jia, Y; Wang, J; Yan, K; Zhu, M, 2022)		0.72
" Data on IPT-related adverse events (AE) from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce."( Isoniazid preventive therapy-related adverse events among Malawian adults on antiretroviral therapy: A cohort study.
Buchwald, A; Divala, T; Laufer, MK; Laurens, MB; Mallewa, J; Mategula, D; Milanzi, E; Mungwira, R; Mwapasa, V; Nampota, N; Tsirizani-Galileya, L; Van Oosterhout, JJ, 2022)		0.72
"To determine whether the therapeutic drug levels and adverse events (AEs) associated with renally cleared medications were higher in patients with cancer whose eGFRcys was more than 30% lower than their eGFRcr."( Medication-Related Adverse Events and Discordancies in Cystatin C-Based vs Serum Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Cancer.
Gupta, S; Hanna, PE; Harden, D; Katz-Agranov, N; Leaf, DE; Moreno, D; Ouyang, T; Reynolds, KL; Seethapathy, H; Sise, ME; Strohbehn, IA; Wang, Q, 2023)		0.91
"5 mEq/L), (3) baclofen toxic effect, and (4) supratherapeutic digoxin level (>2."( Medication-Related Adverse Events and Discordancies in Cystatin C-Based vs Serum Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Cancer.
Gupta, S; Hanna, PE; Harden, D; Katz-Agranov, N; Leaf, DE; Moreno, D; Ouyang, T; Reynolds, KL; Seethapathy, H; Sise, ME; Strohbehn, IA; Wang, Q, 2023)		0.91
"07), baclofen toxic effects (5 of 19 [26%] vs 0 of 11; P = ."( Medication-Related Adverse Events and Discordancies in Cystatin C-Based vs Serum Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Cancer.
Gupta, S; Hanna, PE; Harden, D; Katz-Agranov, N; Leaf, DE; Moreno, D; Ouyang, T; Reynolds, KL; Seethapathy, H; Sise, ME; Strohbehn, IA; Wang, Q, 2023)		0.91
" There were several adverse events of co-trimoxazole, however, a quantitative analysis was not conducted as the data did not include quantitative values in most studies."( Efficacy and safety of co-trimoxazole in eradication phase of melioidosis; systematic review.
Gunathilaka, MGRSS; Jayaweera, JAAS; Keragala, KARK; Senevirathna, RMISK, 2023)		0.91
" The use of co-trimoxazole over the maintenance phase of melioidosis is associated with clinical cure but has adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of co-trimoxazole in eradication phase of melioidosis; systematic review.
Gunathilaka, MGRSS; Jayaweera, JAAS; Keragala, KARK; Senevirathna, RMISK, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The mean half-life of TMP was 28 h, while for SMX it was 12."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
Churchill, DN; Manuel, MA; Ojo, B; Paton, TW; Walker, SE; Wright, N, 1989)		0.28
"05) between the control and treatment phases with respect to any of the following pharmacokinetic parameters of TH: area under the plasma total TH concentration time curve; fraction unbound in plasma; area under the plasma unbound TH concentration time curve; terminal half-life; apparent volume of distribution; apparent total plasma clearance and renal clearance."( Lack of effect of co-trimoxazole on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered theophylline.
Lo, KF; Nation, L; Sansom, LN, )		0.13
" Plasma and dialysate concentrations were monitored for 1 exchange after administration of a single oral or intraperitoneal dose of co-trimoxazole, and were fitted by a pharmacokinetic model that took into account the equilibrium nature of CAPD by including return from the peritoneum in oral studies and from the plasma in intraperitoneal studies."( Co-trimoxazole (sulphamethoxazole plus trimethoprim) peritoneal barrier transfer pharmacokinetics.
O'Flaherty, EJ; Pesce, AJ; Singh, S; Svirbely, JE, 1989)		0.28
" It is concluded that there is no consistent pharmacokinetic interaction between glibenclamide and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in NIDDM patients."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between glibenclamide and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
Christenson, I; Emilsson, H; Gunnarsson, R; Ostman, J; Sjöberg, S; Thunberg, E; Wiholm, BE, )		0.13
"The objective of this study was to determine both the pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of a newly developed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preparation (cotrimoxazole, Kepinol forte, 160 mg of trimethoprim/800 mg of sulfamethoxazole) in comparison with a reference preparation customary in trade and registered according to the AMG 1976, after single oral administration."( [Studies of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a new trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preparation in healthy volunteers].
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Klingmann, I; Nieder, M; Pabst, GU; Salama, Z, 1988)		0.27
" Quinolones and the calcium salt of fosfomycin are useful but do not have an ideal pharmacokinetic profile."( The microbiological and pharmacokinetic profile of an antibacterial agent useful for the single-dose therapy of urinary tract infection.
Greenwood, D; Slack, R, 1987)		0.27
" Trimethoprim was found in higher concentrations in the sputum than in the blood, although there were wide and significant variations in individual patient's sputum pharmacokinetic profiles."( Trimethoprim alone compared to co-trimoxazole in lower respiratory infections: pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness.
Brumfitt, W; Hamilton-Miller, JM; Havard, CW; Tansley, H, 1985)		0.27
" Following oral administration of a single dose, the pharmacokinetic parameters of SMZ and its N4-acetylated metabolite (N4SMZ) were similar in both groups."( Pharmacokinetics of the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the elderly.
Advenier, C; Cordonnier, P; Ducreuzet, C; Gobert, C; Lajoie, D; Pays, M; Varoquaux, O, 1985)		0.27
" The half-life of TMP and SMXA determined by model independent methods were 33."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Blevins, RB; Halstenson, CE; Matzke, GR; Salem, NG, 1984)		0.27
" Factors contributing to the transport of solutes through the peritoneal membrane are discussed and the literature concerning the pharmacokinetic aspects of CAPD is reviewed."( Pharmacokinetic aspects during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a literature review.
Janknegt, R; Koks, CH, 1984)		0.27
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was based upon "one compartment model"."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of the level of sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination in calves.
Duda, M; Roliński, Z, )		0.13
" The pharmacokinetic analysis showed a plasma elimination half-life in the terminal phase of 10."( Pharmacokinetics of co-trimoxazole and co-tetroxazine in geriatric patients.
Naber, K; Vergin, H; Weigand, W, 1981)		0.26
" Pharmacokinetic studies in dogs show that trimethoprim readily reaches therapeutic levels in prostatic fluid, yet clinical studies indicate that only about one-third of men with chronic bacterial prostatitis are cured of infection after prolonged therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole."( Prostatitis: review of pharmacokinetics and therapy.
Meares, EM, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution, bioavailability and total body clearance) for TMP and SDZ were calculated and compared."( A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral trimethoprim/sulfadiazine formulations in the horse.
Breukink, HJ; Kessels, BG; Mevius, DJ; Sloet van Oldruitenborghoosterbaan, MM; van Duijkeren, E; van Miert, AS; Vulto, AG, 1994)		0.29
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim was studied after combined intravenous (i."( Pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim administered intravenously and orally to Japanese quails.
Lashev, LD; Mihailov, R, 1994)		0.29
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in trauma patients and to compare these parameter estimates with those obtained in nontrauma patients."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in trauma patients.
Boucher, BA; Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Hess, MM; Janning, SW; Laizure, SC; Sanders, PL; Stevens, RC, )		0.13
"Open-label, multidose, pharmacokinetic study."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in trauma patients.
Boucher, BA; Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Hess, MM; Janning, SW; Laizure, SC; Sanders, PL; Stevens, RC, )		0.13
" Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters in this study with those of our previous findings indicates that the elimination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole follows a first-order process within the dose ranges assessed."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 12 milligrams of trimethoprim and 60 milligrams of sulfamethoxazole per kilogram of body weight per day in healthy volunteers.
Laizure, SC; Sanders, PL; Stein, DS; Stevens, RC, 1993)		0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the sulfonamides as well as their main metabolites (acetyl sulfonamides) were not significantly different in healthy and febrile pigs."( Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim after intravenous administration to healthy and pneumonic pigs.
Kuiper, HA; Mengelers, MJ; Pijpers, A; Van Gogh, ER; Van Miert, AS; Verheijden, JH, 1995)		0.29
" In theory, short half-life compounds reduce the selective pressure for resistance, which may be a major determinant of the useful therapeutic life of an antimalarial drug."( Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of new antimalarials.
Watkins, WM, 1995)		0.29
"A population pharmacokinetic model of intravenously and orally administered trimethoprim in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been made using a parametric iterative two-stage Bayesian and a nonparametric expectation maximization computer program."( A population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods.
Gomis, P; Jelliffe, RW; Ruskin, J; Sattler, FR; Tahani, B, 1997)		0.3
"The objective of this study was to assess both pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of a newly developed cotrimoxazole preparation (Bioprim tablets, 80 mg of trimethoprim/400 mg sulfamethoxazole), in comparison with a reference preparation commercially available (Bactrim tablets, 80 mg of trimethoprim/400 mg of sulfamethoxazole)."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of two cotrimoxazole preparations.
Brzaković, B; Galetin, A; Miljković, B; Pokrajac, M; Simić, D, 1998)		0.3
" This pharmacokinetic interaction study was nested within a larger Phase III clinical trial conducted to characterize the safety and efficacy of coadministered nevirapine and lamivudine."( Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine and lamivudine in patients with HIV-1 infection.
Lamson, MJ; Leitz, G; MacGregor, TR; Sabo, JP; Yong, CL, 2000)		0.31
" Serum concentration-time curve for each animal was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables."( Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses.
Matthews, NS; Mealey, KL; Peck, KE; Taylor, TS, 2002)		0.31
" Due to increasing resistance of causative pathogens, antibiotics should be used by considering their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2006)		0.33
" This study was performed to investigate potential pharmacokinetic interactions between apricitabine and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole."( Pharmacokinetics of apricitabine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
Cox, S; Sawyer, J; Shiveley, L; Struthers-Semple, C, 2008)		0.35
"To assess the potential of cotrimoxazole and tenofovir, drugs which are inhibitors and/or substrates of renal transporters, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc."( The effects of cotrimoxazole or tenofovir co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers.
Abel, S; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Whitlock, LA, 2008)		0.35
"0 software to get the related pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole in healthy Han volunteers living at plain and in native Han and Tibetan healthy volunteers living at high altitude].
Li, XY; Li, YP; Liu, YN; Yuan, M; Zhu, JB, 2011)		0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies for TMP/SMX dosing in this patient population are necessary to allow adequate dosing."( Cotrimoxazole plasma levels, dialyzer clearance and total removal by extended dialysis in a patient with acute kidney injury: risk of under-dosing using current dosing recommendations.
Beutel, G; Clajus, C; Kielstein, JT; Kühn-Velten, WN; Lorenzen, JM; Pietsch, D; Schmidt, JJ, 2013)		0.39
" TMP/SMX CRRT doses were modeled using CLtm and published TMP/SMX pharmacokinetic parameters."( Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole transmembrane clearance during modeled continuous renal replacement therapy.
Argyres, DP; Kesner, JM; Mercier, RC; Vilay, AM; Walker, SE; Wong, CS; Yardman-Frank, JM, 2014)		0.4
" Since mefloquine is being considered as a replacement for sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in this vulnerable population, an investigation on the pharmacokinetic interactions of mefloquine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in pregnant, HIV-infected women was performed."( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine and its effect on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim steady-state blood levels in intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) of pregnant HIV-infected women in Kenya.
Desai, M; González, R; Green, M; Kariuki, S; Katana, A; Menendez, C; Otieno, K; Ouma, P; Slutsker, L; ter Kuile, F, 2016)		0.43
" Non-compartmental methods using a naïve-pooled data approach were used to determine mefloquine pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine and its effect on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim steady-state blood levels in intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) of pregnant HIV-infected women in Kenya.
Desai, M; González, R; Green, M; Kariuki, S; Katana, A; Menendez, C; Otieno, K; Ouma, P; Slutsker, L; ter Kuile, F, 2016)		0.43
" There are no studies describing the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials."( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Werth, BJ, 2017)		0.46
"The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether opportunistically collected data can be used to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in pediatric patients; and (2) characterize age-related maturational changes in drug disposition for the renally eliminated and hepatically metabolized antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX)."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole in Children.
Balevic, SJ; Cobbaert, M; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cunningham, AP; Edginton, AN; Hornik, CP; Maharaj, A; Thompson, EJ; Wu, H, 2019)		0.51
"We successfully developed a pediatric PBPK model of the combination antibiotic TMP-SMX using sparse and opportunistic pediatric pharmacokinetic samples."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole in Children.
Balevic, SJ; Cobbaert, M; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cunningham, AP; Edginton, AN; Hornik, CP; Maharaj, A; Thompson, EJ; Wu, H, 2019)		0.51
"The antibiotic combination trimethoprim (TMP)-sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has a broad spectrum of activity and is used for the treatment of numerous infections, but pediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) data are limited."( External Evaluation of Two Pediatric Population Pharmacokinetics Models of Oral Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.
Autmizguine, J; Cobbaert, M; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Hornik, CP; Wu, YSS, 2021)		0.62
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling can bridge the gap in the understanding of how pharmacokinetics, including drug distribution and clearance, changes with obesity by incorporating known obesity-related physiological changes in children."( Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Population of Children with Obesity for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Ganguly, S; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Harris, V; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Perrin, EM; Rikhi, A; Sinha, J, 2022)		0.72
"To enable physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, a virtual population of children with obesity was developed using national survey, electronic health record, and clinical trial data, as well as data extracted from the literature."( Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Population of Children with Obesity for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Ganguly, S; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Harris, V; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Perrin, EM; Rikhi, A; Sinha, J, 2022)		0.72
" This study sought to define the pharmacodynamic indices and magnitude of exposure required for stasis and 1 log10 cfu reductions."( Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole pharmacodynamics against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the in vitro chemostat model.
Kuti, JL; Lasko, MJ; Nicolau, DP; Tabor-Rennie, JL, 2022)		0.72
" Both the fAUC/MIC and fCmax/MIC were identified as equivalent pharmacodynamic drivers, with stasis achieved at an fAUC/MIC of 67."( Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole pharmacodynamics against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the in vitro chemostat model.
Kuti, JL; Lasko, MJ; Nicolau, DP; Tabor-Rennie, JL, 2022)		0.72
" A total of 275 concentrations from 13 pediatric patients were used to build a polulation pharmacokinetic model using a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Patients With Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant.
Chen, J; Guo, Y; Shang, Y; Sun, Y; Xu, G; Zhu, L; Zuo, M, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We conclude that terbutaline given alone counteracts the loss of plasma volume during septicaemia and, when combined with a chemotherapeutic and dexamethasone, significantly improves long term survival."( Septic shock in rats treated with terbutaline alone and in combination with chemotherapeutics, dexamethasone, and infusion of 3% albumin.
Dawidson, I; Ottosson, J; Persson, T; Svensjö, E, 1992)		0.28
" This case suggests that, when TMP/SMX is combined with glipizide, patients should be closely monitored, especially those at high risk for hypoglycemia."( Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction.
Dobmeier, ME; Johnson, JF, 1990)		0.28
"We report the excellent therapeutic response obtained with amikacin alone and in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of 15 patients with actinomycotic mycetoma who had a poor response to the traditional pharmacologic agents and/or in whom important organs such as lungs, spinal cord, and bone were involved."( Amikacin alone and in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of actinomycotic mycetoma.
Gonzalez, J; Ocampo, J; Sauceda, E; Welsh, O, 1987)		0.27
" Sulfamoxole (SMO), Sulfadiazine (SDZ) and Sulfadimidine (SDD) in combination with trimethoprim (TMP) were studied in 12 healthy volunteers."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four different sulfonamides in combination with trimethoprim in human volunteers.
Garg, SK; Ghosh, SS; Mathur, VS, 1986)		0.27
"Experience with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) alone or in combination with other agents in the treatment of immunocompromised patients other than those with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is reviewed."( Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole singly and in combination with other antibiotics in immunocompromised patients.
Hindler, J; Young, LS, )		0.13
"We explored the antibacterial activity of phosphanilic acid (P), an analog of sulfanilic acid, alone and in combination with trimethoprim (T; TP, 1:5) with sulfamethoxazole (S) and co-trimoxazole, the combination of this sulfonamide with trimethoprim (TS, 1:5) as the reference."( Antibacterial activity of phosphanilic acid, alone and in combination with trimethoprim.
Buck, RE; Chisholm, DR; Leitner, F; Misiek, M; Price, KE; Pursiano, TA; Tsai, YH, 1985)		0.27
"A double-blind, multi-centre trial was carried out in 72 patients with acute or chronic infections of the lower respiratory tract to compare the efficacy and tolerance of a sulfamethopyrazine (200 mg)/trimethoprim (250 mg) combination with that of the established combination co-trimoxazole (400 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 80 mg trimethoprim)."( A multi-centre trial comparing a sulfamethopyrazine/trimethoprim combination with co-trimoxazole in respiratory tract infections.
Bagnato, A; Colombo, F; Colombo, ML; Dei, D; Donno, L; Ginesu, F; Ortu, AR; Peona, V, 1984)		0.27
"The prophylactic efficacies of atovaquone (ATQ) alone and in combination with azithromycin, clarithromycin, rifabutin, proguanil, PS-15, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole, or dapsone were investigated in a SCID mouse model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)."( Effect of atovaquone and atovaquone drug combinations on prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in SCID mice.
Comley, JC; Sterling, AM, 1995)		0.29
" in combination with 5 mg trimethoprim (TMP) per kg body weight."( Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim after intravenous administration to healthy and pneumonic pigs.
Kuiper, HA; Mengelers, MJ; Pijpers, A; Van Gogh, ER; Van Miert, AS; Verheijden, JH, 1995)		0.29
" The magnitude of the changes in didanosine CLR and %UR values was no greater when both trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole were coadministered vs when each single agent was given with didanosine, suggesting that any effect was not additive."( A pharmacokinetic interaction study of didanosine coadministered with trimethoprim and/or sulphamethoxazole in HIV seropositive asymptomatic male patients.
Barbhaiya, RH; Batteiger, B; Knupp, CA; Smith, RA; Srinivas, NR, 1996)		0.29
"The in-vitro activity of rifabutin and albendazole alone and in combination with clarithromycin, etoposide, minocycline and pyrimethamine was investigated against four clinical isolates of Pneumocystis carinii."( In-vitro activity of rifabutin and albendazole singly and in combination with other clinically used antimicrobial agents against Pneumocystis carinii.
Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Fortuna, M; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 1999)		0.3
"Killing kinetic experiments were performed with moxifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone, vancomycin, clarithromycin, cotrimoxazole, gentamicin, rifampicin and with moxifloxacin in combination with each of the above drugs against six methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates."( In-vitro activity of moxifloxacin combined with other antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Bottura, P; Capra, R; Maggiolo, F; Migliorino, M; Pravettoni, G; Suter, F, 2000)		0.31
"The pharmacokinetics were studied of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) or sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in combination with trimethoprim (TMP) administered as a single oral dose (25 mg + 5 mg per kg body weight) to two groups of 6 healthy pigs."( Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim after oral single- and multiple-dose administration to healthy pigs.
Hougee, PE; Huveneers, MB; Kuiper, HA; Mengelers, MJ; Pijpers, A; van Gogh, ER; van Miert, AS; Verheijden, JH, 2001)		0.31
"Many hospital admissions of elderly patients for drug toxicity occur after administration of a drug known to cause drug-drug interactions."( Drug-drug interactions among elderly patients hospitalized for drug toxicity.
Juurlink, DN; Kopp, A; Laupacis, A; Mamdani, M; Redelmeier, DA, 2003)		0.32
"Two antibiotic regimens are used commonly in Thailand for the initial treatment of severe melioidosis: ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and ceftazidime monotherapy."( Two randomized controlled trials of ceftazidime alone versus ceftazidime in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of severe melioidosis.
Anunnatsiri, S; Chaowagul, W; Cheng, AC; Chetchotisakd, P; Chierakul, W; Day, NP; Limmathurotsakul, D; Maharjan, B; Mootsikapun, P; Newton, PN; Peacock, SJ; Short, JM; Simpson, AJ; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2005)		0.33
" The purpose of our study was to determine which drugs used in combination with MTX (excluding disease modifying antirheumatic drugs, folic and folinic acid, corticosteroids, and biologic agents) enhance side effects or toxicity of MTX or lower its efficacy."( Methotrexate drug interactions in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.
Bourré-Tessier, J; Haraoui, B, 2010)		0.36
" Treatment with linezolid combined with TMP-SMZ resulted in a clear clinical improvement and bacterial clearance."( Linezolid combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for the treatment of disseminated nocardiosis.
Li, H; Shen, Q; Zhou, H; Zhou, J, 2011)		0.37
" We also found that ATRA in combination with primaquine was as effective as the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethaxazole for treatment of PcP and completely eliminated MDSCs and Pc organisms in the lungs in two weeks."( All-trans retinoic acid in combination with primaquine clears pneumocystis infection.
Durant, PJ; Jung, HW; Lee, CH; Lei, GS; Shao, S; Zhang, C, 2013)		0.39
" These data suggest that the administration of low doses of caspofungin in combination with low doses of TMP-SMX may provide an improved treatment protocol for Pneumocystis infection clearance."( Therapeutic potential of caspofungin combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia: a pilot study in mice.
Antunes, F; Cardoso, F; Cushion, MT; de Sousa, B; Esteves, F; Lobo, ML; Matos, O, 2013)		0.39
"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone and combined with colistin was tested in vitro against six carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) clinical strains."( In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Alone and in Combination with Colistin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates.
Kraniotaki, E; Nepka, M; Perivolioti, E; Politi, L; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A, 2016)		0.43
"Caspofungin combined with clindamycin is an optional treatment for PCP when treatment with TMP-SMZ fails or in patients who cannot tolerate TMP-SMZ."( Successful treatment of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunosuppressed patient using caspofungin combined with clindamycin: a case report and literature review.
He, H; Huang, H; Li, H, 2016)		0.43
"We reviewed data of 9 patients admitted with SLE-PCP and treated with caspofungin combined with coSMZ at Tangshan Gongren Hospital from January 2013 to December 2017."( A retrospective study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia treated with caspofungin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Chen, NF; Liu, XM; Tong, SQ; Wang, Q; Wang, ZG, 2019)		0.51
" However, the availability of clinical data about caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ in the treatment of PCP in HIV-infected patients is limited."( Caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as a first-line therapy for moderate-to-severe PCP in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Huang, B; Jiang, F; Jiang, Z; Li, Q; Si, J; Tian, Q; Wei, B; Xu, R; Zhao, T, 2021)		0.62
"From January 2017 to December 2019, data of HIV-infected patients with moderate-to-severe PCP who received either TMP/SMZ alone or caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as first-line therapy were retrospectively reviewed to assess the effectiveness and safety of each regimen."( Caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as a first-line therapy for moderate-to-severe PCP in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Huang, B; Jiang, F; Jiang, Z; Li, Q; Si, J; Tian, Q; Wei, B; Xu, R; Zhao, T, 2021)		0.62
" The patient's condition continued to deteriorate, and then underwent endotracheal intubation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) combined with prone position ventilation until the lung lesion improved."( VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report.
Bai, Y; Du, Q; Jia, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)		0.72
"VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation could be a useful choice for respiratory assistance in non-HIV PJP patients."( VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report.
Bai, Y; Du, Q; Jia, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)		0.72
" The objective of this study was to review the all-cause mortality and efficacy of echinocandins combined with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) for the treatment of PCP."( Meta-analysis of echinocandins combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Chen, Z; Guo, J; Kong, C; Liu, Y; Qiu, T; Wang, T; Yu, B; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2023)		0.91
"This retrospective case series indicates that SCoRCH (sudden conjunctivitis, lymphopenia, and rash combined with hemodynamic changes) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with acute generalized sunburn-like erythema, conjunctivitis, systemic symptoms, and hemodynamic changes in the setting of recent TMP-SMX use."( Sudden Conjunctivitis, Lymphopenia, and Rash Combined With Hemodynamic Changes (SCoRCH) After Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Use: A Case Series Study of a Hypersensitivity Reaction.
Dominguez, AR; Mauskar, MM; O'Brian, M; Rose, EK, 2023)		0.91
"Sudden conjunctivitis, lymphopenia, and rash combined with hemodynamic changes (SCoRCH) is a recently described hypersensitivity reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole."( Expanding the Histologic Spectrum of Sudden Conjunctivitis, Lymphopenia, and Rash Combined With Hemodynamic Changes.
Elsensohn, A; Ibraheim, MK; Kearns, D; Kraus, C; Lee, MP; Ticknor, IL, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" dose, the bioavailability following oral administration for TMP was 98% and 87% for SMX."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
Churchill, DN; Manuel, MA; Ojo, B; Paton, TW; Walker, SE; Wright, N, 1989)		0.28
" The resultant decreased bioavailability of cyclosporine may precipitate graft rejection."( Interactions of cyclosporine with antimicrobial agents.
Brown, RB; Sands, M, )		0.13
"The objective of this study was to determine both the pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of a newly developed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preparation (cotrimoxazole, Kepinol forte, 160 mg of trimethoprim/800 mg of sulfamethoxazole) in comparison with a reference preparation customary in trade and registered according to the AMG 1976, after single oral administration."( [Studies of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a new trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preparation in healthy volunteers].
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Klingmann, I; Nieder, M; Pabst, GU; Salama, Z, 1988)		0.27
" It is suggested that the bioavailability and thereby, the antileukaemic effect) during maintenance therapy of ALL of 6-MP may be decreased by the co-administration of CTX."( The effect of cotrimoxazole on the absorption of orally administered 6-mercaptopurine in the rat.
Aherne, GW; Burton, NK, 1986)		0.27
"The relative bioavailability of a co-trimoxazole suspension manufactured by VEB Berlin-Chemie (B); Belocid-Suspension was compared with a widespread used suspension (V) in healthy male students (22-29 ys."( [The relative bioavailability of co-trimoxazole suspensions].
Günther, C; Traeger, A; Truckenbrodt, J, 1987)		0.27
"An in vitro study was made of the bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli of fosfomycin trometamol, a new fosfomycin salt characterized by high bioavailability in relation to the pH, inoculum and culture medium, the latter being nutrient broth or human urine."( Influence of pH, inoculum and media on the in vitro bactericidal activity of fosfomycin trometamol, norfloxacin and cotrimoxazole.
Albini, E; Belluco, G; Marca, G, 1986)		0.27
" The agent must therefore be well absorbed and have slow renal excretion."( The microbiological and pharmacokinetic profile of an antibacterial agent useful for the single-dose therapy of urinary tract infection.
Greenwood, D; Slack, R, 1987)		0.27
" Either the necessity to optimize bioavailability because of the underlying seriousness of disease or a desire to avoid other drugs that may be responsible for adverse reactions or hypersensitivity should direct the clinician to administer an intravenous preparation."( Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in pediatric infections: relative merits of intravenous administration.
Overturf, GD, )		0.13
" P was well absorbed parenterally but not orally in mice."( Antibacterial activity of phosphanilic acid, alone and in combination with trimethoprim.
Buck, RE; Chisholm, DR; Leitner, F; Misiek, M; Price, KE; Pursiano, TA; Tsai, YH, 1985)		0.27
" Absorption appeared to be similar between the critically ill and non-critically patients: bioavailability was 97."( Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill AIDS patients.
Chin, TW; Fong, IW; Vandenbroucke, A, 1995)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution, bioavailability and total body clearance) for TMP and SDZ were calculated and compared."( A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral trimethoprim/sulfadiazine formulations in the horse.
Breukink, HJ; Kessels, BG; Mevius, DJ; Sloet van Oldruitenborghoosterbaan, MM; van Duijkeren, E; van Miert, AS; Vulto, AG, 1994)		0.29
" The bioavailability was 81% for sulphamethoxazole and 41% for trimethoprim."( Pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim administered intravenously and orally to Japanese quails.
Lashev, LD; Mihailov, R, 1994)		0.29
" The method was used to compare the bioavailability of two tablet formulations in terms of their pharmacokinetic parameters following oral administration of the tablets to 18 volunteers."( Analysis and bioequivalency study on two tablet formulations of co-trimoxazole.
Alkaysi, HN; Amari, FF; Gharaibeh, AM; Sallam, E; Sheikh Salem, M; Shubair, MS, 1993)		0.29
"To determine the bioavailability of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."( Oral absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with AIDS.
Banevicius, MA; Belliveau, PP; Broisman, L; Klepser, ME; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Ross, JW; Zhu, Z, )		0.13
" It is usually administered orally and is well absorbed after oral ingestion."( [Urinary tract infections: risk factors and therapeutic trends].
Astorri, AL; Margariti, PA; Mastromarino, C, 1997)		0.3
"The objective of this study was to assess both pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of a newly developed cotrimoxazole preparation (Bioprim tablets, 80 mg of trimethoprim/400 mg sulfamethoxazole), in comparison with a reference preparation commercially available (Bactrim tablets, 80 mg of trimethoprim/400 mg of sulfamethoxazole)."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of two cotrimoxazole preparations.
Brzaković, B; Galetin, A; Miljković, B; Pokrajac, M; Simić, D, 1998)		0.3
" No correlation was found between the degree of gastrointestinal damage and the presumed bioavailability of co-trimoxazole as estimated from serum levels of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole."( Gastrointestinal damage induced by cytostatic treatment does not affect the bioavailability of co-trimoxazole.
Höglund, P; Johnsson, A; Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Nyhlén, A, )		0.13
"Many workers have attempted to determine the bioavailability of pharmaceutical formulations, which is important to assure the efficacy and safety of medications."( Comparative bioavailability of sulfamethoxazole in co-trimoxazole suspensions containing different thickness agents.
Bentley, MV; Lara, EH; Marchetti, JM; Shuhama, IK, 1999)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) were studied in six healthy male-castrate alpacas (Lama pacos) after intravenous (i."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in alpacas.
Chakwenya, J; Fales, WH; Holle, J; James-Kracke, M; Lakritz, J; Smith, K; Tyler, J, 2002)		0.31
" Prosthesis retention, in conjunction with debridement and prolonged (for at least 3 months) oral antibiotic therapy, can be an alternative for early postoperative or late acute haematogenous infections, when the duration of symptoms is less than 1 month, the implant is stable, and the pathogen is relatively avirulent and sensitive to an orally well absorbed antibiotic."( Management of infections of osteoarticular prosthesis.
Barberán, J, 2006)		0.33
" For "selective intestinal decontamination", poorly absorbed oral norfloxacin is the preferred schedule."( [Bacterial infections in liver cirrhosis].
Farkas, A; Papp, M; Tornai, I; Udvardy, M, 2007)		0.34
"The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of 2 commercial preparations of T:MP/SMX 40/200 mg per 5-ml, oral suspension, used in Mexico for the treatment of bacterial infection."( Bioequivalence of two commercial preparations of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: a randomized, single-dose, single-blind, crossover trial.
Alonso Campero, R; Bernardo Escudero, R; Burke Fraga, V; De Lago Acosta, A; Del Cisne Valle Alvarez, D; González de la Parra, M; Namur Montalvo, S; Silva Hernandez, R, 2007)		0.34
" The objective of this animal study was to determine whether pre-treatment with antibiotics affects the intestinal bioavailability of Atazanavir (ATV) and Ritonavir (RTV)."( Metronidazole or Cotrimoxazole therapy is associated with a decrease in intestinal bioavailability of common antiretroviral drugs.
Desjeux, JF; Dossou-Yovo, F; Eto, B; Limas-Nzouzi, N; Mamadou, G; Miantezila, J; Soudy, ID, 2014)		0.4
" Definitive drug quality was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) for content of the stated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and bioavailability was determined with in vitro dissolution testing."( Quality of the antibiotics--amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole from Ghana, Nigeria, and the United Kingdom.
Fadeyi, I; Kaur, H; Lalani, M; Mailk, N; Van Wyk, A, 2015)		0.42
" Age had a significant positive correlation with bioavailability in a model that included allometric scaling."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria.
Arinaitwe, E; Aweeka, FT; Bergqvist, Y; Bigira, V; Blessborn, D; Creek, DJ; Kakuru, A; McCormack, SA; Muhindo, M; Parikh, S; Sambol, NC; Sukumar, N; Tappero, JW; Tchaparian, E; Wanzira, H, 2016)		0.43
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Werth, BJ, 2017)		0.46
" The addition of other orally bioavailable anti-staphylococcal agents to tedizolid may be unlikely to improve killing but further research is warranted to assess the impact of these combinations on resistance prevention, or against biofilm-embedded organisms."( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Werth, BJ, 2017)		0.46
"The management of some serious infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) and bone and joint infections (BJIs) caused by Gram-positive cocci (GPC) is complex and requires great responsiveness and effective antimicrobials with high bioavailability in heart valves or bone tissues."( Old antimicrobials and Gram-positive cocci through the example of infective endocarditis and bone and joint infections.
Amrane, S; Million, M; Seng, P; Stein, A, 2017)		0.46

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In conclusion, once-daily oral dosing with lomefloxacin is a safe and efficacious alternative to twice-daily dosing with TMP/SMX in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections."( Uncomplicated urinary tract infections: lomefloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.
Capron, MH; Guibert, J, 1992)		0.28
" Two dosage regimens of cotrimoxazole were used: 40 mg/kg/day (12 patients) or 120 mg/kg/day (12 patients) of total compound (trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole)."( Cotrimoxazole therapy of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients.
Canessa, A; De Leo, P; Del Bono, V; Piersantelli, N; Terragna, A, 1992)		0.28
" Pharmacokinetic data and clinical trials are reviewed, as well as adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines."( Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS.
Amsden, GW; Kowalsky, SF; Morse, GD, 1992)		0.28
" Although TMTX's pharmacokinetic parameters are variable, the need for plasma concentration monitoring at present is unclear, as no dose-response relationship has been established."( Trimetrexate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS.
Amsden, GW; Kowalsky, SF; Morse, GD, 1992)		0.28
" When the creatinine clearance is less than 30 ml/min, the dosage of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be adjusted."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Cockerill, FR; Edson, RS, 1991)		0.28
"A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of 15 sulphonamides in bulk and in dosage forms is described."( Use of p-benzoquinone for the spectrophotometric determination of certain sulphonamides.
Askal, HF; Mohamed, AM; Saleh, GA, 1991)		0.28
" Dosage must be adjusted to the results of blood counts."( [Usefulness of folinic acid in cytopenia induced by antiparasitic drugs in AIDS patients].
Leport, C; Niyongabo, T; Vildé, JL, 1991)		0.28
" Zidovudine dosage was adjusted 92 times in the other 31 children (52%), mostly due to neutropenia (83%)."( Low-dose zidovudine in children with an human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection acquired in the perinatal period.
Blanche, S; Debré, M; Duliege, AM; Griscelli, C; Kouzan, S; Navarette, MS; Rouzioux, C; Seldrup, J; Tardieu, M, 1991)		0.28
" Further studies are indicated in patients to optimize the dosing regimen of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of PCP."( Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of 20-mg/kg/day trimethoprim and 100-mg/kg/day sulfamethoxazole in healthy adult subjects.
Laizure, SC; Stein, DS; Stevens, RC; Williams, CL, 1991)		0.28
"All patients received two IV doses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole at a 12-hour dosing interval and promethazine and acetaminophen as needed for nausea and fever, respectively."( Treatment of pyelonephritis in an observation unit.
Jorden, RC; Severance, HW; Ward, G, 1991)		0.28
"57 mg/kg, showing activity greater than that of primaquine at this dosage and comparable to that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole at 50/250 mg/kg."( 8-Aminoquinolines from Walter Reed Army Institute for Research for treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in rat models.
Bartlett, MS; Berman, JD; Ellis, WY; Milhous, WK; Queener, SF; Smith, JW; Tidwell, RR, 1991)		0.28
" Amifloxacin at a dosage of 200 mg twice a day appeared as safe and effective as TMP-SMX, but amifloxacin at 400 mg twice a day tended to cause adverse events more frequently than did TMP-SMX."( Randomized, controlled trial of a 10-day course of amifloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Amifloxacin Multi-Center Trial Group.
Boyko, EJ; Iravani, A; Schelling, DJ; Silverman, MH; Wright, RA, 1990)		0.28
"Each of seven mares was given an intravenous (IV) injection of 40% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a dosage of 1 g/kg, over 35 min, immediately followed by a single IV injection of a trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) combination (SMZ 83%, TMP 17%) at a combined dosage of 44 mg/kg (7."( Concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in mares with and without a dimethyl sulfoxide pretreatment.
Brown, MP; Green, SL; Gronwall, RR; Mayhew, IG; Montieth, G, 1990)		0.28
" Neutropenia can also appear after low (prophylactic) dosage of TMP-SMX, and can be prevented by concomitant administration of folinic acid."( [Neutropenia caused by low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in children with chronic pathology of the urinary tract].
De Manzini, A; Lepore, L; Peratoner, L, )		0.13
" In this prospective randomized study, norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were given on the same dosage schedule with the former drug given as a 400-mg tablet twice daily and the latter drug given as a double strength tablet twice daily."( Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection with norfloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Amy, BG; Childs, SJ; Hurst, AT; Krisch, EB; McCabe, RE; Seidmon, EJ; Truant, AL, 1990)		0.28
" PGF-2 alpha treatment lasted 2-26 days and dosage varied from 26."( A retrospective study of 40 cases of canine pyometra-metritis treated with prostaglandin F-2 alpha and broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs.
Gilbert, RO; Nöthling, JO; Oettle, EE, 1989)		0.28
" Guidelines for appropriate dosing and monitoring of TMP/SMX therapy in these patients are presented."( Clinical use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole during renal dysfunction.
Nahata, MC; Paap, CM, 1989)		0.28
" The 200-mg dosage of norfloxacin seemed to cause fewer side effects than the 400-mg dosage."( Coordinated multicenter study of norfloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infections. The Urinary Tract Infection Study Group.
, 1987)		0.27
" Doubling of erythromycine dosage could not prevent premenstrual exacerbation of acne."( On therapeutic approaches to some special types of acne.
Rajka, G, 1985)		0.27
" Intravenous TMP-SMX was begun at a dosage of 18 mg/kg/day of trimethoprim."( Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS.
Hauptman, SP; Wordell, CJ, 1988)		0.27
" Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosage was adjusted to maintain serum trimethoprim at 5 to 8 micrograms/mL."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study.
Cowan, R; Nielsen, DM; Ruskin, J; Sattler, FR, 1988)		0.27
" Toxicity associated with the two standard treatments is rarely life-threatening and may be diminished if the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosage is modified by pharmacokinetic monitoring and the pentamidine dosage is reduced for nephrotoxicity."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective, noncrossover study.
Cowan, R; Nielsen, DM; Ruskin, J; Sattler, FR, 1988)		0.27
" Both dosage forms led to maximum plasma levels of approx."( [Studies of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a new trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preparation in healthy volunteers].
Hutt, V; Jaeger, H; Klingmann, I; Nieder, M; Pabst, GU; Salama, Z, 1988)		0.27
" The carbutamide dosage of 50 mg/kg per day prevented the infection in 90% of animals, whereas tolbutamide in the same dosage permitted infection in 100% of animals."( Effects of sulfonylurea compounds on Pneumocystis carinii.
Hughes, WT; Smith-McCain, BL, 1986)		0.27
" The dosage yielded too high plasma trimethoprim concentrations, while sulfamethoxazole dialysate concentrations were too low."( Pharmacokinetics of cefradine, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and their metabolites in a patient with peritonitis undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Berden, JH; Hekster, YA; Martea, M; Voets, AJ; Vree, TB, 1987)		0.27
" When the creatinine clearance decreases to less than 30 ml/min, the dosage of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole should be adjusted."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Cockerill, FR; Edson, RS, 1987)		0.27
"3 times as frequent with the "forte" dosage as compared to the 80 mg trimethoprim/400 mg sulfamethoxazole preparation."( Clinical and practitioners' reports on adverse effects of co-trimoxazole.
Auwärter, A; Ding, R; Gutzler, F; Jacubeit, T; Mörike, K; Walter-Sack, I; Weber, E, 1987)		0.27
"025), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) taken orally at a dosage of as low as 30 ml every half hour for eight doses was shown to be effective in reducing the frequently of episodes of diarrhea."( Nonantibiotic therapy for travelers' diarrhea.
DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, )		0.13
" A significant dose-response effect was found with both amoxicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole."( Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal symptoms in general pediatric outpatients.
Contardi, R; Flegel, KM; Hutchinson, TA; Kramer, MS; Leduc, DG; Naimark, L, 1985)		0.27
" The present study suggests that both drugs can be given concomitantly without the need for dosage adjustment of theophylline."( Lack of influence of co-trimoxazole on theophylline pharmacokinetics.
Hempenius, J; Holtkamp, AH; Jonkman, JH; Schoenmaker, R; Van der Boon, WJ, 1985)		0.27
" A study of plasma concentrations of TMP, SMZ and N4SMZ during continuous dosing in seven elderly patients treated for urinary or respiratory infections showed that steady state was reached after 3 days of treatment and that plasma drug concentrations were about two to three times higher than those observed after a single dose."( Pharmacokinetics of the trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the elderly.
Advenier, C; Cordonnier, P; Ducreuzet, C; Gobert, C; Lajoie, D; Pays, M; Varoquaux, O, 1985)		0.27
" The dosage used for the new drug was 2 capsules (250 mg trimethoprim + 200 mg sulfamethopyrazine per capsule) the 1st day and 1 capsule for the following 14 days or 2 capsules (trimethoprim 80 mg + sulfamethoxazole 400 mg per capsule) twice daily for 15 days."( Effect of a new sulfa-trimethoprim combination (trimethoprim-sulfamethopyrazine) in typhoid fever. A double-blind study on 72 adult patients.
Piaia, F; Schiraldi, O; Sforza, E, 1985)		0.27
" A symptom complex of fevers and increasing malaise, often with nausea and headaches, developed usually after 9 days of therapy at a daily dosage of 20 mg/kg of trimethoprim and 100 mg/kg of sulphamethoxazole."( Complications of co-trimoxazole in treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men.
Abrams, DI; Ammann, AJ; Golden, JA; Jaffe, HS; Lewis, BJ, 1983)		0.27
" The dosage of pivamdinocillin in adults was 400 to 800 mg, every 6 hours, for 10 to 16 days; dosage in children was half this amount for 11 to 15 days."( Management of enteric fever with amdinocillin.
Ball, AP; Geddes, AM, 1983)		0.27
"The purpose of this study was to identify new drugs for the prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP) induced in rats by continuous daily dosage with dexamethasone."( Efficacy of diaminodiphenylsulfone and other drugs in murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.
Hughes, WT; Smith, BL, 1984)		0.27
" The new sulfa-trimethoprim combination showed activity similar to the reference drug, but it may have the advantage of a simpler dosage schedule."( Double-blind comparative trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethopyrazine once daily vs erythromycin 4 X daily in patients with ENT infections.
Federspil, P; Koch, J, 1983)		0.27
" She recovered after surgical drainage of the abscesses and prolonged treatment with intravenous amikacin and high dosage cotrimoxazole and sulphadimidine."( Abdominal nocardiosis in a Sudanese girl.
Dickson, JA; Duerden, BI; Milner, RD; Salfield, SA, 1983)		0.27
" The dissolution rates were dependent on the pH of the dissolution medium, the solubilities of the drugs at the pH involved, the dosage form and the brand studied."( Simultaneous in vitro and in vivo evaluation of both trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole from certain dosage forms.
El-Sabbagh, H; Foda, A; Ghanem, A; Meshali, M, 1983)		0.27
" Our data support the need for increased dosing or decreased dosing intervals when administering TMP-SMZ to patients with cystic fibrosis."( Dosing implications of rapid elimination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Bertino, JS; Blumer, JL; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Stern, RC; Yamashita, TS, 1984)		0.27
"2-82 years were treated intravenously with 150 mg of trimethoprim (TMP) and 750 mg of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)/m2 every 8 hr, usually for known or suspected pneumocystis pneumonia; when necessary dosage was adjusted to maintain peak TMP levels of 5-10 micrograms/ml."( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in children and adults with normal and impaired renal function.
Ericson, JF; Gorham, CC; Siber, GR; Smith, AL, )		0.13
" Thus, a regimen involving initial intravenous therapy with doses of 15-20 mg/kg per day, with subsequent reduction of dosage or change to oral medication if improvement is rapid, was developed."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of adults with pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii.
Young, LS, )		0.13
"Two dosage schedules of co-trimoxazole, the standard antibacterial and a 2-day high-dose schedule, were compared with a standard course of chloroquine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria."( An evaluation of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Hansford, CF; Hoyland, J, 1982)		0.26
"Responses of parasitemia and fever in vivax malaria to standard doses of chloroquine and different dosage schedules of co-trimoxazole were compared in 165 children."( A comparative trial of oral chloroquine and oral co-trimoxazole in vivax malaria in children.
Lal, H, 1982)		0.26
" Dosage were made using HPLC after biological specimens had been treated on a TM C18 Set Pack column for deproteinization and isolation of the active substances."( [Bone diffusion of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)].
Le Rebeller, A; Leng, B; Mintrosse, J; Saux, MC, 1982)		0.26
" It is believed that traditional dosage regimens for uncomplicated UTIs are extravagant."( Management of lower urinary tract infections.
Bailey, RR, 1993)		0.29
"Current dosage regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients have been based on data from healthy subjects or patients without AIDS."( Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill AIDS patients.
Chin, TW; Fong, IW; Vandenbroucke, A, 1995)		0.29
" Eight fasted horses were dosed at 1 week intervals in a sequentially designed study with one intravenous (i."( A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral trimethoprim/sulfadiazine formulations in the horse.
Breukink, HJ; Kessels, BG; Mevius, DJ; Sloet van Oldruitenborghoosterbaan, MM; van Duijkeren, E; van Miert, AS; Vulto, AG, 1994)		0.29
" ATQ drug combinations affected the prophylactic efficacy of a subcurative dosage of ATQ (50 mg/kg/day given orally) in the following ways: dapsone (25 mg/kg/day) or co-trimoxazole (25 mg of sulfamethoxazole plus 5 mg of trimethoprim per kg/day) had no significant effect on ATQ, azithromycin (200 mg/kg/day) or clarithromycin (200 mg/kg/day) had a slight additive effect with ATQ, trimethoprim (100 mg/kg/day) or PS-15 (5 mg/kg/day) had an additive effect with ATQ, and proguanil (25 mg/kg/day) or rifabutin (200 mg/kg/day) had a marked synergistic effect on ATQ."( Effect of atovaquone and atovaquone drug combinations on prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in SCID mice.
Comley, JC; Sterling, AM, 1995)		0.29
" Each dosage group consisted of 10 mice."( Successful treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in mice with benanomicin A (ME1451).
Kitada, K; Komuro, K; Kondo, S; Nakamura, Y; Oka, S; Shibahara, S; Shimada, K; Shimizu, H; Takeuchi, T; Yasuoka, A, 1995)		0.29
" Intermittent dosing and supplementation with leucovorin have been tried in attempts to improve tolerance."( The tolerance for zidovudine plus thrice weekly or daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with and without leucovorin for primary prophylaxis in advanced HIV disease. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
Bozzette, SA; Forthal, D; Kemper, C; Leedom, J; McCutchan, JA; Richman, DD; Sattler, FR; Tilles, JG, 1995)		0.29
" Clinical toxicity, such as headache and gastrointestinal distress, accounted for the observed difference in tolerance between dosing regimens."( The tolerance for zidovudine plus thrice weekly or daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with and without leucovorin for primary prophylaxis in advanced HIV disease. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
Bozzette, SA; Forthal, D; Kemper, C; Leedom, J; McCutchan, JA; Richman, DD; Sattler, FR; Tilles, JG, 1995)		0.29
" Leucovorin use does not improve tolerance for chronic TMP/SMX dosing in AIDS, even among patients taking tablets daily."( The tolerance for zidovudine plus thrice weekly or daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with and without leucovorin for primary prophylaxis in advanced HIV disease. California Collaborative Treatment Group.
Bozzette, SA; Forthal, D; Kemper, C; Leedom, J; McCutchan, JA; Richman, DD; Sattler, FR; Tilles, JG, 1995)		0.29
"160 children with an average age of 9 years (range 6-15) affected by acute bacterial tonsillitis, were selected and assigned, following an open, parallel group design to: a) brodimoprim at the dose of 10 mg/kg on the first day, in single administration, and of 5 mg/kg on the following days; b) cotrimoxazole suspension, at the dosage of 6 mg of trimethoprim/kg/day, in two daily administrations; c) amoxicillin with clavulanic acid suspension (amoxi-clavulanate) 50 mg/kg every 12 hours."( Efficacy and tolerability of brodimoprim in pharyngotonsillitis in children.
Dallari, S; Galetti, G, 1993)		0.29
"The results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of SMX in trauma patients differ significantly from nontrauma patients, which may result in lower than expected concentrations using standard dosing guidelines."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in trauma patients.
Boucher, BA; Croce, MA; Fabian, TC; Hess, MM; Janning, SW; Laizure, SC; Sanders, PL; Stevens, RC, )		0.13
" Clinical trials are indicated to evaluate this dosing scheme, which may decrease exposure to potentially excessive concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 12 milligrams of trimethoprim and 60 milligrams of sulfamethoxazole per kilogram of body weight per day in healthy volunteers.
Laizure, SC; Sanders, PL; Stein, DS; Stevens, RC, 1993)		0.29
" If aerosol pentamidine is used and administered via a Respigard II Marquest nebulizer, the dosage should be higher than the currently recommended monthly dosage of 300 mg."( The role of aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis.
Ong, EL, )		0.13
" Nonetheless, in light of altered pharmacokinetics in the cystic fibrosis population, appropriate dosage and monitoring parameters for a number of antibiotics have been determined."( Optimisation of antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis patients. Pharmacokinetic considerations.
Bosso, JA; Lindsay, CA, 1993)		0.29
"To determine the effect of multiple dosing of combined sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of lamivudine."( Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine administered alone and with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Eron, JJ; Hussey, EK; Martin, D; Moore, KH; Mydlow, PK; Raasch, RH; Yuen, GJ, 1996)		0.29
"Coadministration of a single dose of lamivudine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole after daily dosing for 5 days altered the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine."( Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine administered alone and with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Eron, JJ; Hussey, EK; Martin, D; Moore, KH; Mydlow, PK; Raasch, RH; Yuen, GJ, 1996)		0.29
" Tmax of SMX after nipple-bucket dosing was about 40 min shorter than that after catheter dosing."( The effect of reflex closure of the esophageal groove on bioavailability of oral sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in ruminating calves.
Hayama, T; Nishida, Y; Oda, K; Takahashi, Y, 1996)		0.29
" Prednisone therapy was continued until the patient was discharged on hospital day 5, at which time the dosage was tapered."( Reversal of erythema multiforme major with cyclophosphamide and prednisone.
Cole, GW; Eastham, JH; Gómez, MF; Segal, JL, 1996)		0.29
" carinii pneumonia reported to date in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients demonstrated a number of characteristics: the rheumatoid arthritis was of recent onset in some cases (a few months in one patient); lymphopenia was present in two thirds of cases; one-third of patients were not receiving corticosteroid therapy; the dosage and duration of methotrexate therapy varied widely, from 5 to 30 mg per week and two to 48 months; and four patients died."( Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. A report of two cases.
Cortet, B; Delcambre, B; Duquesnoy, B; Flipo, RM; Lafitte, JJ; Roux, N; Tonnel, AB, 1996)		0.29
" An evaluation of the severity of allergic reaction can be used to determine the type of dosing regimen."( Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole desensitization.
Cortese, LM; Endy, TP; Soucy, DM, 1996)		0.29
" This case represents the second report in which a patient experienced TMP/SMX-induced hypoglycemia that resolved after the dosage was adjusted for the patient's decreased renal function."( Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with acute renal failure.
Lee, AJ; Maddix, DS, 1997)		0.3
" Patients with these risk factors should be monitored closely and, more importantly, initiated on a dosing regimen adjusted for renal impairment."( Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with acute renal failure.
Lee, AJ; Maddix, DS, 1997)		0.3
" These results permit dosage individualization adjusted to body weight and renal function to achieve chosen serum level peak and trough goals."( A population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods.
Gomis, P; Jelliffe, RW; Ruskin, J; Sattler, FR; Tahani, B, 1997)		0.3
" Fourteen patients with a definite history of adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole on standard PCP prophylactic dosage were selected for desensitization using a regimen of gradual incremental exposure over an 11-day period."( Co-trimoxazole desensitization in HIV-seropositive patients.
Holmes, D; McLean, KA; Rodgers, M; Theodore, CM, 1998)		0.3
" Ciprofloxacin is better in terms of dosage schedule, duration of treatment, and low cost."( A comparative study of therapeutic response of patients with clinical chancroid to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and cotrimoxazole.
D'Souza, P; Khanna, N; Misra, RS; Pandhi, RK; Rattan, A, 1998)		0.3
" Patients were randomly assigned on a 2:1 basis co-trimoxazole (n=398) or amoxycillin (n=197) in standard WHO doses and dosing schedules, and were monitored in study wards."( Antimicrobial resistance and clinical effectiveness of co-trimoxazole versus amoxycillin for pneumonia among children in Pakistan: randomised controlled trial. Pakistan Co-trimoxazole Study Group.
Kundi, Z; Nomani, NK; Qazi, SA; Schwartz, B; Straus, WL, 1998)		0.3
" Dosing or frequency of TMP-SMX did not seem to influence risk of chemoprophylaxis failure."( Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia incidence and chemoprophylaxis failure in ambulatory HIV-infected patients. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators.
Holmberg, SD; Moorman, AC; Palella, FJ; Von Bargen, JC, 1998)		0.3
" In the chronic cystogenic murine models, the combination TMP plus SMX administered from day 5 for 15 days or from day 28 for 288 days, gave protection and even apparent toxoplasmal eradication ('cure') at the highest dosing (60/300 mg/kg per day)."( Evaluation of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole as monotherapy or in combination in the management of toxoplasmosis in murine models.
Dumas, JL; Pechère, JC; Pizzolato, G, 1999)		0.3
" There is no apparent reason to change the dosing regimen of prophylactic co-trimoxazole when there is clinical evidence of damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa induced by chemotherapy."( Gastrointestinal damage induced by cytostatic treatment does not affect the bioavailability of co-trimoxazole.
Höglund, P; Johnsson, A; Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Nyhlén, A, )		0.13
" Dapsone prophylaxis at this dosage is associated with significantly higher rates of PCP than is TMP-SMZ after allogeneic marrow transplantation."( High rates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients receiving dapsone prophylaxis.
Boeckh, M; Crawford, SW; Flowers, ME; Gooley, TA; Souza, JP, 1999)		0.3
" Daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may offer advantages as a first choice for PCP prophylaxis; thrice-weekly dosing is an appropriate option for patients intolerant of the daily dose."( A randomized trial of daily and thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA)
Abrams, D; Caras, S; Crane, L; El-Sadr, WM; Hafner, R; John, SL; Labriola, A; Luskin-Hawk, R; Pulling, C; Sherer, R; Walker, J; Yurik, TM, 1999)		0.3
" During a long-term dosing phase, a subset of subjects were evaluated for an interaction between atovaquone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)."( Atovaquone suspension in HIV-infected volunteers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and TMP-SMX interaction study.
Bechtel, C; Davey, RT; Falloon, J; Kovacs, JA; LaFon, SW; Lane, HC; Masur, H; Piscitelli, SC; Polis, MA; Sadler, B; Sargent, S; Walker, RE, 1999)		0.3
" We recommended TMP-SMX as the first line treatment for pneumonia in CAR because of its low cost, ease of dosing and activity against malaria."( Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from children in the Central African Republic.
Deming, MS; Klugman, KP; Ndoyo, J; Rolka, D; Rolka, H; Rowe, AK; Schwartz, B; Wasas, A, 2000)		0.31
"0 mg of sulphamethoxazole in pure and dosage forms."( Indirect potentiometric titration of sulphamethoxazole in the presence of trimethoprim in co-trimazole tablets using copper based mercury film electrode.
Abdul Kamal Nazer, M; Riyazuddin, P; Shabeer, TK, 2001)		0.31
" Overall results from these studies indicate patients who are eligible for PCP prophylaxis should be advised to take double-strength trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) on a daily basis, a dosage found more effective than thrice-weekly."( Optimizing PCP therapy.
Cadman, J; Torres, G, 1997)		0.3
" In conclusion, CTX at the dosage employed for primary PCP/TE prophylaxis does not seem to protect against bacterial infections more than second-line DP."( Incidence and determinants of bacterial infections in HIV-positive patients receiving anti-Pneumocystis carinii/Toxoplasma gondii primary prophylaxis within a randomized clinical trial.
Ammassari, A; Antinori, A; Cingolani, A; De Luca, A; Grillo, R; Murri, R; Pallavicini, F; Pezzotti, P, 2001)		0.31
" To ascertain the per square meter (m2) dosage each child was receiving, body surface area was calculated from height and weight measurements."( Successful prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected children using smaller than recommended dosages of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Fisher, RG; McKinney, RE; Nageswaran, S; Valentine, ME, 2001)		0.31
" This hematologic adverse effect of TMP/SMX may occur even with the usual recommended dosage and duration of therapy."( Severe thrombocytopenia possibly associated with TMP/SMX therapy.
Fosnocht, BJ; Weixelman, JM; Yamreudeewong, W, 2002)		0.31
" Two dosing regimens of TMP-SMX were investigated: TMP-SMX 8 mg (TMP)/kg/day and TMP-SMX 15 mg/kg/day, each divided into two doses/day Both dosages were studied against each strain in a two-compartment in vitro model to determine concentration-related activity."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole activity and pharmacodynamics against glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.
Chen, DC; Close, SJ; Garvin, CG; Martin, SJ; McBurney, CR, 2002)		0.31
" The treatment was effective, and the dosage of predonisolone had been gradually tapered."( [A case of Nocardia farcinica pneumonia treated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim monitoring its serum concentration].
Gotou, H; Igarashi, H; Kachi, S; Kawai, S; Kobayashi, H; Nakazato, Y; Ochi, M; Sekine, H; Takeda, H; Tashimo, Y; Watanabe, H, 2002)		0.31
"Results suggest that administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole at a dosage of 26."( Effects of short-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration on thyroid function in dogs.
Frank, LA; Hnilica, KA; Williamson, NL, 2002)		0.31
"To identify and assess differences in the rationality of cotrimoxazole prescription by DDs and NDDs evaluated by drug choice and dosage in relation to diagnoses and symptoms."( Cotrimoxazole prescribing by dispensing and non-dispensing doctors: do they differ in rationality?
Hansen, EH; Trap, B, 2002)		0.31
" Antibiotic levels in the mice were determined by HPLC, and dosing was modified to keep plasma antibiotic levels at or above the MIC for the organism-antibiotic combination for a significant part of a 12 h period."( A comparison of antibiotic regimens in the treatment of acute melioidosis in a mouse model.
Bowden, B; Hirst, R; Norton, R; Powell, K; Ulett, GC, 2003)		0.32
" Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence."( The expanding role of fluoroquinolones.
Schaeffer, AJ, 2003)		0.32
" This association extended to exposure to other antimicrobial drugs in addition to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and the overall association displayed a dose-response relationship in terms of the number of prior drug exposures."( Prior antimicrobial drug exposure: a risk factor for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant urinary tract infections.
Asch, DA; Metlay, JP; Strom, BL, 2003)		0.32
" brasiliensis with well-preserved morphology and abundant budding, whereas SXT-treated mice, independently of the dosage used, had no granulomas within the parenchyma and only few capsular lesions, mainly composed of pseudoxantomatous macrophages."( Paracoccidioidomycosis: reduction in fungal load and abrogation of delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in susceptible inbred mice submitted to therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Burger, E; Scavone, R, 2004)		0.32
" Steps should be taken to educate physicians and patients on the choice and dosage of antibiotics for cystitis to minimize emergence of antibiotic resistance."( Antibiotic prescribing for cystitis: how well does it match published guidelines?
Farjo, R; Foxman, B; McEwen, LN, 2003)		0.32
"To evaluate the efficacy of two dosing regimens of cotrimoxazole in the treatment of falciparum malaria and compare the efficacy with that of chloroquine, the first-line antimalaria drug in the area of study."( Comparative efficacy of chloroquine and cotrimoxazole in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children.
Adedeji, AA; Fehintola, FA; Sowunmi, A, )		0.13
" The use of antibiotics with favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and convenient dosing schedules, which effectively increase bacterial eradication and patient compliance, can help to curb the current epidemic of resistance and reduce the rate of clinical failure associated with resistance."( Extended-release ciprofloxacin (Cipro XR) for treatment of urinary tract infections.
Elkharrat, D; Naber, KG; Palou, J; Talan, DA, 2004)		0.32
" Information regarding absorption, excretion and dosing was also gathered to explain better the mechanisms of toxicity."( Adverse reactions of nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in children.
Karpman, E; Kurzrock, EA, 2004)		0.32
" Penicillin nonsusceptibility is found in nearly 40% of strains causing disease in adults, although often these cases are treatable with appropriate dosing regimens of many oral and parenteral beta-lactam agents."( Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and patterns of resistance.
Jacobs, MR, 2004)		0.32
" The applied dosage was often lower than suggested in the literature."( [The use of sulfonamides and sulfonamide/trimethoprim combinations as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein].
Bettin, U; Broll, S; Kietzmann, M; Kreienbrock, L, )		0.13
" The obtained three dissolution profiles from one dosage form are the whole formulation profile or "global profile" recommended by pharmacopoeias, and, at same time, are recorded two "individual" profiles from two drugs present in the formulation."( Automated simultaneous triple dissolution profiles of two drugs, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and hydrochlorothiazide-captopril in solid oral dosage forms by a multicommutation flow-assembly and derivative spectrophotometry.
Catalá Icardo, M; Martínez Calatayud, J; Tomsů, D, 2004)		0.32
" We compared the clinical efficacy of twice-daily cotrimoxazole in standard versus double dosage for treating non-severe pneumonia in children."( Randomized controlled trial of standard versus double dose cotrimoxazole for childhood pneumonia in Pakistan.
Azam, I; Aziz, F; Bano, N; Bari, A; Hussain, W; Iqbal, I; Khan, M; Khan, S; Nagi, AG; Qazi, S; Rafi, S; Rasmussen, ZA; Rehman, G; Roghani, MT; van Latum, LJ, 2005)		0.33
"Results suggest that administration of T/SMX at a dosage of 14."( Effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim on thyroid function in dogs.
Davis, JA; Frank, LA; Hnilica, KA; May, ER; Sargent, SJ, 2005)		0.33
" On day 4 after dosing completion, the mice were infected intratracheally with 1x10(7) Pneumocystis murina organisms."( Combination exposure to zidovudine plus sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim diminishes B-lymphocyte immune responses to Pneumocystis murina infection in healthy mice.
Feola, DJ; Garvy, BA, 2006)		0.33
" Dosage adjustments should be made when prescribing co-trimoxazole to patients with renal dysfunction."( Severe and protracted hypoglycaemia associated with co-trimoxazole use.
Gold, WL; Kuper, A; Strevel, EL, 2006)		0.33
"Thirty-four privately owned sulphonamide HS dogs, 10 sulphonamide-'tolerant' dogs, 18 sulphonamide-naïve dogs, and four dogs experimentally dosed with SMX and the oxidative metabolite SMX-nitroso, were tested for drug-serum adducts by immunoblotting, and anti-drug antibodies by ELISA."( Association of drug-serum protein adducts and anti-drug antibodies in dogs with sulphonamide hypersensitivity: a naturally occurring model of idiosyncratic drug toxicity.
Danhof, RS; Lavergne, SN; Trepanier, LA; Volkman, EM, 2006)		0.33
" Anti-drug antibodies were also found in dogs experimentally dosed with SMX-nitroso followed by SMX, but not in a dog dosed with drug vehicle, followed by SMX."( Association of drug-serum protein adducts and anti-drug antibodies in dogs with sulphonamide hypersensitivity: a naturally occurring model of idiosyncratic drug toxicity.
Danhof, RS; Lavergne, SN; Trepanier, LA; Volkman, EM, 2006)		0.33
" Urine samples were taken every 2 h during the whole dosing interval of the particular antibiotic."( Urinary bactericidal activity of oral antibiotics against common urinary tract pathogens in an ex vivo model.
Bedenic, B; Bubonja, M; Budimir, A; Topic, M, 2006)		0.33
"This study used a single-dose, randomized,single-blind, 2 x 2 crossover (2 dosing periods x 2 treatments) design to compare the 2 preparations."( Bioequivalence of two commercial preparations of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: a randomized, single-dose, single-blind, crossover trial.
Alonso Campero, R; Bernardo Escudero, R; Burke Fraga, V; De Lago Acosta, A; Del Cisne Valle Alvarez, D; González de la Parra, M; Namur Montalvo, S; Silva Hernandez, R, 2007)		0.34
"This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of dosing trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on 2 consecutive days per week for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in a pediatric leukemia and lymphoma population and to determine whether trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole contributes to neutropenia during maintenance therapy."( Successful intermittent prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2 days per week for Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients.
Albano, E; Lindemulder, S, 2007)		0.34
" A total of 482 (345 leukemia, 137 lymphoma) patients were evaluated on trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dosed 2 consecutive days per week for 268074 patient-days."( Successful intermittent prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2 days per week for Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients.
Albano, E; Lindemulder, S, 2007)		0.34
" According to current guidelines, the dosage of the drug was too high in both cases."( [Serious side effects of frequently used antibiotics in childhood: biliary sludge or stones induced by ceftriaxone and thrombocytopenia induced by co-trimoxazole].
Landstra, AM; Maseland, MH; van Setten, PA; Voeten, M, 2007)		0.34
" At 5 ART sites, CTX was given to patients dosed at 960 mg daily or 480 mg twice a day (according to national guidelines)."( Lower early mortality rates among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment at clinics offering cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in Malawi.
Aberle-Grasse, J; Eiger, O; Ellerbrock, T; Harries, A; Libamba, E; Lowrance, D; Makombe, S; Marston, B; Shiraishi, R; Yu, J, 2007)		0.34
" no change in warfarin dosing in 40 chronically anticoagulated patients initiating trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or levofloxacin."( Impact of preemptive warfarin dose reduction on anticoagulation after initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or levofloxacin.
Ahmed, A; Fay, WP; Kaus, CA; Stephens, JC, 2008)		0.35
" An expectant strategy consisting of no change in warfarin dosing with short-term INR follow-up appears reasonable in patients treated with levofloxacin."( Impact of preemptive warfarin dose reduction on anticoagulation after initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or levofloxacin.
Ahmed, A; Fay, WP; Kaus, CA; Stephens, JC, 2008)		0.35
" Current recommendations for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) dosing as PCP prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients are based on either daily dosing or dosing three consecutive days per week."( Intermittent oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on two non-consecutive days per week is effective as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Hara, J; Hashii, Y; Ohata, Y; Ohta, H; Ozono, K; Tokimasa, S, 2009)		0.35
" A pharmacokinetic (PK) simulation study was performed to determine the optimal dosing of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMX]) used in current eradication regimens in Thailand and Australia."( Dosing regimens of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) for melioidosis.
Amornchai, P; Cheng, AC; Chierakul, W; Day, NP; McBryde, ES; Peacock, SJ; White, NJ; Wuthiekanun, V, 2009)		0.35
" This discrepancy may be explained by the subtherapeutic dosage used in the pharmacokinetic study."( Symptomatic hypoglycemia associated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and repaglinide in a diabetic patient.
Blondel, E; Fonrose, X; Mallaret, MP; Roustit, M; Villier, C, 2010)		0.36
" When dosing was considered, the association was greater at higher doses of TMP-SMX."( Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study.
Garg, AX; Gomes, T; Hackam, DG; Jain, AK; Juurlink, DN; Mamdani, M; Weir, MA, 2010)		0.36
"Data on TMP and SMX pharmacokinetics in CVVHDF are lacking and dosing recommendations are inconclusive."( Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics in two patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.
Ceschi, A; Corti, N; Curkovic, I; Franzen, D; Lüthi, B; Rudiger, A, 2010)		0.36
" Evidence of in vivo synergy could lead to a reduction of the standard VAN dosage or treatment time."( Evaluation of the synergistic potential of vancomycin combined with other antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp strains.
Araújo, MT; Nunes, AP; Santos, KR; Silva, LV, 2011)		0.37
" Physician should bear in mind the potential trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-associated adverse event especially when prolonged treatments and elevated dosage are used."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-associated severe hypoglycaemia: a sulfonylurea-like effect.
Bellissimo, F; Benanti, F; Cacopardo, B; Caltabiano, E; Celesia, BM; Giarratana, F; La Rocca, M; Nunnari, G; Russo, R; Tosto, S, 2010)		0.36
" Medical records of CTD patients who were treated with prednisolone ≥20 mg per day or equivalent doses of corticosteroid for more than 2 weeks and were followed for at least 12 weeks after receiving this dosage of corticosteroids at the Rheumatology clinic of Ramathibodi Hospital between October 2006 and September 2007 were reviewed."( Primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases.
Janwityanujit, S; Limsuwan, T; Ngamjanyaporn, P; Sungkanuparph, S; Suwannalai, P; Vananuvat, P, 2011)		0.37
" All patients on prophylaxis were using cotrimoxazole, with the 960 mg once daily dosing being the most common regimen (96%)."( Use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV infected in patients at a referral hospital.
Bulaya-Tembo, R; Khoza, S; Mkudu, V; Mthethwa, J; Nhachi, CF, )		0.13
" A combination of daptomycin plus trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was administered for six weeks, followed by a high dosage of TMP/SMX for a further six weeks."( High dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and daptomycin as a therapeutic option for MRSA endocarditis with large vegetation complicated by embolic stroke: a case report and literature review.
Bonura, C; D'Alessandro, N; Di Carlo, P; Giarratano, A; Guadagnino, G; Lunetta, M; Mammina, C; Novo, S, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic studies for TMP/SMX dosing in this patient population are necessary to allow adequate dosing."( Cotrimoxazole plasma levels, dialyzer clearance and total removal by extended dialysis in a patient with acute kidney injury: risk of under-dosing using current dosing recommendations.
Beutel, G; Clajus, C; Kielstein, JT; Kühn-Velten, WN; Lorenzen, JM; Pietsch, D; Schmidt, JJ, 2013)		0.39
"5) understood the reason for CTX prophylaxis, 126 (47%) did not dose during weekends; 55 (21%) dosed their infants 3 times a day and 70 (26%) dosed their infants twice daily."( Factors associated with coverage of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-exposed children in South Africa.
Mahungo, W; Masha, R; Moodley, D; Reddy, L, 2013)		0.39
" SJS can occur in children at any age, with any level of immunosuppression, and can occur during the lead-in dosing period of NVP."( Stevens-Johnson syndrome and HIV in children in Swaziland.
Blank, DA; Draper, HR; Dziuban, EJ; Hughey, AB; Kochelani, D; Schutze, GE; Stewart, DA, 2013)		0.39
"Between 2002 and 2010, 22 patients received two tablets of co-trimoxazole three times a day, equivalent to a daily dosage of 2400 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 480 mg of trimethoprim."( Serum concentration of co-trimoxazole during a high-dosage regimen.
Drancourt, M; Le Poullain, MN; Muhammed Ameen, S; Raoult, D; Rolain, JM; Roux, V, 2014)		0.4
" pneumoniae strains tested were penicillin resistant, standard penicillin dosing for pneumonia may be insufficient given the observed range of pneumococcal penicillin MICs."( Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia in an urban hospital in Mozambique.
Beishuizen, SJ; Bos, JC; Cossa, EO; Gomonda, Edos S; Macome, AC; Madeira, GC; Prins, JM; Schultsz, C; van Steenwijk, RP, 2014)		0.4
" Moreover, although we based the dosage of cranberry extract on available evidence, this may not be the optimal dosage."( Cost-effectiveness of cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial.
Beerepoot, MA; Bosmans, JE; Geerlings, SE; Prins, JM; ter Riet, G, 2014)		0.4
" However this knowledge does not extend to understanding of proper therapeutic indications and dosage regimens for antibiotic therapy."( How much do patients in Blantyre, Malawi know about antibiotics and other prescription only medicines?
Bandawe, CR; Foster, EK, 2014)		0.4
"Study participants had wide range of knowledge about antibiotics and other POM from hospital, but the majority had limited knowledge regarding clinical indications and correct dosage schedules."( How much do patients in Blantyre, Malawi know about antibiotics and other prescription only medicines?
Bandawe, CR; Foster, EK, 2014)		0.4
" However, the optimal chemoprevention drug and dosing strategy is unclear in areas of year-round transmission and resistance to many antimalarial drugs."( Protective efficacy and safety of three antimalarial regimens for the prevention of malaria in young Ugandan children: a randomized controlled trial.
Achan, J; Aweeka, FT; Bigira, V; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Havlir, DV; Huang, L; Kamya, MR; Kapisi, J; Kinara, S; Muhindo, MK; Mwangwa, F; Osterbauer, B; Rosenthal, PJ, 2014)		0.4
" Diagnosis can be confirmed with drug challenge or graded test dosing when necessary."( Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced aseptic meningitis-not just another sulfa allergy.
Bruner, KE; Coop, CA; White, KM, 2014)		0.4
"We conclude that anti-MRSA antibiotics are utilized via various dosage regimens by a majority of CF Foundation accredited care programs for the treatment of chronic MRSA in PEx, and there is no consensus on the best treatment approach."( Utilization of antibiotics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in cystic fibrosis.
Ampofo, K; Chin, MJ; Dasenbrook, E; Epps, KL; Marshall, BC; Montague, M; Olson, J; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2015)		0.42
" Optimal dosing regimens in solid-organ transplant recipients have not been fully defined."( Tolerability of low-dose sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients.
Cardwell, SM; Martin, ST; Nailor, MD; Zmarlicka, M, 2015)		0.42
" In 2005, the University of Kentucky (UK) Transplant Center implemented a novel dosing regimen of weekly dapsone as an alternative for patients with contraindications or intolerability to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), which remains the drug of choice."( Efficacy of once-weekly dapsone dosing for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis post transplantation.
Au, T; Clifford, TM; Evans, RA; Fugit, AM; Tang, S, 2015)		0.42
" Future studies are warranted to show the efficacy of weekly dapsone dosing compared to other PCP prophylaxis regimens."( Efficacy of once-weekly dapsone dosing for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis post transplantation.
Au, T; Clifford, TM; Evans, RA; Fugit, AM; Tang, S, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of this study was to assess whether appropriate dosage adjustments were made in hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Data regarding serum creatinine level, age, sex and prescribed drugs and their dosage was collected from the patients' medical records."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
"The findings indicate that dosing errors were common among hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Charts were reviewed to determine the effect of age, risk behaviors, severity of illness, viral load, CD4 cell counts, use of corticosteroids, and dosage and duration of TMP/SMX on ADRs during hospitalization."( High daily doses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are an independent risk factor for adverse reactions in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia and AIDS.
Chang, HM; Chen, YS; Kunin, C; Lee, SS; Lin, PC; Tsai, HC; Wann, SR, 2016)		0.43
" The dosage of co-trimoxazole significantly correlated with survival."( Efficacy of concurrent treatments in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with a rapid progression of respiratory failure: an analysis of a national administrative database in Japan.
Fujino, Y; Fushimi, K; Hanaka, T; Ishimoto, H; Kido, T; Matsuda, S; Mukae, H; Nakao, H; Oda, K; Ogoshi, T; Yatera, K, 2016)		0.43
"Irrespective of the dosage of VRCZ, eight patients developed IFI."( Prophylactic administration of voriconazole with two different doses for invasive fungal infection in children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia.
Hori, D; Kishimoto, K; Kobayashi, K; Kobayashi, R; Sano, H; Suzuki, D; Yasuda, K, 2018)		0.48
" Further refinement of artemether-lumefantrine dosing to improve exposure in infants and very young children may be warranted."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria.
Arinaitwe, E; Aweeka, FT; Bergqvist, Y; Bigira, V; Blessborn, D; Creek, DJ; Kakuru, A; McCormack, SA; Muhindo, M; Parikh, S; Sambol, NC; Sukumar, N; Tappero, JW; Tchaparian, E; Wanzira, H, 2016)		0.43
" Dosing is inconsistently based on weight, assuming linear relationships."( Fractal Geometry-Based Decrease in Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Concentrations in Overweight and Obese People.
Gumbo, T; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Swancutt, M, 2016)		0.43
"6 mg/kg/day were randomized into three dosage groups: a single-strength group (SS, SMX/TMP of 400/80 mg daily), half-strength group (HS, 200/40 mg daily), and escalation group (ES, started with 40/8 mg daily, increasing incrementally to 200/40 mg daily)."( Optimal regimens of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for chemoprophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases: results from a non-blinded, randomized controlled trial.
Dobashi, H; Hagiyama, H; Harigai, M; Hirano, F; Hirata, S; Kihara, M; Kohsaka, H; Koike, R; Kondo, M; Matsui, K; Miyasaka, N; Nagasaka, K; Nanki, T; Nonomura, Y; Odani, T; Saito, K; Sakai, R; Soejima, M; Sugihara, T; Suzuki, F; Takenaka, K; Tomita, M; Utsunomiya, M; Yamazaki, H; Yokogawa, N; Yokoyama, W, 2017)		0.46
"Tedizolid is an orally bioavailable oxazolidinone with once-daily dosing and broad-spectrum Gram-positive activity."( Exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions between tedizolid and other orally bioavailable antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Werth, BJ, 2017)		0.46
" Treatment of these infections requires the use of a higher dosage that may result in increased toxicity or the use of new promising antimicrobials to control the infection."( Old antimicrobials and Gram-positive cocci through the example of infective endocarditis and bone and joint infections.
Amrane, S; Million, M; Seng, P; Stein, A, 2017)		0.46
" The typically intolerable adverse effects of TMP-SMZ therapy for PJP may necessitate dosage adjustments in some cases."( Combination of Echinocandins and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia After Heart Transplantation.
Chang, CY; Chang, HC; Huang, CM; Lee, YT; Lu, YM; Wei, J; Yang, HS, 2017)		0.46
"This case study illustrates once more the critical importance of prescription appropriateness in elderly patients with multiple morbidities in terms of type and dosage of drugs, in order to avoid serious adverse reactions."( Persistent and severe hypoglycemia associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a frail diabetic man on polypharmacy: A case report and literature review
.
Arcudi, S; Peyvandi, F; Piconi, S; Rossio, R, 2018)		0.48
" It is essential to assess the clinical application and the dose-response relationships of combinations such as colistin plus cotrimoxazole."( In vivo activity of co-trimoxazole combined with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 in a Galleria mellonella model.
Hefzy, EM; Khalil, MAF; Moawad, SS, 2019)		0.51
"In this multicenter retrospective study, we compared effectiveness and safety of SMX/TMP for the treatment of PCP among patients divided into three groups according to the initial dosage of SMX/TMP: the low, ≤10 mg/kg/day; the intermediate, 10-15 mg/kg/day; and the high and conventional, 15-20 mg/kg/day for TMP dose."( Effectiveness and safety of lower dose sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim therapy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with systemic rheumatic diseases: A retrospective multicenter study.
Iwagaitsu, S; Kazawa, N; Maeda, S; Miyamoto, T; Naniwa, T; Niimi, A; Ohmura, SI; Shichi, D; Tamechika, SY; Wada, JI, 2019)		0.51
" Given the side effects and low rates of oral therapy completion in our region we emphasise the importance of the prior often prolonged intensive phase intravenous therapy and using weight based trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dosing for eradication therapy."( Oral eradication therapy for melioidosis: Important but not without risks.
Currie, BJ; Sullivan, RP; Ward, L, 2019)		0.51
" Our model-rederived optimal dosing of TMP at the target tissue was in the range of recommended dosing for TMP-SMX in children in all age groups by current guidelines for the treatment of MRSA."( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole in Children.
Balevic, SJ; Cobbaert, M; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Cunningham, AP; Edginton, AN; Hornik, CP; Maharaj, A; Thompson, EJ; Wu, H, 2019)		0.51
" A low albumin dosage was identified as a predictor factor for mortality."( Acute-subacute paracoccidioidomycosis: A paediatric cohort of 141 patients, exploring clinical characteristics, laboratorial analysis and developing a non-survival predictor.
Morcillo, AM; Pereira, RM; Romaneli, MTDN; Tardelli, NR; Tresoldi, AT, 2019)		0.51
" Dosage was 80 mg/400 mg (per tablet), administered as 3 tablets per week for 30."( Impact of Very Low-Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole on Serum Creatinine after Renal Transplantation: A Retrospective Study.
Fujii, M; Hidaka, Y; Inadome, A; Kaba, A; Kashima, M; Kawabata, C; Kinoshita, K; Miyata, A; Ogata, M; Tanaka, K; Toyoda, M; Uekihara, S; Yamanaga, S; Yokomizo, H, )		0.13
"Our study suggests that the high total dosage of ATG and CMV infection indicate the increased risk of PJP."( The risk factor analysis and treatment experience in pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after kidney transplantation.
Cai, R; Liang, W; Yang, P; Zhu, X, 2021)		0.62
" Half-dosage of TMP-SMX (40/200 mg daily) is considered more tolerable than the conventional dosage (80/400 mg daily)."( Risk factors associated with increased discontinuation rate of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used as a primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study.
Fujitaka, K; Hamada, H; Hattori, N; Hirata, S; Horimasu, Y; Iwamoto, H; Masuda, T; Miyamoto, S; Nakashima, T; Otani, T; Sakamoto, S; Sugiyama, E; Yamaguchi, K, 2021)		0.62
" The univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models revealed that the SS dosage and renal function (e."( Risk factors associated with increased discontinuation rate of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used as a primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study.
Fujitaka, K; Hamada, H; Hattori, N; Hirata, S; Horimasu, Y; Iwamoto, H; Masuda, T; Miyamoto, S; Nakashima, T; Otani, T; Sakamoto, S; Sugiyama, E; Yamaguchi, K, 2021)		0.62
" In patients with a mild renal impairment, the HS dosage may improve tolerability while maintaining prophylactic efficacy."( Risk factors associated with increased discontinuation rate of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used as a primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study.
Fujitaka, K; Hamada, H; Hattori, N; Hirata, S; Horimasu, Y; Iwamoto, H; Masuda, T; Miyamoto, S; Nakashima, T; Otani, T; Sakamoto, S; Sugiyama, E; Yamaguchi, K, 2021)		0.62
" Conversely, escalation dosing or 200 mg/40 mg/day regimens appeared better tolerated."( Is cotrimoxazole prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia needed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapies?
Brito-García, N; Díaz Del Campo Fontecha, P; Nishishinya-Aquino, MB; Pereda, CA; Rua-Figueroa, I, 2021)		0.62
"Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) is a dosage form that overcomes the problem of swallowing which is prevalent in about 35% of the general population."( Formulation, in vitro characterization and optimization of taste-masked orally disintegrating co-trimoxazole tablet by direct compression.
Abrha, S; Tafere, C; Yehualaw, A; Yilma, Z, 2021)		0.62
" The successful formulation of CTX ODT can solve difficulty of swallowing of conventional tablets for some group of patients which are unable to swallow solid oral dosage form."( Formulation, in vitro characterization and optimization of taste-masked orally disintegrating co-trimoxazole tablet by direct compression.
Abrha, S; Tafere, C; Yehualaw, A; Yilma, Z, 2021)		0.62
" As cystic fibrosis patients present disturbed pharmacokinetics parameters, drug monitoring would be relevant to assess the lung distribution of antibiotics and to optimize dosing regimens."( Determination of amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole concentrations in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Belleguic, C; Bellissant, E; Brinchault, G; Deneuville, E; Kayal, S; Lemaitre, F; Piau, C; Ricordel, C; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2021)		0.62
" The recommended prophylactic dose of TMP-SMX has been determined based on patients with normal renal function, but the appropriate dosage for patients undergoing hemodialysis is unknown."( Safety and efficacy evaluation of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV uninfected patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective observational study.
Hashida, T; Ikesue, H; Muroi, N; Shimomura, Y; Yamashita, K; Yoshimoto, A, 2021)		0.62
" These findings can guide health care professionals to determine TMP-SMX dosage when considering PCP prophylaxis for patients undergoing hemodialysis."( Safety and efficacy evaluation of low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV uninfected patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective observational study.
Hashida, T; Ikesue, H; Muroi, N; Shimomura, Y; Yamashita, K; Yoshimoto, A, 2021)		0.62
" The conventional treatment of PJP is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) dosed at 15-20 mg/kg/day of the trimethoprim component."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
" MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 15, 2020, for studies in English evaluating low-dose SMX-TMP (<15 mg/kg/day) compared to conventional dosing for the treatment of PJP."( The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hejazi, AA; Timbrook, TT; Tritle, BJ, 2021)		0.62
"While one in five children in the USA are now obese, and more than three-quarters receive at least one drug during childhood, there is limited dosing guidance for this vulnerable patient population."( Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Population of Children with Obesity for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Ganguly, S; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Harris, V; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Perrin, EM; Rikhi, A; Sinha, J, 2022)		0.72
" Relative to children without obesity, children with obesity experienced decreased clindamycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole weight-normalized clearance and volume of distribution, and higher absolute doses under recommended pediatric weight-based dosing regimens."( Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Population of Children with Obesity for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Ganguly, S; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Harris, V; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Perrin, EM; Rikhi, A; Sinha, J, 2022)		0.72
"Model simulations support current recommended weight-based dosing in children with obesity for clindamycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, as they met target exposure despite these changes in clearance and volume of distribution."( Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Population of Children with Obesity for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Carreño, FO; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Edginton, AN; Ganguly, S; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Harris, V; Hornik, CP; Kumar, KR; Perrin, EM; Rikhi, A; Sinha, J, 2022)		0.72
" The rate of healthcare-associated infection after urological surgery using TAP was high, implying to discuss the choice and the dosage of the antibiotic molecules."( Therapeutic failures of targeted antibiotic prophylaxis in urology.
Blanchet, P; Brureau, L; Curlier, E; Donat, S; Markowicz, S; Roger, PM; Sadreux, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Although there is a lack of data in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) serum monitoring utility for invasive nocardial infections, therapeutic drug monitoring is widely used to optimize dosing and avoid adverse reactions that may cause treatment interruption."( Observational study of the clinical utility of sulfamethoxazole serum level monitoring in the treatment of brain abscesses due to Nocardia species.
Abu Saleh, O; Corsini Campioli, C; Mara, KC; Rivera, CG, 2022)		0.72
"Since trimethoprim (TMP) dose-dependently inhibits the excretion of potassium, a population kinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis was performed to establish an adequate dosing schedule and characterize factors of hyperkalaemia."( Population kinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of serum potassium in patients receiving sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
Hanada, K; Hirai, T; Iwamoto, T; Nakai, S; Shiraishi, C; Ushiro, M, 2022)		0.72
"The dosage of immunosuppressant was reduced due to leucocyte dripping and fever, and antibiotic and antifungal treatment were also given."( Case report: A HIV-negative hemodialysis patient positive for pANCA with severe pneumocystis pneumonia: A case report and review of literature.
Huang, J; Li, J; Liu, D; Shen, M; Shu, Q; Xu, W; Zeng, F, 2023)		0.91
" It is not recommended that hemodialysis patients with long-term immunosuppression should reduce or stop the dosage of immunosuppressive drugs during the treatment because it may aggravate the condition of PCP."( Case report: A HIV-negative hemodialysis patient positive for pANCA with severe pneumocystis pneumonia: A case report and review of literature.
Huang, J; Li, J; Liu, D; Shen, M; Shu, Q; Xu, W; Zeng, F, 2023)		0.91
" The effect of prophylaxis was similar, though not always statistically significant, in sensitivity analyses that only included prophylaxis dosed more than twice-per-week (OR ."( Risk factors and prophylaxis for nocardiosis in solid organ transplant recipients: A nested case-control study.
Beam, E; Bosch, W; Challener, DW; Chesdachai, S; Duffy, D; Seville, MT; Smith, BH; Yetmar, ZA, 2023)		0.91
" Future prospective studies are needed to improve and personalize GFR estimation and medication dosing in patients with cancer."( Medication-Related Adverse Events and Discordancies in Cystatin C-Based vs Serum Creatinine-Based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Cancer.
Gupta, S; Hanna, PE; Harden, D; Katz-Agranov, N; Leaf, DE; Moreno, D; Ouyang, T; Reynolds, KL; Seethapathy, H; Sise, ME; Strohbehn, IA; Wang, Q, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (14)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID162086Percent of control growth of Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites was determined2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-22, Volume: 11, Issue:20
N,N'-bis[4-(N-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines as anti-Pneumocystis carinii agents.
AID162078Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive/number tested for 3 weeks; 0/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID151986Inhibitory concentration against Pneumocystis carinii cells in human embryonic lung fibrobalstic cell culture with MEM at 250 ug/mL1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-29, Volume: 36, Issue:22
Synthesis of 5-methyl-5-deaza nonclassical antifolates as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases and as potential antipneumocystis, antitoxoplasma, and antitumor agents.
AID162081Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive/number tested for 8 weeks; 5/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID162074Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive for lesions/number tested for 3 weeks; 0/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID162087Efficacy of compound was evaluated in rat infected with Pneumocystis carinii at a dose of 2 mg/Kg administered intraperitoneally2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-02, Volume: 10, Issue:19
Enhanced pneumocystis carinii activity of new primaquine analogues.
AID162077Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive for trophozoites/number tested for 8 weeks; 0/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID162076Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive for trophozoites/number tested for 3 weeks; 0/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID162072Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of cysts/lungs for 3 weeks2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID409954Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID162075Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of lungs positive for lesions/number tested for 8 weeks; 0/52001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
AID162084Anti-P. carinii activity determined as change in number of Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites from day 1 through day 7 in culture at 50/250 ug/mL2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-22, Volume: 11, Issue:20
N,N'-bis[4-(N-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines as anti-Pneumocystis carinii agents.
AID409956Inhibition of mouse brain MAOB2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID162073Evaluated for inhibitory growth of Pneumocystis carinii cysts in lungs administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg expressed as number of cysts/lungs for 8 weeks2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 11, Issue:3
FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: synthesis and biological properties.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6,890)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901247 (18.10)18.7374
1990's1650 (23.95)18.2507
2000's1566 (22.73)29.6817
2010's1813 (26.31)24.3611
2020's614 (8.91)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 25.78

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index25.78 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.04 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.67 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index36.08 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (25.78)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials875 (11.62%)5.53%
Reviews845 (11.23%)6.00%
Case Studies2,289 (30.41%)4.05%
Observational45 (0.60%)0.25%
Other3,473 (46.14%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (138)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Parallel Group, Double Blinded, 1:1, Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial of Co-trimoxazole Versus Azithromycin for the Treatment of Undifferentiated Fever In Nepal [NCT02773407]Phase 3330 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-23Completed
A Phase 2, Proof-of-Concept, Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised, Active-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Rezafungin Combined With 7 Days of Co-Trimoxazole Versus Co-Trimoxazole Monotherapy in HIV-Infected Adults With [NCT05835479]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Efficacy Surgical Versus Medical Treatment of Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Foot Ulcers [NCT01137903]88 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Recruiting
Prospective Randomized Study to Compare Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Osteomyelitis Treated With Intravenous Antibiotics Versus Intravenous Antibiotics With an Early Switch to Oral Antibiotics [NCT02099240]Early Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-06Terminated(stopped due to Not enough patient enrollment and lack of staffing)
Study of Clinical Efficacy of Antimicrobial Therapy Strategy Using Pragmatic Design in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT02759120]Phase 3513 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-22Terminated(stopped due to Terminated for futility after review of first planned interim analysis.)
Safety of Cotrimoxazole in HIV- and HAART-exposed Infants in Botswana [NCT01086878]Phase 4222 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Role of Co-trimoxazole in Severe COVID-19 Patients [NCT04470531]Phase 294 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-12Recruiting
Risk of QT-prolongation and Torsade de Pointes in Patients Treated With Acute Medication in a University Hospital [NCT02068170]178 participants (Actual)Observational2014-02-28Completed
Six- Versus Twelve-Week Therapy for Non-Surgically-Treated Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Multicenter Open-Label Controlled Randomized Study [NCT02123628]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Rezafungin for Injection Versus the Standard Antimicrobial Regimen to Prevent Invasive Fungal Diseases in Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplantation (T [NCT04368559]Phase 3462 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-11Recruiting
Pemberian Antibiotik Profilaksis Pada Biopsi Prostat Transperineal di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo: Uji Klinis Acak Terkontrol [NCT04985110]Phase 278 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-06Recruiting
The Role of High Dose Co-trimoxazole in Severe Covid-19 Patients- A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial [NCT04884490]Phase 2/Phase 394 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-15Not yet recruiting
Treatment of Pneumocystis in COPD (the TOPIC Study) [NCT05418777]Phase 1/Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-09-28Terminated(stopped due to lack of enrollment)
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Antibiotic Treatment for Uncomplicated Skin Abscess in Patients at Risk for Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection [NCT00829686]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Fluoroquinolone Associated Disability [NCT03535558]239,306 participants (Actual)Observational2018-05-17Completed
Finding the Optimal Regimen for Mycobacterium Abscessus Treatment (FORMaT) [NCT04310930]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-02Recruiting
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria & Risk of Urinary Tract Infection in Renal Transplants [NCT01349738]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2011-05-31Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized Study of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis and Longer Breastfeeding Duration to Improve Survival Among HIV-Exposed Infants in Botswana [NCT01229761]Phase 23,724 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Does Post-operative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Reduce Urinary Tract Infection Rates After Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate? a Prospective Randomized Multi-center Study [NCT05274672]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-01Not yet recruiting
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bactrim on 7 Day Outcome in Emergency Department Patients With Uncomplicated Abscesses at Risk for Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus [NCT00973765]Phase 3212 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Monthly Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine Versus Monthly Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine Versus Daily Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Versus No Therapy for the Prevention of Malaria [NCT00948896]Phase 3600 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Comparing Oral Versus Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (COPAT) Trial [NCT05977868]Phase 4135 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-04Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Antibiotics on Urinary Microbiome: Randomized Trial [NCT04230746]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to funding , recruitment issues)
Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess Whether the Duration of Cotrimoxazole Preventive Therapy in HIV Patients With CD4 Counts >350 CD4 Cells/µL by Antiretroviral Treatment Influences the Rate of Carriage of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria [NCT03087890]Phase 4537 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-30Completed
A Phase II Study of Double Induction Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Non-L3 Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Investigation of Minimal Residual Disease and Risk of Relapse Following Maintenance Chemotherapy [NCT00109837]Phase 279 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Double Dummy, Parallel Group, Comparative Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Ceftazidime Avibactam (CAZ-AVI, Formerly CAZ104) Versus Doripenem Followed by Appropriate Oral Thera [NCT01595438]Phase 3598 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Prophylactic Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Prevention of Serious Infections in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03042260]Phase 4310 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-01Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Children With Pyelonephritis in the Abscence of Vesicoureteral Reflux [NCT00752375]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants)
A Phase I/II Dose Escalation Study of Subcutaneous Campath-1H (NSC #715969, IND #10864) During Intensification Therapy in Adults With Untreated Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) [NCT00061945]Phase 1/Phase 2302 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of an Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solution in Maintaining Catheter Patency and Preventing Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections (C [NCT01101412]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to Study was not opened.)
Clinical Efficacy of Cotrimoxazole Versus Amoxicillin in the Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children Aged 2-59 Months Attending Mulago Hospital: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT00933049]Phase 3505 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Prevention of Pregnancy-associated Malaria in HIV-infected Women : Randomised Controlled Trial Testing Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Versus Intermittent Preventive Treatment With Mefloquine [NCT00970879]Phase 3430 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Cessation Study Among Stabilized HIV-Infected Adult Patients on HAART in Entebbe, Uganda [NCT00674921]Phase 41,650 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-06-30Not yet recruiting
Prospective Randomized Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Septra for Uncomplicated Skin Abscesses in Patients at Risk for Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection on 30 Day Recurrence Rates. [NCT00822692]139 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Clindamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, or Placebo for Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus [NCT00730028]Phase 21,310 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Antibiotic Comparison Exacerbation COPD [NCT00791505]Phase 3170 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial to Compare a Regimen of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) Plus Rifampicin With a Regimen of Linezolid in the Treatment of Infections Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) [NCT00711854]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
The Role of Daily Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis For Prevention of Malaria And Its Effects in Pregnancy [NCT00711906]Phase 3352 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Malaria prev. fell in the study area, so we cannot evaluate the primary endpoint)
Early Oral Step-down Antibiotic Therapy Versus Continuing Intravenous Therapy for Uncomplicated Gram-negative Bacteraemia (the INVEST Trial) [NCT05199324]Phase 4720 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-01Recruiting
The PREMISE Trial: A Novel Regimen to Prevent Malaria and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women With HIV [NCT03431168]Phase 2308 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-07Completed
Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Amongst HIV-uninfected Children With Severe Malnutrition [NCT00934492]Phase 31,781 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial for the Management of Pediatric Community Acquired Skin Abscesses - To Treat or Not to Treat With Antibiotics [NCT00679302]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
A Comparison Between 12 vs. 20 Weeks of Co-trimoxazole as Maintenance Therapy for Melioidosis [NCT01420341]Phase 4667 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
A Clinical Trial to Establish The Effectiveness of Daily Co-trimoxazole Prophylaxis For Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy [NCT01053325]Phase 3848 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Phase III Study of Clarithromycin, Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim or Observation in Combination With Standard Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT02624440]Phase 2300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Randomized, Double-Blinded Evaluation of Rifabutin Based Therapy for Eradication of Staphylococcus Aureus Carriage in HIV Infected Individuals With Prior Skin and Skin Structure Infections [NCT00869518]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Randomized Trial of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Versus Placebo Added to Standard Treatment of Uncomplicated Cellulitis in Emergency Department Patients [NCT00676130]153 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Efficacy of Cotrimoxazole as a De-escalation Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit. Multicentric Non-inferiority Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT05696093]Phase 3628 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-19Active, not recruiting
"Strategies Using Off-Patent Antibiotics for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (STOP MRSA) - A Phase IIB, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial" [NCT00729937]Phase 2/Phase 32,265 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
A Phase III Comparative Study of Dapsone / Trimethoprim and Clindamycin / Primaquine Versus Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate PCP in Patients With AIDS [NCT00000640]Phase 3290 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Aerosolized Pentamidine and Parenteral/Oral Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in AIDS [NCT00000715]Phase 3240 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Comparative, Double-Blind Trial of Trimetrexate (CI-898) With Leucovorin Calcium Rescue Versus Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole for Moderately Severe Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Patients With AIDS [NCT00001014]Phase 3302 participants InterventionalCompleted
Interactions Between HIV and Malaria in African Children [NCT00527800]Phase 3351 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
The Use of Adjuvant Antibiotic Therapy After Incision and Drainage for Pediatric Abscess: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00900510]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Recruitment of this population in the hospital setting not practical.)
Randomized Controlled Trial of Intramuscular Ceftriaxone Versus Procaine Penicillin Versus Cotrimoxazole and Gentamicin for Management of Serious Bacterial Infections in Young Infants in Community Settings [NCT00189384]Phase 3426 participants Interventional2003-11-30Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Trial of Nasal Mupirocin, Hexachlorophene Body Wash, and Systemic Antibiotics for Prevention of Recurrent Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections [NCT01049438]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Observational Prospective Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Infective Risk in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Granulocyte Growth Factors. [NCT01951430]229 participants (Actual)Observational2014-03-31Completed
A Clinical Trial to Determine the Extent to Which Probiotic Therapy Reduces Side Effects of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder Patients With a History of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections [NCT02044965]Phase 1/Phase 236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Comparative, Prospective Study of Daily Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole (TMS) and Thrice-Weekly TMS for Prophylaxis Against PCP in HIV-Infected Patients [NCT00000748]Phase 32,500 participants InterventionalCompleted
Effect of Fluconazole, Clarithromycin, and Rifabutin on the Pharmacokinetics of Sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone and Their Hydroxylamine Metabolites [NCT00000826]Phase 148 participants InterventionalCompleted
Gradual Initiation of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole as Primary Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Prophylaxis [NCT00000816]Phase 4370 participants InterventionalCompleted
Oral Corticosteroids Therapy and Interstitial Fibrosis in Patients With Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PCP) and pO2 of >70 at Presentation. [NCT00636935]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Withdrawn(stopped due to No patient completed protocol)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. Placebo After Hypospadias Repair: a Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Trial [NCT02096159]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Active, not recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized, Blind, Multicenter Trial Comparing Orally Administered Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole With Intravenously Administered Cefuroxime and Metronidazole as Prophylaxis of Infection Following Elective Colorectal Surgery [NCT00613769]Phase 41,073 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Does Prophylactic Antibiotic Decrease the Rate of Urinary Tract Infection After Robot Assisted Radical Cystectomy [NCT04502095]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-02Recruiting
Discontinuation of Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infected Patients Who Had CD4+ Cell Count <200 Cells/mm3 But Undetectable Plasma HIV-1 RNA [NCT01392430]74 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Discontinuation of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis in Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya: a Randomized Trial [NCT01425073]500 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Oral vs Intravenous Antibiotics for Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection [NCT04723940]Phase 3308 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-25Enrolling by invitation
Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Neonatal Infections in the Community [NCT00198627]16,359 participants Interventional2003-12-31Completed
[NCT01756924]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Terminated(stopped due to This study has been terminated; alternative study designs are being considered. Fusidic acid remains available under an Expanded Access Protocol.)
Large Cell Lymphoma, Pilot Study III [NCT00187070]8 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-12-31Completed
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Cutaneous Abscesses in the Emergency Department [NCT00867789]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow enrollment due to subjects not meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria)
Evaluation of the Interaction Between Low Dose Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Zidovudine [NCT00000732]10 participants InterventionalCompleted
Use of Antibiotics to Eradicate Bacterial Pathogens Colonising the Colonic Mucosa in Ulcerative Colitis Patients [NCT00355602]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Treatment With Cotrimoxazole vs. Vancomycin for Infections Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00427076]Phase 3252 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole or Levofloxacin? A Retrospective Cohort Study of Targeted Therapy for Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Blood Stream and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections [NCT04639817]1,621 participants (Actual)Observational2020-08-14Completed
International Randomized, Controlled Phase 3 Trial of DB289 Versus Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Acute Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia (PCP) in Patients With HIV/AIDS [NCT00302341]Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Terminated(stopped due to FDA Clinical Hold as of 12/21/07 due to safety concerns)
Long Term Study of 2 Isoniazid (INH) Prophylactic Regimens With Concomitant Cotrimoxazole (CTX) in HIV-infected Children - Impact on Morbidity, Mortality, Bacterial Resistance and Incidence of Tuberculosis [NCT00330304]Phase 3450 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Empiric Therapy With Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole or Doxycycline for Outpatient Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in an Area of High MRSA Prevalence: A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT00428818]75 participants Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Urethral Catheter Withdrawal: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00126698]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2005-01-31Completed
An Evaluation of the Impact of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis for HIV-Infected Adults on the Development of Antifolate Resistance Among Plasmodium Falciparum, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, and Escherichia Coli [NCT00137657]Phase 41,478 participants Interventional2002-02-28Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Vancomycin With Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of MRSA Osteomyelitis [NCT00324922]Phase 32 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-01Completed
Effectiveness of 3 Day Amoxycillin Versus 5 Day co-Trimoxazole in the Treatment of Non-Severe Pneumonia in Children Aged 2- 59 Months of Age: - A Multi-Centric Open Labeled Trial [NCT00396526]Phase 32,000 participants Interventional2004-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Comparative, Double-Blind Trial of Trimetrexate (CI-898) With Leucovorin Calcium Rescue Versus Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole for Moderately Severe Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Patients With AIDS [NCT00001013]Phase 3364 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Double-Blind Randomized Trial of Steroid Withdrawal in Sirolimus- and Cyclosporine-Treated Primary Transplant Recipients [NCT00023244]Phase 2274 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Effective August 13, 2004: Unanticipated high incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder)
Calcineurin Inhibitor Sparing Protocol in Living Donor Pediatric Kidney Transplantation [NCT00023231]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotics in Measles Infection. A Community-Based Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Guinea-Bissau [NCT00168532]Phase 3218 participants Interventional1998-01-31Completed
Single Dose Aminoglycosides for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis in the Emergency Department Setting [NCT05702762]Phase 2160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
Primary Antibiotic Prophylaxis Using Co-trimoxazole to Prevent Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis [NCT04395365]Phase 3442 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-30Active, not recruiting
The Efficacy of Preventive Antibiotic Treatment During the Puerperium Among Pregnant Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections [NCT01507974]220 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-16Completed
The Effect of Probiotics on the Incidence of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients With Cirrhosis and Ascites [NCT01701297]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Unable to obtain QP release certification from the manufacturer (VSL3) for shipment of IMP)
Comparative Study of Efficacy of Two Antifolates Prophylactic Strategies Against Malaria in HIV Positive Pregnant Women (MACOMBA Study) [NCT01746199]Phase 3193 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
New Mexico Honey Wound Treatment Research Study [NCT01748318]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Recruiting
Prospective,Randomized,Open Label,European Multicenter Study of the Efficacy of the Linezolid-rifampin Combination Versus Standard of Care in the Treatment of Gram-positive. [NCT01757236]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-10-31Recruiting
[NCT01768364]124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Not yet recruiting
Pilot Study Phase III to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT01777737]Phase 33 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-25Terminated(stopped due to Changes in standards of care)
Early Oral Switch Therapy in Low-risk Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection [NCT01792804]Phase 3215 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Fosfomycin-Trometamol in Urinary Tract Infection Prophylaxis After Kidney Transplantation. Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT01820897]Phase 4130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Volunteers [NCT01167452]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Randomized, Open-label Controlled Trial of Daily Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or Weekly Chloroquine Among Adults on Anti-retroviral Therapy in Malawi [NCT01650558]1,499 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Evaluation of Directed Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy (TRUSP) [NCT01659866]Phase 4563 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Study of Promace-Cytabom With Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole, Zidovudine (AZT), and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in Patients With AIDS-Related Lymphoma, Phase II [NCT00002571]Phase 252 participants (Actual)Interventional1994-06-30Completed
Influence of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the Recurrence of Retinochoroiditis Toxoplasma Gondii [NCT01449877]Phase 3141 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Comparative Trial of Trimetrexate With Leucovorin Rescue Versus Standard Anti-Pneumocystis Therapy Versus Standard Anti-Pneumocystis Therapy With High Dose Steroids for AIDS Patients With Pneumocystis Pneumonia Who Appear to Be Refractory to [NCT00000730]Phase 3240 participants InterventionalTerminated
Pilot Study in AIDS-Related Lymphomas [NCT00002524]Phase 246 participants (Actual)Interventional1993-06-30Completed
Antibiotic Resistance and Microbiome in Children Aged 6-59 Months in Nouna, Burkina Faso [NCT03187834]Phase 4252 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-04Completed
A Phase I Trial of a Live, Genetically Modified Salmonella Typhimurium (VNP20009) for the Treatment of Cancer by Intratumoral Injection [NCT00004216]Phase 10 participants Interventional1999-08-31Completed
The Use of Campath-1H, Tacrolimus, and Sirolimus Followed by Sirolimus Withdrawal in Renal Transplant Patients [NCT00078559]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Continuing Immunoglobulin Therapy, or Stopping With or Without Prophylactic Antibiotics, on Infection Rate in Patients With Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia Secondary to Haematological Malignancies. [NCT05678621]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-31Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Combination Therapy With Minocycline for Treatment of Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Infections [NCT05575427]Phase 4112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-24Recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Parameters of 960 mg Co-trimoxazole Once Daily in Patients With Tuberculosis [NCT01832987]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Effects on the Nasal Microbiome in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis [NCT03919435]Phase 1/Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-27Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of the Interaction Between High Dose Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Zidovudine [NCT00000734]10 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Phase II/III, Double-Blind, Two-Armed Study of Micronized Atovaquone and Azithromycin (AT/AZ) as Compared to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) in the Prevention of Serious Bacterial Infections When Used in Children Aged 3 Months to 19 [NCT00000811]Phase 2690 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of 566C80 Versus Septra (Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole) for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in AIDS Patients [NCT00000655]Phase 2300 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized Trial of Three Anti-Pneumocystis Agents Plus Zidovudine for the Primary Prevention of Serious Infections in Patients With Advanced HIV Infection [NCT00000991]Phase 3600 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Controlled Comparative Trial of Trimethoprim - Sulfamethoxazole Versus Aerosolized Pentamidine for Secondary Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in AIDS Patients Receiving Azidothymidine (AZT) [NCT00000727]Phase 3322 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Phase III, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Double Dummy, Parallel Group, Comparative Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Ceftazidime Avibactam (CAZ-AVI, Formerly CAZ104) Versus Doripenem Followed by Appropriate Oral Thera [NCT01599806]Phase 3641 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis After Acute Pyelonephritis for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Vesico-Ureteral Reflux. [NCT00382343]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-11-30Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotics Following Distal/Mid-shaft Hypospadias Repair: Are They Necessary? [NCT02593903]67 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-04Completed
Pyrimethamine Plus Sulfadiazine Versus Trimethoprim Plus Sulfamethoxazole for Treatment of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in AIDS Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00367081]Phase 430 participants Interventional2003-05-31Completed
Low Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for the Treatment of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia [NCT04851015]Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-30Not yet recruiting
STaph Aureus Resistance-Treat Early and Repeat (STAR-TER) [NCT03489629]Phase 242 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-04-03Recruiting
Antibiotic Profile of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Postsurgical Site Infections in Public Hospitals in Northern Jordan [NCT05106803]24 participants (Actual)Observational2019-08-01Completed
Effectiveness of Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in the Treatment of Chronic Otitis Media [NCT00189098]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Patients Undergoing Incontinence and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01108757]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Unfeasible because of low accrual)
Randomized Intervention for Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) [NCT00405704]Phase 3607 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Randomized Non-inferiority Trial of 3 Versus 10 Days of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Community-Associated Skin Abscesses After Surgical Drainage [NCT02024867]249 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Clindamycin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Infants and Children Using PBPK [NCT02475876]Phase 151 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Long-term StaphyloCoccus Aureus decolonizAtion in Patients on Home parenteRal nutRition: a randomIzed multicEnter tRial. [NCT03173053]63 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-08Terminated(stopped due to Results interim-analysis)
Oral Antimicrobial Treatment vs. Outpatient Parenteral for Infective Endocarditis [NCT05398679]Phase 4360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Not yet recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Trial of 2 Weeks vs 3 Months of Antibiotics Post Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for the Prevention of Infection-Related Kidney Stones [NCT02375295]Phase 428 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-31Recruiting
Prospective Cohort Study on Patients With Tedizolid Prolonged Therapy for Orthopedic Device Infections [NCT03378427]35 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-28Completed
Collaborative Urological Prosthetics Investigation Directive Research Group [NCT05100654]800 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-22Recruiting
Absorption of Antibiotics With High Oral Bioavailability in Short-bowel Syndrome : a Monocentric Pilot Study [NCT05302531]Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-09Recruiting
A Randomised Trial of Monitoring Practice and Induction Maintenance Drug Regimens in the Management of Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With HIV Infection in Africa [NCT02028676]Phase 41,206 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
The Effect of Rectal Swab Culture-guided Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Men Undergoing Prostate Biopsy on Infectious Complications and Cost of Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial in the Netherlands. [NCT03228108]Phase 41,538 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-03Completed
Efficacy of Oral Antibiotic Therapy Compared to Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis (CRO-OSTEOMYELITIS) [NCT02168816]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-19Terminated(stopped due to The study was stopped for feasibility (i.e., low recruitment))
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Proceed to Course V Within 2-6 Weeks of the Last Dose of Alemtuzumab (Phase II)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Alemtuzumab (Phase I)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) During Treatment With Alemtuzumab (Phase II)
NCT00061945 (6) [back to overview]Disease-free Survival, for Only Complete Response Patients
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Alemtuzumab Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Deaths Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Anti-lymphocyte Therapy for an Acute Rejection, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Severe Acute Rejections Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Side Effects of Conventional Immunosuppression, Stratified by Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Sirolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Tacrolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Acute Rejection Occurred During the 1 Year Post-transplant Period
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Sirolimus Withdrawal Was Not Initiated
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants Following Sirolimus Withdrawal
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Number of Acute Rejections Between Initiation of Sirolimus Withdrawal and End of Study
NCT00078559 (14) [back to overview]Change in Renal Function as Measured by Serum Creatinine, Stratified by Withdrawal Status
NCT00109837 (2) [back to overview]Toxicity
NCT00109837 (2) [back to overview]Continuous Complete Remission at 1 Year
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Otomicroscopic Signs of Otorrhea in Either Ear
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Used Systemic Antibiotics Other Than the Study Medication Between 6 and 12 Weeks Follow-up.
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Used Systemic Antibiotics Other Than the Study Medication Between 12 Weeks and 1 Year Follow-up.
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Used Additional Antibiotic Eardrops Between 6 to 12 Week Follow-up
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Used Additional Antibiotic Eardrops Between 12 Weeks to 1 Year Follow-up
NCT00189098 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Underwent Ear Nose and Throat Surgery Between 12 Weeks and 1 Year Follow-up.
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Presence of E.Coli Resistant to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (Based on Rectal Swab)
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Outcome Renal Scarring
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]New Renal Scarring on Outcome Scan
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic UTI With Resistant E. Coli
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Severe Renal Scarring on Outcome Scan
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Treatment Failure Composite
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection During 2-year Follow-up
NCT00405704 (8) [back to overview]Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic UTI With Any Resistant Pathogen
NCT00676130 (2) [back to overview]Relative Efficacy
NCT00676130 (2) [back to overview]Progression to Abscess
NCT00679302 (2) [back to overview]Skin Abscess Resolution
NCT00679302 (2) [back to overview]New Lesion Development and Spread of Skin Abscesses (on Subject)
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events Considered Associated With the Study Product by MedDRA System Organ Class
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Cure as of the Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Cure as of the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Each Microbiological Outcome at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the End-of-therapy Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the End-of-therapy Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the On-therapy Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the On-therapy Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Composite Clinical Outcome at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting 1-14 Days of Analgesic Use in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting 1-14 Days of Analgesic Use in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Mean Days Missed From Normal Activities in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Mean Days Missed From Normal Activities in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the Extended Follow-up Visit (EFV) in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the Extended Follow-up Visit (EFV) in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population
NCT00729937 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events That Are Treatment Limiting.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the End of Treatment (EOT) Visit for the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the End of Treatment (EOT) Visit for the Evaluable Population.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the One Month Follow-up (OMFU) Visit for the Evaluable Population.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the One Month Follow-up (OMFU) Visit for the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure, Defined as Absence of Clinical Failure, in the Evaluable Population.
NCT00730028 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure, Defined as Absence of Clinical Failure, in the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.
NCT00822692 (1) [back to overview]Recurrence Rates of Abscesses
NCT00829686 (2) [back to overview]Clinical Improvement at 7 Days After Incision and Drainage
NCT00829686 (2) [back to overview]Recurrence Rates
NCT00867789 (1) [back to overview]Health Outcomes After Use With Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole
NCT00869518 (3) [back to overview]Eradication of S. Aureus Colonization
NCT00869518 (3) [back to overview]Eradication of S. Aureus Colonization
NCT00869518 (3) [back to overview]Recurrent Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSTI)
NCT00948896 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Any Adverse Events Defined as Severity Grade 3-4 That Are Possibly, Probably, or Definitely Related to Study Drugs
NCT00948896 (4) [back to overview]Incident Malaria Cases Per Person Year at Risk in HIV-exposed Participants
NCT00948896 (4) [back to overview]Incident Malaria Cases Per Person Year at Risk in HIV-unexposed Participants
NCT00948896 (4) [back to overview]Rebound Incidence of Malaria Defined as the Number of Treatments for New Episodes of Malaria Per Time at Risk
NCT00973765 (1) [back to overview]Treatment Failures at 7 Days
NCT01108757 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Urinary Tract Infection
NCT01167452 (1) [back to overview]Elimination Rate Constants for Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Combined Patient-reported Symptomatic and Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (CE at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (CE at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (CE at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (CE at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Patient-reported Symptomatic Response at Day 5 (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01595438 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (CE at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Combined Patient-reported Symptomatic and Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (CE at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (CE at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (CE at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Patient-reported Symptomatic Response at Day 5 (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (ME at LFU Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (ME at TOC Analysis Set)
NCT01599806 (63) [back to overview]Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]CD4 Cell Count
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]Severe Events
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With at Least One Detectable HIV Viral Load
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]Bacterial Infections and Malaria
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]Adverse Events Greater Than or Equal to Grade 3 That Are Related to the Study Product
NCT01650558 (6) [back to overview]WHO HIV Stage 2, 3, 4 Illness
NCT01659866 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Post-biopsy Infection.
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Recurrent Skin Infections
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Treatment Failures Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Recurrent Skin Infections Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Treatment Failures Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Treatment Failures
NCT02024867 (6) [back to overview]Recurrent Skin Infections Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New Clinical and Diagnostic Positive Malaria
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event (AE), Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New Serious Adverse Events Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New Severe Pneumonia
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 3 Severe Recurrent Pneumonia or Diarrhoea
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Weight-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Induction ART: Change From Baseline in CD4% 72 Weeks After ART Initiation
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Induction ART: Change From Baseline in CD4% to 144 Weeks From ART Initiation
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Induction ART: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event (AE), Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Induction ART: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: All-cause Mortality
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: New Hospitalisation or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Cessation of First-line Regimen for Clinical/Immunological Failure
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 144
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Height-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New ART-modifying Adverse Event
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event Definitely/Probably or Uncertainly Related to ART
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New or Recurrent WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New Serious Adverse Events Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Weight-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 144
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM: Disease Progression to a New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]LCM vs CDM: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event (AE), Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks) at 48 Weeks
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks) at 96 Weeks
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: All-cause Mortality
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 48
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 96
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 48
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 96
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Height-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event (AE), Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event (AE), Not Solely Related to HIV, Judged Definitely/Probably or Uncertain Whether Related to Lamivudine or Abacavir
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New Serious Adverse Events Not Solely Related to HIV
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Suppressed HIV RNA Viral Load 48 Weeks After Randomisation
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 96 Weeks After Randomisation
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Weight-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]CDM vs LCM, Induction ART: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 144 Weeks After Baseline
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]CDM vs LCM, Induction ART: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 72 Weeks After Baseline
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: All-cause Mortality
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72
NCT02028676 (58) [back to overview]Cotrimoxazole: Height-for-age Z-score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in ICEpop CAPability Measure for Older People (ICECAP-O) Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in Leicester Cough Questionnaire Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) Mental Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12) 6D Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in UCSD-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Death From Any Cause
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Non-elective, All-cause Hospitalization
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Non-elective, Respiratory Hospitalization
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With First Non-elective, Respiratory Hospitalization or All-cause Mortality
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Percent Change in Diffusion Capacity of Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO)
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Percent Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Total Number of Non-elective All-cause Hospitalizations
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Total Number of Non-elective Respiratory Hospitalizations
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Total Number of Respiratory Infections
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in EuroQol Index (EQ-5D) Score
NCT02759120 (17) [back to overview]Change in Fatigue Severity Scale Score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Height-for-age Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Height-for-age Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]L1-norm Distance on Bacterial Reads (Intestinal)
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]L2-norm Distance on Bacterial Reads (Intestinal)
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Mid-upper Arm Circumference
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Mid-upper Arm Circumference
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Shannon's Index of Diversity (Alpha Diversity) in Intestinal Microbiome
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Simpson's Index of Diversity (Alpha Diversity) in Intestinal Microbiome
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Weight-for-age Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Weight-for-age Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Weight-for-height Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Weight-for-height Z-score
NCT03187834 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Macrolide Resistance Genes
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Proportion With Adverse Birth Outcomes
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Symptomatic Malaria
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Plasmodium Falciparum Peripheral Parasitemia
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Maternal Adherence to the Prophylactic Regimen
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Low Birthweight (<2500 Grams)
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]GBS Colonization
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Composite STI Measure (Including All STI Tests)
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Proportion With Placental Malaria
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Proportion With Maternal Anemia and Severe Maternal Anemia
NCT03431168 (10) [back to overview]Proportion With Composite STI Outcome
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Time to Return to Baseline Oxygen for the Current AECOPD
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Number of Urgent Care Visits (Total)
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Number of Urgent Care Visits (Related to COPD)
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Number of Hospital Admissions (Total)
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Number of Hospital Admissions (Related to COPD)
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Need for Medications to Treat COPD
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Need for Mechanical Ventilation
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Mortality
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Interval Between Exacerbations of COPD
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Interval Between Hospital Admissions
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Change in the COPD Assessment Test
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Length of Stay for Current AECOPD
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Clearance of PJ From Treated Patients
NCT05418777 (14) [back to overview]Durability of Clearance of PJ From Treated Patients

Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission

A complete remission (CR) requires the following: an absolute neutrophil count (segs and bands) > 1500/μl, no circulating blasts, platelets > 100,000/μl; bone marrow cellularity > 20% with trilineage hematopoiesis, and < 5% marrow blast cells, none of which appear neoplastic. All previous extramedullary manifestations of disease must be absent (e.g., lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, skin or gum infiltration, testicular masses, or CNS involvement). (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy92
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy145

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Overall Survival

Overall Survival is defines as the time from registration to death due to any cause. It is estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with confidence intervals presented. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy33.6
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy23.1

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Number of Participants Who Proceed to Course V Within 2-6 Weeks of the Last Dose of Alemtuzumab (Phase II)

The primary endpoint is the number of participants who are able to proceed to course V within two - six weeks of completion of course IV. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 8 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy30

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Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Alemtuzumab (Phase I)

The maximum tolerated dose is defined as the highest alemtuzumab dose at which less than 40% of patients develop the dose limiting toxicity (DLT), where DLT is defined as the inability to proceed (due to medical complications) with the protocol treatment within six weeks of receiving the last dose of alemtuzumab. Groups of six patients will be enrolled into each cohort at the time of re-registration prior to starting Course IV. After a cohort has accrued 6 patients and at least 3 have completed the 2-6 week post alemtuzumab observation period without DLT, the incoming patients will be assigned to the next cohort in the table while the DLT and other toxicities continue to be assessed for the newly closed cohort. If less than 3 out of 6 enrolled patients in a cohort have completed the 2-6 week post alemtuzumab observation period without DLT, additional patients may continue to enroll in that same cohort, i.e., accrual will not be suspended while waiting for patient follow-up data. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg (Number)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy30

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Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) During Treatment With Alemtuzumab (Phase II)

Minimal Residual Disease measures the presence of of circulating leukemia cells in the body. Patients that report a Complete Response (CR) during treatment are further tested to determine the presence of small amounts of circulating leukemia cells. Here we report the number of patients who were MRD negative. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy16

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Disease-free Survival, for Only Complete Response Patients

Disease Free Survival (DFS) is defined as the time from a Complete Response (CR) until death or relapse. The date of last clinical assesment will be used as the censor date for patients with no death or relapse. The DFS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with confidence intervals presented. (NCT00061945)
Timeframe: 9 years 4 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy58.6
Phase II - Alemtuzumab and Combination Chemotherapy19.8

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Number of Alemtuzumab Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)8

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Number of Deaths Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

Participants who died during the study, all cause(s) (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to Death (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventiondeaths (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Participants Requiring Anti-lymphocyte Therapy for an Acute Rejection, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced acute rejection[1] during study which required anti-lymphocyte (OKT3, ATG) therapy~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-prove rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Graft Loss Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced graft loss[1] during study~[1]Graft loss is defined as the institution of chronic dialysis (at least 6 consecutive weeks, excluding participants with delayed graft function), transplant nephrectomy, or retransplantation" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to Graft Loss (up to four years post-transplantation)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Severe Acute Rejections Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

"Participants who experienced severe acute rejections[1] during study~Severe acute rejection is defined as that which requires treatment with anti-lymphocyte antibody or is histologically evaluated as Type IIA or greater using the Banff 1997 criteria[2]~Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to severe acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0

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Number of Side Effects of Conventional Immunosuppression, Stratified by Withdrawal Status

Side effects of conventional immunosuppression include increased body weight and hypertension (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionside effects (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)6

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Number of Sirolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)7

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Number of Tacrolimus Associated Adverse Events, Stratified by Sirolimus Withdrawal Status

(NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)0
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)2

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Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Acute Rejection Occurred During the 1 Year Post-transplant Period

"Time (days) to acute rejection[1] for participants occurring during the year following transplantation~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to one year post-transplant)

InterventionDays (Number)
Alemtuzumab274

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Time From Transplantation to Acute Rejection in Participants for Whom Sirolimus Withdrawal Was Not Initiated

"Time (days) to acute rejection[1] for participants where sirolimus was not initiated~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to acute rejection (up to four years post-transplantation)

InterventionDays (Number)
Alemtuzumab274

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Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants Following Sirolimus Withdrawal

"Following sirolimus withdrawal, the number of acute rejections[1] in all enrolled participants~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab0

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Number of Acute Rejections in All Enrolled Participants

"Number of acute rejections[1] in all enrolled subjects from the time of transplantation to the end of the trial (four years post-transplant)~Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Four years post-transplant

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab1

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Number of Acute Rejections Between Initiation of Sirolimus Withdrawal and End of Study

"Acute rejections[1] between initiation of sirolimus withdrawal and end of study~1] Acute rejection is defined as a biopsy-proven rejection: a renal biopsy demonstrates acute cellular or humoral rejection of Banff[2] Grade 1B or greater; or presumed rejection in the absence of biopsy-proven rejection, the participant is treated for an unexplained 20% increase in serum creatinine.~[2] Reference: Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al,The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int,55: 713-723, 1999" (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Initiation of sirolimus to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

InterventionRejection Events (Number)
Alemtuzumab0

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Change in Renal Function as Measured by Serum Creatinine, Stratified by Withdrawal Status

Mean change from transplantation to Month 48 in serum creatinine. Normal serum creatinine range is from 0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL. In a transplant population, starting serum creatinine is higher than normal range. A negative change indicates better renal function (NCT00078559)
Timeframe: Transplantation to end of study (up to four years post-transplant)

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Alemtuzumab (Withdrawn From Sirolimus)-4.2
Alemtuzumab (Not Withdrawn From Sirolimus)-5.4

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Toxicity

Number of patients with Grade 3-5 adverse events that are related to study drug by given type of adverse event (NCT00109837)
Timeframe: Patients were assessed for adverse events after the induction cycle

InterventionParticipants with a given type of AE (Number)
ALT, SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)AST, SGOT (serum glut oxaloacetic transaminase)Albumin, serum-low (hypoalbuminemia)Alkaline phosphataseAnorexiaAscites (non-malignant)Bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia)Calcium, serum-low (hypocalcemia)CholecystitisCholesterol, serum-high (hypercholesterolemia)Coagulation-Other (Specify)Colitis, infectious (e.g., Clostridium difficile)ConstipationDIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)Death not assoc with CTCAE term-Multi-organ failEdema: limbFatigue (asthenia, lethargy, malaise)Febrile neutropeniaFever (in the abs of neutropenia)FibrinogenGlucose, serum-high (hyperglycemia)Glucose, serum-low (hypoglycemia)HemoglobinHypertensionHypotensionHypoxiaIleus, GI (functional obstruction of bowel)Infec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-AnalInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BladderInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BloodInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-BronchusIInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-CatheterInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-Eye NOSInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-LungInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-NoseInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-PharynxInfec(doc clin or mibio) w/ Gr 3/4 neut-Ur tractInfec with nor ANC or Gr 1/2 neut-Lung (pneumonia)Infection-Other (Specify)Leukocytes (total WBC)LipaseLiver dysfunction/failure (clinical)LymphopeniaMagnesium, serum-high (hypermagnesemia)Mucositis/stomatitis (clinical exam) - Oral cavityMucositis/stomatitis (funct/symp) - Oral cavityMucositis/stomatitis (func/symp) - PharynxMuscle weak,gen spec area-Whole bodyNauseaNeuropathy: motorNeutrophils/granulocytes (ANC/AGC)Pain - Abdomen NOSPain - BonePain - NeckPancreatic endocrine: glucose intolerancePancreatitisPhosphate, serum-low (hypophosphatemia)PlateletsPotassium, serum-high (hyperkalemia)Potassium, serum-low (hypokalemia)Rash/desquamationRenal failureSodium, serum-low (hyponatremia)Thrombosis/thrombus/embolismThrombotic microangiopathyTriglyceride, serum-high (hypertriglyceridemia)Tumor lysis syndromeTyphlitis (cecal inflammation)Uric acid, serum-high (hyperuricemia)Vomiting
Induction171332216712111211318111161332321111111111122143121912112314711111144171261215111

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Continuous Complete Remission at 1 Year

A patient has a continuous complete remission at 1 year if they achieve a CR and are alive 365 days after registering to the study. (NCT00109837)
Timeframe: After induction, after consolidation, every 3 months during maintenance, and every three months after off treatment for up to a year

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Treatment21

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Number of Participants With Otomicroscopic Signs of Otorrhea in Either Ear

The primary endpoint was otomicroscopic signs of otorrhea in either ear in the presence of a tympanostomy tube or tympanic membrane perforation at 6 and 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up. At these follow-up moments the participants were checked for the presence of otorrhea using an otomicroscope. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: 6, 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
At 6 weeksAt 12 weeksAt 12 months
Placebo27239
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim131511

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Number of Patients Who Used Systemic Antibiotics Other Than the Study Medication Between 6 and 12 Weeks Follow-up.

Parents kept a diary of study medication and additional medication used for their child's' ear disease, including additional use of systemic antibiotics other than the study medication. These data were collected at the follow-up visits. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: between 6 and 12 weeks follow-up

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim4
Placebo7

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Number of Patients Who Used Systemic Antibiotics Other Than the Study Medication Between 12 Weeks and 1 Year Follow-up.

Parents kept a diary of study medication and additional medication used for their child's' ear disease, including additional use of systemic antibiotics other than the study medication. These data were collected at the follow-up visits. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: between 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim23
Placebo18

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Number of Patients Who Used Additional Antibiotic Eardrops Between 6 to 12 Week Follow-up

Parents kept a diary of study medication and additional medication used for their child's' ear disease, including eardrops. These data were collected at the follow-up visits. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: Between 6 to12 week follow up

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim21
Placebo26

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Number of Patients Who Used Additional Antibiotic Eardrops Between 12 Weeks to 1 Year Follow-up

Parents kept a diary of study medication and additional medication used for their child's' ear disease, including eardrops. These data were collected at the follow-up visits. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: between 12 weeks to 1 year follow-up

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim29
Placebo31

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Number of Patients Who Underwent Ear Nose and Throat Surgery Between 12 Weeks and 1 Year Follow-up.

After 12 weeks follow-up irrespective of the presence or absence of otorrhea the study medication was discontinued. After the first 12 weeks local otorhinolaryngologists and paediatricians were free to manage symptoms of otorrhea according to their regular practice. Parents kept a diary between 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up where Ear Nose and Throat Surgery was noted. This outcome describes the number of patients who underwent Ear Nose and Throat Surgery between 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up. (NCT00189098)
Timeframe: between 12 weeks and 1 year follow-up

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim13
Placebo11

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Presence of E.Coli Resistant to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (Based on Rectal Swab)

(NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole56
Placebo41

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Outcome Renal Scarring

Renal scarring was defined as a decreased uptake of tracer that was associated with loss of contours or the presence of cortical thinning. Outcome dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan was performed at 2 years after enrollment or 3-4 months after the child had met treatment failure criteria. (NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole27
Placebo24

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New Renal Scarring on Outcome Scan

New renal scarring was defined as scarring on the outcome renal scan with technetium -99m-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid that was not present at baseline. Outcome DMSA scan performed at 2 years after enrollment or 3-4 months after the child had met treatment failure criteria. (NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole18
Placebo19

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Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic UTI With Resistant E. Coli

(NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole19
Placebo11

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Severe Renal Scarring on Outcome Scan

Severe renal scarring was defined as scarring in more than 4 of 12 segments in at least one kidney or global atrophy characterized by diffusely scarred and shrunken kidney. Outcome DMSA scan performed at 2 years after enrollment or 3-4 months after the child had met treatment failure criteria. (NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole9
Placebo6

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Treatment Failure Composite

Treatment failure was defined as the occurrence of two febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs), one febrile UTI and three symptomatic UTIs, four symptomatic UTIs, or new or worsening renal scarring on an interim scan (e.g,, the 12-month visit); renal scans from the 2-year visit are NOT considered in the treatment failure criteria. (NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole14
Placebo27

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Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection During 2-year Follow-up

(NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole39
Placebo72

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Recurrent Febrile or Symptomatic UTI With Any Resistant Pathogen

(NCT00405704)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole26
Placebo17

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Relative Efficacy

"Proportion of subjects in each arm with successful treatment.~Treatment success was assessed by physician examination at 12 +/- 2 days. Non-success was defined as subsequent hospitalization, change in antibiotics, surgical or needle drainage of an abscess, or recurrence of infection within 30 days. Cure was defined as resolution of all symptoms other than mild residual erythema or edema. We confirmed the determination of cure by telephone interview and medical record review at 30 +/- 2 days." (NCT00676130)
Timeframe: 12 +/- 2 days; 30 +/- 2 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole62
Placebo60

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Progression to Abscess

Proportion of subjects in each arm with progression from cellulitis to abscess. (NCT00676130)
Timeframe: 12 +/- 2 days, 30 days +/- 2 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole5
Placebo5

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Skin Abscess Resolution

(NCT00679302)
Timeframe: 10-14 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group4
Antibiotic Group3

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New Lesion Development and Spread of Skin Abscesses (on Subject)

The secondary outcomes of interest included the development of new lesions at a different site (>5cm away from original skin abscess) on day 10 clinical follow-up or self-report and 3 month telephone follow-up. (NCT00679302)
Timeframe: 10-14 days and 3 month

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Group15
Antibiotic Group13

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events Considered Associated With the Study Product by MedDRA System Organ Class

All adverse events were recorded through the test of cure visit; serious adverse events and new and recurrent skin infections were recorded though the extended follow-up visit. All AEs were assessed for association with the study product by a clinician and were considered associated with study product if the event was temporally related to the administration of the study product and no other etiology more likely explains the event. Associated adverse events are summarized by MedDRA System Organ Class. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cardiac disordersEye disordersGastrointestinal disordersGeneral disorders and administration site conditioInfections and infestationsInjury, poisoning and procedural complicationsInvestigationsMetabolism and nutrition disordersMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersNervous system disordersPsychiatric disordersRenal and urinary disordersReproductive system and breast disordersRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersSkin and subcutaneous tissue disordersVascular disorders
Abscess, Placebo03164651173380213102
Abscess, TMP/SMX0119811400113441000140
Cellulitis, Cephalexin007321000020000070
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX0087210030160110150
Infected Wound, Clindamycin109311004015001060
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX008231012016010050

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Number of Participants With Clinical Cure as of the Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Clinical cure at TOC was defined as no failure on any previous visit up through the TOC, absence of fever, and resolution or minimal presence of all the following signs and symptoms from baseline based on clinician assessment of erythema, swelling, and tenderness. A participant would have been a clinical failure at the On Therapy (OTV) visit with presence of fever attributable to the infection being studied, increase in erythema by 25% or more, or worsening of both swelling and tenderness based on clinical assessment. A participant would have been a clinical failure at the End of Therapy (EOT) visit with presence of fever attributable to the infection being studied, increase or no improvement in erythema, or no improvement in either swelling or tenderness based on clinical assessment. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Days 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinical CureClinical Failure
Abscess, Placebo45776
Abscess, TMP/SMX48737
Cellulitis, Cephalexin16528
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX18236
Infected Wound, Clindamycin18716
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX18216

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Number of Participants With Clinical Cure as of the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

Clinical cure at TOC was defined as no failure on any previous visit up through the TOC, absence of fever, and resolution or minimal presence of all the following signs and symptoms from baseline based on clinician assessment of erythema, swelling, and tenderness. A participant would have been a clinical failure at the On Therapy (OTV) visit with presence of fever attributable to the infection being studied, increase in erythema by 25% or more, or worsening of both swelling and tenderness based on clinical assessment. A participant would have been a clinical failure at the End of Therapy (EOT) visit with presence of fever attributable to the infection being studied, increase or no improvement in erythema, or no improvement in either swelling or tenderness based on clinical assessment. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Days 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinical CureClinical Failure
Abscess, Placebo454163
Abscess, TMP/SMX507123
Cellulitis, Cephalexin17177
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX18959
Infected Wound, Clindamycin19851
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX19753

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Number of Participants With Each Microbiological Outcome at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were categorized for the microbiological outcome with Presumed eradication if they were not deemed a clinical failure through TOC. Those who were deemed a clinical failure through the TOC were classified as one of the following: Persistence=persistent growth of a pre-therapy pathogen; New infection=growth of a new pathogen and eradication of initial pathogen; Super-infection=growth of a new pathogen in addition to persistent growth of pre-therapy pathogen; Unclassified=no specimen for culture or growth of a pathogen in subsequent culture specimen of cellulitis participants, or for whom initial culture specimens were negative or were not obtained for infected wound and abscess participants; or Indeterminate=not meeting any one of the above microbiologic outcome criteria. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Presumed eradicationPersistenceNew infectionSuper-infectionUnclassifiedIndeterminate
Abscess, Placebo4573918280
Abscess, TMP/SMX4871504180
Cellulitis, Cephalexin1650001117
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX1820001323
Infected Wound, Clindamycin18761090
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX18252090

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the End-of-therapy Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the end-of-therapy visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at end-of-therapy subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 8-10

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo50100020202402436479531
Abscess, TMP/SMX30010011130150322597532
Cellulitis, Cephalexin50010011010222322267188
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX50100101100015253042198
Infected Wound, Clindamycin30010000001112121442208
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX30010110031213232125197

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the End-of-therapy Visit in the Per Protocol Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the end-of-therapy visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at end-of-therapy subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 8-10

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo40100020202401436479478
Abscess, TMP/SMX30010011130150322577478
Cellulitis, Cephalexin50000011010221222144162
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX50100101100015252041183
Infected Wound, Clindamycin30000000001112101341182
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX30010010021213232113167

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the On-therapy Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the on-therapy visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at on-therapy subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 3-4

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo67323271213122013141215211817202015298
Abscess, TMP/SMX43243756815171571124102022201616328
Cellulitis, Cephalexin412102537661098496869880
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX34165545469549167119116674
Infected Wound, Clindamycin181145346476827691731111108
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX121314655386741271011957111

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the On-therapy Visit in the Per Protocol Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the on-therapy visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at on-therapy subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 3-4

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo59313261113121612131014191413191813262
Abscess, TMP/SMX3724363671315126102191721181316284
Cellulitis, Cephalexin33210243726968375768667
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX3015534526854915798105571
Infected Wound, Clindamycin1710352353666265716381089
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX111314554375641268684587

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the TOC visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at TOC subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo20000000000000002044561
Abscess, TMP/SMX00000100000000001211559
Cellulitis, Cephalexin00100000100000011000217
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX20000000010000121100220
Infected Wound, Clindamycin10000010000000100001219
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX10010010000100110001216

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Number of Participants With Reduction in Erythema Dimensions by 5% Intervals at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

The area of erythema was measured in square centimeters at baseline and at the TOC visit. For each subject, the change in area was calculated as the area at TOC subtracted from the area at baseline. The change in area was then divided by the original area to determine the proportional change. Participants were then categorized by reductions in 5% intervals, with participants whose erythema did not change or increased categorized as no reduction. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No reduction>0%-5% reduction>5%-10% reduction>10%-15% reduction>15%-20% reduction>20%-25% reduction>25%-30% reduction>30%-35% reduction>35%-40% reduction>40%-45% reduction>45%-50% reduction>50%-55% reduction>55%-60% reduction>60%-65% reduction>65%-70% reduction>70%-75% reduction>75%-80% reduction>80%-85% reduction>85%-90% reduction>90%-95% reduction>95%-100% reduction
Abscess, Placebo20000000000000002044520
Abscess, TMP/SMX00000100000000000211516
Cellulitis, Cephalexin00100000000000011000189
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX20000000010000121100207
Infected Wound, Clindamycin10000000000000000001199
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX10010010000100110000191

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Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were evaluated for invasive infection, which included, but was not limited to, findings of severe sepsis/septic shock, endocarditis, pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia. A positive response to at least one finding was considered invasive infection for this outcome measure. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo0
Abscess, TMP/SMX1
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX0
Infected Wound, Clindamycin0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin0

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Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

At each follow-up visit, participants were asked about history of skin infections in household members (e.g., similar skin infection in a family member). This outcome measure relied solely on participant reporting. Participants who reported having a family member with a similar infection though the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo35
Abscess, TMP/SMX25
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX6
Infected Wound, Clindamycin11
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX11
Cellulitis, Cephalexin5

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Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population

At each follow-up visit, participants were asked about history of skin infections in household members (e.g., similar skin infection in a family member). This outcome measure relied solely on participant reporting. Participants who reported having a family member with a similar infection though the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo33
Abscess, TMP/SMX20
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX6
Infected Wound, Clindamycin9
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX10
Cellulitis, Cephalexin5

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Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

At each follow-up visit, participants were asked about history of skin infections in household members (e.g., similar skin infection in a family member). This outcome measure relied solely on participant reporting. Participants who reported having a family member with a similar infection though the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo22
Abscess, TMP/SMX12
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX1
Infected Wound, Clindamycin6
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX7
Cellulitis, Cephalexin4

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Infections in Household Contacts Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

At each follow-up visit, participants were asked about history of skin infections in household members (e.g., similar skin infection in a family member). This outcome measure relied solely on participant reporting. Participants who reported having a family member with a similar infection though the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo22
Abscess, TMP/SMX9
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX1
Infected Wound, Clindamycin5
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX6
Cellulitis, Cephalexin4

[back to top]

Number of Participants by Composite Clinical Outcome at the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were categorized as composite clinical cure if they had resolution of all symptoms/signs of infection, or improvement to such an extent that no additional antibiotic therapy and/or surgical procedures were necessary. Participants were categorized as composite clinical failure if they had lack of resolution of all signs and symptoms of infection to such an extent that further antibiotic therapy and/or surgical procedures were necessary. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 14-21

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Composite Clinical CureComposite Clinical Failure
Abscess, Placebo396137
Abscess, TMP/SMX45371
Cellulitis, Cephalexin14944
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX16058
Infected Wound, Clindamycin11489
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX11385

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Number of Participants Reporting 1-14 Days of Analgesic Use in the Intent to Treat Population

As a quality of life measure, participants maintained a memory aid from Day 1 to Day 14 to track measures such as use of other, non-study medications such as analgesics. Each participant is summarized by the last day of reported analgesic usage, from the start of treatment with study intervention. The maximum number of days assessed, 14, was assigned to participants who were still taking analgesic medications by the end of the assessment period. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through 14

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14
Abscess, Placebo58384547273427342414191915146
Abscess, TMP/SMX8134643442293240261510145127
Cellulitis, Cephalexin2861013422866426345
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX187151610109109531251
Infected Wound, Clindamycin3710241091312119443750
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX321518169131384624259

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Number of Participants Reporting 1-14 Days of Analgesic Use in the Per Protocol Population

As a quality of life measure, participants maintained a memory aid from Day 1 to Day 14 to track measures such as use of other, non-study medications such as analgesics. Each participant is summarized by the last day of reported analgesic usage, from the start of treatment with study intervention. The maximum number of days assessed, 14, was assigned to participants who were still taking analgesic medications by the end of the assessment period. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through 14

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14
Abscess, Placebo44374139242924312212161812130
Abscess, TMP/SMX5632493240272735211310123107
Cellulitis, Cephalexin17577419654316238
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX147131599999431245
Infected Wound, Clindamycin29918991112107441640
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX231117147101073524246

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Mean Days Missed From Normal Activities in the Per Protocol Population

As a quality of life measure, participants maintained a memory aid from Day 1 to Day 14 to track measures such as participation in normal life activities. The maximum number of days assessed, 14, was assigned to participants who had not yet resumed normal activities by the end of the assessment period. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through 14

Interventiondays (Mean)
Abscess, Placebo2.6
Abscess, TMP/SMX2.0
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX2.7
Infected Wound, Clindamycin2.1
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX2.2
Cellulitis, Cephalexin2.5

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Mean Days Missed From Normal Activities in the Intent to Treat Population

As a quality of life measure, participants maintained a memory aid from Day 1 to Day 14 to track measures such as participation in normal life activities. The maximum number of days assessed, 14, was assigned to participants who had not yet resumed normal activities by the end of the assessment period. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through 14

Interventiondays (Mean)
Abscess, Placebo2.5
Abscess, TMP/SMX2.1
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX2.6
Infected Wound, Clindamycin2.1
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX2.2
Cellulitis, Cephalexin2.7

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Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the Extended Follow-up Visit (EFV) in the Intent to Treat Population

All surgical procedures such as incision and drainage (I&D) and debridement that were related to the current infection under study or significant to the health of the subject, except for the initial I&D of an abscess for participants in the abscess or infected wound arms, were recorded. Participants who required a surgical intervention between the initial enrollment (excluding the initial I&D as applicable) and the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo76
Abscess, TMP/SMX52
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX20
Infected Wound, Clindamycin12
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX33
Cellulitis, Cephalexin31

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Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the Extended Follow-up Visit (EFV) in the Per Protocol Population

All surgical procedures such as incision and drainage (I&D) and debridement that were related to the current infection under study or significant to the health of the subject, except for the initial I&D of an abscess for participants in the abscess or infected wound arms, were recorded. Participants who required a surgical intervention between the initial enrollment (excluding the initial I&D as applicable) and the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo69
Abscess, TMP/SMX42
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX17
Infected Wound, Clindamycin8
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX33
Cellulitis, Cephalexin20

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Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

All surgical procedures such as incision and drainage (I&D) and debridement that were related to the current infection under study or significant to the health of the subject, except for the initial I&D of an abscess for participants in the abscess or infected wound arms, were recorded. Participants who required a surgical intervention between the initial enrollment (excluding the initial I&D as applicable) and the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo52
Abscess, TMP/SMX25
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX16
Infected Wound, Clindamycin9
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX26
Cellulitis, Cephalexin28

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Number of Participants Requiring Surgical Intervention Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

All surgical procedures such as incision and drainage (I&D) and debridement that were related to the current infection under study or significant to the health of the subject, except for the initial I&D of an abscess for participants in the abscess or infected wound arms, were recorded. Participants who required a surgical intervention between the initial enrollment (excluding the initial I&D as applicable) and the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo46
Abscess, TMP/SMX18
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX13
Infected Wound, Clindamycin6
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX26
Cellulitis, Cephalexin17

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Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

Participants were evaluated for the development of a recurrent, or repeat, infection at the original infection site. Participants who were reported to have developed a recurrent infection though the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo26
Abscess, TMP/SMX30
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX16
Infected Wound, Clindamycin6
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX35
Cellulitis, Cephalexin31

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were evaluated for the development of a recurrent, or repeat, infection at the original infection site. Participants who were reported to have developed a recurrent infection though the extended follow-up visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo23
Abscess, TMP/SMX26
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX14
Infected Wound, Clindamycin4
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX33
Cellulitis, Cephalexin24

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Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

Participants were evaluated for the development of a recurrent, or repeat, infection at the original infection site. Participants who were reported to have developed a recurrent infection though the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo17
Abscess, TMP/SMX13
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX15
Infected Wound, Clindamycin4
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX32
Cellulitis, Cephalexin29

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Number of Participants Who Developed a Recurrent Infection at the Original Infection Site Through the TOC Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were evaluated for the development of a recurrent, or repeat, infection at the original infection site. Participants who were reported to have developed a recurrent infection though the test-of-cure visit are summarized. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo16
Abscess, TMP/SMX11
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX13
Infected Wound, Clindamycin3
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX30
Cellulitis, Cephalexin22

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Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the EFV Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

Participants were evaluated for invasive infection, which included, but was not limited to, findings of severe sepsis/septic shock, endocarditis, pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia. A positive response to at least one finding was considered invasive infection for this outcome measure. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo3
Abscess, TMP/SMX2
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX0
Infected Wound, Clindamycin0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX1
Cellulitis, Cephalexin0

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the EFV Visit in the Per Protocol Population

Participants were evaluated for invasive infection, which included, but was not limited to, findings of severe sepsis/septic shock, endocarditis, pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia. A positive response to at least one finding was considered invasive infection for this outcome measure. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 49-63

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo2
Abscess, TMP/SMX2
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX0
Infected Wound, Clindamycin0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX1
Cellulitis, Cephalexin0

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Development of an Invasive Infection Through the TOC Visit in the Intent to Treat Population

Participants were evaluated for invasive infection, which included, but was not limited to, findings of severe sepsis/septic shock, endocarditis, pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia. A positive response to at least one finding was considered invasive infection for this outcome measure. (NCT00729937)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 14-21

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abscess, Placebo1
Abscess, TMP/SMX1
Infected Wound, TMP/SMX0
Infected Wound, Clindamycin0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin and TMP/SMX0
Cellulitis, Cephalexin0

[back to top]

Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events That Are Treatment Limiting.

Participants were issued a Memory Aid to record symptoms for 10 days post product administration. At study visits, the staff reviewed the memory aid and elicited as much information as possible about any reported symptoms. Occurrence of adverse events was solicited in the memory aid and during study visits. Reported symptoms, both solicited and unsolicited, were recorded as Adverse Events. For these results, adverse events that resulted in discontinuation of study treatment for the participant were considered treatment limiting. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (EOT) (48 hours after completion of therapy); Test of Cure (TOC) (7-10 days after completion of therapy); One Month Follow-up Visit (OMFU)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin1
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX0
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin6
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX3
Limited Abscess - Placebo4

[back to top]

Number of Participants Reporting Adverse Events.

Subjects were issued a Memory Aid to record symptoms for 10 days post product administration. At study visits, the staff reviewed the memory aid and elicited as much information as possible about any reported symptoms. Occurrence of adverse events was solicited in the memory aid and during study visits. Reported symptoms, both solicited and unsolicited, were recorded as Adverse Events. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (EOT) (48 hours after completion of therapy); Test of Cure (TOC) (7-10 days after completion of therapy); One Month Follow-up Visit (OMFU)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin116
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX132
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin119
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX94
Limited Abscess - Placebo119

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Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the End of Treatment (EOT) Visit for the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.

Measures of clinical cure and clinical failure are the same as those defined for the primary efficacy outcome measure. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: EOT visit within 48 hours of completion of therapy

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin81.1
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX75.4
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin78.9
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX79.8
Limited Abscess - Placebo72.4

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Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the End of Treatment (EOT) Visit for the Evaluable Population.

Measures of clinical cure and clinical failure are the same as those defined for the primary efficacy outcome measure. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: EOT visit within 48 hours of completion of therapy

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin89.2
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX88.3
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin90.9
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX94.2
Limited Abscess - Placebo84.9

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Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the One Month Follow-up (OMFU) Visit for the Evaluable Population.

Measures of clinical cure and clinical failure are the same as those defined for the primary efficacy outcome measure, with one addition. At the OMFU, relapse (the return of the original infection after initial improvement) or recurrence (return of skin infection at original site after cure of original infection) of SSTI was scored as clinical failure. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: OMFU visit

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin83.9
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX78.2
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin89.3
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX85.0
Limited Abscess - Placebo73.9

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Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure at the One Month Follow-up (OMFU) Visit for the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.

Measures of clinical cure and clinical failure are the same as those defined for the primary efficacy outcome measure, with one addition. At the OMFU, relapse (the return of the original infection after initial improvement) or recurrence (return of skin infection at original site after cure of original infection) of SSTI was scored as clinical failure. (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: OMFU visit

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin73.1
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX67.7
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin78.6
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX73.0
Limited Abscess - Placebo62.6

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure, Defined as Absence of Clinical Failure, in the Evaluable Population.

"Clinical failure is defined as the occurence of any of the following:~Lack of resolution at the Test of Cure (TOC) visit in any or all of the following: erythema, tenderness, purulent drainage, swelling, and local warmth. Erythema or tenderness that was considered due the surgical therapy itself (incision and drainage), was not considered to be indicative of clinical failure.~Occurrence of a SSTI at another site other than the site(s) under study.~Intolerance of study medication or a treatment-limiting adverse reaction necessitating discontinuation of study drug within the first 48 hours.~Administration of other antimicrobial therapy for treatment of a SSTI at any time through the TOC visit.~Unplanned surgical procedure for the infection under study at any time through the TOC visit.~Hospitalization for treatment of active or invasive infection at any time through the TOC visit." (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: Test of cure (TOC) (7-10 days after completion of therapy)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin89.5
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX88.2
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin92.9
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX92.7
Limited Abscess - Placebo80.5

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Percentage of Participants Achieving Clinical Cure, Defined as Absence of Clinical Failure, in the Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population.

"Clinical failure is defined as the occurence of any of the following:~Lack of resolution at the Test of Cure (TOC) visit in any or all of the following: erythema, tenderness, purulent drainage, swelling, and local warmth. Erythema or tenderness that was considered due the surgical therapy itself (incision and drainage), was not considered to be indicative of clinical failure.~Occurrence of a SSTI at another site other than the site(s) under study.~Intolerance of study medication or a treatment-limiting adverse reaction necessitating discontinuation of study drug within the first 48 hours.~Administration of other antimicrobial therapy for treatment of a SSTI at any time through the TOC visit.~Unplanned surgical procedure for the infection under study at any time through the TOC visit.~Hospitalization for treatment of active or invasive infection at any time through the TOC visit." (NCT00730028)
Timeframe: Test of cure (TOC) (7-10 days after completion of therapy)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - Clindamycin80.3
Cellulitis or Larger Abscess - TMP-SMX77.7
Limited Abscess - Clindamycin83.1
Limited Abscess - TMP-SMX81.7
Limited Abscess - Placebo68.9

[back to top]

Recurrence Rates of Abscesses

Number of patient with a new abscess in same or different location as previous lesion (NCT00822692)
Timeframe: 30 days after incision and drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Bactrim DS (800/160) Two Tablets PO BID x 7 Days4
Matched Placebo 2 Pills PO BID x 7 Days14

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Clinical Improvement at 7 Days After Incision and Drainage

improving wound without evidence of fever, worsening cellulitis or induration (NCT00829686)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
No Intervention10
Septra DS14

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Recurrence Rates

recurrence of abscess in previous or new location within 30 days (NCT00829686)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
No Intervention1
Septra DS0

[back to top]

Health Outcomes After Use With Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole

(NCT00867789)
Timeframe: two years

InterventionPercentage of outcomes assessed (Number)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole0
Sugar Pill0

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Eradication of S. Aureus Colonization

Eradication was measured by performing cultures for S aureus at the nose, throat, and groin (NCT00869518)
Timeframe: 30 days following completion of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Rifabutin0
Placebo0

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Eradication of S. Aureus Colonization

Eradication was measured by performing cultures for S aureus at the nose, throat, and groin (NCT00869518)
Timeframe: 7 days following completion of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Rifabutin3
Placebo1

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Recurrent Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSTI)

recurrent SSTI was by self-report and exam, followed until positive colonization (NCT00869518)
Timeframe: up to 30 days following completion of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Rifabutin0
Placebo0

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Incident Malaria Cases Per Person Year at Risk in HIV-exposed Participants

The primary outcome was the incidence of malaria, defined as the number of incident episodes per time at risk, during the period the intervention was given. Treatments within 14 days of a prior episode were not considered incident events. Time at risk was from the day following the initiation of study drugs to the last day of observation, minus 14 days after each treatment for malaria. (NCT00948896)
Timeframe: Randomization to 24 months of age

,,,
InterventionEpisodes per person year at risk (Number)
Randomization - 24 mo. of AgeRandomization -16 mo. of Age17-24 mo. of Age
HIV-exposed & Daily TS2.861.703.79
HIV-exposed & Monthly DP1.830.902.67
HIV-exposed & Monthly SP4.503.725.22
HIV-exposed & no Chemoprevention6.285.427.04

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Incident Malaria Cases Per Person Year at Risk in HIV-unexposed Participants

The incidence of malaria, defined as the number of incident episodes per time at risk, during the period the intervention was given (6-24 mo of age). Treatments within 14d of a prior episode were not considered incident events. Time at risk was from the day following the initiation of study drugs to the last day of observation, minus 14 d after each treatment for malaria. (NCT00948896)
Timeframe: 6 to 24 months of age

,,,
InterventionEpisode per person year at risk (Number)
6-24 mo. of Age6-11 mo. of Age12-24 mo. of Age
HIV-unexposed & Daily TS5.213.276.32
HIV-unexposed & Monthly DP3.021.493.88
HIV-unexposed & Monthly SP6.735.517.41
HIV-unexposed & no Chemoprevention6.956.417.24

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Rebound Incidence of Malaria Defined as the Number of Treatments for New Episodes of Malaria Per Time at Risk

(NCT00948896)
Timeframe: 24 months to 36 months of age

,,,,,,,
InterventionIncidence per person year at risk (Number)
All incident episodes of malariaComplicated malariaAll-cause hospital admissions
HIV-exposed & Daily TS8.130.1160.186
HIV-exposed & Monthly DP6.780.0440.089
HIV-exposed & Monthly SP6.750.1470.318
HIV-exposed & no Chemoprevention9.080.1610.459
HIV-unexposed & Daily TS10.900.0460.091
HIV-unexposed & Monthly DP10.7700.023
HIV-unexposed & Monthly SP11.980.1320.452
HIV-unexposed & no Chemoprevention10.850.0460.046

[back to top]

Treatment Failures at 7 Days

worsening abscess or new recurrence of abscess (NCT00973765)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Comparator15
Placebo27

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Number of Participants With Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection diagnosis was obtained after confirmation with urine culture microbiology report. Infection was defined as >100,000 colony forming units/mL (NCT01108757)
Timeframe: 7 days following catheter removal

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug6
Placebo6

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Elimination Rate Constants for Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim

(NCT01167452)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionhr-1 (Median)
Sulfamethoxazole0.060
Trimethoprim0.03

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Combined Patient-reported Symptomatic and Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with both a favorable per patient microbiological response and symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/dysuria/suprapubic pain/flank pain) based on the patient-reported symptom assessment response at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set. The sponsor will conclude noninferiority if the lower limit of the 95% CI of difference (corresponding to a 97.5% 1-sided lower bound) is greater than -12.5% for both FDA coprimary outcome variables (symptomatic resolution at day 5 or favorable combined response at test of cure (TOC)). (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI2808132
Doripenem26910939

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (CE at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI3464
Doripenem3874

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI32745
Doripenem36821

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI31843
Doripenem35821

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI378510
Doripenem40755

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (CE at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI23519
Doripenem25433

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI232154
Doripenem246242

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI226154
Doripenem236242

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3352335
Doripenem3503928

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (CE at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI2898
Doripenem30921

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI28345
Doripenem298130

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (CE at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the CE at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1231221
Doripenem1181135

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1241240
Doripenem1111083

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the ME at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1241240
Doripenem1081053

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (mMITT Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the mMITT analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1571552
Doripenem1501437

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=4,4)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=18, 21)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=95, 111)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=68, 54)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=19, 18)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 5)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=2, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=5, 7)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=8, 9)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=3, 7)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=6, 11)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=6, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=9, 2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=4,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 1,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,3)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=4,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=5,6)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=1,0)
CAZ-AVI25178356132110000001147146200000019400000000000010100111000000000001411001
Doripenem4517944082000000000276283000001000400000000000001201400000000000002541100

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI29311
Doripenem27202

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the ME at LFU analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=19, 18)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI19210
Doripenem17101

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the Extended ME at LFU analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=19, 18)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI19210
Doripenem17101

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI198321669
Doripenem189306913

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=4,4)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=18, 21)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=95, 111)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=68, 54)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=19, 18)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 5)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=2, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=5, 7)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=8, 9)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=3, 7)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=6, 11)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=5, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=9, 2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=4,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 1,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,3)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=4,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=3,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0,0)
CAZ-AVI25178356132110000001147145200000019400000000000010100111000000000001411000
Doripenem4517944082000000000276283000000000400000000000001201400000000000002430000

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Between 30 to 90 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI47575.1

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Between 30 to 90 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI6587.2

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Between 300 to 360 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI1883.2

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1,1)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=122, 119)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=79, 89)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=10, 8)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1,0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC:0.03) - Favorable (n=15, 23)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=8, 12)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=3,2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=1,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=4,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 3)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 2, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 3,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0,0)
CAZ-AVI110664711000000001127211100000001246100000001110020000000002022010000
Doripenem19570310000000001186210000000000121000000001114001000000003211200000

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the ME at LFU analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=179, 194)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=30, 35)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=11,5)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=8, 13)
CAZ-AVI129231156
Doripenem12718188

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the Extended ME at LFU analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=179, 198)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=31, 36)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=11,5)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=12, 16)
CAZ-AVI129241157
Doripenem13119189

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI31211
Doripenem28202

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the ME at EOT (IV) analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=26, 24)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI26111
Doripenem24102

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the Extended ME at EOT (IV) analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=26, 24)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI26111
Doripenem24102

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI2804116917
Doripenem29351111318

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the ME at EOT (IV) analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=249, 270)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=33, 48)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=13,11)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 9, 12)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=10, 15)
CAZ-AVI249331399
Doripenem27047111214

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the Extended ME at EOT (IV) analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=250, 274)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=34, 49)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=13, 11)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 9, 12)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 18)
CAZ-AVI2503413917
Doripenem27448111217

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Patient-reported Symptomatic Response at Day 5 (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of UTI-specific symptoms except flank pain (frequency/urgency/dysuria/suprapubic pain) with resolution of or improvement in flank pain based on the patient-reported symptom assessment response at the Day 5 visit in the mMITT analysis set. The sponsor will conclude noninferiority if the lower limit of the 95% CI of difference (corresponding to a 97.5% 1-sided lower bound) is greater than -12.5% for both FDA coprimary outcome variables (symptomatic resolution at day 5 or favorable combined response at test of cure (TOC)). (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At Day 5 visit. Day 5 visit is based on 24 hour periods from the first dose date and time.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Symptomatic resolutionSymptom persistenceIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI27610314
Doripenem27612417

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the mMITT analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=75, 84)Escherichia coli patients - Clin cure (n=36, 37)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=18,30)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients- Clin cure(n=7,6)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=7,6)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=2, 5)
CAZ-AVI673317552
Doripenem753128655

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=48, 57)Escherichia coli patients-Clin cure (n=23,27)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=14, 22)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients-Clin cure(n=1, 2)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=5,5)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=0, 2)
CAZ-AVI472214150
Doripenem552522252

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=51, 63)Escherichia coli patients - Clin cure (n=23, 27)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=15, 23)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients-Clin cure(n=3,6)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=5,5)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=0, 2)
CAZ-AVI502215350
Doripenem612523652

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: within 15 minutes before/after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI9307.3

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI31311
Doripenem28202

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: Between 300 to 360 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI16959.6

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3551127
Doripenem3772416

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI27745
Doripenem285130

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: within 15 minutes before/after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI65481.2

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1,1)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=122, 119)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=79, 89)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=10, 8)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1, 2)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC:0.03) - Favorable (n=15, 23)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=8, 12)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=3, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=4,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 3)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 2, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 3,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1,1)
CAZ-AVI110664711000000001127211100001001246100000001110020000000002022010001
Doripenem19570310000000001186210000100000121000000001114001000000003211201111

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=214, 226)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=32, 42)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=14, 7)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=13, 18)
CAZ-AVI180261458
Doripenem176294813

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=214, 221)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=31, 41)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=14, 7)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=9, 13)
CAZ-AVI180251457
Doripenem17128489

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI2293316612
Doripenem220359915

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=22, 20)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI22210
Doripenem20201

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the ME at TOC analysis set for blood only (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=22, 20)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI22210
Doripenem20201

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=8, 7)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=28, 35)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=123, 139)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=90, 81)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=28, 25)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=3, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=9, 8)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=11, 10)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=4, 10)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=8, 16)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=8, 5)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=10, 5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=6,6)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 3,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 2,5)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=5,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=7,6)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=2,0)
CAZ-AVI3824103671841100000011791662000000110500000000000010200111000000000001531002
Doripenem5623111541320000000002873113000001003500100000000001211400000000000022541100

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3351
Doripenem3692

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3241
Doripenem3592

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1, 3)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=160, 160)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=112, 123)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=14, 10)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=3, 3)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 3)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03)-Favorable (n=22, 27)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=11, 16)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=4,4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,3)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=6,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 4)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 3,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,5)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 3, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0, 4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 4,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=2,1)
CAZ-AVI11278910110000000011610211100001001256200000002110020000000002122011102
Doripenem311986420000000002217220000100000142200000001214001000000003221301111

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI18467
Doripenem17399

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI18263
Doripenem16696

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI2688342
Doripenem25412538

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI24349
Doripenem23675

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI24145
Doripenem22573

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC. The primary efficacy outcome variable for ROW is the proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3045831
Doripenem2968338

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3714
Doripenem4122

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3513
Doripenem3720

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the mMITT analysis set. (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI47199
Doripenem51276

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01595438)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI374118
Doripenem395319

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3351
Doripenem3692

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3241
Doripenem3592

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at EOT (IV) (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI374118
Doripenem395319

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI18467
Doripenem17399

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI18263
Doripenem16696

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at LFU (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI2688342
Doripenem25412538

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI24349
Doripenem23675

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI24145
Doripenem22573

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with a favorable per patient microbiological response at TOC. The primary efficacy outcome variable for ROW is the proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3045831
Doripenem2968338

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3714
Doripenem4122

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorable
CAZ-AVI3513
Doripenem3720

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Per-patient Microbiological Response at TOC in Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the mMITT analysis set. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI47199
Doripenem51276

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (CE at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the CE at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1231221
Doripenem1181135

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1241240
Doripenem1111083

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the ME at TOC analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1241240
Doripenem1081053

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Time to First Defervescence While on IV Study Therapy (mMITT Analysis Set)

Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the mMITT analysis set who have fever at study entry. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Time to first defervescence is defined as the time (in days) from the first dose of IV study therapy to first absence of fever, which is temperature ≤ 37.8 C in a 24-hour period.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Number of patients with fever (>38°C) at baselineNumber afebrile at the time of the last obsNumber censored at the time of the last obs
CAZ-AVI1571552
Doripenem1501437

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI226154
Doripenem236242

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Between 30 to 90 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI6587.2

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Between 300 to 360 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI1883.2

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Plasma Concentrations for Avibactam Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: within 15 minutes before/after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI9307.3

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 30 to 90 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Between 30 to 90 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI47575.1

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Between 300 to 360 Minutes After Dose(PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: Between 300 to 360 minutes after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI16959.6

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Plasma Concentrations for Ceftazidime Within 15 Minutes Before/After Dose (PK Analysis Set)

Blood samples were taken on Day 3 for ceftazidime (CAZ) and avibactam (AVI) plasma concentration. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: within 15 minutes before/after dose

InterventionNG/ML (Geometric Mean)
CAZ-AVI65481.2

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Combined Patient-reported Symptomatic and Microbiological Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with both a favorable per patient microbiological response and symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/dysuria/suprapubic pain/flank pain) based on the patient-reported symptom assessment response at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set. The sponsor will conclude noninferiority if the lower limit of the 95% CI of difference (corresponding to a 97.5% 1-sided lower bound) is greater than -12.5% for both FDA coprimary outcome variables (symptomatic resolution at day 5 or favorable combined response at test of cure (TOC)). (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
FavorableUnfavorableIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI2808132
Doripenem26910939

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (CE at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI3464
Doripenem3874

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI32745
Doripenem36821

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI31843
Doripenem35821

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at EOT (IV) (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at EOT (IV). The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI378510
Doripenem40755

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (CE at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI23519
Doripenem25433

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI232154
Doripenem246242

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at LFU (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at LFU. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3352335
Doripenem3503928

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (CE at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failure
CAZ-AVI2898
Doripenem30921

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI28345
Doripenem298130

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI27745
Doripenem285130

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of patients with a clinical cure at TOC. The investigator should consider the entirety of the patient's clinical course and current status, including an evaluation of signs and symptoms (eg, fever, dysuria, costovertebral angle tenderness) and physical examination in order to classify the patient's clinical response. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical cureClinical failureIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI3551127
Doripenem3772416

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=51, 63)Escherichia coli patients - Clin cure (n=23, 27)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=15, 23)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients-Clin cure(n=3,6)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=5,5)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=0, 2)
CAZ-AVI502215350
Doripenem612523652

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=48, 57)Escherichia coli patients-Clin cure (n=23,27)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=14, 22)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients-Clin cure(n=1, 2)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=5,5)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=0, 2)
CAZ-AVI472214150
Doripenem552522252

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Investigator Determined Clinical Response at TOC for Patients Infected by Ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Clinical cure at the TOC visit for patients infected with a ceftazidime resistant pathogen in the mMITT analysis set. Includes patients infected by at least one ceftazidime-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
All patients - Clinical cure (n=75, 84)Escherichia coli patients - Clin cure (n=36, 37)Klebsiella pneumoniae patients-Clin cure(n=18,30)Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients- Clin cure(n=7,6)Enterobacter cloacae patients-Clin cure(n=7,6)Proteus mirabilis patients - Clin cure (n=2, 5)
CAZ-AVI673317552
Doripenem753128655

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Patient-reported Symptomatic Response at Day 5 (mMITT Analysis Set): Non-inferiority Hypothesis Test

Number of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of UTI-specific symptoms except flank pain (frequency/urgency/dysuria/suprapubic pain) with resolution of or improvement in flank pain based on the patient-reported symptom assessment response at the Day 5 visit in the mMITT analysis set. The sponsor will conclude noninferiority if the lower limit of the 95% CI of difference (corresponding to a 97.5% 1-sided lower bound) is greater than -12.5% for both FDA coprimary outcome variables (symptomatic resolution at day 5 or favorable combined response at test of cure (TOC)). (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At Day 5 visit. Day 5 visit is based on 24 hour periods from the first dose date and time.

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Symptomatic resolutionSymptom persistenceIndeterminate
CAZ-AVI27610314
Doripenem27612417

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the Extended ME at EOT (IV) analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=250, 274)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=34, 49)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=13, 11)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 9, 12)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 18)
CAZ-AVI2503413917
Doripenem27448111217

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the ME at EOT (IV) analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=249, 270)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=33, 48)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=13,11)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 9, 12)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=10, 15)
CAZ-AVI249331399
Doripenem27047111214

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI2804116917
Doripenem29351111318

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (Extended ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the Extended ME at EOT (IV) analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=26, 24)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI26111
Doripenem24102

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (ME at EOT (IV) Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the ME at EOT (IV) analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT (IV) visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=26, 24)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI26111
Doripenem24102

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at EOT (IV) for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the EOT (IV) visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At EOT IV visit. EOT (IV) visit is Within 24 hours after completion of the last infusion of IV study therapy and on/before the first dose for oral study therapy

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI31211
Doripenem28202

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the Extended ME at LFU analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=179, 198)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=31, 36)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=11,5)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=12, 16)
CAZ-AVI129241157
Doripenem13119189

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the ME at LFU analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=179, 194)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=30, 35)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=11,5)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=8, 13)
CAZ-AVI129231156
Doripenem12718188

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI198321669
Doripenem189306913

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (Extended ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the Extended ME at LFU analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=19, 18)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI19210
Doripenem17101

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (ME at LFU Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the ME at LFU analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=19, 18)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 1)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI19210
Doripenem17101

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at LFU for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the LFU visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At LFU visit. LFU visit is 45 to 52 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI29311
Doripenem27202

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=4,4)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=18, 21)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=95, 111)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=68, 54)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=19, 18)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 5)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=2, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=5, 7)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=8, 9)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=3, 7)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=6, 11)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=6, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=9, 2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=4,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 1,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,3)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=4,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=5,6)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=1,0)
CAZ-AVI25178356132110000001147146200000019400000000000010100111000000000001411001
Doripenem4517944082000000000276283000001000400000000000001201400000000000002541100

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=4,4)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=18, 21)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=95, 111)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=68, 54)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=19, 18)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 5)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=2, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=5, 7)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=8, 9)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=3, 7)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=6, 11)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=5, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=9, 2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=4,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 1,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,3)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=4,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=3,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0,0)
CAZ-AVI25178356132110000001147145200000019400000000000010100111000000000001411000
Doripenem4517944082000000000276283000000000400000000000001201400000000000002430000

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by CAZ AVI MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by CAZ-AVI MIC for baseline pathogen in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=8, 7)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=28, 35)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=123, 139)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=90, 81)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=28, 25)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=5, 6)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=3, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=9, 8)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=11, 10)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=4, 10)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=8, 16)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=8, 5)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 2, 4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=1,1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=10, 5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=6,6)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=0,1)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 0, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 3,2)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 2,5)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 1,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 2,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >32)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=5,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=7,6)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 32) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >32) - Favorable (n=2,0)
CAZ-AVI3824103671841100000011791662000000110500000000000010200111000000000001531002
Doripenem5623111541320000000002873113000001003500100000000001211400000000000022541100

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1,1)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=122, 119)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=79, 89)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=10, 8)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1, 2)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC:0.03) - Favorable (n=15, 23)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=8, 12)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=3, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=4,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 3)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 2, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 3,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=1,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1,1)
CAZ-AVI110664711000000001127211100001001246100000001110020000000002022010001
Doripenem19570310000000001186210000100000121000000001114001000000003211201111

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1,1)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=122, 119)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=79, 89)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=10, 8)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1,0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC:0.03) - Favorable (n=15, 23)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=8, 12)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=3,2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2, 2)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=1,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0,0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=4,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 3)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=1,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 1,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 2, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0,4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 3,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=1,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0,0)
CAZ-AVI110664711000000001127211100000001246100000001110020000000002022010000
Doripenem19570310000000001186210000000000121000000001114001000000003211200000

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Per pathogen microbiological response at TOC by Doripenem MIC for baseline pathogen in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
E. coli (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=1, 3)E. coli (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=160, 160)E. coli (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=112, 123)E. coli (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=14, 10)E. coli (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=3, 3)E. coli (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=1, 0)E. coli (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=0,0)E. coli (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)E. coli (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: <=0.008)-Favorable(n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=1, 3)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.03)-Favorable (n=22, 27)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=11, 16)Kleb.pneumoniae (MIC: 0.12) -Favorable(n=4,4)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,3)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n= 0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=0, 0)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=0, 1)Kleb. pneumoniae (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC:<=0.008)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n=0,0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n=1, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n=6,5)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n=6, 4)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n=2,2)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Proteus mirabilis (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n=0, 0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: <=0.008)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.015)- Favorable (n= 3,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.03)- Favorable (n= 1,5)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.06)- Favorable (n= 3, 1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.12)- Favorable (n= 0, 4)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.25)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 0.5)- Favorable (n= 4,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 1)- Favorable (n= 0,1)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 2)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 4)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 8)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: 16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)Entero. cloacae (MIC: >16)- Favorable (n= 0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: <=0.008) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.015) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.03) - Favorable (n=0,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.06) - Favorable (n=2,3)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.12) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.25) - Favorable (n=2,5)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 0.5) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 1) - Favorable (n=1,4)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 2) - Favorable (n=1,0)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 4) - Favorable (n=2,2)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 8) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: 16) - Favorable (n=2,1)P.aeruginosa (MIC: >16) - Favorable (n=2,1)
CAZ-AVI11278910110000000011610211100001001256200000002110020000000002122011102
Doripenem311986420000000002217220000100000142200000001214001000000003221301111

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=214, 226)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=32, 42)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=14, 7)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=13, 18)
CAZ-AVI180261458
Doripenem176294813

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the ME at TOC analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=214, 221)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=31, 41)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=14, 7)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 7, 11)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=9, 13)
CAZ-AVI180251457
Doripenem17128489

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Baseline Pathogen (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=292, 306)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=44, 56)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=17, 13)Enterobacter cloacae - Favorable (n= 11,13)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=18, 20)
CAZ-AVI2293316612
Doripenem220359915

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (Extended ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the Extended ME at TOC analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=22, 20)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI22210
Doripenem20201

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (ME at TOC Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the ME at TOC analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization.

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=22, 20)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=2, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=0, 1)
CAZ-AVI22210
Doripenem20201

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Per-pathogen Microbiological Response at TOC for Blood Only (mMITT Analysis Set)

Number of favorable per-pathogen microbiological responses at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set for blood only (NCT01599806)
Timeframe: At TOC visit. TOC visit is 21 to 25 days from Randomization

,
InterventionParticipant (Number)
Escherichia coli - Favorable (n=32, 28)Klebsiella pneumoniae - Favorable (n=4, 2)Proteus mirabilis - Favorable (n=1, 0)Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Favorable (n=1, 2)
CAZ-AVI31311
Doripenem28202

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CD4 Cell Count

Number of Participants with at Least One CD4 Count <200 (NCT01650558)
Timeframe: Every 6 months for 22-66 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol (TS) Prophylaxis24
Chloroquine (CQ) Prophylaxis23
Discontinuation of Standard of Care (Control Arm)27

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Severe Events

Incidence of severe events (composite of death and WHO stage 3 and 4 illness) (NCT01650558)
Timeframe: 22-66 months

InterventionEvents per 100 participant-years (Number)
Standard of Care Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol (TS) Prophylaxis3.3
Chloroquine (CQ) Prophylaxis4.2
Discontinuation of Standard of Care (Control Arm)4.2

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Number of Participants With at Least One Detectable HIV Viral Load

Number of participants who ever have a detectable viral load (>400 copies/ml). (NCT01650558)
Timeframe: Throughout study participation, measured every six months (2-5.5 years).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol (TS) Prophylaxis24
Chloroquine (CQ) Prophylaxis36
Discontinuation of Standard of Care (Control Arm)33

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Bacterial Infections and Malaria

Incidence of bacterial infections and malaria (NCT01650558)
Timeframe: 32-66 months

InterventionEvents per 100 participant-years (Number)
Standard of Care Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol (TS) Prophylaxis27.8
Chloroquine (CQ) Prophylaxis37.4
Discontinuation of Standard of Care (Control Arm)36.3

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WHO HIV Stage 2, 3, 4 Illness

Incidence of any WHO HIV stage 2, 3, or 4 illness (NCT01650558)
Timeframe: 32-66 months

InterventionEvents per 100 participant-years (Number)
Standard of Care Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol (TS) Prophylaxis4.0
Chloroquine (CQ) Prophylaxis5.7
Discontinuation of Standard of Care (Control Arm)5.8

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Number of Participants With Post-biopsy Infection.

To measure and compare the rates of infection following TRUSP in subjects with and without CR-GNB. This measure is number of participants with post-biopsy infection. (NCT01659866)
Timeframe: 30 days post-biopsy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cipro-susceptible6
Cipro-resistant3

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Recurrent Skin Infections

Rate of recurrent skin infection among follow-up responders 1 month after enrollment. Patients who were treatment failures were excluded from this analysis since they all received additional medical intervention that could affect the outcome measure. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: 1 month after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days21
10 Days9

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Treatment Failures Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus

Treatment failures were defined as persistent or increased size of the original abscess requiring further medical or surgical intervention. Treatment cure was defined as no or minimal tenderness, erythema, fever, wound drainage, warmth, fluctuance or induration at the 10 to 14 day follow-up. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: up to 2 weeks after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days1
10 Days1

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Recurrent Skin Infections Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Rate of recurrent skin infection among follow-up responders 1 month after enrollment. Patients who were treatment failures were excluded from this analysis since they all received additional medical intervention that could affect the outcome measure. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: 1 month after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days8
10 Days2

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Treatment Failures Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Treatment failures were defined as persistent or increased size of the original abscess requiring further medical or surgical intervention. Treatment cure was defined as no or minimal tenderness, erythema, fever, wound drainage, warmth, fluctuance or induration at the 10 to 14 day follow-up. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: up to 2 weeks after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days8
10 Days1

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Treatment Failures

Treatment failures were defined as persistent or increased size of the original abscess requiring further medical or surgical intervention. Treatment cure was defined as no or minimal tenderness, erythema, fever, wound drainage, warmth, fluctuance or induration at the 10 to 14 day follow-up. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: up to 2 weeks after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days9
10 Days4

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Recurrent Skin Infections Among Patients Infected With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus

Rate of recurrent skin infection among follow-up responders 1 month after enrollment. Patients who were treatment failures were excluded from this analysis since they all received additional medical intervention that could affect the outcome measure. (NCT02024867)
Timeframe: 1 month after surgical drainage

Interventionparticipants (Number)
3 Days7
10 Days7

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Cotrimoxazole: New Clinical and Diagnostic Positive Malaria

Number of participants with a new clinical and diagnostic positive malaria, to be analysed using time-to-event methods. Diagnostic positive by either microscopy (thick film) or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis39
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis77

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Cotrimoxazole: New Severe Pneumonia

Number of participants with a new severe pneumonia, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis7
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis10

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Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 3 or 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis8
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis19

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Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 3 Severe Recurrent Pneumonia or Diarrhoea

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 3 severe recurrent pneumonia or diarrhoea, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis1
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis4

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Cotrimoxazole: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis4
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis7

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Cotrimoxazole: Weight-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in weight-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis-0.01
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis-0.05

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Induction ART: Change From Baseline in CD4% 72 Weeks After ART Initiation

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, 72 weeks

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI16.4
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance17.1
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance17.3

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Induction ART: Change From Baseline in CD4% to 144 Weeks From ART Initiation

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, 144 weeks

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI19.8
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance19.6
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance19.2

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Induction ART: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI30
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance28
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance28

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)

Binary outcome measure: missed any doses of ART in the last 4 weeks by self-report. Mean calculated across all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up (no specific timepoint prespecified), giving the percentage of visits attended where the carer/participant reported missing any pills in the last 4 weeks. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Intervention% of visits reporting missed pills (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)8.5
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)9.4
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI8.3
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance9.5
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance9.1

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: All-cause Mortality

Number of participants who died from any cause, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)25
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)29
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI20
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance14
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance20

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Cotrimoxazole: New Hospitalisation or Death

Number of participants with a new hospitalisation or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis48
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis72

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in body mass index-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 4 years (maximum 5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)0.65
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)0.61
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI0.56
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance0.64
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance0.69

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Cessation of First-line Regimen for Clinical/Immunological Failure

Number of participants stopping their first-line regimen for clinical/immunological failure, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)28
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)35

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 144

Estimated in those >5 years at enrolment, in whom absolute CD4 is meaningful. (In uninfected children, CD4 decreases with age during early childhood.) (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 144

Interventionabsolute cells per mm3 (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)418
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)420
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI446
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance450
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance360

[back to top]

LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72

Estimated in those >5 years at enrolment, in whom absolute CD4 is meaningful. (In uninfected children, CD4 decreases with age during early childhood.) (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventionabsolute cells per mm3 (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)408
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)385
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI402
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance447
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance336

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Height-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in weight-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 4 years (maximum 5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)0.36
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)0.43
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI0.40
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance0.40
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance0.38

[back to top]

LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New ART-modifying Adverse Event

Number of participants with a new ART-modifying adverse event, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)31
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)32
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI8
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance30
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance25

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New or Recurrent WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new or recurrent WHO stage 3 or 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)91
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)79
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI64
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance53
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance53

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LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 3 or 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)77
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)73
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI73
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance61
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance54

[back to top]

LCM vs CDM, Induction ART: Weight-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in weight-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 4 years (maximum 5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)0.76
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)0.78
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI0.72
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance0.79
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance0.80

[back to top]

LCM vs CDM: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 144

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 144

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)19.7
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)19.4

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LCM vs CDM: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)17.2
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)16.7

[back to top]

LCM vs CDM: Disease Progression to a New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with disease progression to a new WHO stage 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 4 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)47
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)39

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)

Binary outcome measure: missed any doses of ART in the last 4 weeks by self-report. Mean calculated across all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up (no specific timepoint prespecified), giving the percentage of visits attended where the carer/participant reported missing any pills in the last 4 weeks. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Mean over median 2 years (from once vs twice daily randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Intervention% of visits reporting missed pills (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC8
Twice-daily ABC+3TC8

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks) at 48 Weeks

Number of participants reporting missing any doses of ART in the last 4 weeks by self-report at 48 weeks. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after randomization to once- versus twice-daily

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC32
Twice-daily ABC+3TC29

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks) at 96 Weeks

Number of participants reporting missing any doses of ART in the last 4 weeks by self-report at 96 weeks. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 96 weeks after randomization to once- versus twice-daily

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC26
Twice-daily ABC+3TC25

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: All-cause Mortality

Number of participants who died, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC1
Twice-daily ABC+3TC4

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 48

Estimated in those >5 years at enrolment, in whom absolute CD4 is meaningful. (In uninfected children, CD4 decreases with age during early childhood.) (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Randomisation to once vs twice daily, week 48

Interventioncells per mm3 (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC3
Twice-daily ABC+3TC-3

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72

All participants aged >5 years at randomization to once versus twice daily alive in follow-up with CD4 measured (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventioncells per mm3 (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC-6
Twice-daily ABC+3TC27

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 96

All participants aged >5 years at randomization to once versus twice daily alive in follow-up with CD4 measured (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Randomisation to once vs twice daily, week 96

Interventioncells per mm3 (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC-26
Twice-daily ABC+3TC60

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 48

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Randomisation to once vs twice daily, week 48

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC0.9
Twice-daily ABC+3TC1.3

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC1.9
Twice-daily ABC+3TC1.9

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 96

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Randomisation to once vs twice daily, week 96

Interventionpercentage of lymphocytes (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC1.6
Twice-daily ABC+3TC2.5

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Height-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in height-for-age Z-score over all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from once vs twice daily randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC0.28
Twice-daily ABC+3TC0.32

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New WHO Stage 3 or 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 3 or 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC9
Twice-daily ABC+3TC12

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: New WHO Stage 4 Event or Death

Number of participants with a new WHO stage 4 event or death, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC3
Twice-daily ABC+3TC7

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Suppressed HIV RNA Viral Load 48 Weeks After Randomisation

Number of participants with HIV RNA viral load <80 copies/ml at 48 weeks. Measured retrospectively on stored plasma specimens: due to low stored volumes from some children, samples had to be diluted and therefore a threshold of <80 copies/ml was used to indicate suppression. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC236
Twice-daily ABC+3TC242

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Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 96 Weeks After Randomisation

Number of participants with HIV RNA viral load <80 copies/ml at 96 weeks. Threshold for suppression <80 copies/ml as samples had to be diluted due to low volumes. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 96 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Once-daily ABC+3TC230
Twice-daily ABC+3TC234

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Weight-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in weight-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from once vs twice daily randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC0.01
Twice-daily ABC+3TC-0.00

[back to top]

Once Versus Twice Daily Abacavir+Lamivudine: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in body mass index-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from once vs twice daily randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.6 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Once-daily ABC+3TC-0.29
Twice-daily ABC+3TC-0.35

[back to top]

CDM vs LCM, Induction ART: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 144 Weeks After Baseline

Number of participants with HIV RNA viral load <80 copies/ml 144 weeks after baseline. Threshold for suppression <80 copies/ml as samples had to be diluted due to low volumes. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 144 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)192
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)193
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI127
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance135
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance124

[back to top]

CDM vs LCM, Induction ART: Suppression of HIV RNA Viral Load 72 Weeks After Baseline

Number of participants with HIV RNA viral load <80 copies/ml 72 weeks after baseline. Threshold for suppression <80 copies/ml as samples had to be diluted due to low volumes. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: 72 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clinically Driven Monitoring (CDM)76
Laboratory Plus Clinical Monitoring (LCM)78
Arm A: ABC+3TC+NNRTI56
Arm B: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ABC+3TC+NNRTI Maintenance72
Arm C: ZDV+ABC+3TC+NNRTI->ZDV+ABC+3TC Maintenance26

[back to top]

Cotrimoxazole: Adherence to ART as Measured by Self-reported Questionnaire (Missing Any Pills in the Last 4 Weeks)

Binary outcome measure: missed any doses of ART in the last 4 weeks by self-report. Mean calculated across all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up (no specific timepoint prespecified), giving the percentage of visits attended where the carer/participant reported missing any pills in the last 4 weeks. (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Mean over median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Intervention% of visits reporting missed pills (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis9
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis8

[back to top]

Cotrimoxazole: All-cause Mortality

Number of participants who died, to be analysed using time-to-event methods (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Median 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis3
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis2

[back to top]

Cotrimoxazole: Body Mass Index-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in body mass index-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis-0.24
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis-0.28

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Cotrimoxazole: Change From Baseline in Absolute CD4 to Week 72

Estimated in those >5 years at randomization to stop vs continue, in whom absolute CD4 is meaningful. (In uninfected children, CD4 decreases with age during early childhood.) (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventioncells per mm3 (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis7
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis-2

[back to top]

Cotrimoxazole: Change From Baseline in CD4% to Week 72

(NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 72

Interventionpercentage of total lymphocytes (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis1.7
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis1.1

[back to top]

Cotrimoxazole: Height-for-age Z-score

Age-adjusted change in height-for-age Z-score at all 12-weekly visits attended over the whole follow-up, no specific timepoint prespecified. Mean and SD are time-averaged area under the change curve calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Z-scores calculated using UK norms which cover the full age range of children (Cole, T. J., J. V. Freeman, and M. A. Preece. 1998. British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 17(4): 407-29). (NCT02028676)
Timeframe: Baseline and a median of 2 years (from cotrimoxazole randomization to 16 March 2012; maximum 2.5 years)

Interventionage-adjusted z-score (Mean)
Continued Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis0.22
Stopped Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis0.19

[back to top]

Change in ICEpop CAPability Measure for Older People (ICECAP-O) Score

Change in ICEpop (Investigating Choice Experiments for the Preferences of Older People) CAPability measure for Older people (ICECAP-O) score (0 - 1 range). A lower score indicates a better health score. The ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people (ICECAP-O) is intended for use in economic evaluations of care services for older people. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care0.027
Standard of Care0.017

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Change in Leicester Cough Questionnaire Score

Leicester Cough Questionnaire score (3 - 21 range). A higher score indicates a better health score. The Leicester Cough Questionnaire measures quality of life in people with a chronic cough. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-0.58
Standard of Care-0.58

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Change in SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12) Mental Score

"Change in short form-12 health survey (SF-12) mental component summary (MCS) score (0 - 100 range). A higher score indicates a better health score.~The short form-12 health survey (SF-12) mental component summary (MCS) assesses general mental health." (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-1.29
Standard of Care-1.59

[back to top]

Change in Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12) 6D Score

Change in Short Form-12 health survey (SF-12) 6D score (0.29 - 1.00 range). A higher indicates a better health score. The SF-12 6D score provides and economic evaluation. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-0.013
Standard of Care-0.031

[back to top]

Change in Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Score

"Change in short form-12 health survey (SF-12) physical component summary (PSC) score (0 - 100 range). A higher score indicates a better health score.~The short form-12 health survey physical score assesses limitations in physical activities because of health problems." (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-1.36
Standard of Care-1.88

[back to top]

Change in UCSD-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire

Change in University of California San Diego (UCSD) Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (0 - 120 range). A lower score indicates a better health score. The UCSD-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire assesses the severity of shortness of breath during specific activities of daily living. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care5.67
Standard of Care6.29

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Death From Any Cause

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care37
Standard of Care37

[back to top]

Number of Participants With First Non-elective, All-cause Hospitalization

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care54
Standard of Care47

[back to top]

Number of Participants With First Non-elective, Respiratory Hospitalization

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care36
Standard of Care31

[back to top]

Number of Participants With First Non-elective, Respiratory Hospitalization or All-cause Mortality

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care52
Standard of Care56

[back to top]

Percent Change in Diffusion Capacity of Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO)

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-1.72
Standard of Care-2.56

[back to top]

Percent Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-2.99
Standard of Care-4.13

[back to top]

Total Number of Non-elective All-cause Hospitalizations

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

Interventionhospitalizations (Number)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care72
Standard of Care52

[back to top]

Total Number of Non-elective Respiratory Hospitalizations

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

Interventionhospitalizations (Number)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care55
Standard of Care43

[back to top]

Total Number of Respiratory Infections

(NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to up to 35 months

Interventionrespiratory infections (Number)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care34
Standard of Care49

[back to top]

Change in EuroQol Index (EQ-5D) Score

European Quality of Life-5 dimensions (EQ-5D) score (0 - 1 range). A higher score indicates a better health score. The EQ-5D measures quality of life across 5 dimensions (1. Mobility, 2. Self-care, 3. Usual activities, 4. Pain/discomfort, 5. Anxiety/depression. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care-0.040
Standard of Care-0.046

[back to top]

Change in Fatigue Severity Scale Score

Fatigue Severity Scale score (1 - 7 range). A lower score indicates a better health score. The Fatigue Severity Scale measures the severity of fatigue and its effect on a person's activities and lifestyle. (NCT02759120)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Antimicrobial Therapy Plus Standard of Care0.24
Standard of Care0.13

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Height-for-age Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by height-for-age Z-score Height-for-age Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Height-for-age Z (HAZ) score were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately stunted (HAZ). A cutoff of < -3 means severely stunted (HAZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

Interventionz score (Mean)
Children who received Placebo
Placebo-0.59

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Height-for-age Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by height-for-age Z-score Height-for-age Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Height-for-age Z (HAZ) score were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately stunted (HAZ). A cutoff of < -3 means severely stunted (HAZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

,,
Interventionz score (Mean)
Children who received AntibioticChildren who received Placebo
Amoxicillin-0.80-0.73
Azithromycin-0.92-1.16
Cotrimoxazole-0.69-1.38

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L1-norm Distance on Bacterial Reads (Intestinal)

L1-norm distance on bacterial reads (intestinal) - L1 norm is equivalent to Shannon's diversity. Shannon's Alpha Diversity combines richness and diversity. Shannon's index of diversity (alpha diversity) measures both the number of species and the inequality between species abundances. A large value is given by the presence of many species with well balanced abundances. (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 9 (Post- Treatment)

,,,
InterventionIndex score (Mean)
BaselinePost-treatment
Amoxicillin16.613.9
Azithromycin14.611.0
Cotrimoxazole15.613.5
Placebo15.416.0

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L2-norm Distance on Bacterial Reads (Intestinal)

L2-norm distance on bacterial reads (intestinal) - L2 norm is equivalent to Simpson's diversity. Simpson's Alpha Diversity were obtained at Baseline and Post-treatment in this study. The minimum of Simpson's index of diversity is 0, there is no maximum. Higher Simpson's index of diversity means more diverse. There are no subscales. (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 9 (Post- Treatment)

,,,
InterventionIndex score (Mean)
BaselinePost-treatment
Amoxicillin10.28.3
Azithromycin8.86.6
Cotrimoxazole9.78.3
Placebo9.69.8

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Mid-upper Arm Circumference

"Nutritional status as determined by mid-upper arm circumference in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose.~MUAC is a measure to assess nutritional status. It is measured on a straight left arm, mid-way between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow. It identifies acute malnutrition and is commonly used in children 6-59 months of age as well as pregnant women. MUAC less than 115 mm indicates severe wasting or severe acute malnutrition (SAM). MUAC greater than or equal to 115 mm and less than 125 mm indicates moderate wasting or moderate acute malnutrition (MAM)." (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

Interventionmm (Mean)
Children who received Placebo
Placebo15.23

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Mid-upper Arm Circumference

"Nutritional status as determined by mid-upper arm circumference in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose.~MUAC is a measure to assess nutritional status. It is measured on a straight left arm, mid-way between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the elbow. It identifies acute malnutrition and is commonly used in children 6-59 months of age as well as pregnant women. MUAC less than 115 mm indicates severe wasting or severe acute malnutrition (SAM). MUAC greater than or equal to 115 mm and less than 125 mm indicates moderate wasting or moderate acute malnutrition (MAM)." (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

,,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Children who received AntibioticChildren who received Placebo
Amoxicillin15.0114.90
Azithromycin14.5315.15
Cotrimoxazole15.4914.83

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Shannon's Index of Diversity (Alpha Diversity) in Intestinal Microbiome

Shannon's Alpha Diversity at Baseline and Post-treatment. combines richness and diversity. Shannon's index of diversity (alpha diversity) measures both the number of species and the inequality between species abundances. A large value is given by the presence of many species with well balanced abundances. (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 9 (Post- Treatment)

,,,
InterventionIndex score (Mean)
BaselinePost-treatment
Amoxicillin16.613.9
Azithromycin14.611.0
Cotrimoxazole15.613.5
Placebo15.416.0

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Simpson's Index of Diversity (Alpha Diversity) in Intestinal Microbiome

The primary outcome of the study was pre-specified as α-diversity (inverse Simpson's) at the genus level, expressed in effective number. Simpson's Alpha Diversity were obtained at Baseline and Post-treatment in this study. The minimum of Simpson's index of diversity is 0, there is no maximum. Higher Simpson's index of diversity means more diverse. There are no subscales. (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 9

,,,
InterventionIndex score (Mean)
BaselinePost-treatment
Amoxicillin10.28.3
Azithromycin8.86.6
Cotrimoxazole9.78.3
Placebo9.69.8

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Weight-for-age Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by weight-for-age Z-score vs. Placebo household Weight-for-age Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) scores were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately underweight (WAZ). A cutoff of < -3 means severely underweight (WAZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

InterventionZ score (Mean)
Children who received Placebo
Placebo-0.53

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Weight-for-age Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by weight-for-age Z-score vs. Placebo household Weight-for-age Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) scores were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately underweight (WAZ). A cutoff of < -3 means severely underweight (WAZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

,,
InterventionZ score (Mean)
Children who received AntibioticChildren who received Placebo
Amoxicillin-0.60-0.78
Azithromycin-1.01-0.78
Cotrimoxazole-0.58-1.12

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Weight-for-height Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by weight-for-height Z-score vs. Placebo household Weight-for-height Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Weight-for-height Z (WHZ) scores were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately wasted (WHZ). A cutoff of < -3 means wasted (WHZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

Interventionz score (Mean)
Children who received Placebo
Placebo-0.28

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Weight-for-height Z-score

Nutritional status as determined by weight-for-height Z-score vs. Placebo household Weight-for-height Z-score in each antibiotic group compared with placebo 4 weeks after last antibiotic dose Weight-for-height Z (WHZ) scores were calculated based on the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The mean of the 2006 population standards is 0. Lower standard deviations = worse outcomes. A cutoff of < -2 means moderately wasted (WHZ). A cutoff of < -3 means wasted (WHZ). (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: Day 35

,,
Interventionz score (Mean)
Children who received AntibioticChildren who received Placebo
Amoxicillin-0.24-0.52
Azithromycin-0.71-0.17
Cotrimoxazole-0.27-0.49

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Number of Participants With Macrolide Resistance Genes

Prevalence of macrolide resistance genes measured using DNA-seq from rectal swabs. (NCT03187834)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin Households12
Placebo Households9

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Proportion With Adverse Birth Outcomes

Composite measure: low infant birthweight (<2500 grams), miscarriage (<28 weeks), preterm delivery (<37 weeks), small for gestational age (SGA), congenital anomaly detected on surface examination, early neonatal mortality (within 7 days of birth) (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: Birth outcomes will be measured at birth for all outcomes except early neonatal mortality defined as within 7 days of birth. Early neonatal mortality will be assessed at a six week follow up phone call.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS13
Placebo/TMPS20

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Proportion of Participants With Symptomatic Malaria

Fever and positive malaria test (rapid diagnostic test) at routine visits or sick call visits or maternal report of malaria diagnosis. (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: From the date of randomization until the time of delivery, assessed up to 42 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS13
Placebo/TMPS13

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Plasmodium Falciparum Peripheral Parasitemia

P. falciparum detected by microscopy or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: At end of pregnancy (>35 weeks) or at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS8
Placebo/TMPS7

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Maternal Adherence to the Prophylactic Regimen

Directly observed therapy (DOT) in clinic for the 1st dose of study medication. Self-report and pill count will be used to assess adherence and maternal tolerability for study medications taken at home from the time of enrollment until delivery. At each follow up visit and at delivery, participants will complete a medication adherence survey. They will self-report adherence to the 3 day study regimen (AZ or placebo). (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: Adherence of study medication taken at home will be documented from the date of randomization until the time of delivery, assessed up to 42 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS148
Placebo/TMPS148

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Low Birthweight (<2500 Grams)

Neonatal weight measured with digital scale (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: at birth

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS4
Placebo/TMPS7

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GBS Colonization

anogenital GBS colonization detected by NAAT (PCR) (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: at or near term or at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS8
Placebo/TMPS7

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Composite STI Measure (Including All STI Tests)

Proportion of women with GC/CT (by NAAT), syphilis (by serology), Mycoplasma genitalium (NAAT). (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: After 35 weeks GA or at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS5
Placebo/TMPS5

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Proportion With Placental Malaria

Placentas will be collected on a subset of women and impression smear will be used to assess for malaria infection (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: At delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS7
Placebo/TMPS5

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Proportion With Maternal Anemia and Severe Maternal Anemia

anemia defined as hemoglobin <11 g/dL, severe anemia defined as hemoglobin <7 g/dL. (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: At the end of pregnancy (>35 weeks) or at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS2
Placebo/TMPS2

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Proportion With Composite STI Outcome

Including chlamydia (NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) positive) , gonorrhea (NAAT positive), syphilis (non-treponemal and treponemal test positive) infections. (NCT03431168)
Timeframe: will be measured in both groups (>35 weeks) or at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azithromycin/TMPS2
Placebo/TMPS2

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Time to Return to Baseline Oxygen for the Current AECOPD

Time to return to baseline oxygenation for the index exacerbation measured in days (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
TMP-SMX0

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Number of Urgent Care Visits (Total)

Total number of urgent care visits following the index exacerbation (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumber of visits (Mean)
TMP-SMX0

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Number of Urgent Care Visits (Related to COPD)

Number of urgent care visits related to COPD following the index exacerbation (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumber of visits (Mean)
TMP-SMX0

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Number of Hospital Admissions (Total)

Total number of hospital admissions following the index exacerbation (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumber of visits (Mean)
TMP-SMX1

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Number of Hospital Admissions (Related to COPD)

Number of hospital admissions related to COPD following the index exacerbation (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumber of visits (Mean)
TMP-SMX1

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Need for Medications to Treat COPD

Number of medications used to treat COPD (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumber of medications (Mean)
TMP-SMX5

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Need for Mechanical Ventilation

Number of participants who required mechanical ventilation (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TMP-SMX0

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Mortality

Number of participants who died (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TMP-SMX0

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Interval Between Exacerbations of COPD

Time between exacerbation of COPD measured in days (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
Baseline to 1st exacerbation1st exacerbation to 2nd exacerbation
TMP-SMX337

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Interval Between Hospital Admissions

Time before next admission to the hospital measured in days (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
TMP-SMX40

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Change in the COPD Assessment Test

Change in total score on the COPD Assessment Test (CAT); the test has a score of 0 (minimum) - 40 (maximum); a lower score means a better outcomes and a higher score means a worse outcome. Negative numbers indicate improvement of condition. Positive numbers indicate worsening of condition. (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: Baseline to 3 months

Interventionnumber on a scale (Mean)
Baseline to Day 10Baseline to Day 30Baseline to Day 90
TMP-SMX-10-6-2

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Length of Stay for Current AECOPD

Length of stay in the hospital for index exacerbation measured in days (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

Interventionnumbers of days (Mean)
TMP-SMX5

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Clearance of PJ From Treated Patients

Number of patients that show clearance of PJ (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TMP-SMX1

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Durability of Clearance of PJ From Treated Patients

Number of patients who cleared PJ and did not show re-colonization with pathogen (NCT05418777)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TMP-SMX1

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.0810hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.3920ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		4.12316-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.4920acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
carbamates
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid anion
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
choline
[no description available]		3.1210cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		1.9910tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.6630halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0310coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.1850monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		1.9910gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.4110guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		4.8621monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
cytosine
[no description available]		2.1710aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.05102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.0410dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.3920sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.0410chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		2.0410alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.6261carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		1.9610aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		4.3522elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		2.3920hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
indole
[no description available]		2.0510indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.5920diatomic iodinenutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		1.9810pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.4420monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.3720aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		3.6820glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
pteridines
[no description available]		2.730azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.8821hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		2.4220pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.6830uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.1250isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.3110xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.4520aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.1810alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.0410amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.47120imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0110
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.1110monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.0410aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.56161acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.9440monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0410acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.0610acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		3.470aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.4420phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		1.9710organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.0410triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.0410adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0410dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.6730dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.51201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.8910carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.0410dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		4.8742aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		1.9910acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		1.9610pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		6.18101benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.3920benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.0410ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		9.62332aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		3.74100
baclofen
[no description available]		2.610amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		1.9610benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
berberine
[no description available]		3.3811alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		1.9710carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
betaxolol
[no description available]		2.0410propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		4.3360carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0410secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4220organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.0410amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
busulfan
[no description available]		2.0410methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		4.341purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.2560dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.0410organic molecular entity
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.4120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.1710carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0410quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		9.86425carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.411organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		8.78215
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0410aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.7150aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		9.83187aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.7921monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.9940organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.6730monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		2.0410isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		5.5490aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		5.6573cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		18.4533243aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0410amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.7921monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		4.460monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		6.962conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
dapsone
[no description available]		17.2915524substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		1.9710acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		7.74122alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.67301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.4320benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.7171amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.4320N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		1.9710pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0410monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		2.0410dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.6361ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.3220piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.830organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.6830branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4920benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.0210dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		6.15941,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3820
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.0410dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.32302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		1.9910aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.96104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.3711anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0410aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		4.4651difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		11.65364conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.3920aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.4420nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.3720fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		6.2561carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		8.17192nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.9340chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		13.981748
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.3110sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.551aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0410piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.0750monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.0710methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.0410azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
halothane
[no description available]		2.6830haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.3760benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.7390aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.5320one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		8.83155monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0410primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.3141benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.8621ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		1.9710dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0410bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0410indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.6730aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		3.0610monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		1.9810organic molecular entity
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrazide;
pyridines
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		10.77283carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9910secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0410catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		7.99204dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.721amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.0410benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.91301,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.5640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		7.0374fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		2.0410N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		5.1943monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.4420benzodiazepine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		4.7150diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.0410nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9710aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.8910ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.0410piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.0410organic molecular entity
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		1.9610aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.0210benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		5.7964polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0410ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		2.0410benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.3920aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0410benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0410beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.0410benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		13.25759C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.7820aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		4.2641dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		1.9910imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4320dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.4120dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0410benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.0410aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		210purine nucleoside
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.3110benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		11.6172151,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0510naphthalenes
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		7.01152cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.3953C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.04102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0410C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0410nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		12.97935fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0410alkylbenzene
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		13.2483303-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.1631aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.1710carbazoles
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.05101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.37111,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		3.9940aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0410aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		1.9610acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		3.3711carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		1.9610phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.110aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		1.97101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		1.9710phenylalanine derivative
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		19.5628039aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.8130oxopurine
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0410acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		3.6690diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0510aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0510pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.9340barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.0410primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.2360pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0610aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		4.8681amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		2.0410N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
polythiazide
[no description available]		2.0410benzothiadiazine
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		4.250potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		1.9710isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.0210aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		11.31314aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.0410pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		5.9342benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0410dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0410benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.4120benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0410benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.3911N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.8910phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.0510naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		17.5212136aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0410aralkylamine
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		1.99101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
s-methylisothiopseudouronium
S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source		2.0110
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		2.0410N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		13.176112pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		210inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0810ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.9340N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.940aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.420sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		3.520pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		1.9610pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		4.3360pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		7.1563sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		22.531,253239isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.730pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		4.4541substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		4.0631pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.8110
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		5.99103isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.3820naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.5520N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur
[no description available]		2.4520organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.0540imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.0210furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4120phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0410benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.5220phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.79211,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.0410aziridines
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		6.0851imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0410N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.8940N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		2.8910aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		2.9140pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
triclosan
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		22.61,295245aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		9.81191
urethane
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
vigabatrin
[no description available]		1.9910gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.121011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		12.880911beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.231016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.0410alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.6630beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
thymidine
[no description available]		3.94130pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		3.5220benzodioxolespesticide synergist
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.04101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.51802-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.58803-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		1.9610corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0410barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		14.3998911-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0410fluorinated steroid
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		2.0410N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		9.68326penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.7430organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.37202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.2110guanidines
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.3110alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.4110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		14.011717C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.7930carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.372017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		1.9910pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		5.32131azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0410uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.87110kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		12.66526monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.3511phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.830amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.9240ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene
p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.		2.0410
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.8220adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		7.61261penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		5.65102penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0410benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		2.0410anilines;
primary arylamine
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		210carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.6630amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.7230alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.0410aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		6.46232penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0410antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		210chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.12104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		3.591117alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		16.5829920beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		2.4220mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		8.45124beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		3.7521non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0410organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		5.4640L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		3.8421aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		3.3811monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		4.063111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.1110primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		11.695546-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		6.16123penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0410glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		7.46188penicillanic acids
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		3.1910phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		1.9610carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.0810cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.0740pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0410polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0410peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenisatin acetate
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.		1.9610benzoate ester;
phenols
acetol
hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.3920methyl ketone;
primary alcohol;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
propanones		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		7156aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		3.0610hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9610benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
pregnenolone
[no description available]		3.591120-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		3.1610hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		2.9240penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		6.1666pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		3.081021-hydroxy steroid
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		7.3791azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.0110indazole
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		1.9810cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		4.5640isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.81301,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.43411,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.3110diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.3820organic cation
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.0410N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.420benzenes;
sulfonamide
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		3.5520thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.610amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		4.876011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		1.961020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		4.32302-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9710bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.1110
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.4920isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		3.3511amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		1.9710
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0410ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
noramidopyrine
noramidopyrine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-(methylamino)antipyrine : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methylamino group. It is a metabolite of aminopyrine and of metamizole.		1.9610pyrazoles;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.04103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.311017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9610
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		3.1250C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.0410dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.7630organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.4110phenoxazine
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		1.9810
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.422020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		6.9164acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		13.9519311cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		2.1710amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
sulfamoxole
Sulfamoxole: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamoxole : A sulfonamide antibiotic in which 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-oxazol-2-amine have combined to form the sulfonamide bond.		5.7783oxazole;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		1.961017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.0410
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.0410
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.8321pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.3920pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		5.9881ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.0410methylpyridines
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.1110alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.3811alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		4.0630zinc molecular entity
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		15.4413310glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		1.9910alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
azaperone
Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.		210aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		5.7361cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.98102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.3820aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		1.96102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		3.7730corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		14.725119pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.7290dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0410organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		2.940dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.0410thujeneplant metabolite
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.02101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		3.3511penicillinantibacterial drug
diloxanide furoate
diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.		3.0610carboxylic ester;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antiamoebic agent;
prodrug
streptomycin
[no description available]		10.52583antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		3.8430C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
cladribine
[no description available]		4.140organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		4.9791penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
vantocil
polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.150penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		3.150beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		4.3222N-acylglycine
mebhydroline
mebhydroline: see also rcored for mebhydrolin 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate, RN: 6153-33-9		1.9810indoles
diformyl dapsone
diformyl dapsone: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search DAPSONE/AA (75-84)		1.9610
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		210elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.2110copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.1710manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		6.691pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.0410N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		1.9510metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0110calcium phosphate
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.4620inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		1.9610
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		5.19150
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0410benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.0410selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.37206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		12.636012beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0410glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.4120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		4.6861aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		8.43124aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.940indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.482011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		2.0110
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		2.1110chlorphenamine
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		8.44241beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
pivampicillin
Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		7.7797penicillanic acid ester;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		prodrug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		18.7121256penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0410timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		3.3411penicillin
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		2.2510aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0410amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		14.557217azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		8.87177penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		5.87231amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.1350taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		2.420formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
etoposide
[no description available]		8.35143beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.0410catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		6.79191penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		3.0810phenanthrenes
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.09101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		11.771115alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
flunixin
flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		210aminopyridine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2260beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0410L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0410
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.07105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		4.5351organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		6.8681cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
vindesine
Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).		3.3911methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		5.1931benzamides;
carboxylic ester
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		1.9810cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		3.3511
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		2.5220anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.5520conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.57232penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		2.420beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.830alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		5.5663cephalosporinantibacterial drug
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.3720cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.0410
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		7.62135cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		9.59355cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		7.84174fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phosphanilic acid
phosphanilic acid: structure		1.9610
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		4.0140
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.0410carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		9.61341aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		3.110N-acyl-amino acid
amifloxacin
amifloxacin: structure in UD		3.3611quinolines
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
rufloxacin
rufloxacin: structure in first source		1.9810fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
n-acetylsulfapyridine
acetylsulfapyridine: structure in first source		1.9710sulfonamide
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.7721amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		1.9810quinolines
aromasil
[no description available]		2.251017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.420fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
orbifloxacin
orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)		2.5520quinolines
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.1710phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
technetium tc 99m mertiatide
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.		3.0810
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.7330aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		9.32184monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.1710biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.5820monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
trisulfapyrimidine
trisulfapyrimidine: RN given refers to above drug combination; RR:65567-91-1 refers to Na salt of each of the components; contains above 3 cpds		3.2310
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.04101,4-benzoquinones
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.0810hydrochloride
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		7.1653acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.730aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.7621D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		3.4920
trimethoprim sulfamethizole
trimethoprim sulfamethizole: used in treating liver pulmonary lesions		4.3930
sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination
sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & sulfadiazine		7.07103
kelfiprim
kelfiprim: combination of trimethoprim & sulfametopyrazine		5.4444
sulfamoxole, trimethoprim drug combination
sulfamoxole, trimethoprim drug combination: usually a mixture of 5 parts of sulfamoxole and 1 part of trimethoprim		552
lidaprim
lidaprim: combination of trimethoprim & sulfametrol		2.3620
sulfametrole
N1-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)sulfanilamide: structure in first source. sulfametrole : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with the amino group of 4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-amine.		3.0910aromatic ether;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
thiadiazoles
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		3.0610
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
n(4)-acetylsulfamethoxazole
N-acetylsulfamethoxazole : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-acetamidophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.		3.2360isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9910sulfonic acid derivative
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine		14.434217
tetroxoprim
tetroxoprim: structure given in Negwer 5th ed, #6419		1.9510dimethoxybenzene
betamethasone sodium phosphate
betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.		3.0710organic sodium salt;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		15.716512cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		2.1110organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0410benzimidazoles
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.0410
bicozamycin
bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.		2.0210azabicycloalkane;
bridged compound		antibacterial agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
antiinfective agent
fropenem
[no description available]		2.4820faropenem
repaglinide
[no description available]		2.0510piperidines
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0410fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.		4.231steroid ester
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
2,4-diaminopyrimidine
2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.		1.9610aminopyrimidine
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.54511,2,3-triazole
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.0410benzoate ester;
phenols
toltrazuril
toltrazuril: structure in first source		2.0210aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.03102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.4120aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
brodimoprim
brodimoprim: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. brodimoprim : An aminopyrimidine that is 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl group.		4.0531aminopyrimidine;
bromobenzenes;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		4.4511organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		5.731artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fluindione
fluindione: structure		2.0510cyclic ketone;
indanones
opromazine
opromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 9th ed, Merck Index, #6697		1.9710phenothiazines
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		3.76100cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
5-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline
5-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #1202		2.1110hydroxyquinoline
danofloxacin
[no description available]		3.3611quinolines
epicillin
epicillin: semisynthetic penicillin type antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMPICILLIN/AA (75-85); RN given refers to (2s(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. epicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.		1.9610penicillin allergen;
penicillin
loperamide oxide
loperamide oxide: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer		3.3711
talampicillin
Talampicillin: An ester of AMPICILLIN which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin.. talampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-phthalidyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		1.9610penicillanic acid esterprodrug
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.3860conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6420carbapenems
bilobalide
[no description available]		1.9810sesquiterpene lactone
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		11.55452carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		13.88619hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.5420
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		12.34513macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
n(1)-acetylsulfamethoxazole
[no description available]		1.9710
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0410
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		5.5282
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0610iditolfungal metabolite
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
cephacetrile
Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.		1.9610cephalosporin
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
lopinavir
[no description available]		5.2941amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.2110
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		7.86673beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
artesunic acid
[no description available]		5.0433
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination
[no description available]		1.9610
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0410N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.0410alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sri 63-441
SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9810
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		1.98102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.4110organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.		5.5532isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		allergen;
metabolite
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
amdinocillin pivoxil
Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.		8.91911penicillanic acid ester;
penicillin;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
prodrug
panipenem-betamipron
panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source		2.0210
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.3820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
piperaquine
piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.		9.48108aminoquinoline;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		antimalarial
sulfadiazine, tetroxoprim drug combination
sulfadiazine, tetroxoprim drug combination: each 5 ml (teaspoon) liquid or each tablet contains tetroxoprim 100 mg & sulfadiazine 250 mg		4.2641
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		5.0791penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		3.1210dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		1.9710dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		2.0610aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
miraxid
Miraxid: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of respiratory infections		3.3511
methotrexate
[no description available]		12.53675dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
citrated nalidixic acid
citrated nalidixic acid: citrated nalidixic acid		3.7521
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.31115-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
sulbactam
[no description available]		5.84112penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		7.13320
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		10.48371beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		11.387049-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		2.4110carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
damvar
damvar: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		5.37170aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.5680methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		3.140organic sulfate salt
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
o 129
O 129: vibriostatic. 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine : A member of the class of pteridines that is pteridine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by amino groups, whilst those at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by isopropyl groups.. vibriostatic agent : Any compound that inhibits the growth of bacteria of the genus Vibrio.		2.730primary amino compound;
pteridines		antifolate;
vibriostatic agent
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
trimerazine
trimerazine: combination of above		1.9610
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		4.330amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		3.4311
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
superseptyl (sulfamethazine), trimethoprim drug combination
superseptyl (sulfamethazine), trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & superseptyl (sulfamethazine) used in treatment of shigellosis		1.9610
temocillin
temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.		2.2510penicillin
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
optalidon
[no description available]		1.9910
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0410
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.620hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		4.3641divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		4.7321corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		1.9810acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		2.5220carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
iclaprim
iclaprim: has antiviral activity. iclaprim : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-iclaprim. Both enantiomers exhibit similar, potent bactericidal activity against major Gram-positive pathogens, notably methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively).. 5-[(2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine that is 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl group.		2.4520aminopyrimidine;
chromenes;
cyclopropanes
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.7620aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0810bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		3.7921penicillin allergen;
penicillin
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		2.0410
rosoxacin
rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.		1.9710pyridines;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
nsc 352122
trimetrexate glucuronate: an orphan drug and AIDS drug; used for treatment of Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS		1.9710
bortezomib
[no description available]		6.3831amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.59611,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		5.2941
carboplatin
[no description available]		2.4120
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		1.9610inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
leptomycin b
[no description available]		2.0110
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.110peptide
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0710D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		7.35131
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		4.0731
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		2.4220coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0110cellotriose
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.910cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
thienamycin
thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710carbapenems
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		10.23562alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		6.79191beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0410cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.9240L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.08502,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		5.5492
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		4.0420aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		5.1631penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		12.33752acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source		2.110peptide
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0410amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		5.731cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		3.5470penicillanic acid ester
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4620cyclodextrin
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.15103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.830retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.1310farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.8130resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		5.6151retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		8.19182macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.3511D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0410benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		6.41302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		6.23121alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		17.9719216
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		13.46567epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		13.88768macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.0410formycinantineoplastic agent
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		1.9910aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		3.3711oligopeptide
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
apricitabine
apricitabine: BCH-10619 is the (+)-isomer; structure in first source		3.4311
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.940cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4720L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		3.3511pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.3941nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
l 743,872
[no description available]		6.39150
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.4120kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		2.3110hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.7621one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.9140organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0410
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.1710chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.8130stilbene
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.0610vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.0410amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.311017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0410oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		3.1250purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0410pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0410
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.1710pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		5.6931
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		7.26114aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.0410
crotamiton
[no description available]		1.9610
1-(1-naphthylmethyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.110
phenylalanine methyl ester
phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.		1.9710alpha-amino acid ester;
L-phenylalanine derivative
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.04101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.2560acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		5.38512-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.110cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.0550cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410purine nucleoside
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0410
nadp
[no description available]		2.4320
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0410pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.1110enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		6.9813111alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.871carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.4820C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		2.0410thioureas
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.4311tropane alkaloid
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.3720alkali metal atom
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		2.0410amino alcohol
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0410
quinine
[no description available]		2.9240cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
6-thioguanylic acid
[no description available]		1.9610organic molecule
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		3.3510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		2.0510oligosaccharide
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		13.12419
quercetin
[no description available]		2.02107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		6.4171biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		210prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.940monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.41104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.1910
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0410prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.1110D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.41107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		9.47451antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		9.28313oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
cefzil
cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.		3.7921
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0410alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0510organic molecular entity
miocamycin
Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.		2.420
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		4.8842cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.8230retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		1.9710organic molecular entity
s 1108
S 1108: structure given in first source; an oral cephem antibiotic and prodrug of S-1006		2.110
codeine
[no description available]		2.730morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.3270hydrochloride
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0610acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		1.961017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		1.9710N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0210morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0410morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.721organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.3460antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.110cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.0410morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0410cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		1.96101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.0410cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
palbociclib
[no description available]		2.2510aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
nifuroxazide
nifuroxazide: structure		1.9710benzoic acids
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0410guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		3.0610metalloid atom;
pnictogen
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.8840metal atom;
pnictogen
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		1.9710boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		210cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		210morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.37111,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0610dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0410azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.4851dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		1.9710styrenes
ajoene
ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.		2.0410sulfoxide
bedaquiline
bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.		2.1710aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
quinolines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antitubercular agent;
ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.7230dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.7230
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.3422cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.1310morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
benanomicin a
benanomicin A: from Actinomycete sp. MH193-16F4; structure given in first source		1.9810
cefuroxime
[no description available]		2.04103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.04101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		6.94121cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		210cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.0410cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.8840cephalosporin
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		10.9973101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.8940biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0410
luprostenol
luprostenol: RN given refers to 1S-(1alpha(Z),2beta(*R),3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		1.9710
cilastatin
[no description available]		4.6561carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
brl 28500
ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods		4.6580
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
lumefantrine
Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.5111fluorenes;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amine		antimalarial
everolimus
[no description available]		3.9330cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
cgp-56697
Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.		5.5151
opc-67683
OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent		2.1710piperidines
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		3.411carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		2.0410ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		16.213518imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0410
furagin
Furagin: Nitrofuran derivative anti-infective agent used for urinary tract infections.. furagin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino group (the configuration of the C=C and C=N bonds in the grouping that links the two heterocycles is not specified). A nitrofuran antibiotic with properties similar to nitrofurantoin, furagin is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.6830
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		1.9810cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
cilofungin
cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.		210antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.3110organic molecular entity
retapamulin
retapamulin: a synthetic pleuromutilin		2.0810carbotricyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
cyclic ketone
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		5.690biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0410
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.1710magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
cefmenoxime
Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.		2.3720cephalosporinantibacterial drug
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		2.52201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ps 15
PS 15: structure given in first source; inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase		2.3920
tigemonam
tigemonam: structure given in first source		1.9710monobactam
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		13.519213
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.		2.0410
avibactam
avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.		2.4110azabicycloalkane;
hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
ureas		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903
ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.		4.32501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
iminium betaine;
organic phosphoramidate;
oxime O-ether;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
prodrug
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0410
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6920N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
altrenogest
altrenogest: a synthetic PROGESTERONE agonist; used in estrus synchronization		4.2313-hydroxy steroid
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		1.9610hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		9.48108
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.1710chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
carboxyibuprofen
carboxyibuprofen: major urinary metabolite of ibuprofen; structure in first source. carboxyibuprofen : A dicarboxylic acid that is ibuprofen in which one of the methyl groups in the isobutyl portion has been converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		2.2110dicarboxylic aciddrug metabolite
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		5.1631
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
tedizolid
DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.		2.1510carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
pyridines;
tetrazoles		antimicrobial agent;
drug metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		8.15115nystatins
tedizolid phosphate
tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.		2.520carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
phosphate monoester;
pyridines;
tetrazoles		antimicrobial agent;
prodrug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pyrazolone
pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.		3.7721
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		4.0950
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		2.4420
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		1.9910
xibornol
xibornol: structure. xibornol : A bridged compound that is 3,4-xylenol carrying an additional isobornyl substituent at position 6. A lipophilic antibacterial drug mainly used in spray dosage forms for the local treatment of infection and inflammation of the throat.		3.3411
boldenone undecylenate
[no description available]		1.9910
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.3920benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		5.1480
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.01101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		5.441
rifamycins
[no description available]		4.5240
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.7330
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9610
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		8.9983
azidocillin
azidocillin: antibiotic similir to ampicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search PENICILLIN G/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*))-isomer)		3.3411penicillin
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.0510
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		3.0610polypeptide
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		3.3711
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		1.9710
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.8130
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		2.7830
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		2.8840
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		1.9610organic molecular entity
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.		4.5251
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-o-beta-glucopyranuronosylthymidine
3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'-O-beta-glucopyranuronosylthymidine: major metabolite of zidovudine		3.3611pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
lincospectin
[no description available]		2.1510
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		3.4111inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
raltegravir potassium
Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.		3.7820
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		2.0810
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		12.8613911
l 693989
L 693989: has antipneumocystis activity; structure given in first source		1.9810
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		3.890
quinupristin-dalfopristin
quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively		2.4220organic molecular entity
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.1610organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
mannans
[no description available]		2.0510
cem 101
solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source		2.0510
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
plx4032
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		5.4541
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		3.0610
fr 901379
FR 901379: a water- soluble Echinocandin compound; structure in first source		210
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.8321
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		11.044311
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		2.0510
tylosin
[no description available]		2.1510
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		2.4110aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
cefteram
cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		1.9710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		5.8871ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
coumermycin
coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.		1.9610aromatic amide;
coumarins;
glycoside;
heteroarenecarboxylate ester;
pyrroles		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		4.6261carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		12.591605
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0410
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		5.4282
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		11.96671
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		5.8471monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.1250benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.2510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.7530heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		9.52182benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.0410
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.110hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tigecycline
[no description available]		6.92210
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		2.0510
dolutegravir
[no description available]		2.1310difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
byl719
[no description available]		3.710proline derivative
mk 0641
MK 0641: combination of above cpds		1.9910
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		2.1110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.3511aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0310
pyrethrins
[no description available]		6.2561
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.7430
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		1.9610
cefiderocol
cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.		3.710carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
siderophore
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		2.0610cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.411
daptomycin
[no description available]		7.74200
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		1.9610
s 8932
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		8.62203
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		2.0710
aminoethyldextran
[no description available]		2.0510
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		1.9910
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		5.32160
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		4.7421
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		11.082532-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		10.522745-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin
7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.		2.1510dihydropterin;
neopterins		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.06102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		1.9610inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		4.09315,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		6.13240folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
dihydropteroate
dihydropteroate: structure. 7,8-dihydropteroic acid : A pteroic acid derivative arising from formal hydrogenation of the 7,8-double bond of pteroic acid.. 7,8-dihydropteroate : A pteroate that is the conjugate base of 7,8-dihydropteroic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.1510pteroic acids
neopterin
[no description available]		3.520
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		16.619320cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		210benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.9640dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		9.16123purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		10.223112-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		5.4640L-valyl esterantiviral drug
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.43190nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
allopurinol riboside
allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.		1.9610nucleoside analoguemetabolite
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0410
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.4920N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.110citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.0140L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		3.1410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		1.9710
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		1.9610formycin
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		1.9610
9-deazainosine
[no description available]		1.9610
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
rifaprim
Rifaprim: combination of the above		3.3511
eye
[no description available]		1.9710
2-met-4-(4-nitro)-phe-5-pronh2-enkephalin
BW 942C: enkephalin-like pentapeptide		3.3511
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.0610
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.6730
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		1.9610
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0410
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.0810
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.13530
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
P carinii Infection
[description not available]		011.06462
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.		011.06462
Candida Infection
[description not available]		09.93166
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		04.72110
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		023.741,115110
Bronchial Cyst
[description not available]		0210
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.93166
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		04.72110
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		023.741,115110
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		018.9230835
Infections, Microspora
[description not available]		03.1350
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		022.4555899
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		018.9230835
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		023.43687130
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		023.43687130
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		04.7971
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		04.7971
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		06101
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		02.3110
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		02.6120
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		02.6120
Recrudescence
[description not available]		020.3331168
Pyrexia
[description not available]		015.1310014
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		015.1310014
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		021.75631159
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		09.9474
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		018.5826527
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		018.5826527
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.97140
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05140
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		015.351938
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		013.919218
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		015.797936
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		08.79323
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		013.18588
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		013.919218
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		08.79323
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		013.18588
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		013.831369
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		05.2110
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		05.2110
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.96130
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		014.399312
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		014.399312
E coli Infections
[description not available]		019.3226631
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		08.17502
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		09304
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		019.3226631
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		08.17502
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		09304
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.7432
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		013.5615614
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		013.5615614
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		05.48230
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.3760
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		03.3760
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		05.48230
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.89393
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.89393
Co-infection
[description not available]		010.94623
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		013.263592
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		06.89151
Rheumatism
[description not available]		06.99141
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		06.99141
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		09.8423
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		05.25120
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		018.9720529
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		05.25120
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		010.03275
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		010.03275
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		05.14170
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		05.9691
Isospora Infection
[description not available]		04.36190
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		05.14170
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		05.9691
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		019.9420371
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.7530
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.7530
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		08.02800
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		06.8191
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		08.02800
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		013.07786
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		013.07786
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		03.2310
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		08.56341
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		014.0910014
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		03.9440
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		08.56341
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		014.0910014
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		03.9440
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		05.48150
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		05.48150
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.3110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.8230
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.830
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		08.3294
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.8230
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		012.12447
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		012.12447
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		04.1950
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6490
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		04.1950
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.6490
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		07.97301
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.97301
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		08.3381
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		018.1318127
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		010.84267
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		013.43623
Phlegmon
[description not available]		013.33653
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		013.33653
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		013.43623
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Acute form of MALNUTRITION which usually affects children, characterized by a very low weight for height (below -3z scores of the median World Health Organization standards), visible severe wasting, or occurrence of nutritional EDEMA. It can be a direct or indirect cause of fatality in children suffering from DIARRHEA and PNEUMONIA. Do not confuse with starvation, a condition in which the body is not getting enough food, usually for extended periods of time.		07.7654
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		08.45700
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		012.411187
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		012.411187
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		011.02532
Breathlessness
[description not available]		014.784226
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		07.38232
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		011.02532
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		014.784226
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		015.5913811
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		011.09752
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.5861
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.09752
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.17170
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		013.876913
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		014.798423
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural
[description not available]		02.4320
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		05.660
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		09.04244
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		09.04244
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		010.29205
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		02.4820
Loa loa Filariasis
[description not available]		02.5920
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		02.4820
Loiasis
A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.		02.5920
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		011.021032
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		05.36131
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		05.35200
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		05.35200
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		011.517911
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		011.517911
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		07.07360
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.7135
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.7135
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		015.341726
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		015.341726
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		08.72293
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		02.5720
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.		02.5720
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		03.6680
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		03.6680
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		07.75104
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		07.75104
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.0752
Blastocystis hominis Infections
[description not available]		05.13101
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		010.76415
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		03.8520
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		010.72541
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		03.8520
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		010.72541
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		09.33211
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		010.95728
Infection Reactivation
[description not available]		02.4110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		010.95728
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		02.4110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.07481
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		011.07481
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		017.5610647
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		017.5610647
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.26170
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		05.7100
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		09.26552
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		09.26552
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		04.83120
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		04.83120
Malnourishment
[description not available]		05.28110
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.7220
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		05.28110
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		03.8640
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		03.8640
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		010.55758
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		010.65328
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		011.776415
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		010.65328
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		011.776415
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		010.63294
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		010.63294
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		011.9649
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		011.9649
Black Fever
[description not available]		05.8991
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		05.8991
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		05.79180
Exanthem
[description not available]		07.75332
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		06.9220
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		08.85401
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		07.75332
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		06.9220
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		05.15180
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		05.15180
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		019.3326972
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		06.96103
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		09.15274
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		06.1562
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		019.3326972
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		06.96103
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		09.15274
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.77300
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.4110
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		011.841125
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		011.841125
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		04.8371
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		04.8371
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.8310
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		04.8310
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.6730
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.6730
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		09.81114
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection
[description not available]		013.341008
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		07.15112
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		07.15112
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		06.23150
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		06.23150
Acne
[description not available]		05.67100
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		05.67100
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		04.4780
MODS
[description not available]		03.0240
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		04.4780
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.0240
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		02.4220
Joint Pain
[description not available]		04.27160
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		05.46230
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		05.46230
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		04.27160
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		06.09180
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		03.6580
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		014.557211
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		014.557211
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		03.6580
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.08140
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.08140
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		016.3210228
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		016.3210228
Lymphangitis
A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		04.0350
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		07.14330
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		07.14330
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		03.730
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.7930
Palsy
[description not available]		02.4720
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.4720
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		03.730
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.7930
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		0340
Purpura Fulminans
A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.610
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		0340
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.87130
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.87130
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		03.3350
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		03.3350
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		05.9591
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		05.9591
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		09.22428
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.23160
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		09.22428
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		04.99150
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.71180
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		08.97350
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		08.97350
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.71180
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		08.86382
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		06.25131
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		06.25131
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		08.86382
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.610
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		05.2241
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		05.2241
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		05.52110
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		05.52110
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.610
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.610
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		09.32458
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.610
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4820
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.8330
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.8330
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		016.8510126
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.610
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		06.16121
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		06.16121
Adenopathy
[description not available]		03.8830
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		06.81380
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		06.81380
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		015.79730
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		015.79730
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		09.37442
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		011.62874
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		011.62874
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.7930
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.7930
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.610
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.610
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.9830
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.0340
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.9830
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.0340
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		04.551
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		012.49336
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.81110
Leanness
[description not available]		03.4420
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.81110
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		07.6572
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		07.6572
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.1150
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.1150
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		09.55442
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		018.2523067
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		014.961142
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		06.41151
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		03.1450
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		03.87120
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		06.41151
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.1450
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		03.5320
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.2110
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		03.5320
HbS Disease
[description not available]		05.0960
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		05.0960
Choroid Diseases
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.		04.6561
Eye Infections, Parasitic
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.		05.3562
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		07.71201
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		07.71201
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.2510
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.9721
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		06.11280
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		06.11280
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		07.05172
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.05172
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		014.4811016
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		014.4811016
Cyclospora Infection
[description not available]		06.53200
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		05.4751
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		010.41293
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		016.129315
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7130
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.6620
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		03.7130
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		014.5856
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		014.5856
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		04.1550
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.5120
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.4920
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.4620
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		02.4920
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		016.239225
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.		02.2110
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		016.239225
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.6620
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.6620
Microscopic Polyangiitis
A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.		03.140
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		011.97323
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		04.7670
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		011.02589
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		011.02589
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		011.97323
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		013.115412
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		013.115412
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		04.4180
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		04.4180
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.520
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.520
Bleeding
[description not available]		08.18143
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		03.6930
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		08.18143
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		04.5650
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		04.5650
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.5420
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		07.75152
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		04.8670
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		07.75152
Flavobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.		04.05130
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		03.9120
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		03.9120
Grippe
[description not available]		02.9940
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		04.0550
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		04.0550
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.9940
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		09.26541
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		09.26541
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		06.19121
Epidermal Cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.		03.1710
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		05.43140
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.55171
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		011.58454
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.55171
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		011.58454
Metastase
[description not available]		02.7630
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6530
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.7630
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.2510
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		06.34141
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		06.34141
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		09.04191
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		04.1660
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		06.02190
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		07.65174
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		06.02190
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		07.65174
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.5780
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		011.3308
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		011.3308
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		04.5780
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.34213
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.34213
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		02.2510
HIGM1
[description not available]		02.6320
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.6480
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.8130
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.8130
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		03.6480
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.2510
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		013.634916
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		013.634916
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		07.783
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		06.5290
Black Death
[description not available]		03.1710
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		06.5290
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		03.1710
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		07.783
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic
[description not available]		04.441
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive
Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.		04.441
Asystole
[description not available]		02.7430
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.7430
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		05.5180
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.0550
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		04.0550
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		07.09111
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		07.09111
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		08.65277
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		010.162911
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		08.65277
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.9430
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.9491
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.9491
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		05.66130
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.9430
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		03.2860
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.8621
Jorge Lobo Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.8621
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.6761
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.6761
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		04.0350
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.5220
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Compressive lesion affecting the nerve roots of the CAUDA EQUINA (e.g., compression, herniation, inflammation, rupture, or stenosis), which controls the function of the bladder and bowel. Symptoms may include neurological dysfunction of bladder or bowels, loss of sexual sensation and altered sensation or paralysis in the lower extremities.		02.2510
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		04.0350
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.5220
Adenitis
[description not available]		06.03101
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		03.9840
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		07.6113
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		08.2243
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.47240
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.47240
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		04.9381
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		04.9381
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		04.5511
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		04.5511
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		04.5150
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		04.5150
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.2510
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.3110
Clinical Deterioration
A critical disease progression, often measured by a set of clinical parameters, which activates HOSPITAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM.		02.2510
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.2510
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		03.470
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.7530
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.4370
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.2510
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		03.470
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		05.4251
Cerebral Ventriculitis
Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.		02.2510
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.9840
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.9840
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		08.75351
Angiitis
[description not available]		06.02120
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.75351
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		06.02120
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.3110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.81110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.9840
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		05.18110
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.81110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.9840
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		05.18110
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		04.3270
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		08.7664
Listeria Cerebritis
[description not available]		04.85130
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		08.7664
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		04.0750
Emphysema, Subcutaneous
[description not available]		02.6620
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.8330
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		011.47679
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		011.47679
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.		02.610
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		05.9251
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		06.2351
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		05.9251
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		06.2351
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		02.3110
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		02.6830
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		02.6830
Choked Disk
[description not available]		02.5920
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		04.83310
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		02.5920
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.3760
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		03.3760
Chromoblastomycosis
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)		03.3720
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		07.55154
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		07.55154
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		018.0111147
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		018.0111147
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1710
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.		03.1710
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		07.78104
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.9984
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		07.78104
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.5420
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.5520
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.5520
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.5420
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		07.3140
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.2510
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		07.3140
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		03.6930
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		03.6930
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		05.39140
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		02.4720
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		02.4720
Travel Sickness
[description not available]		02.3110
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.3110
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		02.4620
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.4720
Infection
[description not available]		010.05265
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		010.05265
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		02.4520
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.3110
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		08.57151
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		06.88151
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		06.88151
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.3110
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.3110
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		03.5480
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		05.61120
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		05.1160
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.3110
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.79110
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		03.79110
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		013.7321
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		013.7321
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.1350
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4420
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.1350
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4420
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		05.5761
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.730
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy
[description not available]		011.36229
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.72110
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Myelopathy
[description not available]		04.7871
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		04.7871
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		04.4511
Infant Death
The death of a live-born INFANT within its first year of life.		04.4511
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		03.2560
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		03.580
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.1510
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		06.6161
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.5151
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		08.811912
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		08.811912
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.5151
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		03.0610
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.87111
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		03.0610
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.87111
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		04.4380
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		04.4380
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		04.3370
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		04.3370
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.0831
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.0831
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary
[description not available]		03.7330
Disseminated Fungal Infection
[description not available]		03.4820
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		03.7330
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		04.99150
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		03.97130
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		07.7332
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		05.3541
Occupational Injuries
Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.		02.1510
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		010.92363
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.9640
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		03.5580
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		02.9740
Encephalitis Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		03.5611
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0650
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		04.0650
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		05.771
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		05.771
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.4280
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		011.533711
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.9240
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		04.0250
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		05.64110
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		03.0610
Pyomyositis
An intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. It is associated with INFECTION such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and PYODERMA. It was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). Symptoms include muscle pain, FEVER, and leucocytosis. It has been diagnosed by MRI SCANS.		03.0610
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		05.64110
Entomophthoramycosis
[description not available]		03.6730
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		03.6190
Zygomycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.		03.6730
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.9640
Brill Disease
[description not available]		04.4511
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.		04.4511
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		03.6330
Communicable Diseases, Imported
Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.		02.1710
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		04.6561
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1150
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		05150
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		05150
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.1510
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.8940
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		02.520
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		07.28114
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		07.28114
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.8940
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		04.4270
Debility
[description not available]		03.0910
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.0110
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		06.9361
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.4420
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.1710
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		04.0450
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.0450
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.75110
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.4820
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		02.4820
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		04.75110
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.		03.4420
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.1710
Pus
[description not available]		03.6290
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		06.24182
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		03.8840
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.1710
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		06.24182
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8840
Dermatoses
[description not available]		013.933416
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		013.933416
Chronic Bullous Disease of Childhood
[description not available]		02.1510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.5250
Sarcocystosis
Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.		03.1250
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.5250
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.3420
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.7330
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		03.7330
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		03.8340
Bartonella henselae Infection
[description not available]		04.64100
Cat-Scratch Disease
A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.		04.64100
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		05.61290
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		03.821
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.9640
Dizzyness
[description not available]		04.8421
Emesis
[description not available]		07.36142
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		04.8421
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		07.36142
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.9440
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		05.2341
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		05.2341
Berger Disease
[description not available]		03.7530
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		02.1710
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		03.7530
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		02.1710
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		06.83101
Chancroid
Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.		08.33207
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		02.1710
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.9740
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		03.2760
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.9740
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1710
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.9640
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.1710
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.9640
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.5590
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.46150
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		04.5590
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		05.46150
ATLL
[description not available]		03.0440
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		03.0440
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		06.58111
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		06.58111
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		010.31323
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.1710
Great Pox
[description not available]		03.150
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		03.150
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		02.7830
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.1710
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		06.42220
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.5220
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1710
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.7530
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.5220
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.		02.1710
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.2110
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.2110
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		03.9220
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		03.9220
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.7130
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.2110
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.2110
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		04.0350
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		04.0350
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		03.0910
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		04.0350
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		04.0350
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		03.0910
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.7870
Ache
[description not available]		06.7272
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.9240
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.7272
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		04.4750
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.64102
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.64102
Autism
[description not available]		02.2110
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.2110
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)		02.2110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.54240
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.54240
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.4820
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.4820
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		06.3353
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		06.3353
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		03.8321
Enterocolitis, Neutropenic
A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST).		02.6120
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.2110
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		03.8540
Epulides
[description not available]		03.3620
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		03.3620
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		03.8540
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.7830
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.7830
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.68202
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		07.68202
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.2110
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		02.7230
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.2110
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		05.262
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		05.262
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.0450
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		04.0450
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		04.69110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		05.12170
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		04.69110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		05.12170
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		02.2110
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		06.0784
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		06.0784
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.1210
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.1210
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.1210
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.2110
Amputation, Traumatic
Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.		02.0810
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.7630
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0810
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.7630
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.9540
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.9540
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		07.51380
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		07.51380
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Glanders
A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.		03.1450
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		03.1250
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1110
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		03.1250
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		04.0650
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.		03.420
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.6830
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9140
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.4720
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.9440
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		02.7130
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.9140
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.6830
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.0810
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.0810
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.9240
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.0810
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.9240
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.7430
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		04.89130
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		02.7130
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		04.8270
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.110
Sore Throat
[description not available]		05.25121
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.110
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.110
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		05.25121
Action Tremor
[description not available]		04.4280
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		04.4280
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		05.75110
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.5120
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		06.17121
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		05.75110
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.5120
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.4820
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.6930
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		03.5680
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.7830
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		05.47150
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.7830
Pleuropneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.		02.0810
Icterus
[description not available]		03.0850
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.0850
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		05.9393
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		05.9393
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.2660
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.2660
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		02.0810
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.9740
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.0810
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		02.0810
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4220
Scleroma, Nasal
[description not available]		06.4661
Rhinoscleroma
A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.		06.4661
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.4220
Granulomas
[description not available]		04.5390
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		04.5390
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.4920
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.6461
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.520
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.4620
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		05.0231
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		02.0810
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.1750
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.3920
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
[description not available]		03.0110
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		03.0110
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		03.0110
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		012.843128
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.110
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		012.843128
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.0450
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.0450
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.0810
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		03.0110
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		03.0110
Carditis
[description not available]		02.7130
E chaffeensis Infection
[description not available]		02.9340
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.7130
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.110
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.9140
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		04.6100
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.9140
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.110
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		02.110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.110
Episcleritis
[description not available]		03.2860
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		03.2860
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		04.0350
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.8540
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		03.8540
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.9940
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		0340
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		02.9540
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		02.9540
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		08.89152
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		03.2860
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		03.2860
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		06.47101
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		07.69145
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		07.69145
Brazilian Spotted Fever
[description not available]		02.110
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.		02.110
Diathesis
[description not available]		06.67121
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7930
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.9440
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.9440
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.7930
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		03.2960
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		03.2960
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.4420
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.4420
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.7530
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		04.7770
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.7121
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3220
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		03.2660
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		03.2660
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.8980
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.3541
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.7871
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		04.3541
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.2760
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		03.2760
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		06.83194
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		06.83194
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		05.6871
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		03.8340
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4420
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.4220
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		03.8340
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.4420
Sycosis
[description not available]		03.0950
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		03.0950
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		03.8640
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		03.8640
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		04.131
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		04.7232
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		04.7232
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4920
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.4920
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		02.1110
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.7530
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.7530
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia
FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.		02.1110
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.1110
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		04.1130
Choroiditis
Inflammation of the choroid.		03.1250
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.7190
Bleb
[description not available]		03.2660
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.9440
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.9440
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.7430
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.7430
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		04.1230
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1230
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4920
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.4920
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.9440
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.9440
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.110
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4120
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		03.8221
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.110
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.4120
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		04.1860
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.1110
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		04.1331
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		04.1331
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		05.93142
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		05.93142
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.1310
Carbuncle
An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.		02.1310
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.0250
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		04.0250
Itching
[description not available]		05.2441
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		05.2441
Iris Diseases
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.		02.1110
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.1110
Bordetella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.		02.1110
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.9740
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.0310
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.9240
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.1110
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.1110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.1110
Cellulitis, Orbital
[description not available]		02.4820
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		03.4811
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.4811
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		013.676319
Pott Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		013.676319
Ethmoid Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.		03.0310
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		02.1110
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		02.1110
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		03.3160
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.1110
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.6130
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		04.62100
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		04.62100
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		03.511
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.1310
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.1310
BOOP
[description not available]		02.4720
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.1450
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		04.7771
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		05.0190
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.8221
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.8221
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		02.1110
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.6830
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		04.0450
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.1110
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		04.0450
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.5220
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		02.4420
Convergent Strabismus
[description not available]		02.1110
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		02.4420
Esotropia
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.		02.1110
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.420
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7630
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.7630
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		04.4280
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		04.4280
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.4151
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.4220
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		02.4320
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		02.1110
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		02.4320
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.4320
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.0250
Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.7430
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.6830
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		02.1310
Epiretinal Membrane
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)		02.1310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		07.58151
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		07.58151
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.0250
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.0410
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		03.3520
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.0250
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.8521
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		04.8881
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
[description not available]		02.4420
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.		02.4420
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		02.1310
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.		02.1310
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		02.1310
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		07.88173
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.690
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1310
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.1310
Serositis
Inflammation of a serous membrane.		02.1510
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.1510
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		05.0231
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		05.0231
Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile
A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.		02.1310
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		04.6461
Odontalgia
[description not available]		02.1310
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		02.1310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		07.49144
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.1310
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		02.1310
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		02.1310
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		02.4620
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		02.1310
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		02.4620
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.1310
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Ozena
[description not available]		04.7321
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		02.4120
Rhinitis, Atrophic
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).		04.7321
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.1310
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.1310
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.1310
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.1310
Donovanosis
[description not available]		05.7881
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		03.77110
Granuloma Inguinale
Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears.		05.7881
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.8240
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.8240
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		03.3220
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		03.3220
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.1310
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.1310
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		02.1310
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.1310
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		02.1310
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.4311
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.0610
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.0610
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.3270
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.3270
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		03.5311
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4520
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		02.4520
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		03.4170
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		03.4170
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.1510
Adult-Onset Still Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset
Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.		02.1510
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.7530
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.7530
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1510
Dupre Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		04.87130
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.7330
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.4820
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.4820
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		03.8340
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		03.8340
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0410
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.4620
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.0410
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		03.8340
Aphthae
[description not available]		02.7530
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.19110
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		02.7530
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.4220
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
[description not available]		03.3120
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.4220
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		02.0510
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.9610
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.0410
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.3920
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		03.3320
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		03.3320
Infections, Neisseriaceae
[description not available]		02.0410
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.3620
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.3620
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.6230
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.6230
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		04.4651
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		02.420
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		02.420
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.4120
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.4120
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.4320
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.4320
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.3620
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		02.0410
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		02.0410
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.4420
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.0410
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		02.6930
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		02.0410
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.0410
Pyrosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		02.0410
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0510
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.4220
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		02.0510
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.4220
Marasmus
[description not available]		03.630
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		03.630
Amentia
[description not available]		02.7330
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.730
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		02.0510
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.7330
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.730
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.730
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		04.1130
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		04.1130
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.4420
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.0410
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.4420
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.730
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		03.3520
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.0410
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		02.0410
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.8440
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.8440
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		05.880
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		05.2441
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.880
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		011.31616
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		011.31616
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.0510
Pediculosis
[description not available]		07.77122
Lice Infestations
Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)		07.77122
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.0510
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.3620
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4520
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		05.2470
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.4520
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		04.9560
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.9610
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		05.2241
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		02.9610
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.7230
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.7230
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		04.1860
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		04.6261
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		04.6261
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.9610
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.9610
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.9340
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		02.4620
Molluscum Contagiosum
A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Boils
[description not available]		02.4620
Scarlet Fever
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.		02.7230
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		0450
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		09.81202
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		0450
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		09.81202
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		02.0510
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.0731
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.4420
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		06.9984
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		02.6930
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		02.6930
Harelip
[description not available]		02.4320
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.0510
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		02.4320
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.0510
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.8640
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		02.0510
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.3920
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.7130
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.7130
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		02.0510
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.0510
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		02.0510
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		04.5190
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.6430
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.6430
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		05.31130
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		05.31130
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.0510
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.0510
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.6830
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.4520
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		04.2940
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		05.241
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		03.3520
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		03.3520
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		03.8340
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		02.0510
AIDS Wasting Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).		02.0510
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		02.0510
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		06.4792
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.4420
Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous
A chronic inflammatory condition of the KIDNEY resulting in diffuse renal destruction, a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with NEPHROLITHIASIS and KIDNEY STONES.		02.420
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0510
Pallor
A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.		02.0510
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0510
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.4120
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.0510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4420
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.4120
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.4420
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.0510
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.0510
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.7130
Muscular Atrophy, Postpoliomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)		02.0710
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		02.730
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0510
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.1150
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.730
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.730
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.4420
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.4420
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.4420
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.4420
Parotiditis
[description not available]		02.0610
Infections, Serratia
[description not available]		03.6530
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		03.8440
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.0610
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.4420
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.4420
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.0610
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.0610
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		05.3953
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		05.3953
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		02.9440
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		02.9440
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.0610
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		02.0610
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.4120
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.3320
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.730
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.730
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.88111
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.88111
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.0610
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.0610
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		03.3820
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.4420
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0610
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.4120
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.730
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		03.6330
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.6260
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.6330
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.6260
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		02.0710
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.6930
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		04.3170
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		04.3170
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		04.4950
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.0610
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.0610
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.0610
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		05.2280
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9340
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.0610
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		05.2280
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.0610
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		04.4850
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		04.4850
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.4820
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.4320
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.4320
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.4820
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		03.3320
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.4520
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.4520
Candidemia
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.		02.0710
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0710
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.0710
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.4520
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.4520
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3320
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		03.3320
AIDS Nephropathy
[description not available]		02.0710
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.		02.0710
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		04.6360
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.0710
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.0710
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.0810
Infections, Rickettsia
[description not available]		03.3320
Chills
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.		02.4820
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9140
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.4220
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		02.0710
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.9910
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.0710
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.7130
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		02.0810
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		03.2460
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.420
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2460
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0810
Cyclitis, Heterochromic
[description not available]		02.4520
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.		02.0810
Iridocyclitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.		02.4520
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		05.81120
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.4320
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.4320
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		04.7571
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.4120
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.4120
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		04.7671
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.0810
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0810
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.0810
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.0810
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		03.3520
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		03.3520
Acute Retinal Necrosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Lymphangiomyomatosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).		02.0810
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.4620
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.4620
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		02.0710
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		02.0710
Ventral Hernia
[description not available]		02.110
Hernia, Ventral
A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.		02.110
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		02.0810
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		06.55102
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		06.55102
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.0110
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.0110
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.940
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		0210
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		02.0110
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.0110
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		07.6133
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		07.6133
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0110
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		03.7820
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.9210
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		03.7820
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.9210
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.4120
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		02.0110
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		04.7321
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		04.3111
Leukemia, Smoldering
[description not available]		02.6930
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.		02.6930
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.		02.0110
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.6930
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.6630
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		012.592725
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		012.592725
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.0110
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.0110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		010.463317
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		010.463317
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.0110
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.0110
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		03.7921
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		03.7921
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		04.4851
Hives
[description not available]		03.3970
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		03.3970
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		02.6830
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		02.6830
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.0110
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.0110
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		03.3420
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		03.3420
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0110
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.0110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.4220
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.4220
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.0110
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		02.0110
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.0110
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		02.0110
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.420
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.420
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.420
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		05.241
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		02.0110
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		05.241
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		03.8340
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.4120
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.0110
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		011.444419
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		02.4220
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		03.630
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		05.7642
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		0450
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0110
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		05.62102
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		02.940
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.0210
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.0210
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9240
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.9240
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		02.4320
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		02.4320
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.0110
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.0110
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		02.7130
Hidradenitis
The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions.		02.0210
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.0210
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		06.23131
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.6730
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.0210
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.0210
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.420
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.0110
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		02.0110
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0110
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		02.0110
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		02.0210
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		02.0210
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.3920
Bed Sores
[description not available]		02.0210
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.6730
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		02.0210
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.6730
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration
[description not available]		05.8164
Machado-Joseph Disease
A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)		05.8164
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		03.3320
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		03.3320
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		03.0950
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		03.6330
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.6330
Choroid Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.		02.0210
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative
[description not available]		02.0210
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.		02.0210
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.9310
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.9310
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.0210
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.0210
Dysphagia
[description not available]		03.821
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.0210
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		0450
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.821
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		0450
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.0210
Edema Disease of Swine
An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.		02.0210
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.4320
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.4320
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.0210
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.9140
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.0210
Egyptian Ophthalmia
[description not available]		02.9310
Blennorrhea, Inclusion
[description not available]		02.9310
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion
An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.		02.9310
Shingles
[description not available]		03.8340
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8340
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0210
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		04.6232
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.6330
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.6330
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		03.4111
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		03.4111
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0210
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.0210
Chorioadenoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.0210
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.0210
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.0210
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.0210
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.0210
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		02.0210
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.6930
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.0210
Malaria, Avian
Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.		02.0210
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0210
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.4320
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.0210
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		02.0210
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.0210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.3920
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.3920
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.6830
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		02.730
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.0210
Nail Fungus
[description not available]		02.0210
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.0210
Onychomycosis
A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.		02.0210
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4320
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.4320
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.420
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.4220
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4220
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.420
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.3920
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		02.8940
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.3920
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.0210
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		03.320
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		03.320
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		03.821
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9410
Moraxella Infections
[description not available]		02.4120
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.4420
Infarct of the Spleen
[description not available]		02.0310
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.0310
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.4420
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.9410
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.0310
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.9310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		03.3320
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.9310
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.3320
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.0310
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.0310
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.0310
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.0310
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.0310
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.0310
Buckley Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6130
Eczema Herpeticum
[description not available]		02.9410
Job Syndrome
Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.		03.6130
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.0310
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.4120
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.4220
Acrania
[description not available]		02.420
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.420
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.4220
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.9410
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.7920
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.9410
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.0310
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.0310
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.7921
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		03.7921
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		02.9610
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		02.9610
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		03.7921
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		03.7921
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		02.0310
Rubeola
[description not available]		04.3311
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		04.3311
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.9240
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.6930
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.9240
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0310
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.6930
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.6930
Vasculitis, Retinal
[description not available]		02.0310
Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.		02.0310
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.4751
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		04.4751
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		02.0310
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		02.0310
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.0310
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		02.0310
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0310
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0310
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.0310
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		02.0310
Hydramnios
[description not available]		02.0310
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.0310
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.0310
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.0310
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.4120
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.6930
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		05.6841
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.0310
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.0310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.420
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.420
Dandy-Walker Complex
[description not available]		02.0310
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.4420
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.0310
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.4220
Ritter Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
HIGM2 Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Histiocytosis
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.		02.0410
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.9610
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.0410
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		03.3220
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic
[description not available]		02.0310
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.0410
Skin Syphilis
[description not available]		02.0410
Aura
[description not available]		02.3620
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.3620
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.8710
B. coli Infection
[description not available]		02.8710
Dientamoeba fragilis Infection
[description not available]		02.8710
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.8840
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		01.9610
Deficiency, IgA
[description not available]		02.3720
Dysgammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.		01.9610
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		03.7521
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		03.7521
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		01.9610
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		07.71114
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.		01.9610
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale
[description not available]		05.7542
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		03.2920
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		01.9610
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		01.9610
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.3511
Cervicitis
[description not available]		04.6721
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.3511
Uterine Cervicitis
Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.		04.6721
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		03.3511
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		03.7621
Balanitis
Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.		03.7721
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		04.6821
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		04.6821
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9610
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9610
Cyst
[description not available]		02.8840
Boutonneuse Fever
A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.		02.8840
Infections, Rickettsiaceae
[description not available]		02.6530
Acantholysis
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.		01.9610
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		02.6730
Chancre
The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.		01.9610
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		03.2920
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		03.2920
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		02.8940
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		03.840
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		02.3620
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.6730
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		02.6730
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9610
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Mouth Breathing
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.		03.3411
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		03.3411
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9140
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		02.9140
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.3920
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.5930
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		03.5930
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		02.910
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.910
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		02.910
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.910
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.420
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		02.420
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		04.721
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		04.721
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		04.1560
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		04.1560
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		01.9810
Favism
Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.		01.9810
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		01.9810
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		01.9810
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		03.7821
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		03.7821
Earache
Pain in the ear.		03.3711
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		02.910
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.630
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.630
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		01.9810
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		01.9810
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.3920
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.		02.910
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		04.8542
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		04.8542
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		01.9810
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.2920
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		03.3711
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.8940
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		02.3920
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.420
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9810
Radius Fractures
Fractures of the RADIUS.		01.9810
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.0750
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.0750
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.6821
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.910
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		04.6821
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.910
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.910
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.910
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3820
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.3820
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.6830
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		01.9810
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		01.9810
Epidermitis, Exudative of Swine
[description not available]		01.9810
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		02.910
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		01.9810
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		01.9810
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		01.9810
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		01.9810
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		01.9810
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.910
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		01.9810
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.3820
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		01.9810
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		01.9810
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		03.7720
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.3820
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9810
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		01.9810
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		01.9810
Abscess, Peritonsillar
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		04.0731
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9810
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9810
Actinobacillus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.		02.6730
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9810
ARC
[description not available]		04.2841
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		04.2841
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		01.9910
Diseases of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.420
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.910
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9910
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		01.9810
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		01.9810
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		01.9910
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.910
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.910
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		01.9910
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9910
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		01.9910
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.6830
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.6830
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9910
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.910
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.320
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.910
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.910
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.3920
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.3920
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.6930
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		02.6930
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9910
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9910
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		01.9910
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		01.9910
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		01.9910
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.840
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		01.9910
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		01.9910
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.840
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		01.9910
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		01.9910
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.		02.420
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.3811
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.3811
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.3811
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		03.320
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		03.320
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		02.3820
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.9110
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		03.3120
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.9110
Ear Infection
[description not available]		02.9110
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		01.9910
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		01.9910
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.6830
Abnormalities, Skin
[description not available]		01.9910
Skin Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.		01.9910
Acariasis
[description not available]		02.420
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.3920
Esophageal Perforation
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.		01.9910
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		01.9910
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		01.9910
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9910
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.		01.9910
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.3820
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.3820
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		01.9910
Focal Infection
An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.		02.420
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		04.0631
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		01.9910
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9910
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		02.9110
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		02.9110
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		0210
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4120
Habermann Disease
[description not available]		0210
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		0210
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		03.2360
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		03.2360
Actinobacillosis
A disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while A. equuli infects horses and pigs.		0210
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		0210
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		0210
Bites
[description not available]		04.0531
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		0210
Peritonitis, Tuberculous
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.		0210
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.3820
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.3820
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.3911
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.3911
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		0210
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		0210
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		0210
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		0210
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		0210
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		04.2741
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		04.2741
Vaginal Discharge
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.		0210
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		0210
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		0210
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		0210
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		0210
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		0210
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		04.0730
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.9210
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.9210
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		02.9210
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.9210
Allergy, Latex
[description not available]		02.9210
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.9210
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		0210
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		01.9910
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.9210
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		02.9210
Blast Phase
[description not available]		0210
Pneumoperitoneum
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.		0210
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.		0210
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		0210
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		0210
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		0210
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		0210
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		0210
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		0210
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		0210
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		03.5930
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		02.0110
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		02.0110
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		02.0110
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.0110
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9510
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.6630
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		02.6630
Angiomatosis, Bacillary
A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.		01.9810
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.8910
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.8910
Hay Fever
[description not available]		01.9810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		01.9810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		01.9810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		01.9810
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.2920
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.2920
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		01.9810
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		01.9810
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		01.9810
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
[description not available]		02.8910
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.		02.8910
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		03.320
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		03.320
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		01.9710
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		01.9710
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		03.3611
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.3720
Dry Eye
[description not available]		01.9710
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.3720
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		01.9710
Leprosy, Borderline
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.		01.9710
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		01.9710
Birth Injuries
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.		03.3611
Borrelia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.		02.3820
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.		03.3611
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9710
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		01.9710
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9710
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		01.9710
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		01.9710
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.3820
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		04.0531
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		01.9710
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		01.9710
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		01.9710
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		04.3222
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		01.9710
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.3820
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.3820
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		01.9710
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		01.9710
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9710
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.8910
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.8910
Amnionitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		01.9710
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		01.9610
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		01.9710
Dracunculiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus Dracunculus. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.		01.9610
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		01.9710
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		01.9710
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		01.9710
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		03.7621
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		03.7621
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.3720
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.3720
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		01.9610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		01.9610
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		01.9710
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		01.9710
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		01.9710
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9710
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		01.9610
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9610
Shock, Surgical
A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.		01.9610
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		01.9610
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		01.9610
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		01.9610
Hiccough
[description not available]		01.9610
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		01.9710
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		01.9710
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		01.9710
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		01.9710
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.		01.9710
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9710
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9710
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		01.9710
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		01.9710
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		01.9710
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		01.9710
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		01.9710
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9710
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9710
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9710
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9610
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9610
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		02.8810
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		01.9610
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		01.9610
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9610
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		01.9610
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		03.3511
Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic
[description not available]		01.9610
Far East Scarlet-like Fever
[description not available]		01.9610
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9610
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		01.9610