Compounds > nafarelin
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

nafarelin

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Description

Nafarelin: A potent synthetic agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY and ENDOMETRIOSIS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

nafarelin : An oligopeptide comprising of 5-oxo-L-proline, L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-serine, L-tyrosine, 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine, L-leucine, L-arginine and L-prolylglycinamide residues joined sequence by peptide linkages. It is a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist that is used to treat central precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID25077405
CHEBI ID7445
SCHEMBL ID22518
MeSH IDM0026219

Synonyms (39)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0760
lhrh, ala(2-naphthyl)(6)-
nafareline [french]
nafarelinum [latin]
nafarelin [inn:ban]
nafarelina [spanish]
76932-56-4
nafarelin
DB00666
nafarelinum
nafarelina
nafareline
unii-1x0094v6jv
1x0094v6jv ,
bdbm84707
nafarelin [who-dd]
nafarelin [inn]
5-oxopro-his-trp-ser-tyr-d-nal(2)-leu-arg-pro-gly-nh2
nafarelin [vandf]
nafarelin [mi]
AKOS015895038
gtpl3902
SCHEMBL22518
HS-2018 ,
CHEBI:7445 ,
(s)-1-((3s,6s,9s,12s,15r,18s,21s)-3-((1h-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-6-((1h-indol-3-yl)methyl)-21-(3-guanidinopropyl)-12-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-18-isobutyl-15-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaoxo-1-((s)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)-2,5,8,11,
Q3869873
(s)-1-(((r)-2-((s)-2-((s)-2-((s)-2-((s)-3-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)-2-((s)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)propanamido)-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propanamido)-3-hydroxypropanamido)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)propanoyl)-l-leucyl-l-arginyl)-n-(2-amin
CCG-270673
C76463
DTXSID001031284
h01ca02
6-d-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-gnrh
nafarelinum (latin)
5-oxo-l-prolyl l-histidyl-l-tryptophyl-l-seryl-l-tyrosyl-3-(2-naphthyl)-d-alanyl-l-leucyl-l-arginyl-l-prolylglycinamide
(2s)-n-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-1-((2s,5s,8r,11s,14s,17s,20s)-2-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-11-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-14-(hydroxymethyl)-20-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-17-(1h-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-(2-methylpropyl)-8-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-4,7,10,13,16,19,22-heptaoxo-22-
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-l-tryptophyl-l-seryl-l-tyrosyl-3-(2-naphthyl)-d-alanyl-l-leucyl-l-arginyl-l-prolyl-glycinamide
(6-d-(2-naphthyl)alanine)-gnrh
EN300-7480908

Research Excerpts

Overview

Nafarelin acetate is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist proven as effective as danazol in treating endometriosis. It causes reversible testosterone deprivation resulting in involution of the prostate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nafarelin acetate is a new gonadotropin releasing (GnRH) agonist analogue with unique potency, intranasal administration, and convenient storage. "( Comparison between nafarelin acetate and D-Trp6-LHRH for temporary pituitary suppression in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients: a prospective crossover study.
Friedler, S; Hetsroni, I; Lewin, A; Shushan, A; Strauss, N; Tanos, V, 1995)		2.06
"Nafarelin is a more potent LH and E2 suppressor than danazol, and the agonist effect of nafarelin may continue to provoke transient gonadotropin responses despite long-term therapeutic suppression."( Medical treatment of endometriosis: a comparison of the suppressive effects of danazol and nafarelin on reproductive hormones.
Burry, KA; Cohen, NL; Dahl, KD; Hickok, LR; Moore, DE; Soules, MR, 1991)		1.94
"Nafarelin acetate is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist proven as effective as danazol in treating endometriosis. "( Nafarelin acetate: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for the treatment of endometriosis.
Britton, ML; Letassy, NA; Suda, RR; Thompson, DF, 1990)		3.16
"Nafarelin acetate is a potent luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist which causes reversible testosterone deprivation resulting in involution of the prostate."( The influence of reversible androgen deprivation on serum prostate-specific antigen levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Chan, DW; Oesterling, JE; Partin, AW; Peters, CA; Walsh, PC; Weber, JP, 1989)		1

Treatment

Nafarelin acetate treatment begun during anoestrus resulted in an induced heat 1-2 weeks after the start of treatment. Treatment with nafarein, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, inhibits ovarian function and induces hypoestrogenemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nafarelin-treated subjects lost less BMD, had fewer days with hot flushes and had fewer objectively measured hot flushes."( Nafarelin vs. leuprolide acetate depot for endometriosis. Changes in bone mineral density and vasomotor symptoms. Nafarelin Study Group.
Agarwal, SK; Hamrang, C; Henzl, MR; Judd, HL, 1997)		2.46
"Nafarelin treatment of women with symptomatic leiomyomas effectively decreases uterine bleeding; improves hematologic parameters; manages symptoms of menometrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea and pelvic discomfort; reduces uterine and myoma size; and is well tolerated. "( Clinical use of nafarelin in the treatment of leiomyomas. A review of the literature.
Minaguchi, H; Snabes, MC; Wong, JM, 2000)		2.1
"On nafarelin treatment, serum total HDL and HDL2 cholesterol concentrations increased slightly, but total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were unchanged."( Comparison between the effects of nafarelin and danazol on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with endometriosis.
Nilsson, CG; Roine, R; Välimäki, M; Ylikorkala, O, 1989)		1.07
"Nafarelin treatment reduces both uterine and myoma volume, induces amenorrhea and improves blood indices in women with uterine leiomyomas. "( Treatment of uterine leiomyomas and hirsutism with nafarelin.
Andreyko, J; Monroe, SE, 1989)		1.97
"Nafarelin acetate treatment begun during anoestrus resulted in an induced heat 1-2 weeks after the start of treatment."( Long-term reversible suppression of oestrus in bitches with nafarelin acetate, a potent LHRH agonist.
Bajka, A; McRae, GI; Roberts, BB; Vickery, BH; Worden, AC, 1985)		1.23
"Treatment with nafarelin, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, reversibly inhibits ovarian function and induces hypoestrogenemia. "( Administration of nasal nafarelin as compared with oral danazol for endometriosis. A multicenter double-blind comparative clinical trial.
Berqvist, C; Buttram, VC; Corson, SL; Henzl, MR; Jacobson, J; Moghissi, K, 1988)		0.93

Toxicity

Nafarelin treatment for clinical endometriosis symptoms in women < or = 29 years was safe and effective. Adverse effects were related to its mode of action, namely hypoestrogenemia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Safety was evaluated by adverse events and clinical laboratory tests."( Nafarelin for endometriosis: a large-scale, danazol-controlled trial of efficacy and safety, with 1-year follow-up. The Nafarelin European Endometriosis Trial Group (NEET).
, 1992)		1.73
" The adverse effects seen with nafarelin, mainly hot flashes, were related to its mode of action, namely hypoestrogenemia induced by reversible inhibition of ovarian hormone production."( Efficacy and safety of nafarelin in the treatment of endometriosis.
Henzl, MR; Kwei, L, 1990)		0.88
"Twenty-four-week nafarelin treatment for clinical endometriosis symptoms in women < or = 29 years was safe and effective."( Treatment with nafarelin for endometriosis in young women. Efficacy, safety and lipid metabolism. Niigata Nafarelin Study Group.
Kurabayashi, T; Takakuwa, K; Tanaka, K, 2000)		1
" Adverse events (AEs) and laboratory parameters, including hematology, hepatic function, blood pressure, and lipid levels, were monitored for safety evaluations."( A randomized, parallel, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of nafarelin versus danazol in the treatment of endometriosis in Taiwan.
Chang, SP; Cheng, MH; Wang, PH; Yu, BK, 2005)		0.56

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We describe here our experience from a programme based on assisted ejaculation combined with in vitro fertilization (IVF)."( Assisted ejaculation combined with in vitro fertilisation: an effective technique treating male infertility due to spinal cord injury.
Garoff, L; Hillensjö, T; Hultling, C; Levi, R; Nylund, L; Rosenborg, L; Sjöblom, P, 1994)		0.29

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The bioavailability of a single dose of intranasal nafarelin was evaluated in 15 healthy female volunteers."( Bioavailability of nafarelin in healthy volunteers.
Chaplin, MD, 1992)		0.86
" Bioavailability of this nasal formulation relative to a single subcutaneous dose averaged 21%."( Absorption and metabolism of nafarelin, a potent agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Anik, S; Chan, RL; Chaplin, MD; Henzl, MR; LaFargue, J; LePage, ME; Nerenberg, CA, 1988)		0.57
" Absorption was rapid and very reproducible, with peak levels occurring at 15-30 min and a bioavailability of approximately 2% relative to a subcutaneous dose."( Nasal absorption of nafarelin acetate, the decapeptide [D-Nal(2)6)]LHRH, in rhesus monkeys. I.
Anik, ST; Foreman, J; Hwang, JY; Jones, RE; Kushinsky, S; McRae, G; Nerenberg, C; Vickery, B; Worden, A, 1984)		0.59

Dosage Studied

Nafarelin 200 mcg daily significantly reduced signs and symptoms of endometriosis. Five patients needed a dosage increase before menses stopped.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Further studies are needed to optimize the dosing regimen."( Nafarelin versus leuprolide in ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization: a randomized clinical trial.
DeCherney, AH; Gutmann, JN; Jones, EE; Lavy, G; Penzias, AS; Shamma, FN, 1992)		1.73
"Administration of the LHRH agonist, Nafarelin (D-(Nal2)6 GnRH), at a dosage of 200 micrograms twice daily intranasally in 13 patients with uterine leiomyomata resulted in a reduction in uterine volume to a mean of 55."( Effect of nafarelin on uterine fibroids measured by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
Shaw, RW; Williams, IA, )		0.81
" Theoretical multiple dosing profiles generated from the single dose clinical results show significant oscillations in plasma nafarelin levels depending on the particular dosing interval selected."( Nafarelin controlled release injectable: theoretical clinical plasma profiles from multiple dosing and from mixtures of microspheres containing 2 per cent, 4 per cent and 7 per cent nafarelin.
Burns, RA; Sanders, LM; Vitale, K, )		1.78
" Fifteen women with polycystic ovary syndrome were treated with the GnRH agonist Nafarelin at a dosage of 200 micrograms twice daily intranasally for a period of 3 or 6 months."( An attempt to alter the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome using a gonadotrophin hormone releasing hormone agonist--Nafarelin.
Burford, G; Shaw, RW; Williams, IA, 1989)		0.71
" Another 2 bitches were similarly treated with 32 micrograms analogue/day; they were mated at the oestrus at start of treatment and dosing was continued for about 63 days."( Long-term reversible suppression of oestrus in bitches with nafarelin acetate, a potent LHRH agonist.
Bajka, A; McRae, GI; Roberts, BB; Vickery, BH; Worden, AC, 1985)		0.51
" In either case, the results are the most promising to date and raise the possibility that constant delivery of a higher dosage of agonist could produce azoospermia in most or all subjects."( Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists in male contraception.
Bhasin, S; Steiner, BS; Swerdloff, RS, 1986)		0.27
" Further investigation, with dosage adjusted according to individual patient sensitivity, may lead to the development of a clinically acceptable contraceptive which consistently inhibits ovulation while maintaining serum estradiol levels sufficient to prevent osteoporosis."( Dose-dependent inhibition of pituitary-ovarian function during administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonistic analog (nafarelin).
Andreyko, JL; Blumenfeld, Z; Henzl, MR; Jaffe, RB; Monroe, SE; Schriock, E, 1986)		0.48
" Over the dose range tested, the dose-response on all parameters was characterized by a slower evolution to the same maximal effect, rather than by a partial effect."( Dose-response studies on male reproductive parameters in dogs with nafarelin acetate, a potent LHRH agonist.
Briones, WV; Falvo, RE; McRae, GI; Roberts, BB; Schanbacher, BD; Vickery, BH; Worden, AC, )		0.37
" Eight of the women received a single subcutaneous injection of nafarelin during the luteal phase at a dosage of 2, 5, or 100 micrograms for determination of the dose-response and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug."( Effect on corpus luteum function of luteal phase administration of a potent gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (nafarelin).
Henzl, MR; Jaffe, RB; Martin, MC; Monroe, SE; Schriock, ED, 1985)		0.72
" CONCLUSION -- The model was found to be responsive to the GnRH agonist agents evaluated and could discriminate between dosage levels."( Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, nafarelin, buserelin, and leuprolide, on experimentally induced endometriosis in the rat.
Mizutani, T; Sakata, M; Terakawa, N, )		0.38
" To distinguish between these possibilities, we have analyzed the ovarian steroid responses to nafarelin for the apparent efficiency of the steroidogenic steps and the apparent dose-response relationships between blood LH and steroid levels."( Studies of the nature of 17-hydroxyprogesterone hyperresonsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist challenge in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism.
Barnes, RB; Ehrmann, DA; Rosenfield, RL, 1994)		0.51
" The standard dosage is 200 micrograms bid intranasally."( Nafarelin in the treatment of endometriosis. Dose management.
Barbieri, RL; Hull, ME, 1994)		1.73
" Nafarelin 200 mcg daily significantly reduced signs and symptoms of endometriosis, although five patients needed a dosage increase before menses stopped."( Low dose intranasal nafarelin for the treatment of endometriosis.
Bullingham, RE; Harris, SR; Jacobson, J, 1994)		1.52
"Intranasal nafarelin at a dosage of 200 micrograms twice daily or LA at a dose of 1 mg/d SC was administered."( Comparison between nafarelin and leuprolide acetate for in vitro fertilization: preliminary clinical study.
Asch, RH; Balmaceda, JP; Dantas, ZN; Stone, SC; Vicino, M, 1994)		1.01
" Since nafarelin injection is no longer produced, studies were conducted to determine the dosage of leuprolide that would yield equivalent responses."( Acute hormonal responses to the gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist leuprolide: dose-response studies and comparison to nafarelin--a clinical research center study.
Barnes, RB; Ehrmann, DA; Perovic, N; Rosenfield, RL, 1996)		0.96
" In 27 women a quick and long-lasting amenorrhoea was induced with standard doses of the drug, while other 13 needed higher dosage to achieve the same effect."( [The efficacy and safety of nafarelin in treating genital endometriosis].
Karag'ozov, I; Nikolov, A; Novachkov, V, 1996)		0.59
" The trials included 1,014 women (nafarelin n = 597) in protocols employing three different dosage regimens, long and short stimulation protocols, and three comparative GnRH agonists (buserelin n = 348; triptorelin n = 14, and leuprolide n = 55)."( Efficacy of nafarelin in assisted reproductive technology: a meta-analysis.
Forrest, KA; Gersh, GE; Kennedy, SH; Snabes, SZ; Wong, JM; Zhao, SZ, )		0.79
") total dosage of hMG (ampoules) (37."( Clinical evaluation of three different gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues in an IVF programme: a prospective study.
Al-Mizyen, E; Al-Shawaf, T; Bhide, M; El-Nemr, A; Gillott, C; Grudzinskas, JG; Khalifa, Y; Lower, AM, 2002)		0.31
" Dose-response LHR using patient basophils was observed for different hormones but after 3 months persisted only for 5β-pregnanediol."( A case of progesterone-induced anaphylaxis, cyclic urticaria/angioedema, and autoimmune dermatitis.
Bernstein, DI; Bernstein, IL; Bernstein, JA; Lummus, ZL, 2011)		0.37
"Nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) (also referred to as cellulose nanofibers, nanocellulose, microfibrillated, or nanofibrillated cellulose) has recently gotten wide attention in various research areas and it has also been studied as excipient in formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Evaluation of drug interactions with nanofibrillar cellulose.
Hellman, M; Hirvonen, J; Kolakovic, R; Laaksonen, P; Laaksonen, T; Laukkanen, A; Linder, MB; Peltonen, L, 2013)		0.39
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonistAny drug which binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and triggers a response.
anti-estrogenA drug which acts to reduce estrogenic activity in the body, either by reducing the amount of estrogen or by reducing the activity of whatever estrogen is present.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
oligopeptideA peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (299)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199072 (24.08)18.7374
1990's144 (48.16)18.2507
2000's65 (21.74)29.6817
2010's18 (6.02)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 54.29

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index54.29 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.05 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.42 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index89.78 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (54.29)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials94 (28.75%)5.53%
Reviews34 (10.40%)6.00%
Case Studies25 (7.65%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other174 (53.21%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Luteal Phase Support With GnRH Agonist Alone After GnRH Agonist Triggering and Fresh Embryo Transfer Compared to the Reference Protocol (hCG Triggering and Progesterone Luteal Support): a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT06150703]Phase 3652 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-02-29Not yet recruiting
Luteal Phase Support Using Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist (GnRHa) Versus Estrogen and Progesterone Supplementation in High Responders Following GnRHa Triggering - A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04797338]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-29Recruiting
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Natural Versus Hormone Replacement Therapy Cycles in Frozen Embryo Replacement IVF: a Pilot Study [NCT00843570]Phase 4159 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Endometriosis : Traditional Medicine vs Hormone Therapy [NCT00034047]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Injection Free Natural Cycle In Vitro Fertilisation by Using a Nasal GnRH Agonist to Induce Ovulation. Is it More Comfortable for Patients and Equally Effective as Subcutaneous hCG Injection? [NCT04850261]Phase 2112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-01Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.39202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.14101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		1.9810dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		8.110inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		3.77214-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.981017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.673017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		1.9810L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.3711carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		5.244317-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		5.317217-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		7.269417beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		5.448217alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		5.45320-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		1.9710erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.5420primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		3.3811calcium saltnutraceutical
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		4.2841heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.3511bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		1.981017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.392017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gestrinone
Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.		2.3820oxo steroid
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		11.92411917beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		1.9810indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		3.411117beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
buserelin
Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.		12.774513oligopeptide
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.5420N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.8303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		1.98103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.0910dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.392017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.9310amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1710D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
pyridinoline
pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure		1.9910organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline
deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source		1.9910
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.110dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.0510
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.4511olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9810isomethyleugenol
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		13.535416oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		3.7721
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9810
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.1310prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.0631D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.5420
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.5420hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		9.33197organic molecular entity
ay 25,205
surfagon: potent LHRH agonist; RN given refers to (D-Ala-L-Pro)-isomer		1.9610
pregnanediol
[no description available]		1.9710
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		1.9710
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		3.5420diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		1.9710
detirelix
detirelix: LHRH antagonist		3.7630
ganirelix
[no description available]		5.0231polypeptide
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0810glycoside
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		9.2135
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		3.0810
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		7.62152
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		2.7630oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
deslorelin
deslorelin: Ovuplant is tradename for a short-term-release implant containing deslorelin acetate; RN given refers to D-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90		3.4820oligopeptide
histrelin
histrelin: gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. histrelin : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, 1-benzyl-D-histidyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the diacetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		3.7730oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
lhrh, n-ac-(4-cl-phe)(1,2)-trp(3)-arg(6)-alanh2(10)-
LHRH, N-Ac-(4-Cl-Phe)(1,2)-Trp(3)-Arg(6)-AlaNH2(10)-: suppresses ovulation; gonadorelin antagonist		1.9710
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0810
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.9310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0810
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0810
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		04.8550
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		018.815323
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		04.8550
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.1310
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.1310
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		05.9531
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		05.9531
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		04.0831
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		020.469945
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		06.1162
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.2241
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		04.0831
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		015.469945
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		06.1162
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.2241
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		09.82288
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		09.82288
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.721
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.721
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.3622
Fibroid
[description not available]		09.34225
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		03.4311
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		09.34225
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		06.8540
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		010.52163
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		08.32150
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		06.8540
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		010.52163
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		08.32150
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		03.0850
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0510
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		03.0850
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.940
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3420
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.940
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.0510
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0610
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.0610
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0610
Hives
[description not available]		02.0610
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0610
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.0610
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.4420
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.4420
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.0610
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		07.6953
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		07.6953
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		06.56144
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		06.56144
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.6830
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.6830
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		05.3851
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		04.9791
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.341
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		03.7721
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		03.7721
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		06.9810
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		06.9810
Delayed Puberty
[description not available]		02.3820
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		04.6332
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		04.6332
Recrudescence
[description not available]		08.29114
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9810
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9810
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		011.8674
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		03.3711
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		04.2941
Androgenization
[description not available]		03.3711
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		03.3711
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		04.8542
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		03.7821
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.3711
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		03.7821
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.3711
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.910
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.910
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		01.9810
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.9810
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9810
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		01.9810
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		02.3820
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.420
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.420
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.420
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.2841
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.3322
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.3322
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.7721
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.7721
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		05.243
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		05.243
Ache
[description not available]		06.5654
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		011.5654
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		01.9910
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.9110
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.9110
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		0210
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.3811
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.3911
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.3911
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		0210
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		0210
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		0210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		0210
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.9210
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		02.9210
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		0210
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		0210
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		0210
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		0210
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		0210
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		0210
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3911
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.3911
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.3911
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		03.3911
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		0210
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.3911
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.3911
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		0210
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		0210
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		0210
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		0710
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.0110
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.0110
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9810
Acne
[description not available]		01.9810
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.3820
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		01.9810
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9810
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		02.3820
Decalcification, Pathologic
The loss of calcium salts from bones and teeth. Bacteria may be responsible for this occurrence in teeth. Old age may be a factor contributing to calcium loss, as is the presence of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.		03.3611
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.8910
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.8910
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		04.6132
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9810
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9810
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		01.9710
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9710
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		01.9710
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9710
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		05.1941
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		05.1941
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		03.7621
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.8910
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.8910
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		01.9710
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		01.9710
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		01.9710
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		01.9710
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.2711
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		01.9710
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9710
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9710
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		01.9710