A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health problem in Libya, but its exact prevalence is not known." | ( el-Mauhoub, MM; Mehabresh, MI, 1992) |
| "Acute visceral leishmaniasis is associated with an antigen-specific immunosuppression of mononuclear cells as evidenced by defective in vitro production of interferon gamma." | ( Badaro, FS; Badaro, R; Barral, A; Barral-Netto, M; Brandely, M; Carvalho, EM; Carvalho, JS; Falcoff, E; Pedral-Sampaio, D; Silva, L, 1990) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with an antigen-specific immunosuppression during the acute disease." | ( Bacellar, O; Badaro, R; Barral, A; Carvalho, EM; Johnson, WD, 1989) |
| "A case of visceral leishmaniasis is presented, where a pre-existing polycythemia vera obscured signs of the infection." | ( Hellgren, U; Lerner, R; Palmblad, J, 1988) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe chronic disease of people and animals." | ( Chapman, WL; Hanson, WL; White, MR, 1989) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is one of several parasitic diseases of humans characterized by immune suppression." | ( Bonventre, PF; Nickol, AD, 1985) |
| "Seven cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported, whose epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory, evolutive and therapeutical features are presented." | ( García de Miguel, MJ; García Hortelano, J; López-Herce Cid, J; Ramirez Balza, O; Vidal López, ML, 1984) |
| "Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis is not only a children disease." | ( Carcassonne, Y; Imbert, C; Sainty, D; Sebahoun, G, 1980) |
| "Two infants with visceral leishmaniasis are presented who were initially felt to have alternative diagnoses and who subsequently responded dramatically to a short course of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome)." | ( Cox, H; Hann, IM; Novelli, V; Smith, OP, 1995) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by hemoflagellate protozoa which are obligatory parasites of the mononuclear phagocyte system." | ( Bories, C; Boulard, Y; Deniau, M; Durand, R; Fusai, T; Houin, R; Paul, M; Rivollet, D, 1995) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is frequently associated with other opportunistic diseases." | ( Dedet, JP; Lambert, M; Pratlong, F, 1995) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease which has a good prognosis in previously healthy patients who have been successfully treated." | ( Blanquer, J; Llombart, A; Mesejo, A; Núñez, C; Pérez, PL; Ruiz, F; Simó, M, 1993) |
| "Complications of visceral leishmaniasis are explained in part by immune complex pathology, particularly nephritis." | ( Ange, G; Dunan, S; Lamouroux, D; Mary, C; Quilici, M, 1993) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in renal transplant recipients." | ( Arora, P; Bhandari, M; Gulati, S; Gupta, A; Jha, R; Kher, V; Kumar, A; Kumar, P; Murari, M; Sharma, RK, 1996) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania, characterized by intermittent fever, monocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly and hypergammaglobulinemia." | ( Asaoka, H; Fukunaga, T; Hashimoto, Y; Kawakami, A; Kishi, Y; Nakajima, T; Noda, M; Numano, F; Tanaka, A; Usui, M, 1996) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a rare disease in Europe." | ( Kemkes-Matthes, B; Matthes, K; Matzdorff, AC; Pralle, H, 1997) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in District Dir, NWFP." | ( Ahmad, S; Rahim, F; Rehman, F; Zada, B, 1998) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin." | ( Dumon, H; Faraut-Gambarelli, F; Garnier, JM; Gire, C; Minodier, P; Piarroux, R, 1999) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is common in patients with HIV infection living in endemic areas, but the most effective and safe treatment remains unknown." | ( Alvar, J; Gómez-Rodrigo, J; Laguna, F; López-Vélez, R; Medrano, FJ; Pasquau, J; Picó, G; Pulido, F; Salas, A; Sanz, J; Torre-Cisneros, J; Torres, E, 1999) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a rare but potentially life threatening opportunistic protozoan infection in immunocompromised patients." | ( Choudhry, VP; Kashyap, R; Mohapatra, M; Pati, HP, 1999) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by Leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite." | ( Everlien, H; Hockertz, S, 1999) |
| "Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis is an uncommon disease in the endemic area of South France." | ( Garnier, JM; Minodier, P, 2000) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from dogs to humans by a sand-fly vector." | ( Eddlestone, SM, 2000) |
| "Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is a hemoparasitic disease caused by Leishmania donovani." | ( Dwivedi, SN; Kumar, J; Singh, R, 2000) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is accompanied by severe anemia and pancytopenia." | ( Biswas, T; Ghosal, J; Mukhopadhyay, R; Sen, G, 2001) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne systemic infection, which affects half a million people each year in many areas of the world." | ( Kafetzis, DA; Maltezou, HC, 2002) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is common in less developed countries, with an estimated 500000 new cases each year." | ( Boelaert, M; Bryceson, AD; Croft, SL; Desjeux, P; Guerin, PJ; Olliaro, P; Sundar, S; Wasunna, MK, 2002) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in southern Europe." | ( Asensi Botet, F; Ausín Aoiz, I; Canals Baeza, A; Figueras Nadal, MC; García de Miguel, MJ; Velasco Bernardo, R, 2003) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic parasitic infection rarely observed in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome in immunocompetent patients." | ( Attarian, S; Azulay, JP; Disdier, P; Mazodier, C; Pouget, J; Serratrice, J, 2003) |
| "Although visceral leishmaniasis is often fatal in the developing world, Leishmania-attributable deaths in Europe are relatively rare and nowadays almost always linked to HIV infection." | ( Garcia-Cordoba, F; Gonzalez Diaz, G; Ortuño, FJ; Segovia, M, 2005) |
| "Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic disease caused by Leishmania infantum." | ( Auxilia, ST; Noli, C, 2005) |
| "Childhood visceral leishmaniasis is common in Muzaffarabad and there is no resistance to antimonial compounds." | ( Ahmed, I; Ahmed, P; Altaf, C; Anwar, M; Ashraf, T, 2005) |
| "Anemia in visceral leishmaniasis is a usual manifestation; however, Coombs positive hemolytic anemia has been infrequently reported." | ( Mahajan, V; Marwaha, RK, 2007) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in the eastern states of India, but central India remains free of leishmaniais." | ( Dey, A; Sharma, U; Singh, S, 2007) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is deadly if not treated, and development of a vaccine with long-term immunity remains a challenge." | ( Ali, N; Bhowmick, S; Ravindran, R, 2008) |
| "Human visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donovani." | ( Basu, R; Bhaumik, S; Bhaumik, SK; De, T; Naskar, K; Roy, S; Roychoudhury, K; Singh, M, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a rare imported infectious disease in Germany." | ( Harms-Zwingenberger, G; Lübbert, C; Nietsch, HH; Opitz, BM, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an important differential diagnosis for the clinical triad of fever, pancytopenia, and splenomegaly." | ( Harms-Zwingenberger, G; Lübbert, C; Nietsch, HH; Opitz, BM, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an uncommon disease in our country except in some areas where it is endemic." | ( Carrascosa Romero, MC; García Mialdea, O; García Villaescusa, L; Lillo Lillo, M; Sotoca Fernández, JV; Tébar Gil, R, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a major parasitic disease which protection relies on cell-mediated immunity and production of nitric oxide." | ( Adapala, N; Chan, MM, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the most acute form of leishmaniasis and vaccination is the best approach to control it." | ( Alonso, MJ; Azizi, H; Khoshgoo, N; Rafati, S; Taslimi, Y; Zahedifard, F, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is now recognized as an opportunistic disease in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)." | ( Garg, R; Messier, N; Ouellette, M; Sundar, S; Tremblay, MJ; Trudel, N, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by various species of Leishmania." | ( Aragão, EB; Arruda, GA; Daher, EF; Evangelista, LF; Galeano, NM; Lima, RS; Mota, RM; Oliveira, RA; Silva Júnior, GB; Silva, SL, 2008) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly parasitic disease caused by obligate intramacrophage protozoans of the Leishmania genus." | ( Clement, JG; Gershkovich, P; Thornton, SJ; Tidwell, RR; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM; Werbovetz, KA; Zhu, X, 2009) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form of infection caused by a parasite endemic along the Mediterranean coast." | ( Caragol, I; Español, T; Figueras, C; Hernandez, M; Marques, L; Martín, A; Soler-Palacín, P, 2009) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by severe immune suppression of the host." | ( Adhikari, A; Bhattacharjee, S; Bhattacharya, P; Gupta, G; Majumdar, S; Majumdar, SB, 2009) |
| "Drug development in visceral leishmaniasis is extremely vital as the existing therapeutic modalities are plagued by the unwanted twosome of toxicity and drug resistance." | ( Dhuria, S; Kaur, S; Kaur, T; Sachdeva, H; Sharma, M, 2010) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Spain." | ( García Esteban, C; García-Bermejo, I; Guillén Martín, S; La Orden Izquierdo, E; Prieto Tato, LM; Ramos Amador, JT; Salcedo Lobato, E, 2010) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is still a common disease in our area." | ( García Esteban, C; García-Bermejo, I; Guillén Martín, S; La Orden Izquierdo, E; Prieto Tato, LM; Ramos Amador, JT; Salcedo Lobato, E, 2010) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic infection that affects human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in leishmaniasis-endemic areas." | ( Barragán, P; López-Velez, R; Olmo, M; Podzamczer, D, 2010) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by an obligate intra-macrophage protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani." | ( Chattopadhyay, A; Paila, YD; Saha, B, 2010) |
| "Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is a disseminated protozoal infection caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania (Leishmania donovani in India)." | ( Aneja, S; Basu, S; Dutta, AK; Kaur, S; Maheshwari, A; Patel, R; Rath, B; Seth, A, 2011) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic parasitic disease that is fatal unless treated." | ( Balasegaram, M; Boelaert, M; Faiz, MA; Meheus, F; Olliaro, P; Rijal, S; Sundar, S, 2010) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected diseases." | ( Delacour, H; Koeck, JL; Morand, C; Roche, B; Roche, C, 2010) |
| "Iron deficiency and visceral leishmaniasis are serious problems of public health." | ( Malafaia, G; Marcon, Lde N; Pedrosa, ML; Pereira, Lde F; Rezende, SA, 2011) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a rare opportunistic infection in renal transplantation patients and its presentation may be associated with or masked by many other factors in immunosuppressed patients." | ( Çolakoğlu, Ş; Demıroğlu, YZ; Erken, E; Özelsancak, R; Solmaz, S; Turunç, T; Zümrütdal, A, 2010) |
| "The American visceral leishmaniasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil for both humans and dogs." | ( Alcântara-Neves, NM; Carvalho, KA; Dutra, RF; Fonseca, RA; Melo, SM; Oliveira, GG; Ramos-Jesus, J, 2011) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and no effective vaccine exists." | ( Carrión, J; Folgueira, C; Fresno, M; Requena, JM; Soto, M, 2011) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the world' second largest vector-borne parasitic killer and a neglected tropical disease, prevalent in poor communities." | ( Andersen, EW; Boelaert, M; Chakravarty, J; Gidwani, K; Ostyn, B; Picado, A; Rijal, S; Rogers, ME; Roy, L; Singh, SP; Sudarshan, M; Sundar, S; Uranw, S; Volf, P; Volfova, V, 2011) |
| "Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis due to Leishmania infantum." | ( Delaunay, P; Ferrua, B; Marty, P; Michel, G; Pomares, C; Rosenthal, E, 2011) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniases affecting millions of people worldwide often resulting in death despite optimal therapy." | ( Agallou, M; Karagouni, E; Smirlis, D; Soteriadou, KP, 2012) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a life threatening systemic infectious disease caused by Leishmania protozoon, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies, and is widespread in Mediterranean countries including Turkey." | ( Arslan, H; Demiroğlu, YZ; Kurşun, E; Solmaz, S; Turunç, T, 2013) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is protozoonosis that occurs worldwide and still requires effective therapies with less toxicity." | ( Amagai, Y; Chiba, R; Katakura, K; Matsuda, H; Tanaka, A, 2014) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease that affects nearly a million people every year." | ( Abreu, S; Barratt, G; Chaminade, P; Cheron, M; Gueutin, C; Loiseau, PM; Pham, TT, 2014) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially life-threatening infection; to the best of our knowledge, this is the oldest transplanted patient with a case of leishmaniasis described in the literature." | ( Bertucci-Zoccali, M; Bianchi, V; Citterio, F; Paola Salerno, M; Pedroso, JA; Romagnoli, J; Spagnoletti, G; Zaccone, G, 2014) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease, and Leishmania infantum chagasi (synonym of Leishmania infantum) is the main pathogenic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World." | ( Afonso, LC; Almeida, MR; Baqui, MM; Borges-Pereira, L; Bressan, GC; Castro, FF; de Souza, AC; de Souza, RF; Fietto, JL; Firmino, Rde C; Gomes, RS; Gómez, GA; Maciel, TE; Mariotini-Moura, C; Oliveira, CM; Pinheiro, Ada C; Serafim, TD; Silva E Bastos, M; Silva-Júnior, A; Vasconcellos, Rde S, 2014) |
| "Drug efficacy for visceral leishmaniasis is ideally tested in hamsters, an experimental model that mimics human disease." | ( Coelho, AC; Cotrim, PC; Oliveira, JC; Reimão, JQ; Trinconi, CT; Uliana, SR, 2015) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani." | ( Andreani, G; Barat, C; Gomez, AM; Menasria, R; Ouellet, M; Tremblay, MJ, 2015) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease that has a high fatality rate in the absence of treatment." | ( Barber, MM; Manetsch, R; Van Horn, KS; Wang, MZ; Werbovetz, KA; Yang, S; Zhu, X, 2015) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp." | ( Andrade, JX; Chaves, RV; Costa, CH; da Silva, DM; de Carvalho, VP; de Oliveira, CM; de Oliveira, RA; de Silva, AA; de Silva, LS; Esmeraldo, Rde M; Fernandes, PF; Pacheco e Silva Filho, Á; Sesso, Rde C, 2015) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease characterized by intense parasitism of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow." | ( Aragão, MT; Braz, JM; da Silva, ÂM; de Almeida, RP; de Jesus, AR; de Moura, TR; de Oliveira, FA; Santos, LF; Santos, ML; Santos, PL, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe parasitic disease that is one of the most neglected tropical diseases." | ( Braillard, S; Brown, AD; Cao, Y; Feijens, PB; Gardner, JM; Gibson, KR; Glossop, PA; Hua, W; Maes, LJ; Matheeussen, A; Mills, JE; Morgans, GL; Mowbray, CE; Speed, W; Whitlock, GA, 2015) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic in East Africa where improved patient-adapted treatments are needed." | ( Alvar, J; Balasegaram, M; Hailu, A; Juma, R; Khalil, EA; Musa, A; Olobo, J; Wasunna, M; Wells, S, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a potent disease caused by Leishmania donovani." | ( Chattopadhyay, A; Jafurulla, M; Kumar, GA; Mandal, C; Roy, S, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is mostly subclinical, but it can become symptomatic and take acute, subacute or chronic forms." | ( Behdani, R; Mazloum Farsi Baf, M; Sasannejad, P; Zabolinejad, N, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis characterized by chronic evolution of symptoms; it usually appears 2 to 4 months after the initial infection, with multiple cutaneous lesions and systemic involvement, which if left untreated results in death in 90 % of cases." | ( Duarte, FB; Filho, PA; Filho, TP; Lemes, RP; Moreira-Nunes, CA; Quixada, A, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is considered an endemic zoonosis in some parts of Iran and dogs are main reservoirs, which play role in the transmission cycle of human leishmaniasis." | ( Fakhar, M; Shokri, A; Teshnizi, SH, 2017) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected disease of poor and developing countries." | ( Alonso, C; Balaña-Fouce, R; Fuertes, M; González, M; Palacios, F; Pérez-Pertejo, Y; Reguera, RM; Rubiales, G; Tejería, A, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem on the Indian subcontinent, causing high morbidity and mortality." | ( Boelaert, M; Hasker, E; Singh, OP; Sundar, S, 2016) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the most alarming and devastating amongst the various forms of leishmaniases." | ( Kaur, S; Sachdeva, H, 2018) |
| "Recent emergence of visceral leishmaniasis is of concern." | ( Goonerathne, L; Karunanayake, P; Karunaweera, ND; Siriwardana, HVYD, 2017) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is recognized as an emerging health threat in Sri Lanka." | ( Goonerathne, L; Karunanayake, P; Karunaweera, ND; Siriwardana, HVYD, 2017) |
| "In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis and with the dog as its main urban reservoir." | ( Alves, ND; Amora, SSA; Campos, MP; Figueiredo, FB; Freitas, YBN; Kazimoto, TA; Magalhães, JME; Melo, AECDS; Sousa, MLR; Werneck, GL, 2018) |
| "The therapy of visceral leishmaniasis is limited due to high toxicity, resistance to existing drugs and increasing cases of Leishmania co-infections." | ( Chauhan, IS; Singh, N, 2018) |
| "In Europe visceral leishmaniasis is considered endemic mainly in the Mediterranean countries and cases in non-endemic European countries north of the Alps have primarily been reported in returning travellers." | ( Adamczick, C; Blum, J; Dierig, A; Ritz, N; Schifferli, A; Welzel, T, 2018) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an important differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin and pancytopenia in young children living in countries with endemic disease and highlights the importance of obtaining a detailed travel history." | ( Adamczick, C; Blum, J; Dierig, A; Ritz, N; Schifferli, A; Welzel, T, 2018) |
| "The visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L." | ( Abhishek, K; Chaba, R; Das, P; Jha, PK; Khan, MI; Mishra, A; Sinha, KK, 2019) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease with no vaccine available and its pharmacological treatment is reduced to a limited number of unsafe drugs." | ( Álvarez-Velilla, R; Balaña-Fouce, R; Fresno, M; Gutiérrez-Corbo, MDC; Pérez-Pertejo, MY; Punzón, C; Reguera, RM, 2019) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania." | ( Cascio, A; Cervo, A; Colomba, C; Di Carlo, P; Firenze, A; Saporito, L; Tolomeo, M; Trizzino, M, 2019) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic disease that affects humans and dogs as well." | ( Giunchetti, RC; Nadaes, NR; Nascimento, MT; Pinto-da-Silva, LH; Reis, AB; Roatt, BM; Saraiva, EM; Viana, KF; Wardini, AB, 2019) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is an important but neglected disease that is spreading and is highly lethal when left untreated." | ( Bermudi, PMM; Blangiardo, M; Chiaravalloti-Neto, F; Cipriano, RS; Costa, DNCC; Hiramoto, RM; Nunes, CM; Rodas, LAC; Tolezano, JE, 2020) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is responsible for up to 30,000 deaths every year." | ( Ballard, J; Be, C; Berman, A; Biggart, A; Bursulaya, B; Caridha, D; Chen, YL; Chianelli, D; Davis, LC; Eggimann, FK; Gao, MY; Gibney, M; Glynne, RJ; Groessl, T; Hein, A; Jiricek, J; Johnson, K; Khare, S; Kreishman-Deitrick, M; Lai, YH; Lerario, I; Liang, F; Liu, X; Luneau, A; Mathison, CJN; Molteni, V; Nagle, A; Pybus, B; Rao, SPS; Richmond, W; Rudewicz, PJ; Sciotti, RJ; Shapiro, M; Smith, J; Spraggon, G; Srinivas, H; Supek, F; Thompson, C; Tuntland, T; Wiesmann, C; Xie, Y; Yeh, V, 2020) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease widely distributed worldwide." | ( Alves, EB; Castro, MC; Figueiredo, FB; Rocha, MF; Werneck, GL, 2020) |
| "Visceral Leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and can be fatal in the absence of treatment." | ( Islam, MS; Kabir, MA; Malek, MS; Robi, IH; Siddiqui, NI; Sumon, SM; Uddin, MZ, 2020) |
| "Visceral Leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease with increasing incidences of drug resistance." | ( Paul, A; Singh, S, 2021) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by an intracellular parasite, Leishmania donovani." | ( Chugh, A; Kumar, V, 2021) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection that is fatal if untreated." | ( Lehto, VP; Mondal, S; Näkki, S; Närvänen, A; Nissinen, T; Rantanen, J; Riikonen, J; Thapa, R, 2021) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania donovani or L." | ( Batra-Sharma, H; Chen, Y; Dixit, UG; Kiser, ET; Wacker, MA; Wilson, ME, 2021) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites belonging to the Leishmania genus that infect macrophages in different tissues such as the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and intestine." | ( Cavallone, IN; Chucri, TM; de Lima, SKS; Jesus, JA; Laurenti, MD; Mari, RB; Marinsek, GP; Oliveira, KS; Passero, LFD, 2022) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the parasitic protists, Leishmania donovani and L." | ( Ainslie, KM; Bachelder, EM; Baell, J; Das, N; Ganguly, D; Hasan Zahid, MS; Johnson, MM; Koh, D; McConville, M; McNamara, N; No, JH; Patra, B; Roy, J; Saunders, E; Shum, D; Simpson, K; Talukdar, A; Varghese, S; Varma, DM; Zheng, R, 2022) |
| "Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis in Brazil." | ( Almeida, ADBPF; Ayres, EDCBS; Barbosa, MEC; Dias, ÁFLR; Dutra, V; Macedo, LFDC; Monteiro, BRG; Nakazato, L; Pazzini, SS; Silva, EBD; Sousa, VRF, 2022) |
| "Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis." | ( Basu, A; Dash, N; Katoch, GS; Mewara, A; Pandiarajan, V; Saharan, P, 2023) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "If not treated, visceral leishmaniasis is often fatal." | ( Chapman, WL; Hanson, WL; White, MR, 1989) |
| "A plea is made that the initial treatment of visceral leishmaniasis should be adequate in dose and duration." | ( Anabwani, G; Bryceson, AD; Chulay, JD; Chunge, C; Gachihi, G; Ho, M; Meme, J; Mugambii, M; Muigai, R; Were, JB, 1985) |
| "Frequent relapses after treatment for visceral leishmaniasis and apparent parasitological cure is not commonly reported." | ( Kirigi, G; Mbugua, J; Muigai, R; Nyakundi, PM; Rashid, JR; Wasunna, KM; Were, JB, 1995) |
| "Patients do not always respond to treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony, and the drug has toxic effects." | ( Biswas, UK; Jha, AM; Khan, AB; Mishra, M, 1994) |
| "If untreated, visceral leishmaniasis runs a fatal course." | ( Desmyttere, S; Hachimi-Idrissi, S; Otten, J, 1993) |
| "The reference treatment in visceral leishmaniasis is administration of antimonial compounds (Pentostam, Glucantime)." | ( Bernard, E; Dellamonica, P; Durant, J; Le Fichoux, Y; Quaranta, JF, 1993) |
| "The WHO recommendations treating visceral leishmaniasis with prolonged administration of Glucantime may prevent relapses." | ( Dumon, H; Gambarelli, F; Garnier, JM; Kaplanski, S; Piarroux, R; Unal, D, 1996) |
| "Recently we treated a case of visceral leishmaniasis in which the patient was misdiagnosed as malignant lymphoma, and went through splenectomy and steroid administration, which made the diagnosis more difficult." | ( Asaoka, H; Fukunaga, T; Hashimoto, Y; Kawakami, A; Kishi, Y; Nakajima, T; Noda, M; Numano, F; Tanaka, A; Usui, M, 1996) |
| "ABCD is an effective treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients." | ( Brogden, RN; Coukell, AJ; Goa, KL, 1998) |
| "There is no effective oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), a disseminated intracellular protozoal infection that occurs worldwide." | ( Goyal, AK; Hilgard, P; Makharia, MK; Mandal, AK; Murray, HW; Rosenkaimer, F; Sundar, S; Voss, A, 1998) |
| "High cost is the principal drawback of treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) with any of the new lipid formulations of amphotericin B." | ( Goyal, AK; More, DK; Murray, HW; Singh, MK; Sundar, S, 1998) |
| "The standard treatment of human visceral leishmaniasis involves the use of pentavalent antimony (SbV) compounds." | ( Bitnun, A; Ephros, M; Shaked, P; Waldman, E; Zilberstein, D, 1999) |
| "This report reviews the evolution of treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, considers the interaction of the immune response and chemotherapy, highlights therapeutic successes and failures, examines advantages and disadvantages of current treatments, and looks at future therapeutic approaches to the management of this disseminated intracellular protozoal infection." | ( Murray , HW, 2000) |
| "Sb(v) has been highly effective in the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL: kala-azar) at a low dose (10 mg/kg) for short durations (6-10 days)." | ( Sundar, S, 2001) |
| "Dogs in Cristo Redentor were untreated controls." | ( de Almeida, CE; de Barros, AT; dos Santos, SO; Giffoni, JH; Ortega, VS, 2002) |
| "During treatment for visceral leishmaniasis he developed disseminated miliary papules." | ( Badaró, R; Bittencourt, A; Follador, I; Nunes, VL; Silva, N; Straatmann, A, 2002) |
| "The standard treatment of visceral leishmaniasis is pentavalent antimony (meglumine antimoniate or sodium stibogluconate), but toxicity is frequent with this drug." | ( Garnier, JM; Minodier, P; Retornaz, K; Robert, S, 2003) |
| "The reference treatment in visceral leishmaniasis is administration of antimonial compounds." | ( Amari, L; Belhaj, S; Ben Chaabene, T; Goubontini, A; Kilani, B, 2004) |
| "However conventional antimony treatment for visceral leishmaniasis has several main drawbacks, including the toxicity of pentavalent antimonials, the prolonged therapy required to achieve cure, and the risk of relapse even after initial good response." | ( Mastroianni, A, 2004) |
| "Standard treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine) pose several problems." | ( Colakoglu, M; Colakoglu, NY; Yaylali, GF; Yilmaz, M, 2006) |
| "Standard treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (antimonials, amphotericin B and pentamidine) pose several problems." | ( Colakoglu, M; Fidan Yaylali, G; Yalcin Colakoglu, N; Yilmaz, M, 2006) |
| "Diagnosis and treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is extremely unsatisfactory." | ( Agrawal, S; Rai, M; Sundar, S, 2005) |
| "Large-scale antimony resistance in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in north Bihar, India, has led to the development of miltefosine as an alternative therapy." | ( Bhattacharya, SK; Jha, TK; Rai, M; Sundar, S; Thakur, CP, 2006) |
| "Major therapeutic obstacles in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) include the alarming increase in antimonial unresponsiveness especially in Bihar, India and relapses in HIV-Leishmania co-infected patients." | ( Chatterjee, M; Sundar, S, 2006) |
| "Little is known about the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in pregnancy, especially in resource-poor settings." | ( Balasegaram, M; Davidson, R; Koummuki, Y; Mueller, M; Ritmeijer, K; Santana, MR, 2006) |
| "Aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis, to verify the occurrence of a possible disease relapse, and to search for the presence of the parasites after the end of the treatment, seven dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi were used." | ( Bonello, FL; de Lima, VM; Feitosa, MM; Ikeda-Garcia, FA; Lopes, RS; Marques, FJ; Morinishi, CK; Perri, SH; Zanette, MF, 2007) |
| "For the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Uganda, AmB therefore had a similar effectiveness and safety profile to that of meglumine antimoniate." | ( Cavailler, P; Chappuis, F; Couffignal, S; Loutan, L; Mueller, Y; Nguimfack, A; Rwakimari, JB, 2008) |
| "To estimate drug costs of treating visceral leishmaniasis (VL) based on data on the VL population structure from the high-burden, antimony-resistant area of Northern Bihar, India." | ( Olliaro, P; Sundar, S, 2009) |
| "Without treatment, visceral leishmaniasis is inevitably fatal." | ( Clement, JG; Gershkovich, P; Thornton, SJ; Tidwell, RR; Wasan, EK; Wasan, KM; Werbovetz, KA; Zhu, X, 2009) |
| "Combination therapy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis has increasingly been advocated as a way to increase treatment efficacy and tolerance, reduce treatment duration and cost, and limit the emergence of drug resistance." | ( Alvar, J; Balasegaram, M; Boelaert, M; Lynen, L; Meheus, F; van Griensven, J, 2010) |
| "Short course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B has been safe and effective." | ( García Esteban, C; García-Bermejo, I; Guillén Martín, S; La Orden Izquierdo, E; Prieto Tato, LM; Ramos Amador, JT; Salcedo Lobato, E, 2010) |
| "Detailed reports on the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are scarce, particularly with regard to the utilization of antimoniate of N-methylglucamine." | ( Brustoloni, YM; Cônsolo, LZ; Cunha, RV; Dorval, ME; Oliveira, AL; Oshiro, ET, 2010) |
| "Combination therapy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis has increasingly been advocated as a way to increase treatment efficacy and tolerance, to reduce treatment duration and cost, and to limit the emergence of drug resistance." | ( Gupta, S; Sane, SA; Shakya, N, 2011) |
| "Several advances in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis have been accomplished during the past few years." | ( Palumbo, E, 2010) |
| "A recent study has shown that treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with the standard dose of 15 mg/kg/day of paromomycin sulphate (PM) for 21 days was not efficacious in patients in Sudan." | ( Balasegaram, M; Edwards, T; El-Hassan, A; Fadlalla, A; Hailu, A; Khalil, E; Kokwaro, G; Mudawi, M; Musa, AM; Omollo, R; Royce, C; Wasunna, M; Younis, B, 2010) |
| "The number of relapses in patients treated for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has increased, thus identifying prognostic factors may aid decisions on treatment." | ( Butsashvili, M; Chubabria, G; Kajaia, M; Kamkamidze, G; Kokaia, N; McNutt, LA; Morse, DL; Zenaishvili, O, 2011) |
| "Combination treatments for visceral leishmaniasis are efficacious and safe, and decrease the duration of therapy, thereby encouraging adherence and reducing emergence of drug-resistant parasites." | ( Alam, S; Arora, R; Balasegaram, M; Chakravarty, J; Das, P; Ellis, S; Kumari, P; Lal, CS; Modabber, F; Nawin, K; Olliaro, P; Pandey, K; Rai, M; Sharma, B; Sinha, PK; Strub-Wourgaft, N; Sundar, S; Vaillant, M; Verma, DK; Verma, N, 2011) |
| "A lysis syndrome may complicate the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis." | ( Elisaf, MS; Kei, AA; Liberopoulos, EN, 2012) |
| "The need for drug combinations to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL) arose because of resistance to antimonials, the toxicity of current treatments and the length of the course of therapy." | ( Reimão, JQ; Tempone, AG, 2011) |
| "Current drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate, and their efficacies are also compromised due to suppression of immune function during the course of infection." | ( Gupta, S; Haq, W; Sane, SA; Shakya, N, 2012) |
| "Use of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered by its potential teratogenicity." | ( Balasegaram, M; Beijnen, JH; de Vries, PJ; Dorlo, TP; Huitema, AD; Lima, MA, 2012) |
| "Alternative treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are required in East Africa." | ( Abuzaid, AA; Ahmed, O; Apadet, L; Balasegaram, M; Edwards, T; El-Hassan, A; Ellis, S; Fadlalla, A; Hailu, A; Hailu, W; Hurissa, Z; Kesusu, J; Khalil, E; Kimutai, R; Kirigi, G; Lodenyo, H; Makonnen, E; Manduku, V; Mbui, J; Mekonnen, Y; Mengistu, G; Mucee, G; Mueller, M; Musa, A; Musa, B; Mutea, D; Mutuma, G; Ndegwa, S; Njoroge, S; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Owiti, R; Rashid, J; Sagaki, P; Tafes, H; Wasunna, M; Weldegebreal, T; Yifru, S, 2012) |
| "The current treatment of visceral leishmaniasis is made difficult by the low efficacy, elevated costs, low bioavailability, and high toxicity of many of the available drugs." | ( Gomes, MS; Gomes, P; Matos, J; Moreira, R; Tomás, A; Vale, N; Vale-Costa, S, 2012) |
| "Current drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate and their efficacies are also compromised due to suppression of immune function associated during the course of infection." | ( Kaur, S; Sachdeva, H; Sehgal, R, 2014) |
| "Chemotherapeutic agents used for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are now threatened due to the emergence of acquired drug resistance and toxicity." | ( Abhishek, K; Agnihorti, S; Ansari, MY; Das, P; Das, S; Ghosh, AK; Kumar, A; Kumar, M; Purkait, B; Sardar, AH, 2013) |
| "The current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the systemic form of the disease, involve pathogen-mediated drugs and have long treatment regimens, increasing the risk of forming resistant strains." | ( Ainslie, KM; Bachelder, EM; Borteh, H; Collier, MA; Gautam, S; Oghumu, S; Papenfuss, TL; Peine, KJ; Sataoskar, AR; Varikuti, S, 2016) |
| "New therapeutics are urgently needed to treat visceral leishmaniasis (VL)." | ( Alves, RJ; Barichello, JM; Carvalho, AM; Coelho, EA; Duarte, MC; Lage, DP; Lage, LM; Martins, VT; Menezes-Souza, D; Roatt, BM; Tavares, CA, 2016) |
| "To assess the rate of default from treatment in the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme and to identify risk factors and its underlying causes." | ( Boelaert, M; Chakravarty, J; Hasker, E; Kansal, S; Kumar, A; Malaviya, P; Ostyn, B; Sundar, S, 2017) |
| "Low efficacy of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis was recently observed in Eastern Africa." | ( Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Beijnen, JH; Dorlo, TPC; Ellis, SJ; Hailu, A; Karlsson, MO; Khalil, EAG; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Musa, AM; Njenga, S; Olobo, J; Wasunna, M; Younis, BM, 2017) |
| "Convenient, safe, and effective treatments for visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern African children are lacking." | ( Alvar, J; Alves, F; Dorlo, TPC; Egondi, TW; Kimutai, R; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Mbui, J; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Omollo, T; Sagaki, P; Solomos, A; Wasunna, M; Were, L, 2019) |
| "There is currently no satisfactory treatment for visceral leishmaniasis; the disease is thus in desperate need of novel drugs." | ( Belmonte-Reche, E; Corpas-López, V; de Pedro, N; Díaz-Gavilán, M; Franco-Montalbán, F; Gómez-Vidal, JA; López-Viota, J; López-Viota, M; Martín-Sánchez, J; Merino-Espinosa, G; Morillas-Márquez, F; Pérez-Del Palacio, J, 2019) |
| "The choice of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis depends on the geographic region where the infection is acquired." | ( Diro, E; van Griensven, J, 2019) |
| "Diagnosis and treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered to be delayed amongst poor, rural women in highly endemic districts of Bihar and Jharkhand." | ( Burza, S; Jayakumar, B; Misra, K; Murthy, N, 2019) |
| "The application of RF07 in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis suggests that it is an alternative to the disease, since the reversal of clinical signs in dogs with VL requires the use of 0." | ( Braz, DC; Cunha, RLOR; das Chagas Pereira de Andrade, F; de Amorim Carvalho, FA; de Carvalho Maia, OA; Filgueiras, LA; Maia Filho, ALM; Mendes, AN; Rodezno, SVA; Viana Nunes, AM, 2020) |
| "There is an urgent need for new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a parasitic infection which impacts heavily large areas of East Africa, Asia, and South America." | ( Brand, S; De Rycker, M; Dodd, PG; Fiandor, JM; Gilbert, IH; Ko, EJ; Lukac, I; Manthri, S; Marco, M; Martin, J; McGonagle, K; Miles, TJ; Osuna-Cabello, M; Pont, C; Read, KD; Riley, J; Simeons, F; Stojanovski, L; Thomas, J; Thomas, M; Thompson, S; Viayna, E; Wyatt, PG; Zuccotto, F, 2021) |
| "Current treatment for visceral leishmaniasis is based on drugs such as pentavalent antimony and amphotericin B." | ( Almeida-Amaral, EE; Emiliano, YSS, 2023) |