Page last updated: 2024-12-06

sulfur

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Description

cyclooctasulfur: inhibits histamine release from mast cells; isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cyclooctasulfur : A homomonocyclic compound composed of eight sulfur atoms. It has been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom commonly used in Chinese medicine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	66348
CHEBI ID	29385
MeSH ID	M0020797
PubMed CID	5362487
MeSH ID	M0020797

Synonyms (279)

Synonym
nsc603623
from culture broth of actinomycete, strain to 447(streptomyces albulus)
cyclooctasulfur
sulfur, mol. (s8)
cyclic octaatomic sulfur
10544-50-0
CHEBI:29385
octasulfur
octathiocane
unii-70fd1kfu70
70fd1kfu70 ,
1326-66-5
orthorhombic sulfur
FT-0689075
sulfur [vandf]
sulfur,micronized [vandf]
sulfur, pharmaceutical [mi]
sulfur [orange book]
sulfur [inci]
sulfur [jan]
sulfur [who-dd]
sulfur [hsdb]
sulfur [mi]
sulphur [hpus]
AKOS015903681
cyclooctasulphur
sulfur molecule (s8)
sulfur octamer
JLQNHALFVCURHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
sulphur yellow 2
sulfur powder, precipitated
sulfur pieces, puratronic
sulfur, plasma standard solution, specpure?, s 10,000?g/ml
sulfur, aas standard solution, specpure?, s 1000?g/ml
DTXSID80872924
sulfur powder, precipitated, purified
sulfur powder
mfcd00085316
sulfur powder, -325 mesh
schwefelblum
DB09353
FT-0700849
Q7076759
cyclooctasulfane
cyclic sulfur s8
octasulfur - $-alpha
thion
9035-99-8
solfa
sulfur hydroxide
sulfur (jp17)
sulfur, precipitated (usp)
sulfur, sublimed (usp)
sulfur hydride
sulphur
soufre
sulfur, 99.999%
sulikol
sufran
7704-34-9
ground vocle sulfur
colloidal-s
sulfidal
sultaf
sulfex
ultra sulfur
sulforon
sulfur ointment
thiovit
sublimed sulfur
spersul
sulfur, pharmaceutical
sulfur, sublimed
precipitated sulfur
brimstone
sperlox-s
sulfur, monoclinic
sofril
bensulfoid
asulfa-supra
sulfur atom
sufran d
spersul thiovit
thiolux
sulfur, solid
sulkol
super cosan
sulfur, rhombic
sulfur vapor
flour sulfur
atomic sulfur
flowers of sulfur
colloidal sulfur
sulfur, precipitated
sulsol
svovl
elemental sulfur
sulfur
S
sulfur, powder, 99.98% trace metals basis
sulfur, 99.998% trace metals basis
sulfur, flakes, >=99.99% trace metals basis
aquilite
sulphur, precipitated, sublimed or colloidal
sulfur, molten [na2448] [class 9]
agri-sul
flour sulphur
sulfur (molten)
thiozol
sulfur, molten [un2448] [flammable solid]
sulfur, sublimed [usp]
sulfur [na1350] [class 9]
sulfur, precipitated [usp]
suffa
sublimed sulphur
ground vocle sulphur
sulfospor
gofrativ
thiovit s
sulfur soap
technecoll
devisulphur
zolvis
flowers of sulphur
tesuloid
an-sulfur colloid kit
sulfur, colloidal, metastable technetium-99 labeled
super six
sulfur [un1350] [flammable solid]
sulphur [iso]
soufre [iso-french]
wettasul
sulfur compounds
technescan sulfur colloid
sulfur precipitated
sulfur, elemental
sulfur (0)
sulfur, purum p.a., >=99.5% (t)
sulfur, reagent grade, purified by sublimation, -100 mesh particle size, powder
sulfur, saj first grade, >=98.0%
sulfur, pestanal(r), analytical standard
sulfur, puriss., 99.5-100.5%, meets analytical specification of ph. eur., bp, usp, precipitated
sulfur, powder, colloidal
sulfur, reagent grade, powder, purified by refining, -100 mesh particle size
sulfur, prilled, >=99.99 trace metals basis
sulfur, puriss., 95.0%
sulfur, lr, >=99%
sulfur bactericide,fumigant
DTXSID9034941 ,
sulfur (>80per cent)
sulfur 3% soap bar
sulfaderm
end-zit
sunday riley saturn sulfur acne spot treatment mask
nerd acne treatment
earths care acne treatment mask
acne drying lotion
eradikate facial mask
rodan and fieldsunblemish 1 wash acne medicated cleanser
overnight spot treatment
sulfur acne treatment
proactiv clean mineral acne cleanser
motto
eradikate acne treatment
get clarity foaming acne cleanser
sulphur7138
epionce purifying spot gel
calm eczema therapy wash
de la cruz sulfur acne medication
dermawash s2
sulfur calming mask
anna guanche md miracle cream the pimple cream
acne sulfur lotion
kalium sulfuratum bath essence
sulfur 30 special order
sulfur acne foaming cleanser
organic sulfur suspension
sulfur facial washacne cleanser
mineral blemish kit
glytone acne treatment mask
vichy laboratoires normaderm sos acne rescue spot corrector
sunday riley sulfur acne treatment mask
sulfer
naturasilathletes foot
clixit acne spot treatment
sulphur 6c
dr berrysmulti-purpose sulfur creme
belli acne control spot treatment
glovers dandruff control med., floral
sulfur lotion
sulphur200ck
dr berrys
sulfur 3 special order
matys organic baby eczema relief
elfmineral blemish kit box
quick dry acne treatment
glovers dandruff control medicine, regular
sulfur 6
kiehls since 1851 dermatologist solutions breakout control targeted acne spot treatment
treeactiv spot treatment
treeactiv cystic acne spot treatment
feixbioazufre / biosulphur
unblemish clarifying mask
acne control clarifying mask
sulfur spot treatment
malin and goetz
shaant spot hero drying acne treatment
philosophy clear days ahead acne treatment
acne lotionsulfur
game over acne drying treatment
aqua kavi
naturasilscabies
dtxcid7014941
caring mill acne drying
eradikate daily foaming cleanseracne treatment
naturasiljock itch
clixit tinted blemish concealermedium
concealing spot treatment
spot correction
amino maskbioelements
clixit acne drying
sulphor
dermaharmony 10% sulfur
lemaitre sulfur
liquimat
prosacea
activ o2 acne treatment cream
thylox
sulphur kit refill
madina acne
clixit tinted blemish concealer
sulphur 12x
clixit acne eraser
earths care acne spot treatment
bareminerals blemish therapy
armarita
super-sulfur magic mask
calm eczema therapy cream
treatment 101acne clearing treatment
glytone acne clarifying treatment mask
powerspot cleanse
acne clearing sulfur mask
eradikate daily foaming cleanser
naturium sulfur spot treatment 8%
soft services clearing clay multi-use breakout treatment
naturasilringworm
malin and goetzacne treatment
amino mask
sulfur 3x
mdacne customized cream (sulfur)
rapid relief acne sulfur mask
clinicians complex
therapeutic sulfur mask
derma e acne clarifying mask
deep acne
acne lotionsulfursulfur
sulfur facial wash
sulfo lo
sulfur 3%
liquimatacne treatment and cover-up
the inkey list acne clearing moisturizer
acne and blemish control mask
sulphur 30c
lemaitre sulfuracne treatment
arisulfuracne treatment
celestyacne series instant repair mask
sulfur suspension
clixit tinted blemish concealerlight
caring mill acne spot treatment
renu laboratories drying
dermawash
dermaline sulfur
neutrogena stubborn acne spot drying
kate summerville eradikate
sulphur 200c
naturasilinternal parasites
dhc acne spot therapy
josie maran-argan apothecary daily response calming treatment
2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethyl allyl sulphide

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Sulfur has been shown to mitigate the toxic effects of metals on soil organisms. Sulfur deficiency significantly increased imidacloprid accumulation in lettuce tissues.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Mouse toxicity studies (LD50) indicate that while 12 is approximately as toxic as HC-3 (1) and AcHC-3 (3), 11 is 226 times less toxic."	( Effect of sulfur substitution for the noncarbonyl oxygen in hemicholinium-3 and acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3. Synthesis, biological activity, and structure-toxicity relationships. Charles, HC; Chihal, DM; Domer, FR; Rege, AB, 1977)	0.26
"Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance common to heavy drinking of alcohol and heavy smoking of cigarettes."	( Protective action of ascorbic acid and sulfur compounds against acetaldehyde toxicity: implications in alcoholism and smoking. Gonzales, LJ; Parker, CM; Smith, GG; Sprince, H, 1975)	0.25
" Both biotin and sulfathiazole are shown to be promising candidates for use in the suppression of the adverse effects of cisplatin, and other sulfur-containing compounds currently in clinical use may have equivalent or superior properties in this respect."	( Control of the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin by clinically used sulfur-containing compounds. Basinger, MA; Holscher, MA; Jones, MM, 1992)	0.28
" Reaction of DDP with glutathione (GSH), cysteine, or methionine for up to 24 hr led to concentration- and time-dependent loss of its toxic effects, whereas dissolution of DDP alone did not alter its reduction of viability or protein synthesis rate in LLC-PK1 cells."	( Role of endogenous sulfur-containing nucleophiles in an in vitro model of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced nephrotoxicity. Borch, RF; Montine, TJ, 1990)	0.28
" The sensitization to higher doses of selenite by GSH could be explained by the generation of toxic oxygen species."	( Mechanisms of mutagenicity and toxicity of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) in Salmonella typhimurium. Ames, BN; Kramer, GF, 1988)	0.27
"The 24-hr LD50 values of carbon disulfide (CS2) were estimated in 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-day-old rats."	( Toxicity of carbon disulfide in developing rats: LD50 values and effects on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Green, EC; Hunter, A, 1985)	0.27
" It appears that grave toxic effects have been and are being experienced by aquatic systems, but there is little reliable evidence of economic damage to crops, natural vegetation, and soil and biological processes."	( Toxic effects of acid rain on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Rutherford, GK, 1984)	0.27
" These data indicate that alum can be toxic to young broiler chicks, but at levels that would not be expected to be reached through litter consumption, and that alum did not increase intestinal strength."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of alum (aluminum sulfate) in young broiler chickens. Balog, JM; Bayyari, GR; Huff, WE; Moore, PA; Rath, NC, 1996)	0.29
" In conclusion, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for HDS kerosine for reproductive and developmental toxicity in rats is 494 mg/kg/d."	( Toxicity evaluation of petroleum blending streams: reproductive and developmental effects of hydrodesulfurized kerosine. Breglia, R; Bui, Q; Burnett, D; Feuston, M; Koschier, F; Krueger, A; Lapadula, L; Podhasky, P; Rodriquez, S; Schreiner, C; White, R, 1997)	0.3
" The tolerance of the trial medication was registered by means of global assessment, rhinoscopy, recording of adverse events and with the aid of vital and laboratory parameters."	( A randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Luffa comp.-Heel nasal spray with cromolyn sodium spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Gegenheimer, LH; Klein, P; Weiser, M, 1999)	0.3
" Adverse systemic effects did not occur."	( A randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Luffa comp.-Heel nasal spray with cromolyn sodium spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Gegenheimer, LH; Klein, P; Weiser, M, 1999)	0.3
" Reported and theoretical adverse effects from systemic exposure are detailed."	( Topical acne drugs: review of clinical properties, systemic exposure, and safety. Akhavan, A; Bershad, S, 2003)	0.32
"Accumulation, tissue and intracellular localisation, and toxic effects of cadmium were investigated in the liverwort Lunularia cruciata."	( Accumulation, localisation, and toxic effects of cadmium in the liverwort Lunularia cruciata. Basile, A; Cafiero, G; Capasso, C; Carginale, V; Sorbo, S; Trinchella, F, 2004)	0.32
" A safety assessment was based on adverse effects reported by patients or observed by the physician."	( [Efficacy, safety and acceptability of precipitated sulphur petrolatum for topical treatment of scabies at the city of Coro, Falcon State, Venezuela]. Acosta, M; Cazorla, D; Díaz, M, )	0.13
" It usually affects organisms in a strictly dosage-dependent manner being essential at low and toxic at higher concentrations."	( Bioaccumulation and toxicity of selenium compounds in the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Bisová, K; Cízková, M; Doucha, J; Dousková, I; Hlavová, M; Machát, J; Umysová, D; Vítová, M; Zachleder, V, 2009)	0.35
"We, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are issuing this final rule to include benzoyl peroxide as a generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) active ingredient in over-the-counter (OTC) topical acne drug products."	( Classification of benzoyl peroxide as safe and effective and revision of labeling to drug facts format; topical acne drug products for over-the-counter human use; final rule. , 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, σ receptors provide a viable target for the development of pharmacotherapeutics against the adverse effects of METH."	( CM156, a high affinity sigma ligand, attenuates the stimulant and neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in mice. Kaushal, N; Matsumoto, RR; McCurdy, CR; Medina, MA; Mesangeau, C; Seminerio, MJ; Shaikh, J; Wilson, LL, )	0.13
"The molecular mode(s)-of-action of the toxic metal chromium has yet to be fully resolved."	( Chromate toxicity and the role of sulfur. Avery, SV; Holland, SL, 2011)	0.37
" We therefore compared the toxic effects of classroom, outdoor, and residential PM(10)."	( Toxicity and elemental composition of particulate matter from outdoor and indoor air of elementary schools in Munich, Germany. Behrendt, H; Buters, JT; Dietrich, S; Fromme, H; Jörres, RA; Nowak, D; Oeder, S; Pusch, G; Schierl, R; Schober, W; Weichenmeier, I, 2012)	0.38
"Cobalt (Co) is present in trace amounts in the environment but it can be toxic when it accumulates in cells."	( Cobalt stress in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica: molecular bases for toxicity and resistance. Barras, F; Fontecave, M, 2011)	0.37
" Results showed that both the effluent and river waters were toxic to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria."	( Assessing acute toxicity of effluent from a textile industry and nearby river waters using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in continuous mode. Gurung, A; Hassan, SH; Oh, SE, 2011)	0.37
" In general, the smaller the LD₅₀ value, the more toxic the chemical, and the larger the LD₅₀ value, the lower the toxicity."	( Prediction of acute mammalian toxicity using QSAR methods: a case study of sulfur mustard and its breakdown products. Begluitti, G; Mumtaz, M; Ruiz, P; Tincher, T; Wheeler, J, 2012)	0.38
" We hypothesized that if the supplemental Mo adequately bound excess S in the rumen, it would not be available at toxic concentrations."	( Effects of supplemental molybdenum on animal performance, liver copper concentrations, ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations, and the appearance of sulfur and molybdenum toxicity in steers receiving fiber-based diets. Austin, KJ; Cammack, KM; Johnson, PS; Kessler, KL; Olson, KC; Wright, CL, 2012)	0.38
"Sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) is an example of a pesticide that when prepared for use in aqueous solution releases two toxic products carbon disulfide (CS2 ) (active ingredient) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) in ambient air in equimolar concentrations resulting in potential exposure to workers and bystanders."	( A review of developmental and reproductive toxicity of CS2 and H2 S generated by the pesticide sodium tetrathiocarbonate. Silva, M, 2013)	0.39
"The spatial distribution and toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) in the joint presence of sulfur (S) in rice seedling remain almost unknown."	( Spatial distribution and toxicity of cadmium in the joint presence of sulfur in rice seedling. Han, X; Lin, K; Liu, L; Zhang, W; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
" Detailed investigation into how such additives affect exhaust toxicity is therefore necessary and has to be performed before epidemiological evidence points towards adverse effects of their application."	( Effects of an iron-based fuel-borne catalyst and a diesel particle filter on exhaust toxicity in lung cells in vitro. Comte, P; Czerwinski, J; Heeb, NV; Mayer, A; Petri-Fink, A; Rothen-Rutishauser, B; Steiner, S, 2015)	0.42
"Multiple studies show that particulate mass (PM) generated from incomplete wood combustion may induce adverse health issues in humans."	( Reference particles for toxicological studies of wood combustion: formation, characteristics, and toxicity compared to those of real wood combustion particulate mass. Hirvonen, MR; Jalava, P; Jokiniemi, J; Karhunen, T; Lähde, A; Sippula, O; Tissari, J; Torvela, T; Uski, O, 2014)	0.4
" We found that 5 mg/L NO2 (-)-N was very toxic to the SOB bioreactors in both continuous (R1) and fed-batch (R2) modes, showing complete inhibition of SOB activity within 2 h of operation."	( Development of an online sulfur-oxidizing bacteria biosensor for the monitoring of water toxicity. Cho, JS; Gurung, A; Kang, WC; Oh, SE; Shin, BS, 2014)	0.4
" Selenium, a micronutrient, is essential for both humans and animals but is toxic at higher doses."	( Alleviation of selenium toxicity in Brassica juncea L.: salicylic acid-mediated modulation in toxicity indicators, stress modulators, and sulfur-related gene transcripts. Gupta, M; Gupta, S, 2016)	0.43
" The most toxic compound analyzed showed about 50 times less cytotoxicity than the cisplatin reference compound in HT-29 cells."	( Cytotoxicity studies of water soluble coordination compounds with a [Mo2O2S2](2+) core. Bobersky, S; Gretarsdóttir, JM; Metzler-Nolte, N; Suman, SG, 2016)	0.43
"This paper presents the levels of sulphur, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and potentially toxic trace elements in soils surrounding the Plomin coal-fired power plant (Croatia)."	( Toxic airborne S, PAH, and trace element legacy of the superhigh-organic-sulphur Raša coal combustion: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of soil and ash. Ahel, M; Bituh, T; Fiket, Ž; Kopjar, N; Medunić, G; Mihalić, IB; Mikac, I; Srček, VG, 2016)	0.43
"Numerous in vivo studies have shown that the severe toxic side-effects of intravenously administered cisplatin can be significantly reduced by the co-administration of sulfur-containing 'chemoprotective agents'."	( Tuning the metabolism of the anticancer drug cisplatin with chemoprotective agents to improve its safety and efficacy. Gailer, J; George, GN; Narendran, A; Pickering, IJ; Sooriyaarachchi, M, 2016)	0.43
" Although its antineoplastic effect has been reported in treatment of numerous malignances, various adverse effects seem to be the crucial limiting factor for its administration."	( The Beneficial Effects of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids on Cisplatininduced Cardiotoxicity and Neurotoxicity in Rodents. Djuric, D; Djuric, M; Jakovljevic, V; Joksimovic, J; Rosic, G; Selakovic, D; Srejovic, I; Zivkovic, V, 2018)	0.48
"Considering the facts that sulfur-containing amino acids: (a) do not interfere with chemotherapeutics antitumor action; (b) do not exhibit any toxic effect (unless applied in dose several times above the recommended); and (c) produce significant protective effects on some cisplatin-induced toxicities connected to augmentation of oxidative damage - it seems that their administration can be harmless and protective supplementation against numerous adverse effects of certain antineoplastic agents."	( The Beneficial Effects of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids on Cisplatininduced Cardiotoxicity and Neurotoxicity in Rodents. Djuric, D; Djuric, M; Jakovljevic, V; Joksimovic, J; Rosic, G; Selakovic, D; Srejovic, I; Zivkovic, V, 2018)	0.48
" These investigations revealed that a highly toxic CP-derived hydrolysis product - the highly toxic monoaqua hydrolysis complex (MHC) - is formed within 5min."	( Improving the safety of metal-based drugs by tuning their metabolism with chemoprotective agents. Gailer, J, 2018)	0.48
" In the present study, the toxic effects of V(V) were examined in a sulfur and hydrogen based autotrophic denitrification system."	( Toxic effects of vanadium (V) on a combined autotrophic denitrification system using sulfur and hydrogen as electron donors. Chen, D; Wang, H; Xiao, Z; Yang, K, 2018)	0.48
"Sulfur (S) can modulate plant responses to toxic heavy metals, but the underlying physiological and transcriptional regulation mechanisms remain largely unknown."	( Sulfur nutrition stimulates lead accumulation and alleviates its toxicity in Populus deltoides. Chen, Y; Ding, S; Li, Z; Luo, ZB; Ma, C; Shi, WG; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Interestingly, oilseed rape accumulated seven times higher levels of lead than corn without showing adverse effects on productivity."	( Phytotoxicity of polymetallic mine wastes from southern Tuscany and Saxony. Ancora, S; Büttner, P; Fangmeier, A; Fongoh, AH; Franzaring, J; Monaci, F; Paoli, L; Schlosser, S, 2018)	0.48
" SNP2 also effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancer cells with minimal toxic effect on normal cells."	( Preparation of sulfur nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect. Pangeni, R; Park, JW; Rhim, JW; Shankar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Direct and network meta-analyses were applied to 13 antiscabietic agents on 3 outcomes (cure, persistent itching, and adverse events)."	( Efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anothaisintawee, T; Attia, J; Rattanasiri, S; Thadanipon, K; Thakkinstian, A, 2019)	0.51
" Combination permethrin plus oral ivermectin was ranked highest in terms of cure, topical ivermectin in terms of persistent itching, and synergized pyrethrins in terms of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anothaisintawee, T; Attia, J; Rattanasiri, S; Thadanipon, K; Thakkinstian, A, 2019)	0.51
" The LD50 was > 5000 mg/kg DW."	( Chemical profiles, antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of raw and sulfur-fumigated Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma. Chen, D; He, L; Liu, Y; Yan, Z; Yang, Z; Yuan, M; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"To reduce pressure of toxic metals on crop plants, several strategies are being employed of which nutrient management is gaining much importance."	( Management of chromium (VI) toxicity by calcium and sulfur in tomato and brinjal: Implication of nitric oxide. Prasad, SM; Singh, S, 2019)	0.51
"Sulfur has been shown to mitigate the toxic effects of metals on soil organisms."	( Effects of sulfur on the toxicity of cadmium to Folsomia candida in red earth and paddy soil in southern Fujian. Deng, J; Guo, P; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Su, H; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
"Heat therapy is a promising therapeutic modality for cancer treatment due to the minimum adverse effects of selective local hyperthermia; however, the low heating efficiency of heat therapy under safe conditions is an issue for its bioapplication."	( High-efficiency and safe sulfur-doped iron oxides for magnetic resonance imaging-guided photothermal/magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Cui, Z; Guan, G; He, SA; Hu, J; Li, B; Lu, X; Zhang, W; Zou, R, 2020)	0.56
" The CQDs induced significant toxicity to zebrafish (>150 μg/mL) and the toxic effects were dose-dependent."	( Induced toxicity in early-life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its behavioral analysis after exposure to non-doped, nitrogen-doped and nitrogen, sulfur-co doped carbon quantum dots. Chousidis, I; Leonardos, ID; Stalikas, CD, 2020)	0.56
" Further, Cd-induced adverse effect on membrane stability, cell viability, and redox status was restored due to S under Cd stress."	( Sulfur triggers glutathione and phytochelatin accumulation causing excess Cd bound to the cell wall of roots in alleviating Cd-toxicity in alfalfa. Das, U; Ela, EJ; Kabir, AH; Lee, KW; Rahman, MA, 2021)	0.62
" Sulfur deficiency significantly increased imidacloprid accumulation in lettuce tissues, exacerbated imidacloprid biological toxicity by enhancing the accumulation of toxic metabolites, like imidacloprid-olefin."	( Sulfur deficiency exacerbates phytotoxicity and residues of imidacloprid through suppression of thiol-dependent detoxification in lettuce seedlings. Huang, L; Lin, X; Liu, L; Sun, C; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" This study provides important information on the enantioselective behavior and toxic effects of sulfoxaflor, which can help assess the potential ecological risk of chiral pesticides to aquatic organisms."	( Enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxicity of rac-sulfoxaflor in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chen, X; Deng, Y; Hu, D; Lu, P; Song, B; Wang, R; Xiao, X; Yang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Furthermore, sulfur-fumigation induced the toxicities of medicinal herbs, mainly on hepatotoxicity, which might due to fumigation-induced residues of sulfur dioxide and heavy metal, and generations of sulfur-containing derivatives and toxic metabolites."	( Effects and contributory factors of sulfur-fumigation on the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs evaluated by meta-analysis. Kong, M; Li, SL; Liu, H; Wang, SY; Zhou, SS; Zhu, H; Zhu, JH, 2022)	0.72
" Thus, SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils."	( Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L. Dhankher, OP; Fu, J; Liu, Q; Sun, Y; Tong, H; Wang, Y; Yuan, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic behaviors of four active components of BS and one characteristic component of sulfur-fumigated BS (S-BS) were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-TQ-MS/MS) Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetics changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The uroprotective capacity is determined exclusively by the pharmacokinetic behavior of the compound."	( Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of detoxifying low-molecular-weight thiols. Brock, N; Hilgard, P; Ormstad, K; Orrenius, S; Pohl, J, 1984)	0.27
" Informal comparisons of the pharmacokinetic data from this study with studies in younger volunteers showed a 53% decrease in clearance and an 84% increase in elimination half-life."	( The pharmacokinetics of suriclone after single- and multiple-dose administration in healthy elderly volunteers. Ankier, SI; Chevalier, P; Crome, P; Dowell, P; Guillet, P; Wijayawardhana, P, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic investigations by radioimmunoassay showed a dose-dependent fast rise of plasma concentrations with a peak at 1 h and a rapid decline thereafter."	( Pharmacokinetic and -dynamic studies with a new anxiolytic, suriclone, utilizing EEG mapping and psychometry. Anderer, P; Chwatal, K; Grünberger, J; Linzmayer, L; Saletu, B; Semlitsch, HV, 1994)	0.29
" Suriclone AUC, Cmax and Tmax were not affected by imipramine, and reciprocally."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of suriclone imipramine interaction in man. Bouquet, S; Chakroun, H; Chapelle, G; Chevalier, P; Gaillot, J; Guillet, P; Montay, G; Perault, MC; Vandel, B, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed that in both species compound alpha could not be detected at any sampling time."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior in sheep and cattle of 5-chloro-2-(methylthio)-6-(1-naphthyloxy)-1H-benzimidazole, a new fasciolicide agent. Castillo, R; Del Rivero, L; Hernández-Campos, A; Ibarra-Velarde, F; Jung-Cook, H; Mayet, L; Ramírez, N, 2009)	0.35
" The validated method was applied to a pilot intravenous pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( Determination of a highly selective mixed-affinity sigma receptor ligand, in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Avery, BA; Jamalapuram, S; McCurdy, CR; Mesangeau, C; Vuppala, PK, 2012)	0.38
"A comprehensive pharmacokinetic profiling of novel drugs and therapeutics is a definite prerequisite of drug discovery and development."	( Expedition of in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiling of sulfur nanoparticles based antimicrobials. Basu, A; Bhowmik, M; Choudhury, SR; Goswami, A; Nag, T; Sengupta, K, 2013)	0.39
" The proposed method was used to study the pharmacokinetic dissipation of sulfoxaflor stereoisomers in soil under greenhouse conditions."	( Stereoselective separation and pharmacokinetic dissipation of the chiral neonicotinoid sulfoxaflor in soil by ultraperformance convergence chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, Z; Cheng, Y; Dong, F; Liu, N; Liu, X; Pan, X; Tao, Y; Xu, J; Zheng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetic changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically."	( Evaluation of the influence of sulfur fumigation on the pharmacokinetics of four active ingredients in Si Wu Tang. Cai, B; Cai, H; Cao, G; Li, H; Liu, X; Lou, Y; Pei, K; Qiao, F; Song, X; Tu, S; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic behaviors of four active components of BS and one characteristic component of sulfur-fumigated BS (S-BS) were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-TQ-MS/MS)."	( Effects of sulfur-fumigation on the pharmacokinetics, metabolites and analgesic activity of Radix Paeoniae Alba. Duan, SM; Kong, M; Li, SL; Liu, HH; Shen, MQ; Wang, ZG; Wu, J; Zhang, YB; Zhu, H, 2018)	0.48

Compound-Compound Interactions

Study evaluates the effect of topsoil drying, combined with varying sulfur (S) supply on glucosinolates in Brassica juncea.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The femoral bone from the 18-day pregnancy embryo and an rib cartilage of mature mice have been investigated using PIXE (proton induced X-ray emission) in combination with a proton microprobe on snap frozen cryosectioned material."	( Measurements of mineralization process in the femur growth plate and rib cartilage of the mouse using pixe in combination with a proton microprobe. Chichocki, T; Gonsior, B; Höfert, M; Jarczyk, L; Raith, B; Rokita, E; Strzalkowski, A; Sych, M, 1988)	0.27
" The present work confirms our previous study concerning the role of SeO2 in combination with Cis DDP."	( Cis DDP in combination with selenium and sulfur. Subcellular effect in kidney cells. Electron microprobe study. Berry, JP; Lespinats, G, 1988)	0.27
"An improved method for sulfur chemiluminescence detection in combination with capillary gas chromatography was established."	( Determination of a sulfur-containing drug in human plasma by an improved method for sulfur chemiluminescence detection in combination with capillary gas chromatography. Kitagawa, T; Matsubara, T; Okamoto, J; Umeda, T, 2000)	0.31
"The simultaneous detection of arsenic and sulfur in thioarsenicals was achieved using xenon-based collision-cell inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Complementary molecular and elemental detection of speciated thioarsenicals using ESI-MS in combination with a xenon-based collision-cell ICP-MS with application to fortified NIST freeze-dried urine. Caruso, JA; Conklin, SD; Creed, JT; Creed, PA; Ellis, JL; Gallawa, CM; Kubachka, KM; Young, AR, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) alone or in combination with vitamin C towards N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA)-induced oxidative DNA damage in the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay."	( Organosulfur compounds alone or in combination with vitamin C protect towards N-nitrosopiperidine- and N-nitrosodibutylamine-induced oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Arranz, N; Delgado, ME; García, A; Haza, AI; Morales, P; Rafter, J, 2008)	0.35
"To develop a rapid and efficient method of rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) combined with chemometrics for discriminating sulphur-fumigated Baizhi and controlling its quality."	( Development of a rapid resolution liquid chromatographic method combined with chemometrics for quality control of Angelicae dahuricae radix. Deng, R; Fan, G; Kuang, T; Lai, X; Meng, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, )	0.13
"This study revealed that sulphur-fumigation is an inappropriate approach for processing crude drugs and should be prohibited, and that the proposed RRLC method combined with chemometrics demonstrated an efficient strategy for quality control of Baizhi."	( Development of a rapid resolution liquid chromatographic method combined with chemometrics for quality control of Angelicae dahuricae radix. Deng, R; Fan, G; Kuang, T; Lai, X; Meng, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, )	0.13
"5; and metal immobilization combined with soil acidification."	( Sulfur-aided phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Salix smithiana combined with in situ metal immobilization by gravel sludge and red mud. Iqbal, M; Oburger, E; Puschenreiter, M; Santner, J; Wenzel, WW, 2012)	0.38
" To investigate this hypothesis, negative staining electron microscopy, using either transmission or scanning electron microscopes, was combined with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, which reveals the element content of individual nanoparticles."	( Rapid and reliable detection of bacterial endospores in environmental samples by diagnostic electron microscopy combined with X-ray microanalysis. Fulda, G; Laue, M, 2013)	0.39
" This study evaluates the effect of topsoil drying, combined with varying sulfur (S) supply on glucosinolates in Brassica juncea in order to reveal whether a partial root drying may already lead to a drought-induced glucosinolate increase promoted by an enhanced S supply."	( Topsoil drying combined with increased sulfur supply leads to enhanced aliphatic glucosinolates in Brassica juncea leaves and roots. Gabriel-Neumann, E; George, E; Krumbein, A; Ngwene, B; Platz, S; Rohn, S; Schreiner, M; Tong, Y, 2014)	0.4
"An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with reference herb method was developed to rapidly screen commercial sulfur-fumigated ginseng."	( [Development of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with reference herb approach to rapidly screen commercial sulfur-fumigated ginseng]. Li, SL; Liu, HH; Shen, H; Xu, JD; Zhou, SS, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, an integrated strategy based on the highly effective separation and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and time-of-flight/triple-quadruple tandem mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis was established."	( HPLC-TOF-MS and HPLC-MS/MS combined with multivariate analysis for the characterization and discrimination of phenolic profiles in nonfumigated and sulfur-fumigated rhubarb. Feng, F; Yan, Y; Zhang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" (AMK) were analyzed systematically and influence of sulfur fumigation on the chemical profiles was evaluated by ultrafast flow liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTOF-MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis."	( Influence of sulfur fumigation on the chemical profiles of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. evaluated by UFLC-QTOF-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Chai, C; Cui, XB; Kang, A; Li, W; Shan, CX; Sun, X; Wang, XZ; Wen, HM, 2017)	0.46
" Seeds from plants subjected to the combined stresses showed a specific up-regulation of a set of transcription factor and SUMO ligase genes, indicating the establishment of unique regulatory processes when sulfur deficiency is combined with water stress."	( Water stress combined with sulfur deficiency in pea affects yield components but mitigates the effect of deficiency on seed globulin composition. Aimé, D; Combes-Soia, L; Gallardo, K; Henriet, C; Kilandamoko, A; Kreplak, J; Labas, V; Prudent, M; Rossin, N; Serre, RF; Térézol, M; Vernoud, V, 2019)	0.51
" The potential antibacterial activity was observed for SNPs alone and in combination with antibiotics particularly amoxicillin and trimethoprim against majority of the uropathogens."	( Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of sulfur nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria. Dahm, H; Golinska, P; Ingle, AP; Paralikar, P; Rai, M; Tiwari, V, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, it is important to assess the potential effects of chronic exposure to sulfoxaflor, alone and in combination with fungicides, on pollinators."	( Effects of chronic exposure to the new insecticide sulfoxaflor in combination with a SDHI fungicide in a solitary bee. Azpiazu, C; Bosch, J; Martins, C; Sgolastra, F, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

The inappropriate preparation of vegetables can significantly reduce the content of beneficial sulfur compounds. Changes in STRs activity are directly related to the bioavailability of cysteine and the sulfane sulfur level.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" It is suggested that the manifold effects of S on Mo metabolism are related to a common interaction in the rumen leading to the formation of Mo-complexes, possibly thiomolybdates, which are poorly absorbed but even more poorly excreted."	( Some effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep. Grace, ND; Suttle, NF, 1979)	0.26
"Twelve growing Angus heifers averaging 282 kg in weight were fed a tall fescue hay-based diet in a completely randomized design experiment to determine sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) metabolism and bioavailability of different forms of supplemental S:elemental S (E), sodium sulfate (SU) and DL-methionine (M)."	( Sulfur and nitrogen metabolism in the bovine fed different forms of supplemental sulfur. Boling, JA; Bush, LP; Dawson, KA; Fron, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" An increase in the bioavailability of corticosteroids in the skin after local application cannot be achieved by addition of salicylic acid or sulfur under the conditions chosen."	( [Effect of salicylic acid and finely divided sulfur on the bioavailability of corticosteroids in the skin in external therapy]. Gloor, M; Lindemann, L, 1980)	0.26
" The urinary excretion indicates a minimum absorption rate of 65% (35S-allicin) or 73% (vinyldithiines)."	( [The pharmacokinetics of the S35 labeled labeled garlic constituents alliin, allicin and vinyldithiine]. Lachmann, G; Lorenz, D; Radeck, W; Steiper, M, 1994)	0.29
" The absorption rate of MM is much faster than that of HS-."	( Quantification and reduction of organic sulfur compound formation in a commercial wood pulping process. Chai, XS; Li, J; Luo, Q; Pan, XJ; Zhu, JY, 2002)	0.31
"Peat deposits can concentrate chalcophilic metals such as Zn and Cd by biogeochemical processes; as a result, there is a possibility that the solubility, mobility, and bioavailability of these metals could increase when such deposits are drained and cropped, initiating oxidation of organic matter and sulfides under aerobic conditions."	( Zinc-sulfur and cadmium-sulfur association in metalliferous peats: evidence from spectroscopy, distribution coefficients, and phytoavailability. Bleam, WF; Duxbury, JM; Kandianis, MT; Martínez, CE; McBride, MB; Yoon, SJ, 2002)	0.31
" Selenium bioavailability is reduced by high dietary sulfur and the presence of cyanogenetic glycosides in certain legumes."	( Trace mineral bioavailability in ruminants. Spears, JW, 2003)	0.32
"The strong binding of CH3Hg+ to natural organic matter (NOM) in soils and waters determines the speciation of CH3Hg under aerobic conditions and indirectly its bioavailability and rates of demethylation."	( Bonding of ppb levels of methyl mercury to reduced sulfur groups in soil organic matter. Karlsson, T; Skyllberg, U, 2003)	0.32
" This paper investigated the degradation potentials of PAHs that were present in aged contaminated sediment by indigenous bacteria, where the limited bioavailability of PAHs due to aging played an important role."	( Biodegradation of sediment-bound PAHs in field-contaminated sediment. Khodadoust, AP; Lei, L; Suidan, MT; Tabak, HH, )	0.13
" Studies of the association between zinc and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in humans have been hampered by plasma zinc homeostasis, which obscures individual differences in total zinc stores, and by the uncertainty regarding zinc bioavailability when estimating dietary zinc intake because phytate from whole grains effectively prohibits zinc absorption."	( Zinc concentration in esophageal biopsy specimens measured by x-ray fluorescence and esophageal cancer risk. Abnet, CC; Dawsey, SM; Dong, ZW; Lai, B; Luo, XM; Mark, SD; Qiao, YL; Taylor, PR; Vogt, S, 2005)	0.33
"Several authors suggest that a hydrological regime aiming at wetland creation is a potential management option that favours reducing bioavailability for metal-contaminated sites."	( Differences in Cd and Zn bioaccumulation for the flood-tolerant Salix cinerea rooting in seasonally flooded contaminated sediments. Laing, GD; Quataert, P; Tack, FM; Vandecasteele, B, 2005)	0.33
" The observed effects are attributable to the hydrophilic properties of the biologically produced sulfur particles resulting in an increased bioavailability for the Acidithiobacilli."	( Effect of different types of elemental sulfur on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments. Hoffmann, P; Löser, C; Seidel, H; Wennrich, R, 2006)	0.33
" The bioavailability of allyl thiosulfinates from these tablets, measured as breath allyl methyl sulfide, was found to be complete and equivalent to that of crushed fresh garlic."	( Composition, stability, and bioavailability of garlic products used in a clinical trial. Gardner, CD; Lawson, LD, 2005)	0.33
" Presence of biosulfur particles was found to enhance the absorption rate of H(2)S gas in the mildly alkaline liquid."	( Effect of biologically produced sulfur on gas absorption in a biotechnological hydrogen sulfide removal process. de Keizer, A; Janssen, AJ; Kleinjan, WE; Lammers, JN, 2006)	0.33
" In contrast, organically bound Se seems more resistant to chemical alteration compared to other Se species so that its bioavailability may be very restricted."	( Selenium speciation in kerogen from two Chinese selenium deposits: environmental implications. Carignan, J; Liu, S; Qiu, Y; Wen, H, 2006)	0.33
"Even if it is generally accepted that associations with natural organic matter (NOM) to a great extent determine the bioavailability and mobility of trace metals in soils and waters, the knowledge about the identity of NOM functional groups involved is still limited."	( Complexation of zinc in organic soils--EXAFS evidence for sulfur associations. Karlsson, T; Skyllberg, U, 2007)	0.34
" Capravirine was well absorbed in rats but only moderately so in dogs."	( Evaluation of capravirine as a CYP3A probe substrate: in vitro and in vivo metabolism of capravirine in rats and dogs. Bu, HZ; Kang, P; Pool, WF; Shetty, BV; Wu, EY; Zhao, P, 2007)	0.34
"Sixty Angus (n = 29) and Angus-Sim-mental cross (n = 31) steers, averaging 9 mo of age and 277 kg of initial BW, were used in a 148-d study to determine the bioavailability of copper glycinate (CuGly) relative to feed-grade copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) when supplemented to diets high in S and Mo."	( Bioavailability of copper from copper glycinate in steers fed high dietary sulfur and molybdenum. Hansen, SL; Legleiter, LR; Lloyd, KE; Schlegel, P; Spears, JW, 2008)	0.35
"Successful phytoremediation depends mainly on the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the soil."	( Effect of sulphur on soil Cu/Zn availability and microbial community composition. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Hui, W; Li, Q; Lin, Q; Shi, J; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.35
" This study evaluated soil nutrient bioavailability and nutrient contents of red pine (Pinus thunbergii) needles in forest soils of industrial and non-industrial areas of Korea."	( Soil nutrient bioavailability and nutrient content of pine trees (Pinus thunbergii) in areas impacted by acid deposition in Korea. Lee, WY; Ok, YS; Skousen, J; Yang, JE, 2009)	0.35
"The bioavailability of arsenic (As) in the soil environment is largely governed by its adsorption-desorption reactions with soil constituents."	( Sorption and bioavailability of arsenic in selected Bangladesh soils. Huq, SM; Naidu, R; Owens, G; Smith, E, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the roles of different sulfur (S) species in controlling the partitioning and bioavailability of inorganic mercury (Hg) in anoxic sediments, we examined the differential binding of Hg with three key S species in anoxic sediment (mackinawite [FeS], pyrite [FeS2], and S(2-)) and then quantified their extraction by the gut juice of deposit-feeding sipunculans Sipunculus nudus."	( Inorganic mercury binding with different sulfur species in anoxic sediments and their gut juice extractions. Wang, WX; Zhong, H, 2009)	0.35
" The biomodification of inorganic supports by the adsorption process increases the bioavailability of sulphur substrates for bacterial cells, improving BDS activity."	( Biodesulfurization of gas oil using inorganic supports biomodified with metabolically active cells immobilized by adsorption. Baeza, P; Dinamarca, MA; Galvez, S; Ibacache-Quiroga, C; Ojeda, J; Olivero, P; Villarroel, M, 2010)	0.36
"These results indicate that sulfonation of the monoterpene components could improve the bioavailability and delay the absorption of them in mice."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of typical constituents in white peony root and sulfur fumigated white peony root after oral administration to mice. Cheng, Y; Peng, C; Wen, F; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"The bioavailability and mobility of arsenic (As) in soils depends on several factors such as pH, organic matter content, speciation, and the concentration of oxides and clay minerals, among others."	( Arsenic localization and speciation in the root-soil interface of the desert plant Prosopis juliflora-velutina. Castillo-Michel, H; Gardea-Torresdey, JL; Hernandez-Viezcas, JA; Peralia-Videa, JR; Servin, A, 2012)	0.38
"As phytoextraction implementation may be limited by metal toxicity and leaching, we investigated the idea of in situ metal immobilization in bulk soil, while increasing metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere."	( Sulfur-aided phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Salix smithiana combined with in situ metal immobilization by gravel sludge and red mud. Iqbal, M; Oburger, E; Puschenreiter, M; Santner, J; Wenzel, WW, 2012)	0.38
" Among all the compounds, 6ODS-LHbD showed the highest oral bioavailability in rats (19."	( Orally active desulfated low molecular weight heparin and deoxycholic acid conjugate, 6ODS-LHbD, suppresses neovascularization and bone destruction in arthritis. Al-Hilal, TA; Byun, Y; Chang, YT; Hwang, SR; Jeon, OC; Kang, JH; Kang, YM; Kim, HS; Kim, SH; Seo, DH; Yang, VC, 2012)	0.38
" The discussion of iron properties will center on the speciation and localization of intracellular iron as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms for coping with both low iron bioavailability and iron toxicity."	( The iron metallome in eukaryotic organisms. Dlouhy, AC; Outten, CE, 2013)	0.39
"Genotypic variation of iron bioavailability and the relationship between iron bioavailability and nutrient composition in polished rice among 11 rice genotypes were assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model."	( Differential iron-bioavailability with relation to nutrient compositions in polished rice among selected Chinese genotypes using Caco-2 cell culture model. Feng, Y; He, WL; He, ZL; Shi, CH; Stoffella, PJ; Wei, YY; Yang, XE, 2013)	0.39
" This has necessitated the use of amendments to potentially enhance solubilization of metals in order to increase their bioavailability in the soil solution."	( Comparison of the solubilizing efficiencies of some pH lowering (sulphur and (NH4)2SO4) amendments on Cd and Zn mobility in soils. Amoakwah, E; Essumang, DK; Van Slycken, S, 2014)	0.4
" Perhaps soil arsenic was easily dissolved in the soil solution and the bioavailability of AsS, treatment was better than that of AsS, treatment."	( [Influence of sulfur on the bioavailability of arsenic uptake by rice (Oryza. sativa L. ) and its speciation in soil ]. Rao, W; Tang, BP; Wang, D; Wang, DC; Yang, SJ; Zhang, YN; Zhu, YJ, 2014)	0.4
" We foresee that the chiral sulfur center and the two handles for structural diversity of linear acyl sulfonimidamides will offer new opportunities for drug design and for improving the oral bioavailability of acidic drug candidates."	( Preclinical characterization of acyl sulfonimidamides: potential carboxylic acid bioisosteres with tunable properties. Artursson, P; Arvidsson, PI; Borhade, SR; Brandt, P; Sandström, A; Svensson, R, 2015)	0.42
" These data suggest that the high bioavailability of organic matter (indicated by relatively lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratios) and the less-reducing anaerobic condition in vegetated sediments may favor Desulfococcus and Anaerolineae lineages, which are potentially important populations in benthic carbon and sulfur cycling in the highly productive seagrass ecosystem."	( Seagrass (Zostera marina) Colonization Promotes the Accumulation of Diazotrophic Bacteria and Alters the Relative Abundances of Specific Bacterial Lineages Involved in Benthic Carbon and Sulfur Cycling. Gong, J; Liu, F; Sun, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" Our further aim was to increase Fe bioavailability to rice plants by the exogenous application of ferrous sulfate to the Ni-immobilized soil."	( Effect of different amendments on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, yield, nutrient uptake and grain quality in Ni-contaminated soil. Ali, S; Iqbal, M; Kausar, S; Khan, WU; Ramzani, PM; Rizwan, M; Virk, ZA, 2016)	0.43
" A pharmacokinetic study revealed that S1PC was readily absorbed after oral administration in rats and dogs with bioavailability of 88-100%."	( Chemical and Biological Properties of S-1-Propenyl-l-Cysteine in Aged Garlic Extract. Amano, H; Kodera, Y; Matsutomo, T; Suzuki, JI; Ushijima, M, 2017)	0.46
"The biogeochemical cycling of sulfur (S) in soil has an important impact on the bioavailability of heavy metals and affects the utilization of soil polluted by heavy metals."	( Effects of sulfur on toxicity and bioavailability of Cu for castor (Ricinus communis L.) in Cu-contaminated soil. Hu, H; Huang, G; Qi, Y; Ren, C; You, J, 2017)	0.46
" However, the extremely low water solubility of elemental sulfur limits its bioavailability and results in a low sulfur-reduction rate."	( Self-accelerating sulfur reduction via polysulfide to realize a high-rate sulfidogenic reactor for wastewater treatment. Chen, GH; Jiang, F; Liang, S; Sun, R; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Batch tests further revealed that this sulfidogenic bacteria used elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor instead of the highly bioavailable sulfate, during which polysulfide acted as an intermediate, leading to an even higher bioavailability of sulfur than sulfate."	( Realizing high-rate sulfur reduction under sulfate-rich conditions in a biological sulfide production system to treat metal-laden wastewater deficient in organic matter. Chen, GH; Jiang, F; Sun, R; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, the cellular bioavailability of arsenite (incubation of 25 and 50 μM for 0-48 h) has been successfully assessed by SC-ICP-MS/MS for the first time directly after re-suspending the cells in water."	( Single-cell analysis by ICP-MS/MS as a fast tool for cellular bioavailability studies of arsenite. Jakubowski, N; López-Serrano, A; Meyer, S; Mitze, H; Schwerdtle, T, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, transformation of these minerals as affected by dynamic redox conditions may regulate the mobility and bioavailability of associated metals/metalloids."	( Iron and sulfur cycling in acid sulfate soil wetlands under dynamic redox conditions: A review. Burton, ED; Johnston, SG; Karimian, N, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the bioavailability of bioactive compounds of edible members from the Allium genus is discussed."	( An overview of organosulfur compounds from Allium spp.: From processing and preservation to evaluation of their bioavailability, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Barba, FJ; Bursać Kovačević, D; Gabrić, D; Granato, D; Lorenzo, JM; Mallikarjunan, K; Putnik, P; Roohinejad, S, 2019)	0.51
"The bioavailability of the metalloid arsenic (As) in paddy soil is controlled by microbial cycling of As and other elements such as iron (Fe) and sulfur (S), which are strongly influenced by water management in paddy fields."	( Water management impacts the soil microbial communities and total arsenic and methylated arsenicals in rice grains. Chen, XP; Tang, Z; Wang, M; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhao, FJ; Zhou, WX, 2019)	0.51
" The addition of SIOC increased significantly the soluble + exchangeable fraction and bioavailability of the metals."	( Enhancing phytoextraction of potentially toxic elements in a polluted floodplain soil using sulfur-impregnated organoclay. Bolan, N; Feng, X; Rinklebe, J; Shaheen, SM; Swertz, AC; Wang, J, 2019)	0.51
"The biogeochemical cycling of sulfur in soil is closely associated with the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals; however the influence of sulfur on the behavior of metal-based nanoparticles has not yet been studied."	( Influence of sulfur fertilization on CuO nanoparticles migration and transformation in soil pore water from the rice (Oryza sativa L.) rhizosphere. Peng, C; Shi, J; Sun, L; Xu, C; Xue, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Taken together, results of this study demonstrate that sufficient supply of S may augment Fe bioavailability and minimize Cd accumulation in rice under hydroponic conditions."	( Adequate supply of sulfur simultaneously enhances iron uptake and reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grown in hydroponic culture. Ge, Y; Naveed, S; Wu, Z; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
" Results suggest strong correlations between Fe and P species as well as Fe and S species, affecting the solubility and bioavailability of each other."	( Coevolution of Iron, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Speciation during Anaerobic Digestion with Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Sewage Sludge. Jung, H; Liu, P; Patel, D; Pavlostathis, SG; Tang, Y; Wan, B; Wang, Q; Zhang, C, 2020)	0.56
" Additionally, it is demonstrated that there is still a need to precisely demonstrate the bioavailability of sulfur-containing compounds from various types of functional food, since the inappropriate preparation of vegetables can significantly reduce the content of beneficial sulfur compounds."	( Health Benefits of Plant-Derived Sulfur Compounds, Glucosinolates, and Organosulfur Compounds. Iqbal, A; Marszałek, K; Miękus, N; Podlacha, M; Puchalski, C; Świergiel, AH, 2020)	0.56
" This relates to the lower bioavailability of iron and the higher lability of [4Fe-4S] clusters within aerobic environments."	( Basic Iron-Sulfur Centers. Andreini, C; Ciofi-Baffoni, S, 2020)	0.56
") was selected as the phytoremediation crop by a potted method, and the bioavailability of cadmium was investigated by adding exogenous elemental sulfur."	( Effects of exogenous sulfur on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and Cd accumulation in Cd-contaminated plastic shed soil. Chen, N; Li, X; Sun, K; Wang, K; Wen, D; Yang, N; Yang, Y; Yue, Y; Zhang, H, 2020)	0.56
" Microorganisms, in particular, mediate reductive transformations of selenium that govern the element's mobility and bioavailability in terrestrial and aquatic environments."	( Microbial selenium metabolism: a brief history, biogeochemistry and ecophysiology. Stolz, JF; Wells, M, 2020)	0.56
"The bioavailability of selenate in calcareous alluvial soil was higher than the bioavailability in yellow-brown soil and was more negatively affected by S application."	( Effects of sulfur application on selenium uptake and seed selenium speciation in soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in different soil types. Deng, X; Liu, X; Lv, C; Yuan, L; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Z, 2021)	0.62
" Overall, the difference in the oxidation rates of D301 can be mainly attributed to the bioavailability of the two sulfur sources, not the sulfur oxidation pathways."	( Transcriptional response of Thialkalivibrio versutus D301 to different sulfur sources and identification of the sulfur oxidation pathways. Liu, JL; Liu, ZX; Mu, TZ; Xing, JM; Yang, MH; Zhang, X, 2021)	0.62
"The increase in sulfur content in RBCs could be an indicator of the downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) erythrocyte bioavailability exerted by endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and, in consequence, a marker of the development of hypertension and/or adverse changes in heart geometry."	( Association of sulfur content in erythrocytes with cardiovascular parameters and blood pressure. Fornal, M; Grodzicki, T; Królczyk, J; Lekki, J; Wizner, B, 2021)	0.62
"Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs."	( Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. Meanwell, NA; Wu, YJ, 2021)	0.62
"Antagonisms exist in vivo which inhibit copper bioavailability in ruminants."	( Evaluation of the solubility of a range of copper sources and the effects of iron & sulphur on copper solubility under rumen simulated conditions. Clarkson, AH; Kendall, NR; Paine, SW, 2021)	0.62
"Rumen simulated conditions were used to test solubility as a proxy for bioavailability of different copper sources."	( Evaluation of the solubility of a range of copper sources and the effects of iron & sulphur on copper solubility under rumen simulated conditions. Clarkson, AH; Kendall, NR; Paine, SW, 2021)	0.62
" The ability of sulfur (S) to alleviate As toxicity and accumulation is clearly size dependent as NS could effectively reduce bioavailability and accumulation of As in rice via modulating the gene expression activity of As transport, S assimilatory, and glutathione synthesis pathways to facilitate AsIII detoxification."	( Nanoscale Sulfur Improves Plant Growth and Reduces Arsenic Toxicity and Accumulation in Rice ( Dhankher, OP; G Meselhy, A; Guo, Z; Musante, C; Sharma, S; Singh, G; Tripathi, RD; White, JC; Xing, B; Yuan, H, 2021)	0.62
"The phytoremediation efficiency is largely depends on the bioavailability of heavy metal in soil."	( Combination application of elemental sulfur and earthworm increased the lead (Pb) uptake by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in contaminated agricultural soil. Gong, P; Lv, W; Qin, Q; Song, K; Sun, L; Sun, Y; Xue, Y; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
" Changes in STRs activity are directly related to the bioavailability of cysteine and the sulfane sulfur level, and thus the present authors also measured these parameters, as well as the level of glutathione (its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) form) and the [GSH]/[GSSG] ratio that determines the antioxidant capacity of the cells."	( The Expression and Activity of Rhodanese, 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase, Cystathionine γ-Lyase in the Most Frequently Chosen Cellular Research Models. Kaczor-Kamińska, M; Kaminski, K; Wróbel, M, 2021)	0.62
" The interaction between transition metal ions and the organic drugs could enhance their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials by improving the stability and/or bioavailability or by achieving a metal-drug synergism through a dual or multiple mechanisms of action."	( Selenosemicarbazone Metal Complexes as Potential Metal-based Drugs. Mahler, G; Otero, L; Rostán, S, 2023)	0.91
"Human intake of selenium (Se) mainly occurs through the food chain, and is largely dependent on the bioavailability of soil Se."	( Analysis of phosphorus and sulfur effect on soil selenium bioavailability based on diffusive gradients in thin films technique and sequential extraction. Jiang, T; Li, F; Qi, H; Yang, Z; Yu, T, 2022)	0.72
" There is a lack of information on how the environmental factors affect the bioavailability of such compounds during the long-term application of BC into the soil."	( Long-term physical and chemical aging of biochar affected the amount and bioavailability of PAHs and their derivatives. Czech, B; Dybowski, MP; Kobyłecki, R; Krzyszczak, A; Oleszczuk, P; Zarzycki, R, 2022)	0.72
" The fact that the number of microorganisms with dark oxidation of sulfur compounds capacity was quite higher than that of microorganisms with dark sulfur oxidation capacity suggested that the sulfur bioavailability at different temperatures, especially low temperature, was the main challenge for the development of efficient ESDeN process."	( Insight into the shaping of microbial communities in element sulfur-based denitrification at different temperatures. Cheng, HY; Sun, YL; Yao, BM; Zhang, B; Zhang, N, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, Cu bioavailability was reduced by 51%, 34%, 16."	( Efficiency of Soil Amendments for Copper Removal and Brassica Juncea (L.) Growth in Wastewater Irrigated Agricultural Soil. Al-Hashimi, A; Bashir, S; Chen, Z; Diao, ZH; Elshikh, MS; Gulshan, AB; Hassan, W; Iqbal, J, 2022)	0.72
"Fe(III) oxides are ubiquitous electron acceptors for anaerobic bioremediation, although their bioavailability was limited due to the passivation of secondary mineralization products."	( Anaerobic bioreduction of elemental sulfur improves bioavailability of Fe (III) oxides for bioremediation. Li, N; Liao, C; Liu, Y; Tian, L; Wang, X; Yan, X; Zhao, Q, 2023)	0.91
" Higher electron transfer activity, greater bioavailability of organics, and multiple Cr(VI) reductases were detected in SIC-biosystems, which effectively promoted Cr(VI) energy metabolism and enzyme-mediated biological reduction."	( Does inorganic carbon species alter chromium reduction mechanism in sulfur-based autotrophic biosystem? Chen, N; Feng, C; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Zhan, Y, 2023)	0.91
"A new bowel preparation for colonoscopy has been developed containing poorly absorbed sulfate salts and polyethylene glycol 3350, which retain water within the intestinal lumen resulting in copious diarrhea, thereby cleansing the bowel."	( Comparison of a Novel, Flavor-optimized, Polyethylene Glycol and Sulfate Bowel Preparation With Oral Sulfate Solution in Adults Undergoing Colonoscopy. Bhandari, R; Cleveland, MV; Di Palma, JA; Goldstein, M; McGowan, J; Mishkin, DS, 2023)	0.91
" The current findings provided an insight that 2% chemically S-modified biochar (CSB) has significant potential to improve the tomato growth by reducing Pb bioavailability in the Pb-contaminated soil, compared to the S alone and MSB amendments."	( Chemical and mechanical coating of sulfur on baby corn biochar and their role in soil Pb availability, uptake, and growth of tomato under Pb contamination. Ali, S; Chen, F; Elshikh, MS; Hua, Z; Kamran, M; Ma, J; Malik, Z; Noreen, S; Riaz, M, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

The recovery of dosed sulfur from sludge samples was between 97.3% and 98%. The recommended sulfur dosage for the bioleaching of metals from the sediment is 3g/l.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Using an intraperitoneal endotoxin model, we studied the effect of heparin on dose-response curves for TSC uptake by the lungs and kidneys."	( Factors affecting the uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid by the lung and kidney. Klingensmith, WC; Tsan, MF; Wagner, HN, 1976)	0.26
" The techniques studied should be of particular importance to the pharmaceutical industry where efforts are being made to reduce the levels of particulate matter in parenteral dosage forms."	( Glass for parenteral products: a surface view using the scanning electron microscope. Brown, JA; Roseman, TJ; Scothorn, WW, 1976)	0.26
" Urinary excretion of thiocyanate by hens after dosage with cyanide was studied over 3 hr periods during which various sulphur sources were infused."	( Alternative sulphur donors for detoxification of cyanide in the chicken. Davis, RH; Mousa, HM, 1991)	0.28
" To determine the predominant type of the combined action, a correlation analysis technique of dosage (concentration) dependences was used with regard both to mixtures and isolated components, as it was done in case with the lethality curves studies involving calculation of the combined action coefficient."	( [A comparative evaluation of acute action thresholds during the isolated and combined effects of boricid fungicide and its components (polycarbacin+sulphur)]. Andrushevskaia, OIu; Manenko, AK, 1990)	0.28
"29) during the previous 12 months were increased, with a dose-response pattern."	( The South Karelia Air Pollution Study. The effects of malodorous sulfur compounds from pulp mills on respiratory and other symptoms. Haahtela, T; Jaakkola, JJ; Jäppinen, P; Marttila, O; Vilkka, V, 1990)	0.28
" Prerequisite for the evaluation was the development of gas chromatographic procedures using flame ionization detection to determine the purity of the test chemical and to certify the concentration and stability of the chemical in the dosage form, sesame oil."	( Analysis, characterization, and purification: requirements for toxicological evaluation of 1,4-dithiane. Blakemore, WM; Freeman, JP; Miller, DW; Nestorick, DM; Thompson, HC, 1989)	0.28
"The urinary excretion of thiocyanate by hens after dosage with cyanide (30 mumol) has been studied in a series of acute experiments involving 6 hr urine collection periods."	( Detoxication of cyanide in the chicken by conversion to thiocyanate, as influenced by the availability of transferable sulphur. Davis, RH; Jalaludin, S; Oh, SY; Sykes, AH, 1987)	0.27
" However, protection against formaldehyde lethality could be increased to 90% survivors by repeated dosing with L-ascorbic acid per se over a two day period prior to administration of formaldehyde."	( Protective action of sulfur compounds against aldehyde toxicants of cigarette smoke. Sprince, H, 1985)	0.27
" The content of high-tyrosine proteins in wool was still depressed in most sheep 70 days after dosing with methoxinine."	( Effects of phenylalanine and analogues of methionine and phenylalanine on the composition of wool and mouse hair. Gillespie, JM; Reis, PJ, 1985)	0.27
" The amounts of the phenethylmercapturic acid and its hydroxy derivative excreted in the urine of animals dosed with phenethyl bromide, styrene, styrene oxide, phenyl glycol, S-phenylethylcysteine and phenethylmercapturic acid have been determined."	( The metabolism of phenethyl bromide, styrene and styrene oxide in the rabbit and rat. James, SP; White, DA, 1967)	0.25
" We demonstrated by a dose-response study that this protective action decreased with the thermal water dilution."	( [The effect of vaporization with thermal sulfurous water on phospholipids in the broncho-alveolar lavage solution following hypobaric hypoxia in the rat]. Douste-Blazy, L; Montastruc, P; Prévost, MC, 1983)	0.27
" Frequently the PM phenotype is more susceptible to drug toxicity, while the EM phenotype requires increased dosage for therapeutic benefit."	( The genetic origin of responses to drugs. Emery, P; Waring, RH, 1995)	0.29
"Healthy elderly people aged 70 or more should receive a starting dosage of the anxiolytic drug suriclone half that recommended for younger people; frail or ill elderly people may require further dosage reduction."	( The pharmacokinetics of suriclone after single- and multiple-dose administration in healthy elderly volunteers. Ankier, SI; Chevalier, P; Crome, P; Dowell, P; Guillet, P; Wijayawardhana, P, )	0.13
" Compared to placebo, no significant effects of the low and middle doses of suriclone on N1 amplitude were observed; the highest dosage reduced N1 amplitude, as did 1 mg alprazolam to an even greater extent."	( Acute effects of the anxiolytics suriclone and alprazolam on cognitive information processing utilizing topographic mapping of event-related brain potentials (P300) in healthy subjects. Anderer, P; Saletu, B; Semlitsch, HV, 1995)	0.29
" In scrubbers, chemical oxidation of the volatile organic sulfur compounds can be obtained by dosing hypochlorite, ozone or hydrogen peroxide to the scrubbing liquid."	( Abatement of volatile organic sulfur compounds in odorous emissions from the bio-industry. Smet, E; Van Langenhove, H, 1998)	0.3
" The cadmium contents of the liver, testes, pooled sperm, and pooled spermatids from dosed and control animals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy."	( Cadmium concentrations in the testes, sperm, and spermatids of mice subjected to long-term cadmium chloride exposure. Balhorn, R; Bench, G; Corzett, MH; Martinelli, R, 1999)	0.3
" The quantification of the health end points in physical terms is carried out using the dose-response functions established recently for the population in Bangkok, Thailand."	( Assessing health benefits of controlling air pollution from power generation: the case of a lignite-fired power plant in Thailand. Lefevre, T; Thanh, BD, 2001)	0.31
"This study compares the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and respiration rates of a microbial population treating real and synthetic greywaters dosed with nutrient supplements."	( Nutrient addition to enhance biological treatment of greywater. Burgess, JE; Harkness, J; Jefferson, B; Judd, SJ; Pichon, A, 2001)	0.31
" There was a significant difference in the dose-response curves for the two preparations."	( Efficacy of Re-188-labelled sulphur colloid on prolongation of survival time in melanoma-bearing animals. Chen, FD; Hsieh, BT; Knapp, FF; Liu, RS; Ou, YH; Ting, G; Wang, HE; Whang-Peng, J; Yang, WK; Yen, SH, 2001)	0.31
" Dipropenyl disulfide was much less active, while little effect on enzyme activity was seen in animals dosed with dipropyl disulfide."	( Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues. Munday, CM; Munday, R, 2001)	0.31
" A dose-response curve can be obtained according to the different quantity of acid deposition and the corresponding steady-state values of chemical index."	( [Calculating critical load of acid deposition with dynamic model]. Duan, L; Hao, J; Ye, X; Zhou, Z, 2002)	0.31
" Compounds 2 and 14 are also effectivein vivo, with 84% inhibition of mouse brain CB1 binding 4 h after intraperitoneal dosage at 30 mg/kg."	( Toxicological and structural features of organophosphorus and organosulfur cannabinoid CB1 receptor ligands. Casida, JE; Nomura, DK; Quistad, GB; Segall, Y; Sparks, SE, 2003)	0.32
" The objective was to examine the anti-VSC dose-response effects of each of the above agents."	( Inhibition of orally produced volatile sulfur compounds by zinc, chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride--effect of concentration. Jonski, G; Rölla, G; Young, A, 2003)	0.32
" From economical consideration, the recommended sulfur dosage for the bioleaching of metals from the sediment is 3g/l."	( Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in an air-lift bioreactor: effects of sulfur concentration. Chen, SY; Lin, JG, )	0.13
" Similar sulfide impact tests conducted with inactive ammonia oxidizers exposed during anaerobic conditions, albeit at higher dosage levels, also revealed that their subsequent aerobic activity would correspondingly be retarded."	( Impacts of reduced sulfur components on active and resting ammonia oxidizers. Alleman, JE; Barnard, JL; Oleszkiewicz, JA; Sears, K, 2004)	0.32
" Dosing with 200 mg/kg of each of the OSCs used in this study increased hepatic CYP3A2 protein levels at all time points."	( Modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by organosulfur compounds from garlic. Davenport, DM; Wargovich, MJ, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of this review was to assess the relationship between mean organoleptic scores (using a 0-to-5 scale) and concentrations of putative odorants representative of those thought to be important in oral malodor, as well as to propose a simple model that explains the dose-response curves obtained from a group of odor judges."	( Assessing the relationship between concentrations of malodor compounds and odor scores from judges. Corry, D; Duffield, J; El-Maaytah, M; Greenman, J; Lenton, P; Majerus, G; Nachnani, S; Rosenberg, M; Saad, S; Spencer, P, 2005)	0.33
" Sulfide, either dosed externally or formed during the batch incubation out of endogenous sulfur sources or the supplied sulfate or sulfite, influences the production and consumption of the intermediate nitrous oxide (N2O) during Fe(II)EDTA2- bound NO reduction."	( Effect of sulfur compounds on biological reduction of nitric oxide in aqueous Fe(II)EDTA2- solutions. Lens, PN; Manconi, I; van der Maas, P, 2006)	0.33
"To determine whether dosing with bacteriocin-producing Streptococcus salivarius following an antimicrobial mouthwash effects a change in oral malodour parameters and in the composition of the oral microbiota of subjects with halitosis."	( A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. Burton, JP; Chilcott, CN; Moore, CJ; Speiser, G; Tagg, JR, 2006)	0.33
" A sensitivity analysis confirms that the long-term future BC deposition is among the most important parameters to the uncertainty of critical load, together with the dose-response relationship between ecosystem health and soil solution chemistry."	( Calculating critical loads for acidification for five forested catchments in China using an extended steady state function. Duan, L; Hao, J; Hu, L; Larssen, T; Mulder, J; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this work was to study the effect of ratio of substrate dosage to solid content (Sd/SC) on sewage sludge bioleaching."	( Sewage sludge bioleaching by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: effects of ratio of substrate dosage to solid content. Wu, Z; Zeng, G; Zhang, G; Zhang, P; Zhu, Y; Zou, S, 2009)	0.35
" The findings are pertinent for optimizing nitrate dosing to control sulfide in rising main sewers."	( Sulfur transformation in rising main sewers receiving nitrate dosage. Guisasola, A; Jiang, G; Keller, J; Sharma, KR; Yuan, Z, 2009)	0.35
"50 and Na2S dosage 240."	( [Inhibition of sulfite oxidation catalyzed by heavy metals in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization slurry]. Guan, BH; Hu, DQ; Liu, WX; Wu, ZB; Yu, J, 2010)	0.36
"In order to evaluate the potential of accelerator based analytical techniques ((particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and particle desorption mass spectrometry (PD-MS)) for the analysis of commercial pharmaceutical products in their solid dosage form, the fluphenazine drug has been taken as a representative example."	( Ion beam analysis and PD-MS as new analytical tools for quality control of pharmaceuticals: comparative study from fluphenazine in solid dosage forms. Bejjani, A; Gardon, A; Negra, SD; Nsouli, B; Thomas, JP, 2010)	0.36
" The optimum assay conditions were investigated and the recovery of the drugs from their dosage forms ranged from 99."	( Spectrophotometric determination of peptic ulcer sulfur-containing drugs in bulk form and in tablets. El-Tantawy, AS; Khalil, SM; Mohamed, GG; Nour El-Dien, FA, 2010)	0.36
" Synergistic relationship between Se and sulfur accumulation was observed in nearly all accessions at the selenate dosage applied."	( Selenium accumulation in lettuce germplasm. Faquin, V; Guilherme, LR; Hayes, RJ; Li, L; Ramos, SJ; Rutzke, MA, 2011)	0.37
" Microbial diversity was lower as MSC dosage was increased, and the injection of MSC caused an increase in SOB belonging to the genus Thiobacillus which is responsible for denitrification using sulfur."	( Microbial community structure and dynamics in a mixotrophic nitrogen removal process using recycled spent caustic under different loading conditions. Byun, I; Cho, S; Lee, T; Park, S; Park, T; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Pretreatment of male, Swiss Webster mice with intraperitoneal (10-20 mg/kg) or oral (20-30 mg/kg) dosing of AZ66 significantly attenuated the acute locomotor stimulatory effects of methamphetamine."	( Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a novel sigma receptor ligand with improved metabolic stability and antagonistic effects against methamphetamine. Abdelazeem, AH; Avery, BA; Jamalapuram, S; Matsumoto, RR; McCurdy, CR; Mesangeau, C; Robson, MJ; Seminerio, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"9 cm/day, applied at a 30 min dosing cycle."	( Onsite wastewater nitrogen reduction with expanded media and elemental sulfur biofiltration. Smith, DP, 2012)	0.38
" Appropriate DTCR dosage and the effect of pH were also explored with respect to restoration of high Hg(2+) precipitation efficiency and reduction of mercury concentrations."	( Effect of heavy metals on the stabilization of mercury(II) by DTCR in desulfurization solutions. Baig, SA; Cheng, L; Hou, J; Lu, R; Sun, M; Tang, T; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" In this work we demonstrate the transition from the biomass growth phase to the hydrogen production phase in a single batch culture only by exact dosage of sulfur."	( Process development for hydrogen production with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii based on growth and product formation kinetics. Kruse, O; Lehr, F; Morweiser, M; Posten, C; Rosello Sastre, R, 2012)	0.38
" Potential health risk associated with these particulate bound elements upon inhalation was also evaluated based on dose-response assessments for both adults and children."	( Emissions of particulate-bound elements from biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel: size distribution and risk assessment. Balasubramanian, R; Betha, R, 2013)	0.39
" The amino sulfoximine 5 exhibits different dose-response behavior when incubated with an ASNase-sensitive MOLT-4 cell line (MOLT-4S), supporting the hypothesis that sulfoximine 5 exerts its effect by inhibiting hASNS in the cell."	( A sulfoximine-based inhibitor of human asparagine synthetase kills L-asparaginase-resistant leukemia cells. Ahn, YM; Hegazy, L; Hiratake, J; Ikeuchi, H; Otokawa, T; Richards, NG; Watanabe, B, 2012)	0.38
"The data suggest that CI, with an underlying susceptibility to time-dependent sensitization and oscillatory responses, could contribute to nonlinear dose-response patterns and inconsistent reproducibility of homeopathic clinical care and research."	( Acute electroencephalographic effects from repeated olfactory administration of homeopathic remedies in individuals with self-reported chemical sensitivity. Bell, IR; Brooks, AJ; Howerter, A; Jackson, N; Schwartz, GE, )	0.13
" The recovery of dosed sulfur from sludge samples was between 97."	( Characterization of sulfur in raw and anaerobically digested municipal wastewater treatment sludges. Du, W; Parker, W, 2013)	0.39
" This finding triggered the inclusion of dose-response investigations of the potential key events for rodent liver carcinogenesis, concurrent with the hazard assessment studies."	( An integrated approach for prospectively investigating a mode-of-action for rodent liver effects. Billington, R; Elcombe, C; Geter, DR; Gollapudi, BB; Kan, HL; LeBaron, MJ; McEwan, J; Murray, J; Rasoulpour, RJ; Terry, C; Thomas, J; Vardy, A; Wood, AJ, 2013)	0.39
" The results demonstrated that [Bmim]Im exhibited high activity and the yield of biodiesel was up to 95% or more when molar ratio of methanol to vegetable oil was 6:1, ionic liquid dosage was 6 wt."	( Biodiesel production using alkaline ionic liquid and adopted as lubricity additive for low-sulfur diesel fuel. Fan, W; Li, Y; Luo, H; Nan, G, 2013)	0.39
" Dose-response experiments were performed to identify major inhibitory interactions in the most common BDS pathway, the 4S pathway."	( Exploring the mechanism of biocatalyst inhibition in microbial desulfurization. Abin-Fuentes, A; Mohamed, Mel-S; Prather, KL; Wang, DI, 2013)	0.39
" Sulfuric acid dew point measurements showed that the sulfuric acid dosage did not lead to elevated SO3 concentrations, which may otherwise induce low temperature corrosion."	( Sulfur recirculation for increased electricity production in Waste-to-Energy plants. Andersson, S; Bäfver, L; Blomqvist, EW; Davidsson, K; Froitzheim, J; Jones, F; Karlsson, M; Larsson, E; Liske, J, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, dose-response of the SU-resistant accession was compared with that of a SU-susceptible accession at in vivo whole-plant level as well as at in vitro enzymatic level."	( Characterization of sulfonylurea-resistant Schoenoplectus juncoides having a target-site Asp(376)Glu mutation in the acetolactate synthase. Ikeda, H; Kizawa, S; Sada, Y; Yamato, S, 2013)	0.39
" The developed quadratic models indicated that optimizing the conditioners dosage is possible to increase a 70% the dewaterability, reducing a 50% and 54% the emission of odour and volatile sulphur compounds respectively."	( Optimizing chemical conditioning for odour removal of undigested sewage sludge in drying processes. Gonzalez-Olmos, R; Martin, MJ; Monclús, H; Vega, E, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing the same amount of nitrate, pH was found to be the more direct factor influencing the denitritation activity than free nitrous acid (FNA) and the optimal pH for denitratation (7."	( Investigation on thiosulfate-involved organics and nitrogen removal by a sulfur cycle-based biological wastewater treatment process. Chen, GH; Cui, Y; Liu, R; Lu, H; Qian, J; Wei, L, 2015)	0.42
" A rough estimation of the dose-response curve for Iranian hair was also derived."	( Hair 32P measurement for body dose mapping in non-fatal exposures to fast neutrons. Hajizadeh, B; Jafari, S; Mianji, FA; Zaryouni, S, 2015)	0.42
" These compounds, 4-MP-PTOX and 4-TG-PTOX, reduce the dosage and greatly improve the therapeutic effect for microtubule damage in cancer cells."	( Tubulin structure-based drug design for the development of novel 4β-sulfur-substituted podophyllum tubulin inhibitors with anti-tumor activity. Bai, JK; Chen, T; Li, HM; Tang, YJ; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.42
"The long-term (90 days) impact of dosing FeCl3 on bioprocess performance and membrane performance in a pilot AnMBR fed with authentic sewage was evaluated."	( Impact of FeCl₃ dosing on AnMBR treatment of municipal wastewater. Dagnew, M; Dong, Q; Parker, W, 2015)	0.42
" As(V) concentrations in solution increased along with the elevated H2O2 dosage level."	( Arsenic release from the abiotic oxidation of arsenopyrite under the impact of waterborne H2O2: a SEM and XPS study. Ma, Y; Qin, Y; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y; Zheng, B, 2016)	0.43
" The effects of carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) mass ratio and nitrate (N) dosage were investigated through two batch tests to reveal the role of wastewater compositions in DS-EBPR performance."	( Effects of carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) ratio and nitrate (N) dosage on Denitrifying Sulfur cycle-associated Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (DS-EBPR). Chen, GH; Hao, X; Lu, H; Meng, F; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Yu, M; Zhao, Q, 2016)	0.43
"Nitrate dosing is commonly used to control hydrogen sulfide production in sewer systems."	( Indirect sulfur reduction via polysulfide contributes to serious odor problem in a sewer receiving nitrate dosage. Jiang, F; Liang, S; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
" The element sulfur dosage was 50 g · L⁻¹."	( [Element Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Combined Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation]. Ding, L; Huang, Y; Liu, X; Shao, JW; Wangyan, DQ; Yuan, Y; Zhao, R; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" The developed PBPK model can be used in risk assessment to quantify dose-response effects of thiocyanate on TH."	( Development of a PBPK model of thiocyanate in rats with an extrapolation to humans: A computational study to quantify the mechanism of action of thiocyanate kinetics in thyroid. Lumen, A; Willemin, ME, 2016)	0.43
" However, variations in sulfur loads and concentrations entering the WWTPs affect sulfur recovery in the biosolids, suggesting industrial emitters, and chemical dosing of iron salts are responsible for differences in recovery between sites."	( Sulfur flows and biosolids processing: Using Material Flux Analysis (MFA) principles at wastewater treatment plants. Alvarez-Gaitan, JP; Fisher, RM; Moore, SJ; Stuetz, RM, 2017)	0.46
" The maximum mercury removal efficiency of more than 50% was obtained at 10% (w/v) activated carbon dosage and 20% (v/v) inoculum size."	( Bioregeneration of spent mercury bearing sulfur-impregnated activated carbon adsorbent. Chen, SY; Hsi, HC; Shih, MY, 2018)	0.48
" Based on this review, transient (average of 2 weeks) dosing with probiotics (mainly Lactobacillus strains) has a moderate effect on halitosis regarding OLT scores, but we could not confirm the effects of probiotics on the VSC reduction."	( The Effect of Probiotics on Halitosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Jeon, JG; Kim, JG; Lee, DW; Shin, IS; Yang, YM; Yoo, JI, 2019)	0.51
" Adsorption kinetics were investigated using parameters such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, solution temperature, dosage of adsorbent, and particle size of adsorbent."	( Use of methyl esterified eggshell membrane for treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated with anionic sulfur dye. Choi, HJ, 2017)	0.46
" The number of insects was counted before and 2, 3, 7 and 10 days after the application of pesticide in the test area within different dosage groups."	( [Research on control effect of sulfoxaflor and flonicamid on Lonicera japonica]. Hou, SY; Li, JX; Wang, PS; Wang, YJ; Xue, J, 2018)	0.48
"Biological denitrification process in mainstream wastewater treatment often needs dosing supplemental electrons, consequently adding a remarkable operating cost."	( Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater using sulphur-driven autotrophic denitrification. Biswal, BK; Chen, GH; Cui, YX; Deng, YF; Guo, G; Huang, H; Wu, D, 2019)	0.51
" The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of sulfur dosage and inoculum size on the thermophilic bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge in a pilot-scale bioreactor."	( Effects of sulfur dosage and inoculum size on pilot-scale thermophilic bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge. Chen, SY; Cheng, YK, 2019)	0.51
" Boju fumigated with 7 different dosage of sulfur was conducted by HPLC analysis."	( [Effect of different sulfur fumigation dosages on activity of browning enzymes and chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju]. Li, YL; Liang, YH; Wang, S; Wang, ZM; Zhu, JJ, 2019)	0.51
" This study demonstrates mixotrophic microbial V(V) reduction can save organic dosage and avoid excessive sulfate accumulation, which will be beneficial to bioremediation of V(V) contamination."	( Sulfur-based Mixotrophic Vanadium (V) Bio-reduction towards Lower Organic Requirement and Sulfate Accumulation. Guo, J; He, C; Shi, J; Wang, Z; Wu, M; Zhang, B, 2021)	0.62
"3% dosage of sulfur was found to produce the best results considering all SPD, rheology-based SIs and FTIR."	( Characterization of thermal storage stability of waste plastic pyrolytic char modified asphalt binders with sulfur. Choudhary, R; Kumar, A, 2021)	0.62
" The purposes of this study were to establish a continuous bioleaching process, and to evaluate the effects of sulfur dosage on the efficiency of metal removal during this continuous bioleaching process."	( Effects of sulfur dosage on continuous bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment. Chen, SY; Sung, S; Wu, JQ, 2022)	0.72
" Besides, administrated with sulfur-fumigated medicinal herbs with high sulfur ratio and/or higher dosage showed more significant toxicity."	( Effects and contributory factors of sulfur-fumigation on the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs evaluated by meta-analysis. Kong, M; Li, SL; Liu, H; Wang, SY; Zhou, SS; Zhu, H; Zhu, JH, 2022)	0.72
" Experimental results showed that dosing hydrogen peroxide, even at doses lower than the stoichiometrically required to oxidize iron sulfide, freed, and oxidized sulfide bound ferrous iron to ferric iron, which was consequently hydrolyzed and affected phosphorus removal."	( Model-based investigation of the chemical phosphorus removal potential of the peroxide regenerated iron-sulfide control technology. Elbeshbishy, E; Ismail, A; Jang, E; Santoro, D; Schraa, O; Walton, JR; Zamanzadeh, M, 2022)	0.72
" Perchlorate was mainly removed in the heterotrophic part (H-part) at a sufficient HRT (6 h) and acetate dosage (14."	( Perchlorate removal by a combined heterotrophic and bio-electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic system. Niu, Z; Qu, D; Wan, D; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" Columns were dosed with experimentally generated BFS leachate and operated under residence times of 7 and 14 days."	( Bioreactor media for treatment of slag leachate. Hunter, JG; Kang, DH, 2022)	0.72
"7%, respectively, and Cu(II) dosage was the determining factor using response surface methodology to investigate the interactions between initial pH, Cu(II) dosage and ozone dosage."	( New insight into the enhanced ozonation of malodorous compounds by Cu(II): Inhibiting the formation of free radicals to promote ozone utilization. Lin, X; Ma, C; Wu, D, 2023)	0.91
"This study describes the development of an environmentally-friend optical nanosensor for the rapid spectrofluorimetric assessment of two nitro-compounds, namely nitrofurantoin and dantrolene in their dosage forms and plasma samples."	( Turn-off fluorescence of S,N-doped carbon dots for determination of two nitro-containing drugs in dosage forms and human plasma. Aboshabana, R; Belal, F; El Sharkasy, ME; Tolba, MM; Walash, MI, 2023)	0.91
" The suggested method was successfully used to determine the investigated drugs in their commercial dosage forms."	( Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes for the determination of some pharmaceutically-important nitro compounds. Abdel-Megied, AM; Belal, F; Ebrahim, S; El-Domany, RA; Magdy, G, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (25 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product Category	Products
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	1
Beauty & Personal Care	4
Vitamins & Supplements	12
Pet Supplies	1
Baby & Kids Products	2
Food & Beverages	5

Products

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Dr. Botanical Health Organic Maca Powder -- 3.5 oz	Dr. Botanical Health	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	Vitamin B6, Sulfur, Thiamin, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Earth Science Clarifying Herbal Astringent -- 8 fl oz	Earth Science	Beauty & Personal Care	citric acid, allantoin, annatto, ascorbic acid, kelp, camphor, citric acid, panthenol, glycerin, phenoxyethanol, sorbic acid, sulfur, zinc sulfate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Bone Support -- 18 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Boron, Manganese, Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Bone Support Liquid Concentrate -- 2 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Boron, Manganese, Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Immune Support -- 18 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Selenium, Silver, Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Immune Support Liquid Concentrate -- 2 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Selenium, Silver, Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Joint Support -- 19 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Joint Support Liquid Concentrate -- 2 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Multiple Mineral Liquid Concentrate -- 2 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Boron, Chromium, Iodine, Manganese, Selenium, Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Sulfur -- 18 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Beauty & Personal Care	Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eidon Ionic Minerals Sulfur Liquid Concentrate -- 2 fl oz	Eidon Ionic Minerals	Vitamins & Supplements	Sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Homeo Pet Feline UTI+ -- 15 mL	Homeo Pet	Pet Supplies	Kali mur 12x, Sulphur 12x	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Mindset + Caffeine Nootropic Powder - Informed Sport Certified Orange Mango -- 4.13 oz	Kaged	Vitamins & Supplements	Citric acid, Antimony, Vitamin C, Barium, beta-carotene, Boron, Caffeine, Chromium, Citric acid, Cobalt, Iodine, Lanthanum, Lithium, malic acid, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Platinum, Vitamin B6, Rubidium, Silicon, Silver, Sulfur, sucralose, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zirconium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kaged Mindset Nootropic Powder Orange Mango -- 3.97 oz	Kaged	Vitamins & Supplements	Citric acid, Antimony, Vitamin C, Barium, beta-carotene, Boron, Chromium, Citric acid, Cobalt, Iodine, Lanthanum, Lithium, malic acid, Manganese, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, L-Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Platinum, Vitamin B6, Rubidium, Silicon, Silver, Sulfur, sucralose, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zirconium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Care VertiFix Homeopathic -- 60 Tablets	Natural Care	Vitamins & Supplements	lactose, sulphur 12X	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Oilogic Baby Slumber & Sleep Vapor Chest Rub -- 0.49 oz	Oilogic	Baby & Kids Products	tocopherol acetate, s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Oilogic Baby Stuffy Nose & Cough Vapor Cream -- 3.5 oz	Oilogic	Baby & Kids Products	orange, tocopherol acetate, s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Sea Nourishment Cran-Raspberry -- 32 fl oz	Olympian Labs	Vitamins & Supplements	Lipase, citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Barium, Beta Carotene, Bismuth, Boron, Bromine, Cadmium, Cellulase, Cesium, Chloride, Chromium, citric acid, Citrulline, Cobalt, Cysteine, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Germanium, Vitamin E, Glutamine, Glycine, Gold, Histidine, Hydrogen, Indium, Iodine, Iridium, Lanthanum, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B, Nickel, Niobium, Ornithine, Osmium, Palladium, Phosphorus, Platinum, Proline, Rhodium, Rubidium, Selenium, Serine, Silver, Strontium, Sulfur, Taurine, Tellurium, Thallium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, CoQ7, CoQ8, CoQ9, Uranium, Vanadium	2024-11-29 10:47:42
One With Nature Dead Sea Mineral Bar Soap Sulfur & Chamomile -- 7 oz	One With Nature	Beauty & Personal Care	citric acid, citric acid, tocopherol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42
So Delicious Organic Coconut Milk Beverage Unsweetened -- 32 fl oz	So Delicious	Food & Beverages	Vitamin C, magnesium phosphate, vitamin A acetate, Vitamin A, Selenium, s, tricalcium phosphate, Vitamin B12, vitamin D2, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThriV Organic Food Bar Green -- 12 Bars	ThriV Organic Food	Food & Beverages	s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThriV Organic Food Bar Green Chocolate Chip -- 12 Bars	ThriV Organic Food	Food & Beverages	s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThriV Organic Food Bar Protein -- 12 Bars	ThriV Organic Food	Food & Beverages	s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThriV Organic Food Bar Pumpkin Protein Chocolate Chip -- 12 Bars	ThriV Organic Food	Food & Beverages	s	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zion Health Ancient Clay Bar Soap with Sulfur Fragrance Free -- 1 oz	Zion Health	Beauty & Personal Care	precipitated sulfur	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (3)

Role	Description
fungal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
bacterial metabolite	Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
macronutrient	Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Role

Description

fungal metabolite

Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.

bacterial metabolite

Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.

macronutrient

Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.

[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

Class	Description
elemental sulfur
homomonocyclic compound
nonmetal atom
chalcogen	Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class

Description

elemental sulfur

homomonocyclic compound

nonmetal atom

chalcogen

Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.

[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (19,479)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	5792 (29.73)	18.7374
1990's	1169 (6.00)	18.2507
2000's	4336 (22.26)	29.6817
2010's	5564 (28.56)	24.3611
2020's	2618 (13.44)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe

Studies, This Drug (%)

All Drugs %

pre-1990

5792 (29.73)

18.7374

1990's

1169 (6.00)

18.2507

2000's

4336 (22.26)

29.6817

2010's

5564 (28.56)

24.3611

2020's

2618 (13.44)

2.80

[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	241 (1.18%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	1,357 (6.67%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	356 (1.75%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	5 (0.02%)	0.25%
Other	7 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	18,391 (90.37%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type

This drug (%)

All Drugs (%)

Trials

0 (0.00%)

5.53%

Trials

241 (1.18%)

5.53%

Reviews

0 (0.00%)

6.00%

Reviews

1,357 (6.67%)

6.00%

Case Studies

0 (0.00%)

4.05%

Case Studies

356 (1.75%)

4.05%

Observational

0 (0.00%)

0.25%

Observational

5 (0.02%)

0.25%

Other

7 (100.00%)

84.16%

Other

18,391 (90.37%)

84.16%

[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.46	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
altenusin altenusin: structure given in first source. altenusin : A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 3, 4' and 5', methoxy group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2'. It is a a metabolite isolated from Alternaria and several other fungal species.	6.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxybiphenyl; catechols; hydroxybiphenyls; polyphenol	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
dehydroaltenusin dehydroaltenusin: structure given in first source	6.98	1	0
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	6.92	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
alpha-ketoglutaramate alpha-ketoglutaramate: deaminated metabolite of glutamine in csf of patients with hepatic coma; intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia in brain; structure	3.19	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid
3-mercaptopyruvic acid 3-mercaptopyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-mercaptopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.63	8	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; thiol	antidote to cyanide poisoning; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	8.41	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	2.89	4	0
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.39	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.11	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.08	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.68	3	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	6.26	27	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	7.32	19	1	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	9.56	25	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	11.06	23	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	4.25	4	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.43	2	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	9.47	152	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	4.33	18	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.78	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	4.25	5	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	7.66	28	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	9.09	3	1	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.11	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	8.59	15	2	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	4.55	25	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	1.98	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.76	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	11.12	5	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	3.51	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	7.3	37	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	8.42	95	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	4.23	17	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	4.04	4	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	3.64	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	11.21	54	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	11.21	54	5
Nail Fungus [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.41	2	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	0	2.92	4	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Itching [description not available]	0	4.5	9	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	0	12.4	60	6
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	1	6.5	9	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	0	12.4	60	6
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.31	1	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	0	5.67	19	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	6.5	26	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	11.5	26	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	11.57	49	5
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	11.57	49	5
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	4.78	12	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	4.78	12	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	5.48	12	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	5.48	12	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	6.41	26	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	6.41	26	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	9.75	12	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	7.66	3	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	4.61	8	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	2.31	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	2.31	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	9.21	15	4
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	2.97	4	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	4.15	17	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	4.15	17	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	0	2.88	3	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	3.67	10	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	8.64	28	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	8.64	28	1
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	8.67	10	0

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