Compounds > propidium monoazide
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propidium monoazide

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Description

propidium monoazide: a membrane impermeant dye that can cross-link DNA [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3035529
SCHEMBL ID17399073
MeSH IDM0527976

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
3-(3-amino-8-azido-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium-5-yl)propyl-diethyl-methylazanium
SCHEMBL17399073
propidium monoazide
Q16821519
DTXSID301045686

Research Excerpts

Overview

Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a highly selective dye that penetrates only membrane-compromised, dead microbial cells and inhibits both DNA extraction and amplification. It is used to distinguish intact from dead bacterial cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a highly selective dye that penetrates only membrane-compromised, dead microbial cells and inhibits both DNA extraction and amplification. "( Applicability of propidium monoazide (PMA) for discrimination between living and dead phytoplankton cells.
Joo, S; Park, P; Park, S, 2019)		2.3
"Propidium monoazide is a DNA-intercalating dye. "( Molecular monitoring of Escherichia coli O157: H7 sterilization rate using qPCR and propidium monoazide treatment.
Cong-Cong, L; Hui, W; Xing-Long, X; Yang, Q; Yi-Gang, Y, 2013)		2.06
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a membrane-impairment dye that penetrates only membrane-damaged cells."( Quantification of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater using propidium monoazide quantitative real-time PCR.
Alonso, JL; Amorós, I; Guy, RA, 2014)		1.35
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that inhibits PCR amplification by DNA modification."( Evaluation of propidium monoazide real-time PCR for early detection of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical respiratory specimens.
Chang, CL; Kim, HH; Kim, SS; Kim, YJ; Lee, EY; Lee, SM; Park, BK; Yi, J, 2014)		1.48
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a DNA binding agent, that has the ability to penetrate only dead cells with compromised membranes and has been used in conjunction with real-time PCR to distinguish intact from dead bacterial cells."( Improving clinical significance of PCR: use of propidium monoazide to distinguish viable from dead Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Bauer, TW; Hall, GS; Kobayashi, H; Oethinger, M; Tuohy, MJ, 2009)		1.33
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a DNA-intercalating agent used to selectively detect DNA from viable cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). "( Sodium chloride affects propidium monoazide action to distinguish viable cells.
Barth, VC; Cattani, F; de Oliveira, SD; Ferreira, CA, 2012)		2.13

Effects

Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to discriminate between live and dead cells by blocking the DNA from membrane-damaged cells from being amplified. It has been reported to penetrate dead cells following membrane damage and to cross-link DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA amplification.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) qPCR has been used to differentiate DNA from viable and nonviable bacterial cells."( Detection of Viable Streptococcus equi equi Using Propidium Monoazide Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Boyle, AG; O'Shea, K; Rankin, SC; Stefanovski, D, 2023)		1.88
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used together with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to enumerate live bacteria, while discriminating against the residual DNA of dead bacterial cells. "( Efficacy of Propidium Monoazide on Quantitative Real-Time PCR-Based Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus Live Cells Treated with Various Sanitizers.
Kasuga, R; Kimura, B; Kuda, T; Miya, S; Miyamura, N; Takahashi, H, 2018)		2.3
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been reported to penetrate dead cells following membrane damage and to cross-link DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA amplification."( Monitoring the prevalence of viable and dead cariogenic bacteria in oral specimens and in vitro biofilms by qPCR combined with propidium monoazide.
Ansai, T; Awano, S; Maki, K; Morikawa, K; Nakamura, S; Soh, I; Yasunaga, A; Yoshida, A, 2013)		1.32
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to discriminate between live and dead cells by blocking the DNA from membrane-damaged cells from being amplified."( The effects of propidium monoazide treatment on the measured composition of polymicrobial biofilms after treatment with chlorhexidine.
Buijs, MJ; Crielaard, W; Exterkate, RA; Koopman, J; ten Cate, JM; Zaura, E, 2014)		1.48
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to determine viable microorganisms for clinical and environmental samples since selected naked DNA which was covalently cross-linked by this dye could not be PCR-amplified. "( Detecting the nonviable and heat-tolerant bacteria in activated sludge by minimizing DNA from dead cells.
Guo, F; Zhang, T, 2014)		1.85
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to overcome this problem, by preventing the amplification of DNA from membrane-damaged cells."( The effect of propidium monoazide treatment on the measured bacterial composition of clinical samples after the use of a mouthwash.
Brandt, BW; Buijs, MJ; Crielaard, W; Exterkate, RA; Koopman, JE; Ten Cate, JM; Zaura, E, 2015)		1.5
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to overcome this disadvantage."( Effect of exposure to stress conditions on propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR based Campylobacter enumeration in broiler carcass rinses.
Botteldoorn, N; Coucke, W; Denayer, S; Dierick, K; Duarte, A; Uyttendaele, M, 2015)		1.4

Treatment

Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing PCR amplification of DNA from non-viable bacteria. The aim of this study was to better understand the frequency, diversity, and distribution of viable microorganisms associated with debris collected from the International Space Station.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing PCR amplification of DNA from non-viable bacteria in a range of contexts."( Optimisation of a propidium monoazide based method to determine the viability of microbes in faecal slurries for transplantation.
Choo, JM; Gordon, DL; Papanicolas, LE; Rogers, GB; Wang, Y; Wesselingh, SL, 2019)		1.57
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment was proposed as an efficient approach for alleviating this limitation."( Propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for viable Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection from abundant background microflora.
Gensberger, ET; Kostić, T; Sessitsch, A, 2013)		2.55
"A propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment coupled with downstream quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and pyrosequencing analyses was carried out to better understand the frequency, diversity, and distribution of viable microorganisms associated with debris collected from the crew quarters of the International Space Station (ISS)."( International Space Station environmental microbiome - microbial inventories of ISS filter debris.
Cisneros, J; Perry, J; Pierson, DL; Rogers, SO; Vaishampayan, P; Venkateswaran, K, 2014)		0.96
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment-based real-time PCR was used for enumeration of viable C."( Cell-free propagation of Coxiella burnetii does not affect its relative virulence.
Bossers, A; Frangoulidis, D; Jan Roest, HI; Kuley, R; Smith, HE; Smits, MA, 2015)		1.14
"Propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment coupled with long-amplicon qPCR assays were assessed for their ability to quantify infectious MS2 in pure cultures and following inactivation by a range of UV light exposures and chlorine doses."( Evaluation of propidium monoazide and long-amplicon qPCR as an infectivity assay for coliphage.
Habash, MB; Lee, H; McLellan, NL, 2016)		1.52
"Propidium monoazide (PMA)-pretreatment has increasingly been applied to remove the bias from dead or damaged cell artefacts, which could impact the microbiota analysis by high-throughput sequencing. "( Effects of Propidium Monoazide (PMA) Treatment on Mycobiome and Bacteriome Analysis of Cystic Fibrosis Airways during Exacerbation.
Audebert, C; Delhaes, L; Deschaght, P; Loywick, A; Merlin, S; Nguyen, LD; Van Daele, S; Vaneechoutte, M; Viscogliosi, E, 2016)		2.27
"Propidium Monoazide (PMA) treatment was applied to limit the analysis to the fraction of viable cells in environment."( Comparison and characterization of microbial communities in sulfide-rich wastewater with and without propidium monoazide treatment.
Guo, Y; Lin, WT; Luo, JF, 2011)		1.31

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In contrast, the concentrations of PMA tested had no toxic effect on the viability of Vibrio cells studied."( Ethidium and propidium monoazide: comparison of potential toxicity on Vibrio sp. viability.
Bonnin-Jusserand, M; Copin, S; Grard, T; Midelet, G; Mougin, J; Raguenet, V; Robert-Pillot, A, 2021)		0.99

Compound-Compound Interactions

A novel detection method of quantitative PCR combined with a DNA intercalating dye propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) was developed and then applied to analyze inactivation efficacy of chlorine and monochloramine on E. paracasei. Shifts in the bacterial community compositions in secondary effluent samples upon chlorine disinfection were investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" sobrinus, using PMA combined with real-time PCR (PMA-qPCR)."( Monitoring the prevalence of viable and dead cariogenic bacteria in oral specimens and in vitro biofilms by qPCR combined with propidium monoazide.
Ansai, T; Awano, S; Maki, K; Morikawa, K; Nakamura, S; Soh, I; Yasunaga, A; Yoshida, A, 2013)		0.6
" The aim of this study was to use propidium monoazide (PMA) combined with the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) to selectively detect and quantify viable bacteria cells in full-scale WWTPs in China."( Quantification of viable bacteria in wastewater treatment plants by using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR).
He, M; Li, D; Lin, Y; Tong, T; Wu, S; Zeng, S, 2014)		0.91
" Among all the methods for detecting viability, propidium monoazide (PMA) combined with real-time PCR is popular because of its specificity, sensitivity, and speed."( Enumeration of viable non-culturable Vibrio cholerae using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative PCR.
Kan, B; Liang, W; Wu, B, 2015)		0.92
" Shifts in the bacterial community compositions in secondary effluent samples upon chlorine disinfection, both immediately and after 24 h of storage, were investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment."( Shifts of live bacterial community in secondary effluent by chlorine disinfection revealed by Miseq high-throughput sequencing combined with propidium monoazide treatment.
Hu, HY; Huo, ZY; Pang, YC; Xi, JY; Xu, Y, 2016)		0.82
" paracasei) in fermented milk accurately and quickly, propidium monoazide combined with quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (PMA-qLAMP) was applied."( Detection of viable Lacticaseibacillus paracasei in fermented milk using propidium monoazide combined with quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification.
Cui, L; Feng, L; Hu, L; Wang, S; Xue, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, W, 2021)		1.1
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (253)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's13 (5.14)29.6817
2010's201 (79.45)24.3611
2020's39 (15.42)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 35.44

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index35.44 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.56 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index48.61 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (35.44)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews4 (1.55%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.39%)0.25%
Other253 (98.06%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.8230azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.5202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.1510sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.5120N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.610aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.1710indolesfluorochrome
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.1710
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.0510
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.7830phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4920secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.07101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		7.2510potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		9.122450phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.0810ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.1510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		2.520a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0810acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.5120zinc molecular entity
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.4720glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1510fluorescein isothiocyanate
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.4720chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.0810calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.4970diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		7.8330elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
chloramine
[no description available]		3.1750halide
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		9.122450pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0810penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.1710xanthene dyefluorochrome
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1110D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		7.3110biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
8-azidoethidium
8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.18230
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.9130organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0710antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		7.110biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.2110glycoside
chitosan
[no description available]		2.2110
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.0810inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sarkosyl
sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure		2.5120
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.610
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.5420
pediocin pa-1
pediocin PA-1: from Pediococcus acidilactici PAC-1.0; a 4.6 kDa peptide with 44 amino acids; exhibits antibacterial activity against several gram-positive bacterial strains; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.1310
sybr green i
SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.		2.610benzothiazolium ion;
cyanine dye;
quinolines;
tertiary amine		fluorescent dye
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.2510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.66270
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.610
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.610
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.610
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.6320
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.6320
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.2110
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		02.2510
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.2510
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.2510
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		02.3110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		03.0610
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		03.0610
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.1710
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.7730
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.7730
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		02.4920
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		07.4920
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		02.7830
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0810
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		02.0810
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		02.0810
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1110
Caliciviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.		02.5120
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.4820
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.110
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		07.4820
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		03.0240
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		03.0240
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.1110
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		07.1110
Blue-Eared Pig Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Foot Rot
A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)		02.1310
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Infections, Microspora
[description not available]		02.1310
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.1310
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.5120
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		0340
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		0840
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0510
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0510
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		02.0610
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.0610
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		02.0610
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0610
Johne Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0810
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.0810