A toxin that accumulates in patients with chronic kidney disease.
ChEBI ID: 64584
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 2-heptenal | A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax. | (E)-hept-2-enal |
| 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid | A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases. | 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid |
| 4-cresol | A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals. | p-cresol |
| 4-cresol sulfate | An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group. | p-cresol sulfate |
| hippuric acid | An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl. | N-benzoylglycine |
| methylguanidine | A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group. | methylguanidine |
| salicylurate | An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl. | salicyluric acid |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 544 (25.43) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 396 (18.51) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 379 (17.72) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 635 (29.69) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 185 (8.65) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 115 (4.89%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 76 (3.23%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 14 (0.60%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 9 (0.38%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 2,138 (90.90%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.5481 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 70.7946 | 1 | 1 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.4285 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.1623 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain B, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.1623 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.5909 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.9253 | 4 | 5 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 1 | 1 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 94.3918 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3162 | 1 | 1 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 3.9811 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 47.3079 | 1 | 1 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.5909 | 1 | 1 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.2163 | 1 | 1 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 25.4905 | 1 | 2 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 47.6210 | 1 | 1 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 43.9027 | 2 | 3 |
| Smad3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.3096 | 1 | 1 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.9200 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 26.6032 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.7793 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.4509 | 2 | 2 |
| Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 330.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Dihydrofolate reductase | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 17,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 20 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 310.5150 | 1 | 2 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 23.5000 | 1 | 2 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 66.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 55.8114 | 2 | 3 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 16.5000 | 3 | 3 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 31.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 19.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 860.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 82.5000 | 1 | 2 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 28.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 27.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 8 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 11.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Sulfotransferase 1A1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |