Compounds > insulin degludec
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

insulin degludec

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID118984462
MeSH IDM0573376

Synonyms (11)

Synonym
844439-96-9
insulin degludec
nn 1250
unii-54q18076qb
b29n(epsilon)-omega-carboxypentadecanoyl-gamma-l-glutamyl desb30 human insulin
degludec
nn1250
insulin degludec [usan:inn]
(1a-21a),(1b-29b)-insulin (human), 29b-(n6-(n-(15-carboxy-1-oxopentadecyl)-l-gamma- glutamyl)-l-lysine)-
54q18076qb ,
tresiba

Research Excerpts

Overview

Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a long-acting basal insulin recently developed for use in humans. It is increasingly being used in diabetes due to its favourable efficacy and safety profile. Insulin degLudec has a smooth time/action profile over more than 42h.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a long-acting basal insulin recently developed for use in humans. "( The effect of Insulin Degludec on glycemic control in diabetic cats over a 12-month period.
Mori, A; Oda, H; Sako, T, 2020)		2.36
"Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting insulin analogue that is increasingly being used in diabetes due to its favourable efficacy and safety profile. "( Rapid quantification of insulin degludec by immunopurification combined with liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Antwi, K; Bally, L; Groessl, M; Nakas, CT; Niederkofler, EE; Prost, JC; Reverter-Branchat, G, 2020)		2.31
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is an ultra-long-acting insulin that has a smooth time/action profile over more than 42h. "( Effect of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine on glycemic control and daily fasting blood glucose variability in insulin-naïve Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: I'D GOT trial.
Aso, Y; Chiba, Y; Fujita, N; Kuroda, H; Murano, S; Sato, M; Suzuki, K; Takada, Y, 2017)		2.3
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new insulin formulation that facilitates long-term control of glucose level in humans. "( Time-action profiles of insulin degludec in healthy dogs and its effects on glycemic control in diabetic dogs.
Ishii, S; Mori, A; Oda, H; Onozawa, E; Sako, T; Shono, S, 2018)		2.23
"Insulin degludec is a new ultra-long-action basal insulin. "( Current status of insulin degludec in type 1 and type 2 diabetes based on randomized and observational trials.
Buysschaert, M; Preumont, V, 2020)		2.33
"Insulin degludec (Tresiba(®)) is an ultra-long-acting insulin analogue that is also available as a coformulation with rapid-acting insulin aspart (insulin degludec/insulin aspart) [Ryzodeg(®)]. "( Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart: a review of their use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Keating, GM, 2013)		3.28
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new-generation basal insulin that forms soluble multi-hexamers upon subcutaneous injection, resulting in a depot from which IDeg monomers are slowly and continuously absorbed to provide an ultra-long action profile. "( A comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 100 and 200 U/mL formulations of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec.
Adrian, CL; Deller, S; Haahr, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Neubauer, K; Pieber, TR; Thomsen, H, 2013)		2.04
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new basal insulin in development with a flat, ultra-long action profile that may permit dosing using a simplified titration algorithm with less frequent self-measured blood glucose (SMBG) measurements and more simplified titration steps than currently available basal insulins."( Insulin degludec once-daily in type 2 diabetes: simple or step-wise titration (BEGIN: once simple use).
Brod, M; Niemeyer, M; Ocampo Francisco, AM; Philis-Tsimikas, A; Rothman, J, 2013)		3.28
"Insulin degludec is a new basal insulin analogue with an ultra-long duration of action that provides a flat and stable action profile with a duration of action greater than 42 hours. "( Use of insulin degludec, a new basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action, in basal-bolus therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Gouet, D; Kerlan, V; Marre, M; Renard, É, 2013)		2.29
"Insulin degludec is a new-generation basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action. "( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment.
Arold, G; Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Kiss, I; Klim, S; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		3.29
"Insulin degludec is a basal insulin with a slow and distinct absorption mechanism resulting in an ultra-long, flat, and stable pharmacokinetic profile in patients with diabetes mellitus. "( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		3.29
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with an ultra-long pharmacokinetic profile in adults that at steady-state produces remarkably flat and stable insulin levels; however, no studies have yet reported on the pharmacokinetic properties of IDeg in subjects younger than 18 years of age. "( Insulin degludec's ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Aschemeier, B; Biester, T; Blaesig, S; Danne, T; Granhall, C; Haahr, H; Kordonouri, O; Kristensen, NR; Remus, K; Søndergaard, F, 2014)		3.29
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new basal insulin with an ultra-long and stable glucose-lowering effect. "( Health status and hypoglycaemia with insulin degludec versus insulin glargine: a 2-year trial in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cariou, B; Handelsman, Y; Mathieu, C; Rana, A; Rodbard, HW; Wolden, ML; Zinman, B, 2014)		2.12
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with an ultralong duration of action and a flat and stable glucose-lowering effect profile."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		1.38
"Insulin degludec is a desB30 insulin acylated at the LysB29 residue with a glutamate linker and 16-carbon fatty diacyl side chain."( The development of new basal insulins: is there any clinical advantage with their use in type 2 diabetes?
Capuano, A; Esposito, K; Giugliano, D; Maiorino, MI; Petrizzo, M, 2014)		1.12
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new-generation basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action. "( A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance.
Haahr, H; Heise, T, 2014)		2.1
"Insulin degludec is a new-generation basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action. "( Treating to target in type 2 diabetes: the BEGIN trial programme.
Chowdhury, S; Rao, PV; Wangnoo, SK, 2014)		1.85
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with a stable, flat action profile and an even distribution of the blood glucose lowering effect over 24 hou rs. "( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		2.13
"Insulin degludec is a new-generation ultra-long-acting basal insulin which offers a significantly more predictable glucose-lowering effect than other long-acting insulin analogues. "( The beneficial effect of insulin degludec on nocturnal hypoglycaemia and insulin dose in type 1 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
Dżygało, K; Golicki, D; Kowalska, A; Szypowska, A, 2015)		2.16
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with a stable, flat action profile and an even distribution of the blood glucose lowering effect over 24 hou rs. "( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		2.13
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a novel basal insulin with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared to insulin glargine (IGlar) including a long half-life of ∼25 h and a duration of action >42 h at steady state, providing a flat and stable blood glucose-lowering effect when injected once daily."( Clinical use of insulin degludec.
Cariou, B; Evans, M; Gross, JL; Harris, S; Landstedt-Hallin, L; Meneghini, L; Mithal, A; Rodriguez, MR; Vora, J, 2015)		1.48
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new basal insulin that forms soluble multihexamers after subcutaneous injection resulting in an ultra-long duration of action and stable glucose-lowering effect."( Insulin degludec results in lower rates of nocturnal hypoglycaemia and fasting plasma glucose vs. insulin glargine: A meta-analysis of seven clinical trials.
Del Prato, S; Diamant, M; Gall, MA; Niemeyer, M; Russell-Jones, D, 2015)		2.58
"Insulin degludec is an insulin analog with an ultra-long duration of action that exhibits less intra-patient variability in its glucose-lowering activity, and reduces nocturnal, overall, and severe hypoglycemia relative to insulin glargine. "( A short-term cost-utility analysis of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine U100 in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Denmark.
Pollock, RF; Tikkanen, CK, 2017)		2.17
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a long-acting basal human insulin analog produced using recombinant DNA technology. "( An Evolutionary Perspective on Basal Insulin in Diabetes Treatment: Innovations in Insulin: Insulin Degludec U-100 and U-200.
Philis-Tsimikas, A, 2016)		2.1
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin that forms soluble multihexamers after subcutaneous injection, resulting in an ultra-long action profile. "( Insulin degludec in type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial of a new-generation ultra-long-acting insulin compared with insulin glargine.
Birkeland, KI; DeVries, JH; Endahl, LA; Home, PD; Jendle, JH; Johansen, T; Lyby, K; Meneghini, LF; Ratner, RE; Roberts, AP; Wendisch, U, 2011)		3.25
"Insulin degludec is a new, ultra-longacting basal insulin."( Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 1): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial.
Bode, B; Buse, J; Fisher, M; Francisco, AM; Garg, S; Heller, S; Marre, M; Merker, L; Pei, H; Philotheou, A; Renard, E; Russell-Jones, D, 2012)		2.54
"Insulin degludec is a new, ultra-longacting basal insulin."( Insulin degludec, an ultra-longacting basal insulin, versus insulin glargine in basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 2 diabetes (BEGIN Basal-Bolus Type 2): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial.
Balci, MK; Del Prato, S; Endahl, LA; Francisco, AM; Garber, AJ; Hollander, P; King, AB; Muñoz-Torres, M; Rosenstock, J; Sreenan, S, 2012)		2.54
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new-generation basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action. "( Insulin degludec: four times lower pharmacodynamic variability than insulin glargine under steady-state conditions in type 1 diabetes.
Feldman, A; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Nosek, L; Rasmussen, S, 2012)		3.26
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new-generation, ultra-long-acting basal insulin that forms soluble multihexamers upon subcutaneous injection, resulting in a depot from which IDeg is absorbed slowly and continuously into circulation. "( Ultra-long-acting insulin degludec has a flat and stable glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Heise, T; Nosek, L, 2012)		2.16
"Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting basal insulin analogue that possesses a flat, stable glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus."( Can a new ultra-long-acting insulin analogue improve patient care? Investigating the potential role of insulin degludec.
Campbell, RK; Neumiller, JJ; Robinson, JD, 2012)		1.32
"Insulin degludec is a novel acylated basal insulin with a unique mechanism of protracted absorption involving the formation of a depot of soluble multihexamer chains after subcutaneous injection."( Insulin degludec: overview of a novel ultra long-acting basal insulin.
Davies, M; Gough, SC; Harris, S; Woo, V, 2013)		2.55
"Insulin degludec is a novel, ultra-long-acting basal insulin analogue that has a similar safety and efficacy profile when compared with insulin glargine in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. "( Insulin degludec: a novel basal insulin analogue.
Goldman-Levine, JD; Patel, DK; Schnee, DM, 2013)		3.28

Effects

Insulin degludec has a flat, stable glucose-lowering profile with a duration of action of >42 h. It has less within-patient day-to-day variability than the long-acting insulin analogue insulin glargine.

Insulin degludec has been extensively studied in the BEGIN programme in a range of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It has been associated with slightly less weight gain and fewer nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes when compared with insulin glargine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Insulin degludec has a flat, stable glucose-lowering profile with a duration of action of >42 h, and less within-patient day-to-day variability in glucose-lowering effect than the long-acting insulin analogue insulin glargine."( Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart: a review of their use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Keating, GM, 2013)		2.55
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) has an ultra-long and stable glucose-lowering effect, with low day-to-day variability."( Hypoglycaemia risk with insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in type 2 and type 1 diabetes: a pre-planned meta-analysis of phase 3 trials.
Bode, B; Del Prato, S; Endahl, L; Gough, SC; Mathieu, C; Mersebach, H; Ratner, RE; Zinman, B, 2013)		1.42
"Insulin degludec has been the product of a sophisticated and systematic biochemical engineering program which began with the release of insulin detemir. "( United States experience of insulin degludec alone or in combination for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Rendell, M, 2017)		2.19
"Insulin degludec has been extensively studied in the BEGIN programme in a range of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. "( Efficacy without barriers to insulin therapy: lessons from the BEGIN trial programme.
Jain, SM; Kumar, A; Kumar, H; Mithal, A, 2014)		1.85
"Insulin degludec has been associated with slightly less weight gain and fewer nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes when compared with insulin glargine in some, but not all, clinical studies."( Can a new ultra-long-acting insulin analogue improve patient care? Investigating the potential role of insulin degludec.
Campbell, RK; Neumiller, JJ; Robinson, JD, 2012)		1.32

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Insulin degludec required lower TDD and TDBD in this population of patients."( Insulin degludec requires lower bolus insulin doses than does insulin glargine in Japanese diabetic patients with insulin-dependent state.
Atsuda, K; Inoue, G; Irie, J; Izumi, H; Komuro, M; Matsubara, H; Nakajima, C; Shimada, M; Tabata, M; Uchida, J; Yamada, S; Yamada, Y, 2015)		2.58

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Treatment with insulin degludec resulted in a 28% (95% CI: 9%-43%; P = .02) relative rate reduction (RRR) of nocturnal symptomatic hypoglycaemia at level 1 (≤3.9 mmol/L), a 37% (95% CI: 16%-53%; P = .002) RRR at level 2 (≤3.0 mmol/L), and a 35% (95% CI: 1%-58%; P = .04) RRR in all-day severe hypoglycaemia compared with insulin glargine U100."( Comparison of treatment with insulin degludec and glargine U100 in patients with type 1 diabetes prone to nocturnal severe hypoglycaemia: The HypoDeg randomized, controlled, open-label, crossover trial.
Agesen, RM; Alibegovic, AC; Andersen, HU; Beck-Nielsen, H; Brøsen, JMB; Gustenhoff, P; Hansen, TK; Hedetoft, C; Jensen, AK; Jensen, TJ; Juhl, CB; Lerche, SS; Nørgaard, K; Parving, HH; Pedersen-Bjergaard, U; Sørensen, AL; Tarnow, L; Thorsteinsson, B, 2022)		1.37

Toxicity

IdegLira was generally well tolerated. The combined use of a basal insulin (insulin degludec) with an AR-GLP1 (liraglutide) is proposed as an effective and safe therapeutic alternative.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse event profiles were similar across groups."( The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given in variable once-daily dosing intervals compared with insulin glargine and insulin degludec dosed at the same time daily: a 26-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, treat-to-target trial in individ
Atkin, SL; Bain, S; Begtrup, K; Birkeland, KI; Blonde, L; Gough, SC; Johansen, T; Meneghini, L; Raz, I; Shestakova, M, 2013)		0.69
" Adverse event profiles were similar between groups."( Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given as part of basal-bolus treatment with mealtime insulin aspart in type 1 diabetes: a 26-week randomized, open-label, treat-to-target non-inferiority trial.
Bantwal, G; Davies, MJ; Gall, MA; Gross, JL; Niemeyer, M; Ono, Y; Sasaki, T; Seino, H, 2014)		0.71
" IDegLira was generally well tolerated; fewer participants in the IDegLira group than in the liraglutide group reported gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea 8·8 vs 19·7%), although the insulin degludec group had the fewest participants with gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea 3·6%)."( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 di
Bode, B; Buse, JB; Damgaard, LH; Gough, SC; Linjawi, S; Poulsen, P; Rodbard, HW; Woo, V, 2014)		0.84
" On the other hand, hypoglycaemia may generate adverse effects and disease complications, will compromise the quality of life and will substantially increase the economic burden of treatment budged."( Understanding the safety of the new ultra long acting basal insulin.
Gupta, V; Kalra, S; Kesavadev, J; Ramachandran, A, 2014)		0.4
" Both treatments were well tolerated with comparable rates of adverse events."( Insulin degludec in combination with bolus insulin aspart is safe and effective in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Danne, T; Deeb, L; Iotova, V; Kawamura, T; Kinduryte, O; Klingensmith, G; Ocampo Francisco, AM; Philotheou, A; Silverstein, J; Thalange, N; Tumini, S, 2015)		1.86
" Overall, all treatments were well tolerated and no new adverse events or tolerability issues were observed for IDegLira."( One-year efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a 26-week extension to a 26-week main trial.
Bode, BW; Buse, JB; Gough, SC; Linjawi, S; Reiter, PD; Rodbard, HW; Woo, VC; Zacho, M, 2015)		0.66
" The rates of adverse events with IDeg flexible and IDeg fixed dosing were similar."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily insulin degludec dosed flexibly at convenient times vs fixed dosing at the same time each day in a Japanese cohort with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 26-week, treat-to-target trial.
Hersløv, ML; Hyllested-Winge, J; Jinnouchi, H; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Nakamura, S, 2016)		0.71
" There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of adverse events in two groups (OR=0."( [Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec for diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis].
Deng, XR; Ding, L; Jing, CB; Liu, HX; Sun, SM; Wang, YF; Zheng, RZ, 2016)		0.74
" Rates of adverse events did not differ between the two groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Degludec versus Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes.
Brown-Frandsen, K; Buse, JB; Emerson, SS; Haahr, PM; Kvist, K; Lange, M; Marso, SP; McGuire, DK; Moses, A; Pieber, TR; Poulter, NR; Pratley, RE; Skibsted, S; Zinman, B, 2017)		0.46
" The rates of adverse events including total mortality and cardiovascular events were not significantly different between two treatment strategies."( Comparative safety and efficacy of insulin degludec with insulin glargine in type 2 and type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Kang, LN; Xu, B; Zhang, XL; Zhang, XW, 2018)		0.76
"A total of 150 first major adverse cardiovascular events were recorded at cut-off for the interim analysis."( Developing, Planning and Conducting an Interim Analysis: Lessons From the DEVOTE Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Insulin Degludec Versus Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardiovascul
Amby, LK; Endahl, L; Helmark, IC; Hoskin, S; Hvelplund, A; Mollerup, I; Moses, AC; Theilgaard, H, 2019)		0.71
" Therefore, the combined use of a basal insulin (insulin degludec) with an AR-GLP1 (liraglutide), in a single device (IdegLira), is proposed as an effective and safe therapeutic alternative for the treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes."( [Efficacy and safety of IdegLira for the intensification of type 2 diabetes treatment].
Costa Gil, JE; Faingold, MC; Fuente, GV; Litwak, LE; Rodríguez, M, )		0.39
" Outcomes by overall age group and randomized treatment differences were analysed for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), all-cause mortality, severe hypoglycaemia and serious adverse events (SAEs)."( Cardiovascular safety and lower severe hypoglycaemia of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine U100 in patients with type 2 diabetes aged 65 years or older: Results from DEVOTE (DEVOTE 7).
Buse, JB; Emerson, SS; Franek, E; Gilbert, MP; Hansen, CT; Hansen, MV; Mark, T; Marso, SP; McGuire, DK; Moses, AC; Pieber, TR; Pratley, RE; Zinman, B, 2019)		0.76
"This study aimed to compare the rate of hypoglycemic events from all spontaneously reported adverse events (AEs) between insulin detemir and insulin degludec using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database."( Disproportionality analysis of spontaneously reported hypoglycemia events due to insulin use: A comparison between insulin detemir and insulin degludec using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System.
Jeong, D; Kim, W; Shin, JY, 2021)		1.03
"We analyzed data on the reported hypoglycemia events retrieved from adverse drug reactions (ADR) on the use of different insulin types from 2016 to 2017 in the Korea Institute of Drug Safety & Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database (KIDS-KD)."( Disproportionality analysis of spontaneously reported hypoglycemia events due to insulin use: A comparison between insulin detemir and insulin degludec using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System.
Jeong, D; Kim, W; Shin, JY, 2021)		0.82
" One year after initiating IDegAsp, incidence of adverse events (AEs [primary endpoint]), serious AEs, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and severe hypoglycaemia (secondary safety endpoints) were assessed in the safety analysis set (SAS)."( Long-Term Safety and Clinical Outcomes with Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart Treatment in Japanese Patients with Diabetes: A Real-World, Prospective, Observational Study.
Eriksen, KT; Ishigaki, Y; Katabami, T; Yamamoto, Y, 2022)		0.98
" Thirty adverse events were reported in 23 patients (2."( Safety of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus over a Period of 1 Year during Routine Clinical Care in India: SMART (Study of Management of Diabetes with Ryzodeg™ Treatment).
Asirvatham, A; Basu, D; Gowda, A; Kesavadev, J; Kumar, H; Lodha, S; Mukherjee, JJ; Pathan, MK; Revanna, M; Shah, N; Singh, KP; Yalamanchi, SR, 2021)		1.02
" The results showed that IDeg/Asp significantly decreased the mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level but was prone to serious adverse events, and IGlar increased the nocturnal confirmed hypoglycemia events."( Comparative efficiency and safety of insulin degludec/aspart with insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Huang, JS; Lai, JM; Lai, YM; Li, SZ; Lin, JT; Lin, MH; Long, T; Wu, QL; Zeng, CP; Zeng, JY; Zhou, ZC, 2022)		0.99
"Treatment with degludec U100 is as effective and safe as glargine U300 for the early postoperative hospital management of patients with T2D undergoing CABG."( Efficacy and safety of degludec U100 versus glargine U300 for the early postoperative management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A non-inferiority randomized trial.
Gagneja, S; Gill, HK; Jain, R; Kaur, P; Kohli, C; Kuchay, MS; Kumari, P; Mathew, A; Mishra, M; Mishra, SK; Singh, MK; Surendran, P; Wasir, JS, 2023)		0.91
" Occurrence of serious adverse events was similar between the BIF and degludec groups."( Novel Once-Weekly Basal Insulin Fc Achieved Similar Glycemic Control With a Safety Profile Comparable to Insulin Degludec in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.
Bue-Valleskey, JM; Chien, J; Chigutsa, E; Dahl, D; Haupt, A; Kazda, CM; Landschulz, W; Wullenweber, P; Zhang, Q, 2023)		1.12

Pharmacokinetics

Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with an ultra-long pharmacokinetic profile in adults that at steady-state produces remarkably flat and stable insulin levels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We compared the pharmacodynamic (PD) variability of IDeg and insulin glargine (IGlar) under steady-state conditions."( Insulin degludec: four times lower pharmacodynamic variability than insulin glargine under steady-state conditions in type 1 diabetes.
Feldman, A; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Nosek, L; Rasmussen, S, 2012)		1.82
" This double-blind, crossover, randomized study compared the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties between IDeg 100 U/mL (U100) and IDeg 200 U/mL (U200) under steady-state (SS) conditions in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus."( A comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 100 and 200 U/mL formulations of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec.
Adrian, CL; Deller, S; Haahr, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Neubauer, K; Pieber, TR; Thomsen, H, 2013)		0.59
"IDeg U100 and U200 formulations are bioequivalent and have similar pharmacodynamic profiles at SS, implying that they can be used interchangeably in clinical practice."( A comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 100 and 200 U/mL formulations of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec.
Adrian, CL; Deller, S; Haahr, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Neubauer, K; Pieber, TR; Thomsen, H, 2013)		0.59
" There is a continuous and highly predictable slow dissociation of insulin monomers from this depot; insulin levels rise immediately reaching tmax at 10-12 hours, followed by a slow decline with a t½ of 17-21 hours, roughly double the duration of action of insulin glargine."( Insulin degludec: a long-acting modern insulin analogue with a predictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile.
Rendell, M, 2013)		1.83
" We evaluated the pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec in subjects with normal renal function; mild, moderate or severe renal impairment; or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment.
Arold, G; Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Kiss, I; Klim, S; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		2.1
"The ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec were preserved in subjects with renal impairment, with no statistically significant differences in absorption or clearance, compared with subjects with normal renal function."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment.
Arold, G; Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Kiss, I; Klim, S; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		2.1
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec (IDeg), a basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action, in elderly subjects with type 1 diabetes compared with younger adults."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.89
" Following 6-day dosing, a 26-hour euglycaemic glucose clamp procedure was conducted to evaluate the steady-state pharmacodynamic effects of IDeg."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.67
" The ultra-long pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of IDeg observed in younger adults were preserved in elderly subjects with type 1 diabetes."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.67
"Insulin degludec is a basal insulin with a slow and distinct absorption mechanism resulting in an ultra-long, flat, and stable pharmacokinetic profile in patients with diabetes mellitus."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		3.29
" Blood samples up to 120 h post-dose and fractionated urine samples were collected to measure pharmacokinetic parameters."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		1.85
"No difference was observed in pharmacokinetic parameters [area under the 120-h serum insulin degludec concentration-time curve (AUC120 h), maximum insulin degludec concentration (C max), and apparent clearance (CL/F)] for subjects with impaired versus normal hepatic function after a single dose of insulin degludec."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		2.07
"The ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec were preserved in subjects with hepatic impairment and there were no statistically significant differences in absorption or clearance compared with subjects with normal hepatic function."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		2.1
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a basal insulin with an ultra-long pharmacokinetic profile in adults that at steady-state produces remarkably flat and stable insulin levels; however, no studies have yet reported on the pharmacokinetic properties of IDeg in subjects younger than 18 years of age."( Insulin degludec's ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Aschemeier, B; Biester, T; Blaesig, S; Danne, T; Granhall, C; Haahr, H; Kordonouri, O; Kristensen, NR; Remus, K; Søndergaard, F, 2014)		3.29
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of exogenous insulin may be affected by intrinsic factors, such as age, ethnicity/race, and hepatic and renal function."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		0.66
"The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to IDeg at steady state vary according to patient race/ethnicity."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		0.66
" Differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables among groups were analyzed using an ANOVA with treatment period, an interaction between race/ethnicity, and treatment as fixed factors, subject as a random effect, and residual variance, depending on treatment."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		0.66
"The similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to IDeg in 3 racial/ethnic groups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suggest that the flat, stable, and ultralong pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of IDeg are preserved irrespective of race/ethnicity."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		0.66
" Glucose infusion rate (GIR), distribution of GIR and half-life were assessed."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Hövelmann, U; Nosek, L, 2015)		0.65
" At SS, the half-life was 25."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Hövelmann, U; Nosek, L, 2015)		0.65
"IDeg has a longer half-life (> 25 h) than IGlar."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Hövelmann, U; Nosek, L, 2015)		0.65
"The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec (IDeg) in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect similarities with Caucasian patients.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Hirao, K; Ikushima, I; Kaku, K, 2016)		0.91
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic measurements were obtained before each dose and up to 120 h after the last dose of each treatment period."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect similarities with Caucasian patients.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Hirao, K; Ikushima, I; Kaku, K, 2016)		0.69
" Overall, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic end-points and safety observations are consistent with those previously reported in Caucasian patients."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect similarities with Caucasian patients.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Hirao, K; Ikushima, I; Kaku, K, 2016)		0.69
"Available pharmacokinetic data, clinical trials and abstracts regarding fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide were reviewed."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Davis, SN; Lamos, EM, 2016)		0.9
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of IDegAsp have been investigated in a series of clinical pharmacology studies with generally comparable designs, methodologies and patient inclusion/exclusion criteria."( A Review of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Their Implications in Clinical Use.
Fita, EG; Haahr, H; Heise, T, 2017)		0.83
" Pharmacodynamic variables were assessed at steady-state from the glucose infusion rate profiles of three 24-hour euglycaemic glucose clamps (days 6, 9 and 12) during each treatment period."( Insulin degludec: Lower day-to-day and within-day variability in pharmacodynamic response compared with insulin glargine 300 U/mL in type 1 diabetes.
Famulla, S; Haahr, HL; Heise, T; Kaplan, K; Nosek, L; Nørskov, M, 2017)		1.9
"To compare steady state pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of insulin glargine 300U/mL (Gla-300) with insulin degludec 100U/mL (Deg-100) in people with type 1 diabetes."( Morning administration of 0.4U/kg/day insulin glargine 300U/mL provides less fluctuating 24-hour pharmacodynamics and more even pharmacokinetic profiles compared with insulin degludec 100U/mL in type 1 diabetes.
Bailey, TS; Bolli, GB; Dahmen, R; Klein, O; Maroccia, M; Nassr, N; Pettus, J; Roussel, R; Schmider, W, 2018)		0.89
"Gla-300 provides less fluctuating steady state pharmacodynamic profiles (i."( Morning administration of 0.4U/kg/day insulin glargine 300U/mL provides less fluctuating 24-hour pharmacodynamics and more even pharmacokinetic profiles compared with insulin degludec 100U/mL in type 1 diabetes.
Bailey, TS; Bolli, GB; Dahmen, R; Klein, O; Maroccia, M; Nassr, N; Pettus, J; Roussel, R; Schmider, W, 2018)		0.68
"With the aim to improve current therapeutic and monitoring options for diabetic cats, the present study compared pharmacodynamic parameters of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) and insulin degludec and validated the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) iPro2 with Sof-sensor and Enlite-sensor focusing on the low glycemic range."( Comparison of the pharmacodynamics of protamine zinc insulin and insulin degludec and validation of the continuous glucose monitoring system iPro2 in healthy cats.
Lutz, TA; Reusch, CE; Riederer, A; Salesov, E; Zini, E, 2018)		0.91
"4 U/kg, morning) showed a more stable pharmacodynamic profile (20% lower within-day variability [P = 0."( Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec (100, 200 U/mL) and insulin glargine (100, 300 U/mL) - a review of evidence and clinical interpretation.
Bolli, GB; Fanelli, CG; Owens, DR; S Bailey, T; Yale, JF, 2019)		0.75
" Furthermore, we report a population pharmacokinetic analysis of a 26-week, phase III, treat-to-target, randomized trial of 720 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes."( Preserved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin degludec and liraglutide when administered as insulin degludec/liraglutide in a Chinese population.
Chen, X; Hu, P; Ingwersen, SH; Jia, T; Liu, H; Luo, B; Vestergård Jacobsen, L, 2022)		0.97
"B01411 exhibited a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic similarity to the reference product."( A phase-I randomized euglycemic clamp study to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic equivalence of an insulin degludec biosimilar (B01411) with the reference product in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Chen, X; Jia, D; Li, J; Li, T; Liu, H; Tan, H; Yu, H; Yu, Y, )		0.34

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec significantly reduces glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves the TIR rate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In an open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, 74 patients were randomly assigned to either the IDeg (36 patients) or IGla (38 patients) group and were administered with basal-bolus therapy during hospitalization."( Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec U100 and insulin glargine U100 in combination with meal-time bolus insulin in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: an open-label, randomized controlled study.
Kadonosono, K; Nagakura, J; Oba, M; Okamoto, Y; Sakamoto, R; Shigematsu, E; Shinoda, M; Suzuki, J; Takahashi, K; Takano, T; Tamura, H; Terauchi, Y; Yamakawa, T, 2019)		0.82
"The aim of this study was to describe appetite and glucose fluctuation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients initiating treatment with dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec."( Effects of dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec on glucose fluctuations and appetite in type 2 diabetes.
Hua, F; Huang, J; Huang, X; Jiang, X; Luo, K; Wang, L; Yang, M; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.38
"This retrospective study of patients identified adults starting treatment with once-weekly (QW) dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec (experimental group) or insulin degludec alone (control group)."( Effects of dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec on glucose fluctuations and appetite in type 2 diabetes.
Hua, F; Huang, J; Huang, X; Jiang, X; Luo, K; Wang, L; Yang, M; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.39
"Dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec significantly reduces glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves the TIR rate."( Effects of dulaglutide combined with insulin degludec on glucose fluctuations and appetite in type 2 diabetes.
Hua, F; Huang, J; Huang, X; Jiang, X; Luo, K; Wang, L; Yang, M; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.48

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A single-dose, randomized, 4-period crossover clinical pharmacology study in healthy subjects compared the bioavailability of IDegLira with its monocomponents."( Preserved pharmacokinetic exposure and distinct glycemic effects of insulin degludec and liraglutide in IDegLira, a fixed-ratio combination therapy.
Bode, B; Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Kapitza, C; Poulsen, P, 2015)		0.65
"Manufacturers of insulin products for diabetes therapy have long sought ways to modify the absorption rate of exogenously administered insulins in an effort to better reproduce the naturally occurring pharmacokinetics of endogenous insulin secretion."( Impact of the mode of protraction of basal insulin therapies on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and resulting clinical outcomes.
Heise, T; Mathieu, C, 2017)		0.46

Dosage Studied

Insulin degludec may provide dosing options for patients who require some flexibility in adhering to an insulin regimen. It may also reduce the risk of hypoglycemia compared with the basal insulins that are currently available.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Insulin degludec may provide dosing options for patients who, because of their lifestyle, require some flexibility in adhering to an insulin regimen, and it may also reduce the risk of hypoglycemia compared with the basal insulins that are currently available."( Insulin degludec--a new-generation basal insulin.
Atkin, SL; Wakil, A, 2012)		3.26
" Once-daily dosing produces a steady-state profile characterized by a near-constant effect, which varies little from injection to injection in a given patient."( Insulin degludec: overview of a novel ultra long-acting basal insulin.
Davies, M; Gough, SC; Harris, S; Woo, V, 2013)		1.83
" Participants were randomized to 1) once-daily (OD) IDeg in a prespecified dosing schedule, creating 8-40-h intervals between injections (IDeg OD Flex; n = 229); 2) once-daily IDeg at the main evening meal (IDeg OD; n = 228); or 3) once-daily insulin glargine at the same time each day (IGlar OD; n = 230)."( The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given in variable once-daily dosing intervals compared with insulin glargine and insulin degludec dosed at the same time daily: a 26-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, treat-to-target trial in individ
Atkin, SL; Bain, S; Begtrup, K; Birkeland, KI; Blonde, L; Gough, SC; Johansen, T; Meneghini, L; Raz, I; Shestakova, M, 2013)		0.69
"The use of extreme dosing intervals of 8-40 h demonstrates that the daily injection time of IDeg can be varied without compromising glycemic control or safety."( The efficacy and safety of insulin degludec given in variable once-daily dosing intervals compared with insulin glargine and insulin degludec dosed at the same time daily: a 26-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, treat-to-target trial in individ
Atkin, SL; Bain, S; Begtrup, K; Birkeland, KI; Blonde, L; Gough, SC; Johansen, T; Meneghini, L; Raz, I; Shestakova, M, 2013)		0.69
" Because of its peakless, extended and highly predictable glucose-lowering effect, once-daily dosing on a flexible schedule may be feasible with degludec."( Flexibly timed once-daily dosing with degludec: a new ultra-long-acting basal insulin.
Josse, RG; Woo, V, 2013)		0.39
" In addition, trials examining a flexible dosing regimen of insulin degludec in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes show the potential for adjusting the injection time, without compromising glycaemic control or safety."( Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart: a review of their use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
Keating, GM, 2013)		2.07
"The concentration-time profiles of IDeg U100 and IDeg U200 were similar, and a post-hoc analysis showed bioequivalence between these formulations, as the 90 % confidence intervals (CIs) of the U200/U100 ratios for area under the steady-state serum IDeg concentration-time curve during a dosing interval (τ; 0-24 h) (AUCτ,SS,IDeg) (0."( A comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of 100 and 200 U/mL formulations of ultra-long-acting insulin degludec.
Adrian, CL; Deller, S; Haahr, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Neubauer, K; Pieber, TR; Thomsen, H, 2013)		0.59
"Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new basal insulin in development with a flat, ultra-long action profile that may permit dosing using a simplified titration algorithm with less frequent self-measured blood glucose (SMBG) measurements and more simplified titration steps than currently available basal insulins."( Insulin degludec once-daily in type 2 diabetes: simple or step-wise titration (BEGIN: once simple use).
Brod, M; Niemeyer, M; Ocampo Francisco, AM; Philis-Tsimikas, A; Rothman, J, 2013)		3.28
" A number of new, long-acting basal insulins are in development that provide good metabolic control, but with a lower risk of hypoglycaemia than currently available insulins, and greater flexibility in dosing time from day to day."( Insulin degludec--the impact of a new basal insulin on care in type 2 diabetes.
Cos, X; Khunti, K; Rutten, G, 2014)		1.85
" Pharmacokinetic endpoints included the total exposure of IDeg, ie the area under the IDeg serum concentration curve during one dosing interval at steady state (AUC(IDeg,τ,SS)) (τ = 0-24 h, equal to one dosing interval) and the maximum IDeg serum concentration at steady state (C(max,IDeg,SS))."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.67
" Mean AUC(IDeg,0-12h,SS)/AUC(IDeg,τ,SS) was 53 % in both younger adult and elderly subjects, showing that in both age groups IDeg exposure was evenly distributed across the first and second 12 h of the 24-hour dosing interval."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.67
"The exposure of IDeg at steady state during once-daily dosing was similar in younger adult and elderly subjects."( Ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties of insulin degludec are comparable in elderly subjects and younger adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Deller, S; Glettler, K; Haahr, H; Hastrup, H; Koehler, G; Korsatko, S; Mader, JK; Pieber, TR; Søndergaard, F; Treiber, G; Urschitz, M; Wolf, M, 2014)		0.67
" Simulated steady-state insulin degludec pharmacokinetic profiles showed an even distribution of exposure across a 24-h dosing interval regardless of hepatic function status."( Insulin degludec: pharmacokinetic properties in subjects with hepatic impairment.
Arold, G; Haahr, H; Højbjerre, M; Klim, S; Kupčová, V; Roepstorff, C, 2014)		2.15
"4 U/kg IDeg or insulin glargine (IGlar), respectively, on two separate dosing visits, with pharmacokinetic blood sampling up to 72-h postdose."( Insulin degludec's ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Aschemeier, B; Biester, T; Blaesig, S; Danne, T; Granhall, C; Haahr, H; Kordonouri, O; Kristensen, NR; Remus, K; Søndergaard, F, 2014)		1.85
" Patients were allocated randomly to a sequence of 2 treatment periods, separated by a 7- to 21-day washout period, with once-daily IDeg or insulin detemir dosing for 6 days at a predefined fixed dose level (0."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses of insulin degludec in African American, white, and Hispanic/Latino patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Haahr, H; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Roepstorff, C; Thomsen, HF; Watkins, E, 2014)		0.66
"The inferior glycaemic control and increased risk of hypoglycaemia with IDeg 3TW compared with IGlar OD do not support a three-times-weekly dosing regimen."( Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: results of two phase 3, 26 week, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target, non-inferiority trials.
Bode, B; DeVries, JH; Johansen, T; Leiter, LA; Moses, A; Ratner, R; Russell-Jones, D; Zinman, B, 2013)		0.7
" In addition, when dosing intervals vary substantially from day to day, degludec continues to be effective and to maintain a low rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia."( Insulin degludec, a long-acting once-daily basal analogue for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Berard, L; MacNeill, G, 2015)		1.86
" The pharmacokinetic profile of IDeg demonstrates an even distribution of exposure across one dosing interval."( A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance.
Haahr, H; Heise, T, 2014)		0.66
" Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk."( [Therapeutic compliance and flexibility in the use of basal insulins].
Costa Gil, JE; Faingold, MC; Fuente, GV; Litwak, LE, 2014)		0.4
" In once-daily dosing regimen it reaches steady state after approximately 3 days."( Translating structure to clinical properties of an ideal basal insulin.
Bantwal, G; Sahay, RK; Unnikrishnan, AG, 2014)		0.4
" In addition, trials examining a flexible dosing regimen of insulin degludec in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes show the potential for adjusting the injection time, without compromising glycaemic control or safety."( Treating to target in type 2 diabetes: the BEGIN trial programme.
Chowdhury, S; Rao, PV; Wangnoo, SK, 2014)		0.64
" oral therapy and also the flexible dosing options."( Efficacy without barriers to insulin therapy: lessons from the BEGIN trial programme.
Jain, SM; Kumar, A; Kumar, H; Mithal, A, 2014)		0.4
" It is potentially dangerous and the fear of hypoglycaemia may lead to sub-optimal dosing and inadequate glycaemic control."( Understanding the safety of the new ultra long acting basal insulin.
Gupta, V; Kalra, S; Kesavadev, J; Ramachandran, A, 2014)		0.4
"This may enable for a more flexible daytime dosing versus up to now available basal insulins."( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		0.68
" Both phase 3 studies compared a daytime flexible dosing of IDeg (IDeg-flex) with IDeg at the evening meal (IDeg-evening) and IDler at a fixed daytime."( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		0.68
"This may enable for a more flexible daytime dosing versus up to now available basal insulins."( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		0.68
" Both phase 3 studies compared a daytime flexible dosing of IDeg (IDeg-flex) with IDeg at the evening meal (IDeg-evening) and IDler at a fixed daytime."( [Daytime flexible application of Insulin degludec in patients with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes].
Jaeckel, E; Lüdemann, J; Milek, K; Segner, A; Wilhelm, B, 2014)		0.68
" The recent approval of insulin degludec/liraglutide administered in a fixed ratio combination is unique not simply for the additive benefits of the two agents, but because it now permits adjustable dosing of liraglutide together with insulin, providing better glucose control than with either agent alone at lower dose levels."( First fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Rendell, M, 2015)		1.01
"The limitations of current basal insulin preparations include concerns related to their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, hypoglycaemia, weight gain, and perception of management complexity, including rigid dosing schedules."( Clinical use of insulin degludec.
Cariou, B; Evans, M; Gross, JL; Harris, S; Landstedt-Hallin, L; Meneghini, L; Mithal, A; Rodriguez, MR; Vora, J, 2015)		0.76
" Liraglutide exposure was lower when dosed as IDegLira but met the criterion for equivalence."( Preserved pharmacokinetic exposure and distinct glycemic effects of insulin degludec and liraglutide in IDegLira, a fixed-ratio combination therapy.
Bode, B; Ingwersen, SH; Jacobsen, LV; Kapitza, C; Poulsen, P, 2015)		0.65
" The evenly distributed glucose-lowering effect of IDeg was confirmed by the AUCGIR across one dosing interval, as each of the four 6-h intervals across one dosing interval contributed ∼ 25% of the AUCGIR,τ,SS."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Hövelmann, U; Nosek, L, 2015)		0.65
" Exposure and glucose-lowering effects are more stable and evenly distributed across one dosing interval for IDeg versus IGlar (Clinical trials."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine.
Bøttcher, SG; Haahr, H; Heise, T; Hermanski, L; Hövelmann, U; Nosek, L, 2015)		0.65
"8 mg in combination with metformin (≥1500 mg) were randomized to addition of once-daily IDeg ('IDeg add-on to liraglutide' arm; n = 174) or placebo ('placebo add-on to liraglutide' arm; n = 172), with dosing of both IDeg and placebo based on titration guidelines."( Effect of adding insulin degludec to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin and liraglutide: a double-blind randomized controlled trial (BEGIN: ADD TO GLP-1 Study).
Andersen, TH; Aroda, VR; Bailey, TS; Cariou, B; Kumar, S; Leiter, LA; Philis-Tsimikas, A; Raskin, P; Zacho, J, 2016)		0.77
" At steady state, total glucose-lowering effect (area under the glucose infusion rate [GIR] curve during one dosing interval [τ, 0-24 h] at steady state [AUCGIR ,τ, SS]) was 1,446 mg/kg and total exposure (geometric mean) of IDeg (AUCID eg,τ, SS) was 81,270 pmol h/L."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect similarities with Caucasian patients.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Hirao, K; Ikushima, I; Kaku, K, 2016)		0.69
" These data support once-daily dosing of IDeg in all patients."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect similarities with Caucasian patients.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Hirao, K; Ikushima, I; Kaku, K, 2016)		0.69
" The characteristics of the GIR profile for IDegAsp were retained when simulated to steady state in a twice-daily dosing regimen."( Insulin degludec/insulin aspart in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Distinct prandial and basal glucose-lowering effects.
Bardtrum, L; Haahr, H; Ikushima, I; Sasaki, T, 2016)		1.88
"This was a 26-week, multicenter, open-label, randomized, treat-to-target trial, with a 2 × 2 factorial design comparing IDeg flexible (allowing dosing ±8 h from an agreed dosing time) with IDeg fixed dosing (at the same time each day)."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily insulin degludec dosed flexibly at convenient times vs fixed dosing at the same time each day in a Japanese cohort with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 26-week, treat-to-target trial.
Hersløv, ML; Hyllested-Winge, J; Jinnouchi, H; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Nakamura, S, 2016)		0.71
"The majority of doses were taken within 2 h of the agreed dosing time, showing a high level of adherence among Japanese patients."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily insulin degludec dosed flexibly at convenient times vs fixed dosing at the same time each day in a Japanese cohort with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 26-week, treat-to-target trial.
Hersløv, ML; Hyllested-Winge, J; Jinnouchi, H; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Nakamura, S, 2016)		0.71
"These results showed the efficacy and safety of allowing patients to vary the time they dosed IDeg, when necessary, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily insulin degludec dosed flexibly at convenient times vs fixed dosing at the same time each day in a Japanese cohort with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 26-week, treat-to-target trial.
Hersløv, ML; Hyllested-Winge, J; Jinnouchi, H; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Nakamura, S, 2016)		0.71
"In people with T2DM, once- and twice-daily dosing provides similar overall glycaemic control (HbA1c ) to current modern insulins, but with lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia."( Clinical use of the co-formulation of insulin degludec and insulin aspart.
Arechavaleta, R; Awata, T; Bain, SC; Ceriello, A; Christiansen, JS; Fulcher, GR; Gonzalez-Gálvez, G; Hirose, T; Home, PD; Kaku, K; Kumar, A; Litwak, L; Madsbad, S; Mehta, R; Mithal, A; Pinget, M; Tambascia, M; Tibaldi, J; Unnikrishnan, AG, 2016)		0.71
" Indeed, NPH insulin remains widely used today despite a frequent need for a twice-daily dosing and a relatively high incidence of hypoglycaemia."( Impact of the mode of protraction of basal insulin therapies on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and resulting clinical outcomes.
Heise, T; Mathieu, C, 2017)		0.46
" The glucose-lowering effect profile of IDegAsp during once-daily dosing at steady state shows distinct and clearly separated action from the prandial and basal components of IDegAsp."( A Review of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Their Implications in Clinical Use.
Fita, EG; Haahr, H; Heise, T, 2017)		0.83
" The day-to-day variability in glucose-lowering effect assessed in 2-hour intervals was consistently low with IDeg over 24 hours, but steadily increased with IGlar-U300 to a maximum at 10 to 12 hours and 12 to 14 hours after dosing (variance ratios 12."( Insulin degludec: Lower day-to-day and within-day variability in pharmacodynamic response compared with insulin glargine 300 U/mL in type 1 diabetes.
Famulla, S; Haahr, HL; Heise, T; Kaplan, K; Nosek, L; Nørskov, M, 2017)		1.9
" Despite glycated haemoglobin concentrations being lower with IDegLira at end of treatment, confirmed and nocturnal-confirmed hypoglycaemia rates were lower for IDegLira vs IDeg and IGlar U100, irrespective of dosing time."( Rates of hypoglycaemia are lower in patients treated with insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) than with IDeg or insulin glargine, regardless of the hypoglycaemia definition used.
Chen, R; Heller, S; Jaeckel, E; Jarlov, H; Lehmann, L; Lingvay, I; Norwood, P, 2017)		0.7
"Treatment with IDegLira, vs IDeg and IGlar U100, resulted in lower rates of hypoglycaemia regardless of dosing time and definition of hypoglycaemia used."( Rates of hypoglycaemia are lower in patients treated with insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) than with IDeg or insulin glargine, regardless of the hypoglycaemia definition used.
Chen, R; Heller, S; Jaeckel, E; Jarlov, H; Lehmann, L; Lingvay, I; Norwood, P, 2017)		0.7
"Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive once-daily insulin degludec followed by insulin glargine U100 (n = 249) or to receive insulin glargine U100 followed by insulin degludec (n = 252) and randomized 1:1 to morning or evening dosing within each treatment sequence."( Effect of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine U100 on Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: The SWITCH 1 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Bailey, TS; Gerety, G; Gumprecht, J; Hansen, CT; Lane, W; Nielsen, TSS; Philis-Tsimikas, A; Warren, M, 2017)		1.11
"Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive once-daily insulin degludec followed by insulin glargine U100 (n = 361) or to receive insulin glargine U100 followed by insulin degludec (n = 360) and randomized 1:1 to morning or evening dosing within each treatment sequence."( Effect of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine U100 on Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SWITCH 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Bhargava, A; Chaykin, L; de la Rosa, R; Handelsman, Y; Kvist, K; Norwood, P; Troelsen, LN; Wysham, C, 2017)		1.11
"38) was similar for both dosing schemes."( Reduction in insulin degludec dosing for multiple exercise sessions improves time spent in euglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial.
Aberer, F; Birnbaumer, P; Bracken, RM; Dietz, P; Eckstein, ML; Hofmann, P; Holler, P; Koehler, G; Kojzar, H; Moser, O; Mueller, A; Pferschy, P; Simi, H; Sourij, C; Sourij, H, 2019)		0.88
"0001), and more even dosing over each 6-h quartile, with insulin degludec 200 U/mL versus insulin glargine 300 U/mL (0."( Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec (100, 200 U/mL) and insulin glargine (100, 300 U/mL) - a review of evidence and clinical interpretation.
Bolli, GB; Fanelli, CG; Owens, DR; S Bailey, T; Yale, JF, 2019)		0.99
"The stable, ultra-long duration of action of insulin degludec (degludec) minimizes fluctuations in glucose-lowering activity over the daily (24-h) dosing period, and comparative studies with other basal insulins suggest that these properties translate into a lower risk of hypoglycemia at equivalent levels of glycemic control."( Switching "Real-World" Diabetes Patients to Degludec from Other Basal Insulins Provides Different Clinical Benefits According to Their Baseline Glycemic Control.
Haldrup, S; Knudsen, ST; Lapolla, A; Schultes, B; Tentolouris, N; Wolden, ML, 2019)		0.77
" Multiple randomized control trials and real-world evidence studies have demonstrated that the newer second-generation basal insulin analogs, insulin glargine 300 units/mL and insulin degludec 100 or 200 units/mL, provide stable glycemic control with once-daily dosing and are associated with a reduced risk of hypoglycemia compared with previous-generation basal insulin analogs insulin glargine 100 units/mL and insulin detemir."( Differentiating Basal Insulin Preparations: Understanding How They Work Explains Why They Are Different.
Cheng, AYY; Patel, DK; Reid, TS; Wyne, K, 2019)		0.71
" At 12 months, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and basal insulin dosage decreased significantly."( Switching to Degludec From Other Basal Insulins Is Associated With Reduced Hypoglycemia Rates: A Prospective Study.
de Valk, HW; Fadini, GP; Feher, M; Hansen, TK; Jendle, J; Koefoed, MM; Wolden, M; Zimmermann, E, 2019)		0.51
" We present results from 4 nonclinical rat studies evaluating effects of repeated dosing with insulin detemir (≤26 weeks) or degludec (52 weeks) in mammary glands."( Evaluation of Cell Proliferation in Rat Mammary Glands Is Not Predictive of the Carcinogenic Potential of Insulin In Vivo.
Brinck, PR; Jensen, VFH; Mølck, AM; Nowak, J; Sjögren, I; Thorup, I, )		0.13
"Patients with inadequate glycemic control or who find their basal insulin dosing inconvenient may benefit from switching to Ideg, with the potential for small improvementa in A1C at lower basal insulin doses."( Clinical Utility of Switching to Insulin Degludec From Other Basal Insulins in Adult Patients With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.
Bakal, JA; Baran, O; Dersch-Mills, D; Hnatiuk, M; Huyghebaert, T; Roedler, RL, 2022)		1
"Once-weekly insulin icodec could provide a simpler dosing alternative to daily basal insulin in people with type 2 diabetes."( Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec vs Once-Daily Insulin Degludec in Adults With Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes: The ONWARDS 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Asong, M; Desouza, C; Gourdy, P; Kar, S; Lingvay, I; Mu, Y; Vianna, A; Vilsbøll, T; Vinther, S, 2023)		1.18
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (407)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's294 (72.24)24.3611
2020's113 (27.76)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 94.89

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index94.89 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.32 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.59 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index172.28 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (94.89)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials134 (31.98%)5.53%
Reviews96 (22.91%)6.00%
Case Studies14 (3.34%)4.05%
Observational24 (5.73%)0.25%
Other151 (36.04%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.51112-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.5311cyclitol;
hexol
phenol
[no description available]		310phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.5520isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		16.81712guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.4111aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		310benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		7.3110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.3911diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		3.9911aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.1810D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.82211,2,3-triazole
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		3.5311benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0710
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.5311organic molecular entity
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		2.1510gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		3.1810aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pimavanserin
pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.		2.5520aromatic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist;
antipsychotic agent;
serotonergic antagonist
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		3.5311aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		2.1510
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		4.8121
sar 1118
lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).		2.15101-benzofurans;
isoquinolines;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
liraglutide
[no description available]		16.936524lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		10.7143
insulin glulisine
insulin glulisine: provides greater beta-cell protective action		5.6441
insulin detemir
Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		16.2535
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		8.3561
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.511
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.1510C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
insulin, isophane
Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.		15.05373
tak-875
[no description available]		2.0710biphenyls
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.5520
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		5.6530
lesinurad
lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.		2.1510aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
triazoles		uricosuric drug
humulin s
Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.		6.1542
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		22.7925475
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		621
ly2605541
LY2605541: an insulin lispro analog with polyethylene glycol covalently attached to lysine B28 via a urethane linkage		3.1910
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		024.8940992
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		027.92901122
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		026.8770774
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		029.8940992
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		027.92901122
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		026.8770774
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.8220
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		016751
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.9160
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.6620
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		06.2332
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.6620
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		06.2332
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		011.15146
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		016.15146
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		08.9273
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		011.91174
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.610
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		08.11103
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.5111
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		06.9661
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		011.9661
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.1231
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		06.1231
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.8821
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		04.8821
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.6411
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.3110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.3110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.441
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.3110
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		02.3110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		05.8121
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		05.8121
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.0221
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.3110
Dry Eye
[description not available]		02.1510
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		02.1510
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.4811
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		011.35175
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		011.35175
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.4811
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.821
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.821
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.5220
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		04.2530
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.1210
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.1210
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0810
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.411
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		04.411
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.411
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.411
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.1310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.1310
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		07.0441
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.0441
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.4511
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		04.4511
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		04.4511
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.4511
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1310
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.1310
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		04.4311
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		04.4311
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.4311
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		04.4311
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