Compounds > peoniflorin
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

peoniflorin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
PaeoniagenusA plant genus of the family Paeoniaceae, order Dilleniales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. These perennial herbs are up to 2 m (6') tall. Leaves are alternate and are divided into three lobes, each lobe being further divided into three smaller lobes. The large flowers are symmetrical, bisexual, have 5 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes 10), and many stamens.[MeSH]Paeoniaceae[no description available]
Paeonia suffruticosaspecies[no description available]Paeoniaceae[no description available]
PaeoniagenusA plant genus of the family Paeoniaceae, order Dilleniales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. These perennial herbs are up to 2 m (6') tall. Leaves are alternate and are divided into three lobes, each lobe being further divided into three smaller lobes. The large flowers are symmetrical, bisexual, have 5 sepals, 5 petals (sometimes 10), and many stamens.[MeSH]Paeoniaceae[no description available]
Paeonia suffruticosaspecies[no description available]Paeoniaceae[no description available]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID118701402
MeSH IDM0064660
PubMed CID46882877
CHEMBL ID1078549
MeSH IDM0064660

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
peoniflorin
NSC178886 ,
nsc-178886
CHEMBL1078549
bdbm50378693

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
") on the pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine (major toxic and bioactive component of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx."( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine.
Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
" Safety profile was assessed by adverse events and physical examination throughout the study."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)		0.43
" No serious adverse events were observed during the entire study."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)		0.43
" Here, our study served as a connecting link between preceding toxic target and the following protection mechanism of Paeoniflorin (PF)."( Paeoniflorin recued hepatotoxicity under zinc oxide nanoparticles exposure via regulation on gut-liver axis and reversal of pyroptosis.
Chen, C; Jiang, H; Li, C; Li, D; Pei, X; Ren, Z; Shen, Y; Tang, S; Xu, G; Zhang, W; Zuo, Z, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic course of peoniflorin, albiflor in and amygdaloside can be described by two-compartment model, and these components have high expose. After administrated with different doses, half-life of peONIFlorin in dogs were 4. To observe in vitro the effect of rat drug serum on the proliferation of HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The times to Cmax (tmax) of PF were 11."( Pharmacokinetic study of paeonimetabolin I, a major metabolite of paeoniflorin from paeony roots.
Akao, T; Hattori, M; Heikal, OA; Takeda, S, 1997)		0.3
"To explore the effects of dispensing ratio of Chinese herbs on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of effective components."( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine].
Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)		0.31
" The concentration-time data were fitted using 3P87 Pharmacokinetic Program, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by t-test."( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine].
Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)		0.31
"51(min), Cmax = 3845."( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine].
Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)		0.31
"Different formulae of Chinese herbs do not always result in changes of pharmacokinetic characteristics of some one component."( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine].
Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)		0.31
" The validated method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of paeoniflorin from rat serum after oral administration of Guan-Xin-Er-Hao decoction."( SPE-HPLC method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies on paeoniflorin in rat serum after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Guan-Xin-Er-Hao decoction.
Guo, DA; Guo, HZ; Li, YY; Li, YZ; Ye, G, 2003)		0.32
" A non-compartment model was used for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."( A deglucosylated metabolite of paeoniflorin of the root of Paeonia lactiflora and its pharmacokinetics in rats.
Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Hsiu, SL; Lin, YT; Wen, KC, 2003)		0.32
" The validated method was applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of albiflorin and paeoniflorin from rat serum after oral administration of Si-Wu decoction."( Solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat serum after oral administration of Si-Wu decoction.
Guo, D; Li, L; Li, Y; Sheng, Y; Wang, C, 2004)		0.32
" Plasma samples were collected at different time to construct pharmacokinetic profiles by plotting drug concentration versus time."( Effects of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin after intravenous administration of Paeoniae Radix extract in rats.
Ding, Y; Du, L; He, X; Li, Y; Xing, D; Xu, L, 2004)		0.32
" Studies on pharmacokinetic interaction between the active constituents of these two herbs (paeoniflorin and sinomenine, respectively) provide empirical evidence to support their clinical practice."( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats.
Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
", paeoniflorin and sinomenine, in pharmacokinetic parameters, tissues distribution, and protein binding ability could provide empirical data to support their clinical application."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of paeoniflorin and sinomenine: pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution characteristics in rats and protein binding ability in vitro.
Bian, ZX; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" These results, compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Paeoniae Radix extract alone, indicated that the absorption of paeoniflorin after oral administration of the two JZGX formulations was significantly greater than that after oral administration of Paeoniae Radix extract alone."( Studies of the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in two Jing-Zhi-Guan-Xin formulations after oral administration to beagle dogs.
Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Peng, B; Wei, LL; Yang, XG; Zhang, GH, 2006)		0.33
" Finally, the method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin in rat brain following a single subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg) to rats."( Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of paeoniflorin in rat brain and its application to pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, DY; Han, XM; Ke, Y; Shen, LL; Shen, R; Sun, XY; Wang, Y; Xia, SM; Yang, YM, 2007)		0.34
" Quantification of paeoniflorin in rat plasma was achieved using a simple and rapid HPLC method for pharmacokinetic study."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of decoction of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats.
Cao, J; Cheng, XM; He, YQ; Wang, CH; Wang, R; Wang, ZT; Wu, C, 2008)		0.35
" Concentrations of paeoniflorin in rat plasma were determined by HPLC-MS/MS assay and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics].
Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)		0.35
"The mainly pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin when administrated Radix Paeoniae Rubra only were as follows: C(max) (1."( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics].
Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)		0.35
" Paeoniflorin is a main effective ingredient of Cortex Moutan and the pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin following oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, Cortex Moutan extract and SD decoction to rats were studied with approximately the same dose of 30mg/kg paeoniflorin."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, extract of Cortex Moutan and Shuang-Dan prescription to rats.
Chai, Y; Wu, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, D; Zhu, Z, 2009)		0.35
"The aim of this study is to develop a simple and rapid HPLC method and investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin after intravenous administration."( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration].
Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)		0.35
" All data were subsequently processed by the pharmacokinetic Software WinNonLin."( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration].
Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)		0.35
"Glycyrrhizin significantly influenced the pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin, increasing the value of AUC and decreasing CL and V(d)."( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration].
Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)		0.35
"To establish a HPLC-MS method and investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin and the pharmacokinetics difference of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba."( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats.
Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)		0.36
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated and the total AUC of the three components were compared."( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats.
Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)		0.36
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin were significantly different."( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats.
Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)		0.36
"A specific and sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin in rat plasma and was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats.
Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)		0.36
"The method described in this report has high sensitivity and selectivity, and was suitable for pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin."( [Pharmacokinetics study on paeoniflorin in radix paeoniae alba extract by LC-MS].
Bao, T; Dong, Y; Li, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2010)		0.36
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang-Min-Ling-Wan."( LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang-Min-Ling-Wan.
Bi, K; Gao, J; Tong, L; Wan, M; Zhou, D; Zhu, Y, 2010)		0.36
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Pharmacokinetic properties of albiflorin and paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure compound, Radix Paeoniae alba extract and danggui-shaoyao-san extract to rats.
Kang, LP; Li, YF; Ma, BP; Ruan, JX; Wang, M; Wang, XY; Yu, HS; Zhang, ZQ, 2011)		0.37
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of madecassoside in rats after an oral administration."( Development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for assay of madecassoside in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study.
Dai, Y; Han, WJ; Xia, YF, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate pharmacokinetic parameters of peoniflorin, albiflorin and amygdaloside after administration of Guizhi Fuling capsule in beagle dogs."( [Pharmacokinetics of Guizhi Fuling capsule in Beagle dogs].
Chang, X; Lv, X; Qin, J; Sun, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, W; Zhu, K, 2011)		0.37
"The pharmacokinetic course of peoniflorin, albiflorin and amygdaloside can be described by two-compartment model, and these components have high expose."( [Pharmacokinetics of Guizhi Fuling capsule in Beagle dogs].
Chang, X; Lv, X; Qin, J; Sun, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, W; Zhu, K, 2011)		0.37
") on the pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine (major toxic and bioactive component of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx."( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine.
Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
" Plasma samples were collected for determination and analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of aconitine."( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine.
Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
"The acute oral toxicity of aconitine in rats was significantly reduced by paeoniflorin; this might result from the alterations of pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine in the animals by coadministration of paeoniflorin."( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine.
Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
" The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of genipin following oral and intravenous administration to rats."( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)		0.38
" Albiflorin and paeoniflorin are the main effective compounds of Radix Paeoniae alba, and the pharmacokinetic differences of the two compounds in rats after oral administration of SGT and single herb Paeony decoction were studied."( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of albiflorin and paeoniflorin after oral administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang and single herb Paeony decoction to rats.
Gan, P; Huang, X; Liu, Z; Sun, M; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Yuan, Q; Zeng, C; Zhong, M; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
"A comparative study was designed and conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic difference of paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Rubra to normal rats and the acute cholestasis hepatitis rats induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Rubra in normal rats and the acute cholestasis hepatitis rats.
Jiang, F; Li, R; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wei, S; Wei, Z; Xiao, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, Y, 2012)		0.38
" The validated method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of Si-Ni-San decoction."( UPLC-MS/MS determination of paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Si-Ni-San decoction.
Li, F; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Qiao, Y; Song, Y; Wen, J; Yang, J, 2012)		0.38
"This study was conducted to investigate whether food and gender could influence pharmacokinetic profiles of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Samul-tang."( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats.
Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)		0.38
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin were not significant different by gender difference."( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats.
Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)		0.38
"An investigation was designed and conducted to detect pharmacokinetic differences between paeoniflorin (Pae) microemulsion and Pae saline."( Pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin microemulsion after repeated dosing in rats with adjuvant arthritis.
Nie, XX; Song, LH; Wang, C; Wei, W; Yang, ZY; Yuan, J, 2012)		0.38
" A sensitive, specific, and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of cinnamic acid, hippuric acid, paeoniflorin, and glycyrrhetic acid in rat."( Pharmacokinetic study of multiple active constituents after oral gavage of Guizhi decoction in rats using a LC-MS/MS method.
Chen, Y; Gao, C; Ma, Y; Qiu, F, 2013)		0.39
"To establish a LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbit plasma, in order to determine the concentration of the three main ingredients in blood after transdermal administration and calculate their pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.38
" Winnonlin software was used to calculate their major pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.38
" After transdermal administration of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbits, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B or paeoniflorin were as follows: Cmax (20."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.38
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin are suitable to assess the percutaneous absorption of refined coronary cataplasm."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.38
"To verify established the total quantum statistic moments model with astragaloside IV, paeoniflorin, tetramethylpyrazine in Buyanghuanwu injection, in order to establish a pharmacokinetic experimental method with multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound system."( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment].
Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for single component were dealt with DAS and the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) parameters were calculated using formulations."( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment].
Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components in Buyanghuanwu injection showed that AUC(t), MRT(t), VRT(t), CL(t), V(t), were (119."( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment].
Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)		0.39
"The TQSM can be used to study pharmacokinetic parameters of multi-component TCM compound, because the method can characterize the pharmacokinetic regularity of quantum-time change in a multi-component system."( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment].
Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of all three aromatic acids and one monoterpene in rat plasma."( UHPLC-MS simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of three aromatic acids and one monoterpene in rat plasma after oral administration of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction.
Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Hua, Y; Liu, P; Shang, E; Su, S; Tang, Y, 2013)		0.39
"The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of Huangqin Tang on different oral doses."( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses].
Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)		0.39
"A simple, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of six active components, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid rosmarinic acid and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Cerebralcare granule(®) for the first time."( Simultaneous determination of five phenolic components and paeoniflorin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Cerebralcare granule(®).
Chu, Y; Guo, JH; Li, SM; Li, W; Ma, XH; Wang, JM; Wang, XY; Zhang, HC; Zhou, SP; Zhu, YH, 2013)		0.39
"To observe in vitro the effect of rat drug serum on the proliferation of HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cells in the pharmacokinetic model for determining peoniflorin in Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet, in order to discover the rational daily administration frequency of Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet."( [Study on rational daily administration frequency of Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet based on integrated serum pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic model].
Bai, JX; Chen, HG; Dai, L; Han, J; Xu, H; Yin, RL; Yuan, HL, 2013)		0.39
" We may conclude that pharmacokinetic studies of complex herbal products are not only necessary but also feasible by using representative bioactive chemicals as indicators of establishing quality control standards and of determining pharmacokinetic behavior of herbal medicines."( The pharmacokinetic study of sinomenine, paeoniflorin and paeonol in rats after oral administration of a herbal product Qingfu Guanjiesu capsule by HPLC.
Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Ma, WZ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)		0.4
" The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the seven components in female rat plasma after oral administration of Ge-Gen Decoction aqueous extract."( Simultaneous determination of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin and liquiritigenin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of Ge-Gen Decoction by a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem m
Chai, CZ; Huo, LX; Wang, DW; Wu, J; Xiao, HH; Yan, Y; Yu, BY; Zhu, DN, 2014)		0.4
"The pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) following oral administration of pure compounds, single herbs and Si-Ni-San (SNS) decoction to rats were studied."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four major components after oral administration of pure compounds, herbs and Si-Ni-San to rats.
Li, F; Wang, Y; Wen, J; Yang, L; Zhao, L; Zheng, W, 2014)		0.4
" A comparative study was designed and conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic differences between paeoniflorin naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin after oral administration of ZSS decoction to normal rats and IBS rats induced by acetic acid and restraint stress."( Development of determination of four analytes of Zhi-Shao-San decoction using LC-MS/MS and its application to comparative pharmacokinetics in normal and irritable bowel syndrome rat plasma.
Chen, J; Chen, Z; Jia, W; Jiang, B; Liang, Q; Ma, L; Pan, Z; Zeng, Y, 2014)		0.4
" After validation, this method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study."( Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, typhaneoside, senkyunolide I in Beagle dogs plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after Oral Administration of Shaofu Zhuyu
Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Huang, X; Huang, Z; Li, Z; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, E; Su, S, 2014)		0.4
" The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters: decreasing area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), elimination rate constant (Ke ) and increasing apparent volume of distribution (Vd ) and clearance (CL) for albiflorin, increasing distribution half-life (T1/2d ) and decreasing elimination half-life (T1/2e ), distribution rate constant (Kd ) and absorption rate constant (Ka ) for paeoniflorin in the ZMYL group compared with the single-herb RPA group."( Pharmacokinetic comparisons by UPLC-MS/MS of isomer paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration decoctions of single-herb Radix Paeoniae Alba and Zengmian Yiliu prescription to rats.
Gong, C; Qi, C; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetic changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically."( Evaluation of the influence of sulfur fumigation on the pharmacokinetics of four active ingredients in Si Wu Tang.
Cai, B; Cai, H; Cao, G; Li, H; Liu, X; Lou, Y; Pei, K; Qiao, F; Song, X; Tu, S; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
"The pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Huangqin Tang (HQT) were investigated in yeast-induced febrile rats."( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of huangqin tang in febrile rats].
Chen, L; Li, T; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM; Zhuang, SX, 2014)		0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from mouse blood samples at various intervals following the oral administration of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid at three doses (1 : 0."( A Sensitive and Specific Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Paeoniflorin and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Paeoniflorin and Glycyrrhizinic Acid.
Qu, H; Shan, W; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Here, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of glycyrrhizinic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, albiflorin after oral administration of GSBXD plus-minus Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination to investigate the possible pharmacokinetic profile differences of different prescriptions with GSBXD in normal rats."( Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic profile of four bioactive components after oral administration of gan-sui-ban-xia decoction plus-minus gansui and gancao drug combination in normal rats.
Duan, J; Guo, J; Huang, J; Pan, Y; Qian, D; Xi, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, G; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2015)		0.42
" Amygdalin (AD) and paeoniflorin (PF) are 2 typical bioactive components in HTLPI and were selected as indicators for this pharmacokinetic study of HTLPI."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of AD and PF were calculated using noncompartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)		0.43
"Due to its significant systemic exposure and appropriate pharmacokinetic profile, as well as previously reported antiseptic properties, paeoniflorin is a promising XueBiJing constituent of therapeutic importance."( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) after intravenous dosing of antiseptic XueBiJing injection in human subjects and rats.
Cheng, C; Du, FF; Huang, YH; Jia, WW; Li, C; Li, J; Li, L; Li, MJ; Li, YF; Lin, JZ; Olaleye, OE; Sun, CH; Sun, Y; Wang, FQ; Xu, F; Yang, JL; Zhang, GP; Zhang, NT, 2016)		0.43
" By measuring the pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF) after being orally administered to rats in isolated form, in combination with each other and within total peony glucosides (TPG), respectively, the current study aimed to identify positive pharmacokinetic interactions between components of peony radix extracts."( Enhancement of Exposure and Reduction of Elimination for Paeoniflorin or Albiflorin via Co-Administration with Total Peony Glucosides and Hypoxic Pharmacokinetics Comparison.
Ge, B; Gong, W; Li, X; Qin, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, P; Xu, W; Xue, M; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Due to the low exposure of the five main medicative ingredients (amygdalin, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, paeoniflorin and paeonol) of GZFL in human, a strategy was built to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the possible metabolites of GZFL and to describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of GZFL in human."( Integrated identification, qualification and quantification strategy for pharmacokinetic profile study of Guizhi Fuling capsule in healthy volunteers.
Aa, JY; Gu, SY; Jin, XL; Ou-Yang, BC; Peng, Y; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wang, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhang, KR; Zhong, YX, 2016)		0.43
" Information about the pharmacokinetic behavior of the remedy under cerebral I/R injury conditions is lacking."( Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Scutellarin and Paeoniflorin in Sham-Operated and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Rats after Intravenous Administration of Xin-Shao Formula.
Chen, T; Gong, Z; Hu, J; Lan, Y; Li, Y; Liu, T; Lu, Y; Mi, L; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Yang, W; Zheng, J, 2016)		0.43
"The mechanisms of action of an herb-pair, Chuanxiong-Chishao, were investigated using the network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic strategies involving computational drug target prediction and network analysis, and experimental validation."( Synergistic effects of Chuanxiong-Chishao herb-pair on promoting angiogenesis at network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic levels.
Chen, KJ; Cong, WH; Guo, G; Hu, YJ; Lee, SM; Liao, QW; Wang, Y; Xin, QQ; Yang, BR, 2017)		0.46
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the Baixiangdan Capsule in eight female rats."( Determination of Paeoniflorin in Rat Plasma by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.
Bai, Y; Chu, J; Dai, G; Ju, W; Pan, R; Sun, B; Zhang, W; Zhu, L, 2017)		0.46
" To reveal the interactions of Saposhnikoviae Radix with other herbs, we conducted this study on the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of active ingredients of TXYF in rats."( [Effect of Saposhnikoviae Radix on pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of active components in Tongxie Yaofang in rats].
Cui, WF; Ge, WJ; Li, GS; Liang, RF; Liu, X; Wei, Z; Zhang, XX, 2017)		0.46
"In BYHWI, five candidate Q-marker pharmacokinetic profiles were singly fixed to two compartmental models in rat using classical compartmental analysis, but there were tremendous differences among which the candidate parameters were fluctuated from nearly 3552 folds to equivalency."( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection.
Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)		0.48
" It is feasible for Q-marker in CMMs to screen on the comparison of single pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability to the total quanta."( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection.
Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)		0.48
"Potentially eligible prototype-based PK-markers were identified in a single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study on TZQ in 30 healthy volunteers."( Identify super quality markers from prototype-based pharmacokinetic markers of Tangzhiqing tablet (TZQ) based on in vitro dissolution/ permeation and in vivo absorption correlations.
Du, X; He, X; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liu, J; Lv, C; Wang, B; Wang, R; Zhang, D, 2018)		0.48
" This developed and validated method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of CUR, THC, QR, and PF in rats."( Simultaneous determination of curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, quercetin, and paeoniflorin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Cai, D; Gan, H; Guan, Y; Jiang, F; Lao, B; Liu, X; Wen, D; Yu, W; Zheng, J; Zhong, G, 2019)		0.51
"2% to 112%, which demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method could be used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic feature of the six compounds in rats after oral administration of DLT."( A network pharmacology integrated pharmacokinetics strategy for uncovering pharmacological mechanism of compounds absorbed into the blood of Dan-Lou tablet on coronary heart disease.
Chang, YX; Chen, S; Ding, M; Gao, XM; Li, J; Li, Y; Ma, W; Mao, H; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wei, J; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Zou, S, 2019)		0.51
" In addition to pharmacodynamic studies, information on pharmacokinetics is also significant for the further development and utilization of paeoniflorin."( A review on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
Gong, XH; Peng, C; Zhang, H; Zhou, YX, 2020)		0.56
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of these components and the influence of essential oils (EOs) on them were investigated in normal rats."( The influence of essential oils from ZhaLi NuSi Prescription on the pharmacokinetics of its non-volatile components in normal rats.
Bu, F; Duan, JA; Guo, S; Huang, K; Niu, Y; Qian, D; Ren, H; Shang, E; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)		0.72
"This study aims to establish a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the content of strychnine and paeoniflorin in plasma and brain tissue of rats, and compare the pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration."( [Pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration].
Chen, LH; Chen, XX; Guan, YM; Liu, LL; Ouyang, HF; Yin, YT; Zhu, WF, 2022)		0.72
" However, the pharmacokinetic and target tissue distribution data of QLP are still unknown."( Simultaneous determination of multiple constituents of Qi-Lin pill by UPLC-MS/MS: Applications to pharmacokinetics and testicular tissue distribution in rats.
Dai, Y; Fan, CL; Li, RX; Li, ZT; Su, ZJ; Tang, XY; Wang, XX; Wei, W; Xu, WY; Yao, ZH; Zhao, PC, 2023)		0.91
"A rapid, sensitive, and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the detection of paeoniflorin only in rat plasma, and applied to pharmacokinetic studies, including intravenous, multi-dose oral and combined administrations with verapamil."( Quantification of Paeoniflorin by Fully Validated LC-MS/MS Method: Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Paeoniflorin and Verapamil.
Bao, B; Gong, H; Shi, S; Wang, H; Wang, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)		0.72
" However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components under pathological conditions are unclear."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of seven bioactive components after oral administration of crude and processed Qixue Shuangbu Prescription in chronic heart failure rats by microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Wang, Q; Wei, N; Xu, L; Yuan, C, 2023)		0.91
"This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of seven major components of C-QSP and P-QSP following oral administration in CHF model rats."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of seven bioactive components after oral administration of crude and processed Qixue Shuangbu Prescription in chronic heart failure rats by microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Wang, Q; Wei, N; Xu, L; Yuan, C, 2023)		0.91
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of bioactive components were significantly changed for better bioavailability and absorption, longer lasting time elimination, which were beneficial for enhancing therapeutic efficacy in the P-QSP group."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of seven bioactive components after oral administration of crude and processed Qixue Shuangbu Prescription in chronic heart failure rats by microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Wang, Q; Wei, N; Xu, L; Yuan, C, 2023)		0.91
" However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior based on the combination of the two components has not been reported in rats."( Pharmacokinetic analysis for simultaneous quantification of Saikosaponin A- paeoniflorin in normal and poststroke depression rats: A comparative study.
Chen, Y; Han, X; Wan, H; Yang, J; Yin, P; Yu, L; Zhang, T; Zhou, H, 2023)		0.91
" This is the first study to investigate the pharmacokinetics of SWYST, and our findings elucidate the causes of their different pharmacokinetic behaviors in CRF rats."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of six bioactive components of Shen-Wu-Yi-Shen tablets in normal and chronic renal failure rats based on UPLC-TSQ-MS/MS.
Cao, L; Gao, X; Hu, Y; Li, X; Liu, W; Lv, K; Mei, Y; Tong, X; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Xiao, W, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A simple, rapid and reliable microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of the seven bioactive constituents in Guizhi Fuling capsule (GFC), namely gallic acid, amygdalin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonol, cinnamic acid and pachymic acid, respectively."( Simultaneous determination of seven bioactive components in Guizhi Fuling capsule by microwave-assisted extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Sui, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Xiong, ZL; Zhao, LS; Zhao, YT, 2016)		0.43
" Our findings suggest that biospecific live cell-based isolation combined with SPE and HPLC-MS/MS is an effective method for screening potential bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines."( Biospecific isolation and characterization of angiogenesis-promoting ingredients in Buyang Huanwu decoction using affinity chromatography on rat brain microvascular endothelial cells combined with solid-phase extraction, and HPLC-MS/MS.
He, D; Liao, F; Meng, Y; Shen, X; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Yu, J; Zheng, H, 2018)		0.48
"This study aims to establish a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the content of strychnine and paeoniflorin in plasma and brain tissue of rats, and compare the pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration."( [Pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration].
Chen, LH; Chen, XX; Guan, YM; Liu, LL; Ouyang, HF; Yin, YT; Zhu, WF, 2022)		0.72
"FIC, AI-2 activity assay, real-time RT-PCR and biofilm inhibition assays were performed to investigate the in vitro effect of paeoniflorin combined with norfloxacin."( Paeoniflorin combined with norfloxacin ameliorates drug-resistant Streptococcus suis infection.
Fan, Q; Grenier, D; Hou, X; Li, J; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Xue, B; Yi, L; Zhang, X; Zuo, J, 2022)		0.72
" A microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS method was first established to compare the pharmacokinetics of seven major bioactive components in CHF model rats after oral administration of C-QSP and P-QSP."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of seven bioactive components after oral administration of crude and processed Qixue Shuangbu Prescription in chronic heart failure rats by microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Wang, Q; Wei, N; Xu, L; Yuan, C, 2023)		0.91
" The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology combined with the UNIFI data analysis platform was used to analyze the composition of the cellular fragmentation fluid after co-incubation of THSWD with target cells."( [Active components and potential mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction in regulating ischemic stroke based on target cell trapping combined with network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation].
Chang, H; Han, L; Liu, ZQ; Peng, DY; Tang, LF; Wang, DD, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We conclude that paeoniflorin is not metabolize by gut wall, liver and lung, its poor absorption from the intestine results in extremely low bioavailability and the unabsorbed fraction of paeoniflorin is degraded by the intestinal flora."( In-vivo assessment of extrahepatic metabolism of paeoniflorin in rats: relevance to intestinal floral metabolism.
Amagaya, S; Hattori, M; Isono, T; Maruno, M; Mizuhara, Y; Takeda, S; Wakui, Y, 1997)		0.3
"74 ml/min x kg, apparent volume of distribution/ bioavailability (Vd/F) value was 103."( Pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Shao-yao Gan-chao Tang in mice.
Chen, LC; Chou, MH; Lin, MF; Yang, LL, 2002)		0.31
" The PF-metabolizing activity of intestinal bacteria was reduced to 16% and 33% of normal levels by treatment with AMPC-MET and ofloxacin, respectively, which caused alterations of that degree in the extent of absorption of PF and PM-I, but did not affect their rate of absorption or elimination."( Influence of co-administered antibiotics on the pharmacokinetic fate in rats of paeoniflorin and its active metabolite paeonimetabolin-I from Shaoyao-Gancao-tang.
Akao, T; He, JX; Tani, T, 2003)		0.32
" Since the bioavailability of PF in SGT has been reported to be significantly reduced by co-administered antibacterial drugs, we investigated how to minimize this reducing effect of antibacterial treatment in the present study."( Restorative effect of repetitive administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on bioavailability of paeoniflorin reduced by antibacterial synthetic drugs treatment in rats.
Akao, T; He, JX; Tani, T, 2003)		0.32
" These results indicate that sinomenine hydrochloride at 90 mg/kg significantly improved the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats."( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats.
Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)		0.33
" Our previous studies demonstrated that sinomenine could significantly improve the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."( The effects of sinomenine on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin by the everted rat gut sac model.
Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2006)		0.33
"To study the influence of Chinese herbs for inner-warming on the bioavailability of paeoniflorin (PF) and its mechanism."( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming].
Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)		0.33
" The bioavailability of PF was calculated and compared, taking single use of red peony root for control."( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming].
Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)		0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of PF in mice was conformed to the one-compartment model, as combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming, the relative bioavailability of PF was 137."( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming].
Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)		0.33
"The Chinese herbs used in this experiment in combination with red peony root could enhance the bioavailability of PF, which illustrated the scientific meaning of the recipe combination of Chinese herbs for activating blood circulation and inner-warming viewing from pharmacodynamics."( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming].
Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)		0.33
"98 min, respectively, and the relative bioavailability (Fr) of JZGX EOPT compared with JZGX tablet was 101."( Studies of the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in two Jing-Zhi-Guan-Xin formulations after oral administration to beagle dogs.
Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Peng, B; Wei, LL; Yang, XG; Zhang, GH, 2006)		0.33
"Poor permeation, p-gp-mediated efflux, and hydrolysis via a glucosidase contributed to the poor bioavailability of paeoniflorin."( Mechanisms responsible for poor oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin: Role of intestinal disposition and interactions with sinomenine.
Hu, M; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ, 2006)		0.33
" The absorption rate was jejunum > ileum > colon."( [Absorption of extractive Radix Paeoniae Alba in rat everted gut sacs and its interaction with P-glycoprotein].
Dong, Y; Li, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2009)		0.35
" The results indicated that the reason which delay the elimination of paeoniflorin and enhance its bioavailability might be some ingredients in Cortex Moutan extract."( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, extract of Cortex Moutan and Shuang-Dan prescription to rats.
Chai, Y; Wu, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, D; Zhu, Z, 2009)		0.35
" The absolute bioavailability of genipin was 80."( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)		0.38
"61 h · μg/mL) and relative bioavailability (F(rel)=2."( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats.
Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)		0.38
" The compound of typhaneoside has a low bioavailability according to the results."( Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, typhaneoside, senkyunolide I in Beagle dogs plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after Oral Administration of Shaofu Zhuyu
Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Huang, X; Huang, Z; Li, Z; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, E; Su, S, 2014)		0.4
" The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters: decreasing area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), elimination rate constant (Ke ) and increasing apparent volume of distribution (Vd ) and clearance (CL) for albiflorin, increasing distribution half-life (T1/2d ) and decreasing elimination half-life (T1/2e ), distribution rate constant (Kd ) and absorption rate constant (Ka ) for paeoniflorin in the ZMYL group compared with the single-herb RPA group."( Pharmacokinetic comparisons by UPLC-MS/MS of isomer paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration decoctions of single-herb Radix Paeoniae Alba and Zengmian Yiliu prescription to rats.
Gong, C; Qi, C; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" Results showed that Pae-LLCN and Pae were well absorbed at different intestine segments and different concentrations."( [Analysis on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles via everted intestinal sacs].
Chen, HG; Han, J; Qiu, L; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Teng, S; Xu, PH; Yuan, HL, 2016)		0.43
" Linear regression was carried out between the logarithm to the percentage of the residual dose and the corresponding time, and the slope of the regression line was exactly the absorption rate constant."( [Screen absorption enhancer for intranasal administration preparations of paeoniflorin based on nasal perfusion method in rats].
Jiang, ZT; Pan, JH; Wu, XH; Zhu, ZT, 2017)		0.46
" Compared to Pae, CP-25 has higher lipid solubility, bioavailability and better bioactivity."( The tissue distribution and excretion study of paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) in rats.
James, A; Wang, C; Wei, W; Xiao, F; Yu, J; Zhao, M; Zhou, P, 2019)		0.51
" The Q-marker was ascertained with transitive similarity and bioavailability in polypharmacokinetics."( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection.
Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)		0.48
"The results represented that the optimum Q-marker in BYHWI is astragaloside Ⅳ, whose transitivity in vivo similarity was close to the behavior of polypharmacokinetics with maximum bioavailability to the total quanta."( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection.
Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)		0.48
"In order to enhance lipophilicity and oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin (PF), this study developed paeoniflorin-phospholipid complex (PF-PLC) by solvent-evaporation method."( Preparation, physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin-phospholipid complex.
Chen, W; Cheng, W; Hong, L; Li, G; Qian, J; Zhang, C, 2019)		0.51
"Paeoniflorin shows distinct anti-arthritis and immunoregulatory activities, but its rather low bioavailability via oral administration greatly challenges its known mechanism of in vivo activity."( Paeoniflorin inhibits Th1 and Th17 cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues to produce anti-arthritis activities.
Aa, JY; Aa, LX; Fei, F; Qi, Q; Sun, RB; Wang, GJ; Yan, CX, 2019)		0.51
" Also the ability of each classification system to predict and determine the extent of absorption of the Chinese herbal compound was investigated based on the absolute bioavailability of representative components."( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet).
Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)		0.51
" Nuciferine is the best of the five components, with absolute bioavailability reaching 61."( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet).
Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)		0.51
"The five representative components (except for nuciferine) are all class III/IV, which correlates well with the absolute bioavailability results and demonstrates that they are poorly absorbed substances."( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet).
Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)		0.51
" However, the absorption rate in the cecum was higher than that in other parts."( Absorption and biotransformation of four compounds in the Guizhi decoction in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats.
Bai, D; Gao, H; Song, J; Zhang, L, 2019)		0.51
" Although TGP has few adverse drug reactions, the slow onset and low bioavailability of Pae limit its clinical use."( CP-25, a compound derived from paeoniflorin: research advance on its pharmacological actions and mechanisms in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases.
Wei, W; Yang, XZ, 2020)		0.56
" However, the extremely low oral bioavailability of Pae (approximately 3%-4%) limits its formulation development and clinical application."( Glycyrrhizic acid-based self-assembled micelles for improving oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin.
Li, X; Shen, B; Shen, C; Wang, J; Yuan, H; Zhu, J, 2021)		0.62
" To further improve the bioavailability of PF and play its pharmacological role in liver protection, PF-phospholipid complex micelles (PF-PLC micelles) were prepared based on our previous research on PF-PLC."( PF-PLC micelles ameliorate cholestatic liver injury via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and PXR/CAR/UGT1A1 signaling pathways in EE-induced rats.
Chang, H; Chen, W; Du, J; Fang, L; Ge, Z; Guo, R; Guo, Y; Hu, Z; Lv, S; Tang, Y; Wang, L; Wang, R; Wu, S; Yang, X; Yuan, T; Zhang, C; Zhang, W, 2022)		0.72
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of bioactive components were significantly changed for better bioavailability and absorption, longer lasting time elimination, which were beneficial for enhancing therapeutic efficacy in the P-QSP group."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of seven bioactive components after oral administration of crude and processed Qixue Shuangbu Prescription in chronic heart failure rats by microdialysis combined with UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, Y; Kong, M; Li, J; Wang, Q; Wei, N; Xu, L; Yuan, C, 2023)		0.91
" Sequential in vitro metabolism studies indicated that most of these compounds except baicalin and baicalein were stable in artificial gastric juice, albiflorin, glycyrrhizic acid, gallic acid and baicalein were unstable in artificial intestinal juice, daidzin, liquiritin and genistin were hydrolyzed into their aglycones daidzein, liquiritigenin and genistein by intestinal microbiota, and 7 compounds thereout including benzoic acid, puerarin, 3'-methoxypuerarin, paeoniflorin, scopoletin, daidzein and liquiritigenin were shown to be well absorbed with Caco-2 cell monolayer model."( Screening quality markers (Q-markers) of Xiaoer Chaige Tuire Oral Liquid by in vitro sequential metabolism and in vivo biopharmaceutical analysis.
Ding, P; Liu, S; Tao, J; Wang, J; Wang, R; Wu, M; Xue, Z; Zhu, Z, 2023)		0.91
" Due to the low bioavailability of PF, further studies on renal histology in animals are urgently needed."( Protective effect of paeoniflorin in diabetic nephropathy: A preclinical systematic review revealing the mechanism of action.
Bo, Q; Chen, AJ; Guo, J; Hu, SY; Ma, X; Pang, YB; Xiang, JY; Yang, ZR; Zeng, JH; Zhang, XE; Zhang, XM, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The total CLR and CLB value after intravenous dosing was less than the CLtot value."( Absorption and excretion of paeoniflorin in rats.
Amagaya, S; Isono, T; Maruno, M; Matsuzaki, Y; Sasaki, H; Takeda, S; Wakui, Y, 1995)		0.29
" At a dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg, PF preconditioning 48 h before MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion significantly reduced the mortality and infarct volume and reversed the neurological deficits caused by ischemia."( Involvement of multitargets in paeoniflorin-induced preconditioning.
Cai, X; Chen, DM; Xiao, L; Zeng, R; Zhu, XZ, 2006)		0.33
" The cortex concentrations of paeoniflorin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats were lower 5 min after dosing and declined more slowly than that in normal control."( Kinetic distribution of paeoniflorin in cortex of normal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats after intravenous administration of Paeoniae Radix extract.
Cao, C; Du, L; He, X; Lin, H; Wang, W; Zhang, L, 2006)		0.33
" A single dose of Radix Paeoniae Rubra alone and with Radix Angelicae Sinensis was given to rats by ig, the dosage of paeoniflorin was 294."( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics].
Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)		0.35
" Aconitine was administrated by oral to SD rats at the dosage of 200 μg/kg with or without paeoniflorin given by intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 20 mg/kg."( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine.
Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)		0.38
" The concentration-time profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and glycyrrhizic acid showed double-peak phenomenon after Huangqin Tang was orally administered at 40 g x kg(-1) dose; all eight constituents in rat plasma showed good dose-exposure relationship within the dosage of 10-40 g x kg(-1); although plasma concentrations were different, the flavonoids with the same backbone showed the similar fate in the body with the corresponding dosage."( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses].
Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)		0.39
"To establish a method for the determination of astilbin, peoniflorin, rasmarinci acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin contained in Shaolin Xiaoyin tablets, in order to lay a foundation for designing late-stage dosage forms and clinical medication schemes."( [Pharmacokinetic study on peoniflorin, astilbin, rosmarinic acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin in rat blood after oral administration of shaolin xiaoyin tablets].
Feng, LM; Lu, CJ; Wang, YJ; Zhao, RZ, 2014)		0.4
"05) with a clear dose-response relationship (r=-0."( [Protective effect of paeoniflorin against PM2.5-induced damage in BEAS-2B cells].
Ao, YH; Han, J; Lei, J; Li, JJ; Wang, LY; Wu, XF; Yi, JH, 2018)		0.48
" These findings may provide a reference for the combination of multiple penetration-enhancement ways to promote drug absorption, and also provide a new insight to realize the development of novel, safe, and more effective dosage forms and administration routes of drugs."( Optical Coherence Tomography and Microdialysis for Microneedle-Mediated Penetration Enhancement Study of Paeoniflorin-Loaded Ethosomes.
Bai, J; Cui, Y; Du, S; Huang, J; Li, H; Yang, H; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Thus, the dosing pattern of continuous medication changes was evaluated."( Natural ingredient paeoniflorin could be a lead compound against white spot syndrome virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei.
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Liu, L; Shan, LP, 2022)		0.72
" haemolyticus, and the induction dosage was determined."( Paeoniflorin alleviates inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells induced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus through TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathways.
Ding, X; Li, H; Li, J; Mou, X; Shen, J; Wang, G; Wang, X; Yang, F, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00041.877310.0000AID470242
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (13)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID716418Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
New monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews and their inhibition on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
AID471278Antiinflammatory activity against mouse N9 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 48 hrs by Griess reaction relative to control2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Monoterpenes from Paeonia albiflora and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.
AID642415Estrogenic activity at ERalpha in human MVLN cells at 20 ug/mL after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to E22012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Discovery of estrogen receptor α modulators from natural compounds in Si-Wu-Tang series decoctions using estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AID471035Antiinflammatory activity against mouse N9 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production at 10 uM after 48 hrs by Griess reaction relative to control2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Monoterpenes from Paeonia albiflora and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.
AID471036Antiinflammatory activity against mouse N9 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production at 30 uM after 48 hrs by Griess reaction relative to control2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Monoterpenes from Paeonia albiflora and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID716419Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in mouse RAW264.7 cells after 24 hrs by Griess reaction2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
New monoterpene glycosides from Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews and their inhibition on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
AID471034Antiinflammatory activity against mouse N9 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production at 3 uM after 48 hrs by Griess reaction relative to control2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Monoterpenes from Paeonia albiflora and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.
AID470243Inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation after 14 day in phosphate buffer at pH7.4 by spectrofluorimetry2009Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 72, Issue:8
Inhibitors of aldose reductase and formation of advanced glycation end-products in moutan cortex (Paeonia suffruticosa).
AID471033Antiinflammatory activity against mouse N9 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production at 1 uM after 48 hrs by Griess reaction relative to control2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Monoterpenes from Paeonia albiflora and their inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia.
AID470242Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat lens aldose reductase by spectrofluorimetry2009Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 72, Issue:8
Inhibitors of aldose reductase and formation of advanced glycation end-products in moutan cortex (Paeonia suffruticosa).
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID642414Estrogenic activity at ERalpha in human MVLN cells at 100 ug/mL after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to E22012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Discovery of estrogen receptor α modulators from natural compounds in Si-Wu-Tang series decoctions using estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (793)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199027 (3.40)18.7374
1990's34 (4.29)18.2507
2000's141 (17.78)29.6817
2010's419 (52.84)24.3611
2020's172 (21.69)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials4 (0.50%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews23 (2.89%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other768 (96.60%)84.16%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Paeoniflorin Combination of Hepatoprotective Drugs Versus Hepatoprotective Drugs Only for Treatment of Auto-immune Hepatitis [NCT02878863]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Withdrawn
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		3.0340C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		3.0540catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.4820amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.9540monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.0610azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.2250benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.1710alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0810tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0610chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.3110coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		4.29170trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		2.4920N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
creatine
[no description available]		2.1310glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.76302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		210aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.0810alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.5820alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		2.1310aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.1102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4620alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		1.9910octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0710benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.0710benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.3110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.110sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		8.0740p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		3.2760oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.6320aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.6120aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.8220methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.1710indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.1310oxopurine
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		1.9810acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.4110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		2.1310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		1.9810ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.4110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
berberine
[no description available]		4.1840alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
caffeine
[no description available]		2.3720purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.1950aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		1.9910benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.0510
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.2510clonidine;
imidazoline
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		1.9910branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		2.0410
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.0810aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.1140trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		210azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.5320dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.2510
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.7620catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.0310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0510amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.1510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
myristicin
myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;		3.0710organic molecular entitymetabolite
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.25102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.4110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.01103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0310aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.5220benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.110barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.3110aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.5820isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		1.9810aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.4320naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protopine
[no description available]		2.4920dibenzazecine alkaloidplant metabolite
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		2.3720quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.57011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.3110alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.46204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.311017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.311017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.420organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		210
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.3110chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0810alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.6620glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0310aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.4920amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.0710nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.372017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.2110psoralensplant metabolite
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		1.971017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0610beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.5820erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0810arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.7830aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.610chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.1310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride
Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.3920C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
explosive;
hapten
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.7630xanthene
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.0410benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
synephrine
[no description available]		2.3110ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.0140butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		3.3460aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
boric acid
[no description available]		2.0310boric acidsastringent
acrolein
[no description available]		2.9440enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4720cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.2510pyrrole;
secondary amine
propylene
propylene: structure		2.0810alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.1710aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.4820methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		2.4620dihydroxybenzaldehyde
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.4120methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.570catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.48201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.1550diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.4320phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4110pyrrolizidine alkaloid
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.171017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
nuciferine
nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure		4.8232
rhein
[no description available]		2.6920dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.1710aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.84110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.47703'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.2110furanocoumarin
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.15150dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.4920arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		3.2250isothiocyanateinsecticide
paeonol
paeonol: structure		6.06360methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.110flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0210acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl palmitate
ethyl hexadecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0710hexadecanoate ester;
long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester		plant metabolite
ethyl gallate
ethyl gallate: used with osmium in procedure for mapping neuronal pathways. ethyl gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with ethanol.		2.3110gallate esterplant metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		3.3360alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.610zinc molecular entity
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		5.13440enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.1510alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0810fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.02101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.0610amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.5120elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.1710inorganic sodium salt
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.3110selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.1710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		1.9610benzenes;
phenyl acetates
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.41103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0810
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.4770glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		1.9810
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.1510taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.250pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.0810
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.31103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		3.0640imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.1650adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.0810hydrochloride
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		15.237384D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0510organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
baicalin
[no description available]		3.3660dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		340gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
phenylacetylglycine
phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0310aryl sulfate;
pyridines
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.2110artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
phenylpropiolic acid
phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.		2.1110acetylenic compound;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes
magnolol
[no description available]		2.0410biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.0410biphenyls
jatrorrhizine
jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source		2.0710alkaloid
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0310bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
nodakenin
nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties		2.7730furanocoumarin
gliclazide
18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor		2.1510
loganin
[no description available]		3.360beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		2.1510tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
indole-3-lactic acid
indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.2510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indol-3-yl carboxylic acid		human metabolite
fangchinoline
fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.		2.0310
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.0710cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.110xanthene dyefluorochrome
saikosaponin d
[no description available]		3.78100
geniposide
[no description available]		3.3160terpene glycoside
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.420proanthocyanidin
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.73307-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		2.420
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.0110
liquiritigenin
liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.		2.96404',7-dihydroxyflavanonehormone agonist;
plant metabolite
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.5220abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
gastrodin
gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;		2.5220glycoside
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		2.2110alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
flavoglaucin
flavoglaucin: structure		1.9810hydroquinonesmetabolite
astilbin
astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.		7.1103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
tetrahydroxyflavanone		anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
astragaloside a
[no description available]		3.87100
tetrahydrocurcumin
tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.		2.7220beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
polyphenol		metabolite
glucogallin
glucogallin: RN given refers to (D-glucose)-isomer		2.0510
paeonimetabolin i
paeonimetabolin I: metabolite of paeoniflorin; RN given for (2alpha,3abeta,5alpha,7abeta,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source		3.150
nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-n-oxide
[no description available]		2.2110
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.2510
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atractylenolide iii
atractylenolide III: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source		2.6120naphthofuranmetabolite
tripchlorolide
tripchlorolide: a chloro-tri-epoxide analog of triptolide; from woody part of the root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook; structure given in first source		3.1410
cryptotanshinone
cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza		3.9330abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0310biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.610amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide
3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.7730
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.6320glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
alisol b
alisol B: RN given for (8alpha,9beta,11beta,14beta,23S,24R)-isomer; isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source		2.1110
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0610bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.08102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		3.1850arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.5780
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.4110amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.1710
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.4920(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.5920heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.77302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
tetrahydrocolumbamine
tetrahydrocolumbamine: a dopamine receptor ligand; from Polygala tenuifolia; structure given in first source. (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine : A berberine alkaloid consisting of columbamine having four extra hydrogens at positions 5, 8, 13 and 13a and (S)-configuration.		2.0810berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.4110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.0310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.0110
ginsenoside re
[no description available]		2.61012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		2.662012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
genipin
[no description available]		2.0710iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		3.88110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.4220beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.7930
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		3.79100cinnamic acidplant metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.4220icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.6520resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		10.03370ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0210adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		4.07140
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.110L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
schizandrin
schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name		2.5720
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		1.9810hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
likviriton
liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.		4.51210beta-D-glucoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monohydroxyflavanone;
monosaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
plant metabolite
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.0810inorganic sodium salt
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.25102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		1.9610triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.7303-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
glycosides
[no description available]		8.78571
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		3.3260chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.1710retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.6520stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.0310chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0810benzamides
amygdalin
[no description available]		5.35121
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		3.2310oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4220
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.2650
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.4620caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.7830
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.8130aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.3110capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0510
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4920cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.4820cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.7330cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.7220stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.3110aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0710cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		2.0310salicylamides
genipin 1-gentiobioside
genipin 1-gentiobioside: from Gardenia fructus (zhi-zi)		2.0510terpene glycoside
wogonoside
wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.		2.4920beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monohydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		4.1340
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0640
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.4420organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.0810
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor		2.610
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9810
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.2110carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
quercetin
[no description available]		3.48707-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.1110biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.4670prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.4320monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formononetin
[no description available]		3.02404'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
vitexin
[no description available]		210C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.4520trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.		3.42604'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antioxidant;
metabolite
scopoletin
[no description available]		2.610hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0810prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.2110disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.5220prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.1510linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		2.1510beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
baicalein
[no description available]		2.7630trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.4620beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.830dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.47207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.1110catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		1.9910catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
astragalin
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
ethyl linoleate
ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0710long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteranti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.5220thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.7330morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.5220morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
istradefylline
[no description available]		3.1410oxopurine
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.08101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		2.3110cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside
calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.06404'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative
isofraxidin
isofraxidin: also see fraxidin		7.110hydroxycoumarin
icariin
[no description available]		2.3110flavonols;
glycosyloxyflavone		antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen
ligustilide
ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		3.0140butenolidemetabolite
neoisoliquiritin
neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available		2.7830flavonoids;
glycoside
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.		2.830dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
atractylenolide i
atractylenolide I: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source		2.8630
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.2510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0410cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.4870chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		2.6930alkaloid
puerarin
[no description available]		8.5980C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		3.1350morphinane alkaloid
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.131014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.2510monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0410isoquinolines
pachymic acid
pachymic acid: inhibits phospholipase A2; isolated from Poria cocos; structure in first source		2.1310triterpenoid
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid
plastochromanol 8
plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol		2.1510
hydroxysafflor yellow a
hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).		340
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		2.74301-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.54230
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.1350isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.2110beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
19-norandrosterone
19-norandrosterone: major metabolite of 19-nortestosterone; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.171017-oxo steroidmetabolite
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.9740aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		3.0540ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.5320
retinal dimer
retinal dimer: structure in first source		2.1710
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.3110dipeptide
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.940
astragaloside ii
astragaloside II: a potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent from Astragalus; structure in first source. astragaloside II : A triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively.		2.0810beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
oxolanes;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triterpenoid saponin		plant metabolite
prim-o-glucosylcimifugin
prim-O-glucosylcimifugin: from Peucedanum dissolutum; structure in first source		2.4620organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle
alisol b monoacetate
alisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first source		2.1310triterpenoid
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0810
atractylenolide ii
atractylenolide II: from Atractylodes ovata; structure in first source		2.5220sesquiterpene lactone
jujubogenin
jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene		2.0510
alisol a
alisol A: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; structure		2.1110
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.2150
hes1 protein, human
HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524		2.1710
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.4120
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.1510
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.1710
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		1.9810
oxypaeoniflora
oxypaeoniflora: from Paeonia lactiflora		4.55704-hydroxybenzoate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
cyclic acetal;
lactol;
monoterpene glycoside		plant metabolite
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.2110
madecassoside
[no description available]		2.5720carboxylic ester;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
trisaccharide derivative;
triterpenoid saponin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
antirheumatic drug;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
albiflorin
albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.		10.72750benzoate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
gamma-lactone;
monoterpene glycoside;
secondary alcohol		neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.0610
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.0810
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4820
typhaneoside
typhaneoside: isolated from pollen of Typha angustfolia L. (puhuang); structure given in first source		2.7830flavonoids;
glycoside
benzoylpaeoniflorin
benzoylpaeoniflorin: from Paeonia lactiflora		4.95110
galloylpaeoniflorin
galloylpaeoniflorin: an acylated monoterpene glucoside from paeony root; structure in first source		3.0340
jujuboside a
[no description available]		2.0510triterpenoid
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.13101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.250benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.4360
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.1710ketal
paeoniflorigenone
paeoniflorigenone: monoterpene from paeony root; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3abeta,5alpha,7abeta,8R*))-isomer. paeoniflorigenone : A terpenoid with formula C17H18O6, isolated from several species of Paeoniae.		3.0610alicyclic ketone;
benzoate ester;
bridged compound;
cyclic acetal;
lactol;
monoterpenoid		neuromuscular agent;
plant metabolite
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.3110
tridihexethyl
mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer		3.0710
morroniside
morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source		2.7730
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		4.0140
neohesperidin
[no description available]		2.5120
senkyunolide i
senkyunolide I: has antioxidant and anti-migraine activities; isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong; structure in first source		2.830
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.2510benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.1750
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		4.6340
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		2.0710catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0710benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0510guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0710monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0710methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
Berberine chloride (TN)
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
4-anisaldehyde
4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.		2.0710benzaldehydesbacterial metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.0710dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.0710an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine;
berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		adrenergic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
alantolactone
alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.		2.0710naphthofuran;
olefinic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
isoalantolactone
isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.		2.0710eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
sesquiterpene lactone		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
tetramethylene glutaric acid
[no description available]		2.0510
aucubin
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entitymetabolite
catalpol
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entitymetabolite
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.0710glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
jatrorrhizine chloride
[no description available]		2.0710
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0710cinnamic acidplant metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0710ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.07103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.07104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0710caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
isoferulic acid
isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.		2.0710ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0710octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.0710disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
costunolide
[no description available]		2.0710germacranolide;
heterobicyclic compound		anthelminthic drug;
antiinfective agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antiviral drug;
metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		2.0710trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.0710dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
narcissin flavonol
narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))		2.0710disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone
columbianadin
columbianadin: furanocoumarin isolated from Peucedanum palustre; RN given refers to columbianadin, (S-(Z))-isomer. columbianadin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of angelic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[(8S)-2-oxo-8,9-dihydro-2H-furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-8-yl]propan-2-ol.		2.0710alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
furanocoumarin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
rat metabolite
alpha-cyperone
alpha-cyperone: isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus; structure in first source		2.0710
palbinone
palbinone: terpenoid isolated from the roots of Paeonia albiflora; structure given in first source; showed strong inhibitory activity against 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase		2.051016-oxo steroidmetabolite
benzoylpaeoniflorin
benzoylpaeoniflorin: from Paeonia lactiflora		2.7530
galloylpaeoniflorin
galloylpaeoniflorin: an acylated monoterpene glucoside from paeony root; structure in first source		2.7530
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		04.4770
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		04.4770
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.0340
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.8220
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.8220
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.1340
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.1340
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		05.19170
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		05.33100
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		05.33100
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4920
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.63870
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.4920
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.3110
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.2450
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.45460
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.2450
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.45460
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.4110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.2550
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.2550
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.7180
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.2350
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.2350
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.5170
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.5170
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.9630
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.9630
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.6620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.6620
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.4110
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.4650
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.9110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.9110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.1740
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.1450
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.1450
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.1740
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1120
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.1120
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.5420
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.5420
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.52190
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.8930
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.8930
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.81100
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.780
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.780
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.4110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.92100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.92100
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4110
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		02.7220
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.4110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.2650
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.4110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.4110
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.4110
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.4110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.4860
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.4110
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.4860
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.4110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		04.4570
Colitis-Associated Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.4110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.3760
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.3760
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.4110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.6120
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.6120
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.4110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.5980
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.1140
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.920
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.1140
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.21150
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.920
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.1140
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		04.21150
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.5980
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.1140
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.4870
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.4870
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.4110
Carditis
[description not available]		02.4110
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.4110
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.4110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.71100
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.4110
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.4110
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3820
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.4110
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.6920
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.2100
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		04.2100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		03.3340
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.5240
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.5240
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.1840
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.1840
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.9330
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.9330
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3550
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.610
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.3550
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.610
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.02120
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.1950
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.02120
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.1950
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.2950
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.2950
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.610
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.610
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.0740
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.0740
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.610
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.1340
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.610
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.1340
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.7220
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.7220
Pericementitis
[description not available]		03.1740
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.9630
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		03.1740
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.610
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.610
Acne
[description not available]		02.610
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.610
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.5820
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.5820
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.0840
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.1950
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.0840
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.1950
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.6920
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.6920
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.610
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.610
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.2510
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.2510
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.250
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.250
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.2510
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.2510
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.940
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.940
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.5320
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		04.1850
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.4620
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.7130
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.7730
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.1250
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.5320
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		04.1850
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.4620
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.7130
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.7730
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.1250
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.9940
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.9940
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.2510
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.2510
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.9640
Ache
[description not available]		03.4170
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.9640
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.4170
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.2510
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.2510
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.2510
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.2510
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.2510
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.5920
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		02.5920
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2510
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.2510
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7630
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.7630
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.2510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.2510
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.6920
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.6920
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.2510
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.2510
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.3110
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		02.3110
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.3110
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0440
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		04.0440
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		03.1140
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		03.1140
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.3660
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		03.3660
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.4420
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.5320
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.7430
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.4420
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.3110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.3110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.4720
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.2960
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		04.2960
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		02.5720
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.1510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.36190
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.1510
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.7830
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.7830
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.1510
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.1510
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.1510
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.5820
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.5820
Palsy
[description not available]		02.1710
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.1710
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.1710
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.0540
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.0540
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.1710
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.1710
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.4160
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.1710
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.5920
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.5920
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.1710
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.1710
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.1710
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.8330
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.5120
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.1710
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.0540
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.0540
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.2110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.2110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.2110
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.1710
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.4120
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.8130
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.2110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.4220
Deficiency, Yang
[description not available]		02.2110
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.8130
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.8130
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.7930
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.7930
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.5420
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.5420
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.2110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.2110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.5220
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.0810
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.830
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.830
Arthus Phenomenon
[description not available]		02.0810
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.5220
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.5120
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		02.5120
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.110
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.110
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.5220
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.5220
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.110
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.110
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.1110
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.7730
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.4620
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7730
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.1110
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.1110
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.1110
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.5220
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.1110
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.520
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.520
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.150
Metastase
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.1110
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.1310
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.7630
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.7630
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.1310
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		03.0410
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.0410
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.0410
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.1310
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.1510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1510
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		03.1550
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.0510
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.0510
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.0510
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.730
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.730
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.7430
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4720
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.4720
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.0610
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.0610
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.0610
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.0610
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.0610
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0610
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.0610
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.0710
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.0710
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		02.9210
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0210
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0210
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.0210
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.0310
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.0310
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.0310
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.0310
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.0310
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.0310
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.0410
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.0310
Itching
[description not available]		02.0410
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0410
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.3920
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9910
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		01.9910
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.420
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.420
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		01.9910
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		01.9910
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		0210
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		0210
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		0210
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		0210
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		01.9810
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		01.9810
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9710