Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 6113 |
| CHEMBL ID | 338686 |
| CHEBI ID | 23994 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 2296 |
| MeSH ID | M0007896 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| smr001224511 |
| MLS002152903 |
| nsc-26805 |
| EMS , |
| ethyl ester of methanesulfonic acid |
| nsc26805 |
| cb 1528 |
| ethyl methanesulfonate |
| wln: ws1&o2 |
| ethyl mesylate |
| methylsulfonic acid, ethyl ester |
| half-myleran |
| nsc 26805 |
| methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester |
| 62-50-0 |
| ethyl ester of methylsulfonic acid |
| NCI60_002168 |
| ent 26,396 |
| ethyl methane sulfonate |
| rcra waste number u119 |
| NCGC00090890-01 |
| ethyl methanesulphonate |
| ethylester kyseliny methansulfonove [czech] |
| einecs 200-536-7 |
| rcra waste no. u119 |
| hsdb 4007 |
| ai3-26396 |
| methanesulfonic acid ethyl ester |
| ethyl methansulphonate |
| ethyl ester of methylsulphonic acid |
| brn 0773969 |
| ent 26396 |
| ethyl ester of methanesulphonic acid |
| ccris 299 |
| methanesulphonic acid ethyl ester |
| inchi=1/c3h8o3s/c1-3-6-7(2,4)5/h3h2,1-2h |
| ethyl methanesulfonate, liquid |
| chebi:23994 , |
| CHEMBL338686 |
| M0607 |
| NCGC00090890-02 |
| C19239 |
| HMS3039D16 |
| dtxsid6025309 , |
| tox21_200006 |
| cas-62-50-0 |
| dtxcid705309 |
| NCGC00257560-01 |
| AKOS006221868 |
| unii-9h154di0up |
| 9h154di0up , |
| ethylester kyseliny methansulfonove |
| FT-0628288 |
| ethyl methanesulfonate [hsdb] |
| ethyl methanesulfonate [mi] |
| ethyl methanesulfonate [iarc] |
| SCHEMBL2296 |
| methylsulfonic acid ethyl ester |
| ethyl methansulfonate |
| W-104993 |
| ethyl methanesulfonate, certified reference material, tracecert(r) |
| mfcd00007559 |
| ethyl methanesulfonate, 99% |
| ethyl methanesulfonate, >=98.0% (t) |
| DS-3245 |
| Q416643 |
| methanesulfonate ethyl |
| ethyl mesylate;methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester |
| BCP34359 |
| AMY38422 |
| H10715 |
| ethyl-d5 methanesulfonate |
| EN300-1238093 |
| CS-W016570 |
| HY-W015854 |
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mesylate ester, which is known to be a potent mutagen, teratogen, and possibly carcinogen. It has been found by Roche laboratories in nelfinavir mesylates, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Viracept.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Ethyl methanesulfonate failed to increase the frequency of revertants for cell lines with mutant gpt genes carrying GC----AT transitions or AT----TA transversions, whereas it increased the frequency 50-fold to greater than 800-fold for cell lines with mutant gpt genes carrying AT----GC transitions and for one cell line with a GC----CG transversion." | ( Molecular analysis of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced reversion of a chromosomally integrated mutant shuttle vector gene in mammalian cells. Davidson, RL; Greenspan, JA; Xu, FM, 1988) | 1.31 |
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated cells were hit by 00-fixations in a dose dependent manner. The probability for fixation of lethal mutations was found equally high for cells of the first and second post treatment generation. The beta Fc gamma R gene was remethylated and the corresponding transcript was no more detectable.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated cells were hit by 00-fixations in a dose dependent manner; 0-fixations were not detected for any dose of EMS applied; the probability for fixation of lethal mutations was found equally high for cells of the first and second post treatment generation and, unexpectedly, was well above control in the third post-treatment generation." | ( Pedigree analyses of yeast cells recovering from DNA damage allow assignment of lethal events to individual post-treatment generations. Karwan, A; Klein, F; Wintersberger, U, 1990) | 1 |
| "In ethyl methanesulfonate-treated cells, the beta Fc gamma R gene was remethylated and the corresponding transcript was no more detectable." | ( Methylation in the 5' region of the murine beta Fc gamma R gene regulates the expression of Fc gamma receptor II. Amigorena, S; Bonnerot, C; Daëron, M; Even, J; Fridman, WH; Hogarth, PM; Varin, N, 1988) | 0.79 |
| "Untreated and ethyl methanesulfonate treated cells (K562 human erythroleukemia cell line) were used as negative and positive internal standards, respectively, in each electrophoresis run." | ( Validation and implementation of an internal standard in comet assay analysis. De Boeck, M; De Visscher, G; Kirsch-Volders, M; Touil, N; Vande, PA, 2000) | 0.65 |
| "Upon treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), X-rays or ultraviolet (UV) light it increases in a dose-dependent fashion." | ( Autoradiographic detection of mutation to exotoxin-A resistance in mouse fibroblasts treated with ethyl methanesulfonate, X-rays and ultraviolet light. Ronen, A; Tiah, M, 1989) | 0.81 |
3-Aminobenzamide is a potent inhibitor of nuclear poly ADP-ribosyl synthetase. It was tested for its ability to alter the toxic and/or transforming effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanes sulfonate and 3-methylcholanthrene.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Delays in the transit through S-phase were evident 4 hours after exposure to toxic concentrations of either carcinogen and by 8 to 12 hours post-exposure at the lower concentrations." | ( Flow cytometric evaluation of cell-cycle progression in ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate-exposed P3 cells: relationship to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and cellular toxicity. Casciano, DA; Domon, OE; Kodell, RL; McGarrity, LJ; Morris, SM, 1991) | 0.53 |
| "Rat and canine hepatocyte suspensions were exposed to toxic concentrations of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ionophore A-23187 in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TS)." | ( Alpha-tocopheryl succinate protects hepatocytes from chemical-induced toxicity under physiological calcium conditions. Fariss, MW; Merson, MH; O'Hara, TM, 1989) | 0.51 |
| " Qualitatively, the patterns of embryo malformations reported in treated embryos paralleled those observed in in vivo studies, especially in regard to adverse effects on central nervous system and craniofacial systems." | ( In vitro developmental toxicity of five direct-acting alkylating agents in rodent embryos: structure-activity patterns. Faustman, EM; Gage, D; Kirby, Z; Varnum, M, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " These data indicate that the dibutyl phthalate separation technique offers the advantage of monitoring only viable hepatocytes for changes in membrane integrity or metabolic performance during a toxic chemical insult." | ( Mechanism of chemical-induced toxicity. I. Use of a rapid centrifugation technique for the separation of viable and nonviable hepatocytes. Brown, MK; Fariss, MW; Reed, DJ; Schmitz, JA, 1985) | 0.27 |
| "3-Aminobenzamide, a potent inhibitor of nuclear poly ADP-ribosyl synthetase, was tested for its ability to alter the toxic and/or transforming effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl methanesulfonate and 3-methylcholanthrene in BALB/3T3 clone A31-1 cells." | ( Effect of 3-aminobenzamide on the induction of toxicity and transformation by ethyl methanesulfonate and methylcholanthrene in BALB/3T3 cells. Lubet, RA; McCarvill, JT; Putman, DL; Schechtman, LM; Schwartz, JL, 1984) | 0.69 |
| " Furthermore, a "virtually safe dose" was established by means of the NOAEL risk factor approach (e." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 7. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation based on NOAEL risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and DNA adducts using methylnitrosourea as a model compound. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Neubert, D; Platzek, T, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the administration of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS), but not unesterified alpha-tocopherol (T), protects hepatocytes from a variety of toxic insults including chemicals, drugs, metals, and oxidative stress." | ( Role of cellular energy status in tocopheryl hemisuccinate cytoprotection against ethyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity. Fariss, MW; Ray, SD, 1994) | 0.51 |
| " For comparison a "virtually safe dose" was calculated by use of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) risk factor approach." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 9. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation of ethylmethanesulfonate based on no-observed-adverse-effect-level risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and molecular dosimetry. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Platzek, T, 1995) | 0.29 |
| ", no adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest observed adverse effect level (LAOEL)." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 10. Analysis of the combined teratogenic effects of methylnitrosourea and ethylmethanesulfonate in mice. Bochert, G; Platzek, T, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Pretreatment of hepatocytes with medium deficient in sulfur amino acids accelerated cell death induced by EMS, confirming the previously reported cytoprotective role for GSH in this toxic event." | ( Role of cellular thiol status in tocopheryl hemisuccinate cytoprotection against ethyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity. Bryson, KF; Fariss, MW; Tirmenstein, MA, 1997) | 0.52 |
| "1 mM, cadmium chloride 10(-5) M and atrazine 10(-4) M, which were weakly toxic after 2 h, became highly toxic after 48 h of contact." | ( Evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds using digestive acini of the bivalve mollusc Pecten maximus L. maintained alive in vitro. Le Pennec, G; Le Pennec, M, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " On the basis of a wide variety of toxicological data including critical experiments for mutation induction under chronic exposure conditions and cross-species exposure scaling experiments to extrapolate to humans, we estimate the added risk of adverse effects (cancer, birth abnormalities, heritable defects) in any individual patient accidentally exposed to EMS via contaminated Viracept tablets in the context of this production accident as essentially zero." | ( Ethyl methanesulfonate toxicity in Viracept--a comprehensive human risk assessment based on threshold data for genotoxicity. Gocke, E; Lavé, T; Müller, L; Pfister, T, 2009) | 1.8 |
| " In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non-target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig." | ( Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae. Akmoutsou, P; Frantzios, G; Kounatidis, I; Mademtzoglou, D; Mavragani-Tsipidou, P; Nakou, I; Onoufriadis, A; Papadakis, G; Papadopoulos, NT; Papadopoulou, X; Vasiliadis, K, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "There is considerable evidence that genetic damage in organisms occurs in the environment as a result of exposure to genotoxins and ionising radiation, but we have limited understanding of the extent to which this results in adverse consequences at a population level." | ( Effects of genotoxicity and its consequences at the population level in sexual and asexual Artemia assessed by analysis of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Grant, A; Sukumaran, S, 2013) | 0.39 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " As a result of the species differences in clearance, the half-life ranged from 10 min in mouse (at low dose) to 5h in monkey." | ( In vivo and in vitro characterization of ethyl methanesulfonate pharmacokinetics in animals and in human. Birnböck, H; Götschi, A; Lavé, T; Pähler, A; Ramp, T, 2009) | 0.62 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " This cell line was used in combination with a shuttle vector, containing the bacterial lacZ' gene as reporter gene, to study mutagenicity." | ( A NIH/3T3 cell line stably expressing human cytochrome P450-3A4 used in combination with a lacZ' shuttle vector to study mutagenicity. De Groene, EM; Horbach, GJ; Seinen, W, 1995) | 0.29 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " EMS was well absorbed and exhibited close to 100% oral bioavailability." | ( In vivo and in vitro characterization of ethyl methanesulfonate pharmacokinetics in animals and in human. Birnböck, H; Götschi, A; Lavé, T; Pähler, A; Ramp, T, 2009) | 0.62 |
Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methane sulfonate have shown to exhibit a nonlinear or even "thresholded" dose-response in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of folate-replete or deficient WTK1 and TK6 cells with increasing concentrations (0-50microg/ml) resulted in significantly different HPRT mutation dose- response relationships.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " The dose-response relationship of these agents does not appear to deviate from linearity; this permits the calculation of mutation rate per unit dose." | ( Linear dose--response relationships after prolonged expression times in V-79 Chinese hamster cells. Simons, JW; Van Zeeland, AA, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " One interpretation of the linear dose-response is that, as a result of EMS treatment, ethylation of cellular constituents occurs, which is directly responsible for the mutation." | ( The dose-response relationship for ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Brimer, PA; Gosslee, DG; Hsie, AW; Mitchell, TJ, 1975) | 0.53 |
| " Using a 2--h treatment time, we observed a linear dose-response relationship up to 250 mg of DMN per kg body weight." | ( Mutagenicity of dimethylnitrosamine and ethyl methanesulfonate as determined by the host-mediated CHO/HGPRT assay. Couch, DB; Holland, JM; Hsie, AW; Machanoff, R, 1978) | 0.53 |
| " In general the magnitude of this induced variation increased with increasing dosage of the mutagen." | ( Induced quantitative variation for penicillin titre in clonal populations of Aspergillus nidulans. Caten, CE; Simpson, IN, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " Previous reports that caffeine enhances induced mutation frequencies are explained by an artefact in the situ method used; a similar artefact may also explain the cumulative in situ mutation dose-response curves." | ( Failure of caffeine to influence induced mutation frequencies and the independence of cell killing and mutation induction in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Fox, M; McMillan, S, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " The lack of effect was not due to the insensitivity of the system used, since both the VC and VDC study a mutagenic effect was clearly demonstrated in male mice dosed IP with the positive control compounds cyclophosphamide (CTX) and/or ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)." | ( Dominant lethal studies with the halogenated olefins vinyl chloride and vinylidene dichloride in male CD-1 mice. Anderson, D; Hodge, MC; Purchase, IF, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " These predictions were in reasonably good agreement with the observed dose-response data for these agents." | ( Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo in various organs of C57BL mice by the carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methanesulphonate in relation to induction of thymic lymphoma. Some applications of high-pressure liquid Frei, JV; Lawley, PD; Swenson, DH; Warren, W, 1978) | 0.26 |
| " Mutational dose-response studies with X-rays, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and ICR-191 were conducted in 4 of these revertant cell lines." | ( Heritable alterations at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) locus in human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Amundson, SA; Fortunato, JE; Liber, HL, 1992) | 0.54 |
| " The parental cells exhibited biphasic dose-response curves in accordance with the idea of low basal level saturation attributed to the uninducible ogt ATase." | ( Mutagenesis and DNA repair for alkylation damages in Escherichia coli K-12. Abril, N; Prieto-Alamo, MJ; Pueyo, C; Roldán-Arjona, T; van Zeeland, AA, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " The slopes of the dose-response curves differed by approximately 10-fold for mutation of the two alleles and this relationship held true for several independently isolated cell lines." | ( A comparison of induced mutation at homologous alleles of the tk locus in human cells. Amundson, SA; Liber, HL, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Contrary to what happens with mutations at the LS group, mutations at the bc group do not affect sex determination, nor late dosage compensation nor oogenesis." | ( Genetic and molecular analysis of new female-specific lethal mutations at the gene Sxl of Drosophila melanogaster. Bachiller, D; Barbero, JL; Granadino, B; Sánchez, L; Torres, M; Torroja, E, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " To determine the importance in germ-line mutagenesis of the O6-G site relative to the N-7 of guanine, dose-response curves were constructed for both ENU and EMS, where dose was measured as total adducts per deoxynucleotide (APdN) and response as sex-linked recessive lethals (SLRL) induced in Drosophila melanogaster spermatozoa." | ( Comparison of dose-response relationships for ethyl methanesulfonate and 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea in Drosophila melanogaster spermatozoa. Beranek, DT; Byrne, BJ; Lee, WR; Tucker, AB, 1990) | 0.54 |
| " EMS was examined in the absence of any exogenous metabolic activation system, and the mutagenic dose-response obtained served to calibrate the assay." | ( Mutation assays of ethyl methanesulphonate, benzidine and benzo[a]pyrene using Chinese hamster V79 cells. O'Donovan, MR, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " The test relies on a gene dosage selection system in which hyperploidy is detected by the simultaneous increase in copy number of two alleles residing on the right arm of chromosome VIII: arg4-8 and cup1S (Rockmill and Fogel." | ( The detection of mitotic and meiotic chromosome gain in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects of methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate, methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, propionitrile and cyclophosphamide monohydrate. Fogel, S; Maloney, DH; Moser, SF; Piegorsch, WW; Resnick, MA; Whittaker, SG, 1990) | 0.48 |
| " These contradictory results are caused, on the one hand, by the very steep dose-response curve after hypotonic treatment and on the other hand by the varying degree of cell-cycle delay after combination treatment." | ( The use of multiple sampling times in in vitro chromosome assays. Nowak, C, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " The induction frequency per viable cell appears to be dose dependent for these four types of radiation, and the dose-response curves are approximately linear." | ( Induction of proline prototrophs in CHO-K1 cells by heavy ions. Craise, LM; Mei, MT; Yang, TC, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Comparison to chromosome-aberration studies demonstrates the suitability of this method to screen quickly for adequate dosing of a cytotoxic substance and also gives information on the appropriate preparation interval." | ( Flow-cytometric cell-cycle analysis of Chinese hamster cells following exposure to cytotoxicants. Fertig, G; Miltenburger, HG, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " In addition, a dose-response curve was established for eight concentrations of benzo[alpha]pyrene." | ( The micronucleus test in Xenopus: a new and simple 'in vivo' technique for detection of mutagens in fresh water. Jaylet, A; Kirsch-Volders, M; Paulussen, J; Van Hummelen, P; Zoll, C, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " For both compounds, very similar dose-response curves were found for induction of chromatid breaks in the dose range 10-75 mg/kg." | ( Transplacental genetic and cytogenetic effects of alkylating agents in the mouse. II. Induction of chromosomal aberrations. Braun, R; Hüttner, E; Schöneich, J, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " In order to evaluate potentially small complementation or dosage effects, mutant stains were made coisogenic for 3R." | ( Molybdenum hydroxylases in Drosophila. III. Further characterization of the low xanthine dehydrogenase gene. Baldwin, MC; Finnerty, V; Schott, DR, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " The dose-response relationship between the frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals and the estimated absorbed dose showed no deviation from linearity at all the five absorbed doses tested." | ( Linear relationship between lethal mutation yield and intake of ethyl methanesulfonate in Drosophila melanogaster. Ayaki, T; Oshima, K; Yoshikawa, I, 1985) | 0.51 |
| " At the maximal effect, during week 3 (days 15-19 post-EMS), a dosage of 50 mg/kg caused 13." | ( Germ-cell mutagenesis and GSH depression in reproductive tissue of the F-344 rat induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. Bishop, JB; Harbison, RD; Teaf, CM, 1985) | 0.49 |
| " The frequency of TGr mutations increased linearly with the number of EMS treatments whereas the yield of BrdUrdr mutations showed a curvilinear dose-response curve." | ( Mutations resistant to bromodeoxyuridine in mouse lymphoma cells selected by repeated exposure to EMS. Characteristics of phenotypic instability and reversion to HAT resistance by 5-azacytidine. Nakamura, N; Okada, S, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " However, with a fixed experimental regimen, treatments with relatively higher doses cause a deformity of the dose-response relationship." | ( Proliferative kinetics and chemical-induced sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures. Morimoto, K, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " For biological effects with a linear dose-response relationship, this demonstrates the validity of hemoglobin alkylation as an indicator of the risk." | ( Relationships between ethylation of hemoglobin, ethylation of DNA and administered amount of ethyl methanesulfonate in the mouse. Calleman, CJ; Murthy, MS; Osterman-Golkar, S; Segerbäck, D; Svensson, K, 1984) | 0.49 |
| " While a dose-dependent increase in SCE was obtained for both procarcinogens at each age, the mean SCE frequency was significantly higher in the 6-day embryos for each dosage given." | ( Differential induction of sister chromatid exchanges by indirect-acting mutagen-carcinogens at early and late stages of embryonic development. Bloom, SE; Todd, LA, 1980) | 0.26 |
| "Groups of male Alderly Park mice of proven fertility were dosed by gavage for 5 consecutive days per week for 8 weeks or 5 consecutive days only with 100 or 150 mg/kg body weight ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) or by intraperitoneal injection once a week for 8 weeks or once only with 500 mg/kg shikimic acid." | ( Comparison of dominant lethal and heritable translocation methodologies. Anderson, D; Hodge, MC; Palmer, S; Purchase, IF, 1981) | 0.26 |
| "The shape of the dose-response curve for mutations induced at low doses of mutagenic agents in mammalian cells was studied." | ( Relationship between chemical damage of DNA and mutations in mammalian cells. I. Dose-response curves for the induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants by low doses of monofunctional alkylating agents, X-rays and UV radiation in V79 Chinese hamster cel Jenssen, D; Ramel, C, 1980) | 0.26 |
| " On replating in graded NaCl, a family of dose-response curves is obtained, rising in level of resistance according to the degree of hypertonicity used to isolate the variants initially." | ( Osmotic stress variants in Chinese hamster cells. Harris, M, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " EMS doses of 100 or 200 mM (Ogt+) and of 50 mM (Ogt-) were selected from the corresponding dose-response curves for DNA sequence analysis." | ( DNA repair by Ogt alkyltransferase influences EMS mutational specificity. Abril, N; Pueyo, C; Vidal, A, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Exposure to EMS or effluent resulted in statistically significant increases in micronucleus frequency and there was a positive dose-response effect over the entire dose range." | ( Genotoxic effects of two industrial effluents and ethyl methane sulfonate in Clarias lazera. Odeigah, PG; Osanyinpeju, AO; Osanyipeju, AO, 1995) | 0.29 |
| "1 mg/kg body wt MNU) as well as extrapolation by probit analysis based on a dose-response study (estimated ED0." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 7. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation based on NOAEL risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and DNA adducts using methylnitrosourea as a model compound. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Neubert, D; Platzek, T, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " Furthermore, derived from a dose-response study of teratogenicity extrapolation to the possible risk of low doses was performed using nonlinear mathematical models." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 9. Low dose prenatal-toxic risk estimation of ethylmethanesulfonate based on no-observed-adverse-effect-level risk factor approach, dose-response relationships, and molecular dosimetry. Bochert, G; Meister, R; Platzek, T, 1995) | 0.29 |
| "In previous studies the direct-acting alkylating model compounds methylnitrosourea (MNU) and ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were investigated with regard to dose-response of teratogenicity as well as DNA adduct formation in mice." | ( Embryotoxicity induced by alkylating agents: 10. Analysis of the combined teratogenic effects of methylnitrosourea and ethylmethanesulfonate in mice. Bochert, G; Platzek, T, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " In the small intestine, treatment with various dosages of ENU (10-150 mg/kg) resulted in a linear dose-response in both lacZ and Dlb-I." | ( Gene-mutation assays in lambda lacZ transgenic mice: comparison of lacZ with endogenous genes in splenocytes and small intestinal epithelium. Baan, RA; Bergmans, A; Howard, L; Tates, AD; van Dam, FJ; van Delft, JH; Winton, DJ, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " Previously, large-scale dose-response studies on teratogenicity as well as on DNA modification were performed using these substances." | ( DNA alkylation studies of combined treatment with methylnitrosourea and ethylmethanesulfonate in mice. Bochert, G; Platzek, T, 2000) | 0.31 |
| " Rats were treated with saline or one of three genotoxic agents (6-mercaptopurine, ethyl methanesulfonate or propane sultone) in an acute dosing protocol." | ( Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood: a flow cytometric study. Dertinger, SD; Hall, NE; Tometsko, CR; Torous, DK, 2000) | 0.53 |
| " We found that the ro(Dom) stop-furrow phenotype was sensitive to the dosage of genes known to affect retinal differentiation, in particular members of the hedgehog (hh) signaling cascade." | ( A screen for dominant modifiers of ro(Dom), a mutation that disrupts morphogenetic furrow progression in Drosophila, identifies groucho and hairless as regulators of atonal expression. Chanut, F; Heberlein, U; Luk, A, 2000) | 0.31 |
| " Treatment of folate-replete or deficient WTK1 and TK6 cells with increasing concentrations (0-50microg/ml) of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) resulted in significantly different HPRT mutation dose-response relationships (P<0." | ( The effect of folate deficiency on the cytotoxic and mutagenic responses to ethyl methanesulfonate in human lymphoblastoid cell lines that differ in p53 status. Branda, RF; Brooks, EM; Nicklas, JA; O'Neill, JP; Trombley, LM, 2001) | 0.75 |
| " A rapid increase of GST activities was observed within 24 h with all compounds tested, and a time- as well as a dose-response was established." | ( Induction of glutathione-S-transferases in primary cultured digestive gland acini from the mollusk bivalve Pecten maximus (L.): application of a new cellular model in biomonitoring studies. Le Pennec, G; Le Pennec, M, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " Spontaneous and chemical-induced recombination frequencies (RF) were measured in a series of time-course and dose-response experiments with direct-acting mutagens." | ( Direct detection of deletion mutations in the yeast DEL assay using quantitative PCR (TaqMan). Cise, L; Li, B; Watson, D, 2003) | 0.32 |
| " All the three doses of both VC and BC appeared to reduce the EMS-induced genotoxicity in this fish to a variable extent, of which the higher dose of VC appeared to give marginally better protection while the dose-response relationship was inconclusive for BC." | ( Ameliorative effects of vitamin supplementation on ethyl methane sulphonate-induced genotoxicity in a fish, Anabas testudineus. Das, JK; Guha, B; Khuda-Bukhsh, AR, 2007) | 0.34 |
| " In contrast, alkylation-induced DNA damage was detectable even after 72 days of recovery in de-chlorinated water, with a dose-response relationship observable throughout the whole recovery period." | ( Persistence of DNA damage in the freshwater mussel Unio pictorum upon exposure to ethyl methanesulphonate and hydrogen peroxide. Klobucsar, GI; Malović, L; Pavlica, M; Stambuk, A, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " 67 (2007) 3904-3911] provided evidence, however, that the dose-response curve for mutagenic and clastogenic activity of EMS was thresholded - in contrast to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) tested in parallel." | ( In vivo studies in the mouse to define a threshold for the genotoxicity of EMS and ENU. Gocke, E; Müller, L, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " Doses up to 80mg/kg/day (7-day dosing regime) did not induce micronuclei in mouse bone marrow." | ( MNT and MutaMouse studies to define the in vivo dose response relations of the genotoxicity of EMS and ENU. Ballantyne, M; Gocke, E; Müller, L; Whitwell, J, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " In the first four papers, the course of events and the toxicological information available at the outset are summarized and a traditional cancer risk assessment on the basis of a linear default dose-response is made." | ( The Viracept (nelfinavir)--ethyl methanesulfonate case: a threshold risk assessment for human exposure to a genotoxic drug contamination? Lutz, WK, 2009) | 0.65 |
| " Prior to starting our investigations we searched the literature for toxicity data on this well established mutagen with specific attention to dose-response relations in in vivo genotoxicity studies, since, obviously, in vivo data are pivotal for risk assessment." | ( Literature review on the genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate. Bürgin, H; Gocke, E; Müller, L; Pfister, T, 2009) | 0.58 |
| " It also presents an outlook on the nature of additional research building upon the Viracept-EMS case to test assumptions underlying thresholded dose-response relationships and to establish biologically based risk assessment models in lieu of default models for DNA-reactive compounds." | ( The Viracept-EMS case: impact and outlook. Casciano, DA; Tweats, DJ; Walker, VE, 2009) | 0.35 |
| "In recent years, experimental evidence has accumulated that supports the existence of sublinear dose-response relationships at low doses of DNA reactive mutagens." | ( Defining EMS and ENU dose-response relationships using the Pig-a mutation assay in rats. Cammerer, Z; Coffing, SL; Dobo, KL; Fiedler, RD; Gunther, WC; Schuler, M; Shutsky, T; Thiffeault, CJ, 2011) | 0.37 |
| " To compare data obtained from frozen tissues to data from freshly isolated tissues, we conducted a dose-response study in male Sprague Dawley rats." | ( Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues. Hobbs, CA; Kissling, GE; Recio, L; Witt, KL, 2012) | 0.64 |
| "Mutagenic and clastogenic effects of some DNA damaging agents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) have been demonstrated to exhibit a nonlinear or even "thresholded" dose-response in vitro and in vivo." | ( Quantitative assessment of the dose-response of alkylating agents in DNA repair proficient and deficient ames tester strains. Guérard, M; Tang, L; Zeller, A, 2014) | 0.64 |
| " As a continuation of our earlier report that analyzed ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) dose-response data (Gollapudi et al." | ( Derivation of point of departure (PoD) estimates in genetic toxicology studies and their potential applications in risk assessment. Abraham, L; Bodger, OG; Dearfield, KL; Gollapudi, BB; Heflich, RH; Hixon, JG; Johnson, GE; Lovell, DP; MacGregor, JT; Pottenger, LH; Soeteman-Hernández, LG; Tanir, JY; Thompson, CM; Thybaud, V; van Benthem, J; White, PA; Zeiger, E, 2014) | 0.65 |
| " Three dose levels of EMS (180, 360, and 720mg/kg) were administered once by oral gavage to 8-week-old male Crl:CD(SD) rats, and peripheral blood was sampled at 0 (1 day before dosing), 1, 2, and 4 weeks after dosing with EMS." | ( PIGRET assay can detect mutagenicity of ethyl methanesulfonate much earlier than RBC Pig-a assay. Hanamoto, A; Hattori, C; Itoh, S; Nakayama, S, 2016) | 0.7 |
| "There is growing interest in quantitative analysis of in vivo genetic toxicity dose-response data, and use of point-of-departure (PoD) metrics such as the benchmark dose (BMD) for human health risk assessment (HHRA)." | ( Comparing BMD-derived genotoxic potency estimations across variants of the transgenic rodent gene mutation assay. Battaion, HL; Johnson, GE; Slob, W; White, PA; Wills, JW, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " In the present article, described are the methods for development of a good TILLING population, including preparation of the dosage curve, mutagenesis and maintenance of the mutant population, and screening of the mutant population using the PCR-based Cel-1 assay." | ( Development of Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Populations in Small Grain Crops by Ethyl Methanesulfonate Mutagenesis. Chhabra, B; Mahlandt, A; Rawat, N; Schoen, A; Singh, L; Steadham, J; Tiwari, V, 2019) | 0.73 |
| "In order to investigate the possibility that treatment age affects the genotoxic response to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) exposure, we dosed gpt-delta neonatal mice on postnatal days 1-28 with 5-100 mg/kg/day of EMS and measured micronucleus (MN) induction in peripheral blood and gpt gene mutation in liver, lung, bone marrow, small intestine, spleen, and kidney." | ( Effect of life stage and target tissue on dose-response assessment of ethyl methane sulfonate-induced genotoxicity. Cao, X; Dad, A; Heflich, RH; Mittelstaedt, RA; Pearce, MG, 2021) | 0.62 |
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| alkylating agent | Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases. |
| antineoplastic agent | A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. |
| carcinogenic agent | A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities. |
| genotoxin | A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells. |
| mutagen | An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution. |
| teratogenic agent | A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect. |
| [role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| methanesulfonate ester | An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 74.9780 | 0.0473 | 49.4806 | 74.9780 | AID651758 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 100.0000 | 0.1000 | 20.8793 | 79.4328 | AID588453 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 0.6341 | 0.0060 | 38.0041 | 19,952.5996 | AID1159521; AID1159523 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3013 | 0.0008 | 17.5051 | 59.3239 | AID1159527 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 70.7946 | 0.0060 | 26.1688 | 89.1251 | AID540317 |
| DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 100.0000 | 0.0501 | 27.0736 | 89.1251 | AID588590 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 9.2000 | 0.0046 | 11.3741 | 33.4983 | AID624296 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID1745845 | Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID651635 | Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID504810 | Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID504812 | Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID229742 | Hypersensitivity factor (HF) of IC50 (AA8) / IC50 (UV-4) of compound for repair deffective mutants | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1 | Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 2. Electronic effects of 4-substituents on the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and metabolic stability of nitracrine derivatives. |
| AID229741 | Hypersensitivity factor (HF) of IC50 (AA8) / IC50 (EM-9) of compound for repair deffective mutants | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1 | Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 2. Electronic effects of 4-substituents on the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and metabolic stability of nitracrine derivatives. |
| AID746711 | Genotoxicity in human HepG2/C3A cells assessed as DNA fragmentation at 0.5 mM after 24 hrs by alkaline comet assay (Rvb = 6.65%) | 2013 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63 | Biological evaluation of bisbenzaldehydes against four Mycobacterium species. |
| AID45745 | Inhibitory activity of compound for AA8 cells to reduce cell density by 50% (exposed to compound for 4 hours) | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1 | Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 2. Electronic effects of 4-substituents on the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and metabolic stability of nitracrine derivatives. |
| AID746710 | Genotoxicity in human HepG2/C3A cells assessed as DNA fragmentation at 0.75 mM after 24 hrs by alkaline comet assay (Rvb = 6.65%) | 2013 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63 | Biological evaluation of bisbenzaldehydes against four Mycobacterium species. |
| AID1111854 | Genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster larvae at 10'-3 M | 2011 | Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12 | Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae. |
| AID229743 | Hypersensitivity factor (HF) of IC50 (AA8) / IC50 (UV-5) of compound for repair deffective mutants | 1989 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1 | Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 2. Electronic effects of 4-substituents on the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and metabolic stability of nitracrine derivatives. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 757 (38.56) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 451 (22.98) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 419 (21.34) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 272 (13.86) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 64 (3.26) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (51.86) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 4 (0.20%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 23 (1.14%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 1 (0.05%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 1,989 (98.61%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | chloroethanes | hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent |
| phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative | human metabolite |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 3.52 | 8 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid | antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| adenine [no description available] | 4.32 | 20 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant |
| quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor |
| benzene [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound | carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent |
| butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| carbamates [no description available] | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | amino-acid anion | |
| formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent |
| carnitine [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC). | 3.93 | 13 | 0 | alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound | bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas |
| choline [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 3.6 | 9 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenetriol; phenolic donor | algal metabolite |
| 4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aminophenol | allergen; metabolite |
| nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | ethylene releasers; plant metabolite |
| phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids | antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| creatine [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| cytosine [no description available] | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | 8.58 | 9 | 0 | sulfoxide; volatile organic compound | alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger |
| formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | aldehyde; one-carbon compound | allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glycine [no description available] | 3.12 | 5 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
| alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | glycerol monophosphate | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | hydracid; one-carbon compound | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| toxopyrimidine 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by methyl, amino, and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol | Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| hydroquinone [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzenediol; hydroquinones | antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group. | 7.64 | 3 | 0 | hydroxylamines | algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent |
| indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group. | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid | auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline | human metabolite |
| methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | inositol phosphate | |
| inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | cyclitol; hexol | |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
| orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion | allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite |
| picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | pyridinemonocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; MALDI matrix material |
| 1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | metabolite; protic solvent |
| pteridines [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines | |
| purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | purine | |
| putrescine [no description available] | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | alkane-alpha,omega-diamine | antioxidant; fundamental metabolite |
| thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | human metabolite |
| selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | selenium oxoacid | |
| sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion | |
| spermidine [no description available] | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | polyazaalkane; triamine | autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector |
| spermine [no description available] | 3.25 | 6 | 0 | polyazaalkane; tetramine | antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid | anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent |
| taurine [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thymine [no description available] | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol: the thiazole portion of thiamine; imparts flavor to cooked meats; RN given is for parent cpd; structure. 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is thiazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4 and a 2-hydroxyethyl group at position 5. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; primary alcohol | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS). | 2.93 | 4 | 0 | benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols | anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite |
| 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8. | 2.77 | 3 | 0 | aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid | fluorescent probe |
| 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene | agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin |
| 2-aminofluorene [no description available] | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation. | 2 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol; primary alcohol | geroprotector |
| 3-aminobenzamide [no description available] | 7.88 | 4 | 0 | benzamides; substituted aniline | EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| 3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent |
| 4-aminopyridine [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; aromatic amine | avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker |
| p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid | |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| aluminum fluoride [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aluminium coordination entity | |
| theophylline [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| atrazine [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine | environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. | 12.38 | 33 | 4 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite |
| benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline | allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic |
| propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | propan-3-olide | |
| bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine | anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome |
| busulfan [no description available] | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| caffeine [no description available] | 5.55 | 23 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| chloral hydrate [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound | general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound | agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide |
| dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | indoles | fluorochrome |
| dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | topical anaesthetic |
| dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent |
| ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide | bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant |
| dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 3.57 | 9 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| furafylline [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | |
| gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS). | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | glycine derivative; phosphonic acid | agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound | |
| 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor |
| halothane [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide | agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant |
| ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA. | 4.69 | 9 | 0 | phenanthridines | fluorochrome; intercalator |
| hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel. | 7.65 | 3 | 0 | thioxanthenes | mutagen; schistosomicide drug |
| hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 3.77 | 11 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; furans | cytokinin; geroprotector |
| qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide | local anaesthetic |
| lomustine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate | |
| mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR. | 4.66 | 9 | 0 | nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent |
| methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; psoralens | antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| nocodazole [no description available] | 3.08 | 5 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide | acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin |
| methyl methanesulfonate [no description available] | 8.14 | 191 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen |
| mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
| muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita. | 2 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound | fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug |
| ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. | 3.4 | 7 | 0 | maleimides | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor |
| nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly | |
| nalidixic acid [no description available] | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative | |
| potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt | fertilizer |
| proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity. | 2 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; hydrazines | antineoplastic agent |
| propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion | fluorochrome; intercalator |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| qx-222 QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide | |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium fluoride [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | fluoride salt | mutagen |
| fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound | EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor |
| iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound | alkylating agent |
| spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound | local anaesthetic |
| tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90) | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 2 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
| thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | aziridines | |
| thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
| tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
| trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis. | 2.94 | 4 | 0 | psoralens | dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent |
| thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tyramine [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| urethane [no description available] | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | carbamate ester | fungal metabolite; mutagen |
| zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity | astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid |
| mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. | 5.56 | 71 | 0 | mitomycin | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| thymidine [no description available] | 3.98 | 14 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. | 3.21 | 6 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent |
| benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene | |
| triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers. | 3.46 | 8 | 0 | 1,3,5-triazines | alkylating agent; insect sterilant |
| 2-aminophenol [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | aminophenol | bacterial metabolite |
| hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. | 4.56 | 8 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. | 8.68 | 10 | 0 | nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. | 3.61 | 9 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes | |
| 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4. | 5.1 | 45 | 0 | C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide | carcinogenic agent |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 2.91 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. | 3.61 | 9 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| chlorobutanol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tertiary alcohol | |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 3.63 | 9 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide | GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant |
| 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke. | 3.58 | 9 | 0 | ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes | carcinogenic agent |
| 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | tetrachlorophenol | xenobiotic metabolite |
| uridine [no description available] | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | uridines | drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. | 4.91 | 37 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | D-galactose; galactopyranose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 3.61 | 9 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| phlorhizin [no description available] | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| aniline [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | anilines; primary arylamine | |
| dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents. | 3.76 | 11 | 0 | nitrosamine | geroprotector; mutagen |
| lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | lactose | |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| diethyl sulfate diethyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diethyl sulfate : The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid. | 8.76 | 11 | 0 | alkyl sulfate | alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 9.05 | 15 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. | 8.92 | 13 | 0 | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chloromethanes; one-carbon compound | carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis). | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion | antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
| triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| cytarabine [no description available] | 4.17 | 17 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor |
| ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine | algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite |
| dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound | agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent |
| asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. | 3.34 | 7 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine. | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 3.95 | 13 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges | 2.95 | 4 | 0 | alkene; gas molecular entity | plant hormone; refrigerant |
| methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine | mouse metabolite |
| vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene | carcinogenic agent |
| methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chloromethanes; volatile organic compound | carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant |
| ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen |
| vinylidene chloride vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chloroethenes | carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite; mutagen |
| propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | epoxide | |
| methanesulfonic acid [no description available] | 8.28 | 6 | 0 | alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4. | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | alkyl sulfate | alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| acrylamide [no description available] | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin |
| pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pantothenic acid; vitamin B5 | antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite |
| cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | peroxol | environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent |
| taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite |
| rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 3.51 | 2 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
| 1-nitronaphthalene 1-nitronaphthalene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 1 position. 1-nitronaphthalene : A mononitronaphthalene substituted by a nitro group at position 1.. mononitronaphthalene : A nitronaphthalene carrying a single nitro group at unspecified position.. nitronaphthalene : A nitroarene that is naphthalene substituted by at least one nitro group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | mononitronaphthalene | environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite |
| naphthaleneacetamide naphthaleneacetamide: RN given refers to compound with unknown acetamide position. 1-naphthaleneacetamide : A member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene which is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group at position 1. It is a synthetic auxin that is widely used in agriculture to promote the growth of numerous fruits, for root cuttings and as a fruit thinning agent. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; primary carboxamide | synthetic auxin |
| penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | |
| 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | trichlorophenol | carcinogenic agent |
| aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | aminoacridines; primary amino compound | acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen |
| 2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | naphthylamine | carcinogenic agent |
| proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | aminoacridines | antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator |
| benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group. | 6.04 | 8 | 4 | biphenyls; substituted aniline | carcinogenic agent |
| 1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | phenylenediamine | hydrogen donor |
| styrene oxide styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | epoxide | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | chloropropane-1,2-diol | |
| fast red b Fast Red B: structure in first source. fast red B : An organosulfonate salt composed from 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene-1-diazonium and 5-sulfonaphthalene-1-sulfonate in a 1:1 ratio. Used for demostrating enterochromaffin in carcinoid tumours. | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| o-aminoazotoluene o-Aminoazotoluene: An azo dye with carcinogenic properties. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | trehalose | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| phenylhydrazine [no description available] | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | phenylhydrazines | xenobiotic |
| epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; organochlorine compound | |
| ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon | algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen |
| 1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | butadiene | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| acrolein [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | enal | herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin |
| propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond. | 6.97 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound | polar aprotic solvent |
| allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | primary allylic alcohol; propenol | antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite |
| glyoxal [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | dialdehyde | agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator |
| butyl bromide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | glycol ether | protic solvent; solvent |
| pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrrole; secondary amine | |
| thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| propylene propylene: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | alkene; gas molecular entity | refrigerant; xenobiotic |
| alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide | herbicide |
| captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide | antifungal agrochemical |
| indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | indol-3-yl carboxylic acid | auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
| fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | |
| shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound | EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pregnenolone [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| acridine mustard acridine mustard: ICR 170 was heading 1975-95 (see under NITROGEN MUSTARD COMPOUNDS 1975-90); ACRIDINE MUSTARD was see ICR 170 1981-95; use ICR-170 (NM) to search ICR 170 1975-95 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acridines | intercalator |
| 3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. | 2 | 1 | 0 | D-aldohexose derivative | |
| 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| aziridine [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | alkylating agent |
| benzo(e)pyrene benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines | |
| acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom. | 4.66 | 9 | 0 | acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene | genotoxin |
| benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent | |
| cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | diazine; pyrimidines | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | azane; hydrazines | EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor |
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 5.78 | 29 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine | |
| thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | thymidine 5'-monophosphate | fundamental metabolite |
| citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; citrulline | Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position. | 3.48 | 8 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue | antimetabolite |
| methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin |
| fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA. | 2.83 | 3 | 0 | ||
| emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist |
| phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dialkenyl ketone | |
| podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | phosphoramide | |
| 4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound | |
| diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | epoxide | mutagen |
| 8-ethoxycaffeine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | flavonols; monohydroxyflavone | |
| diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound | antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| 3-tyramine 3-tyramine: MH Tyramine refers to 4-tyramine; RN given refers to parent cpd. m-tyramine : A primary amino compound that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. | 2 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; tyramines | human urinary metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| 2-nitrofluorene 2-nitrofluorene: RN given refers to cpd with locant with nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitrofluorene : A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | nitroarene | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| 2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure | 2 | 1 | 0 | anthracenamine | |
| nitrosomethylurethane Nitrosomethylurethane: An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumors. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester | |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester | hepatic steatosis inducing agent |
| nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research. | 5.25 | 17 | 0 | ||
| hempa Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | phosphoramide | insect sterilant; mutagen |
| methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups. | 6.51 | 61 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent |
| ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups. | 12.04 | 104 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen |
| 9,10-dimethylanthracene 9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group. | 7.13 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate |
| isopropylmethanesulfonate isopropylmethanesulfonate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | ||
| n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidines | |
| deoxycytidine [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| deoxyuridine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| c 137 C 137: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines | |
| 1,3-propane sultone 1,3-propane sultone: sultone is usually defined as a derivative of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid; structure | 2 | 1 | 0 | sultone | |
| arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chromium trioxide chromium trioxide: oxidizing agent. chromium trioxide : A chromium oxide composed of a single chromium bound (oxidation state +6) to three oxygens; the acidic anhydride of chromic acid. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | chromium oxide | |
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| tocopherols [no description available] | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | ||
| spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. | 8.37 | 7 | 0 | organic cation | geroprotector; herbicide |
| tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| 2-chloroethyl isocyanate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine . | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide | |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| 6-chrysenamine 6-chrysenamine: may cause splenic atrophy and leukopenia; minor descriptor (76-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENANTHRENES (76-84) | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbopolycyclic compound | |
| methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester | metabolite |
| 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | primary alcohol | |
| fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | fluorescein isothiocyanate | |
| sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | thujene | plant metabolite |
| mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose | metabolite |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 3.39 | 7 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| 2-chloroethyl methanesulfonate [no description available] | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ecdysone [no description available] | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | 14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid | prohormone |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
| nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acridines | |
| ethylene dimethanesulfonate ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide | EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer |
| 1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | pyrenes | |
| 1-nitropyrene [no description available] | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | nitroarene | carcinogenic agent |
| maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage. | 3.6 | 9 | 0 | pyridazinone | |
| acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group. | 4.45 | 7 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | carcinogenic agent; mutagen |
| n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration. | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound | neurotransmitter agent |
| manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | elemental manganese; manganese group element atom | Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient |
| mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 7.67 | 3 | 0 | elemental mercury; zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
| molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | chromium group element atom | micronutrient |
| silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA. | 2.92 | 4 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental silver | Escherichia coli metabolite |
| cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 3.97 | 13 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom | |
| californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | actinoid atom; f-block element atom | |
| aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | aluminium coordination entity | Lewis acid |
| mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | mercury coordination entity | sensitiser |
| 6-nitrochrysene 6-nitrochrysene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro group in position 6 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbopolycyclic compound | |
| cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride | phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent |
| camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion | oxidising agent |
| copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | metal sulfate | emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser |
| potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid. | 8.7 | 10 | 0 | potassium salt | allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser |
| chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. | 2 | 1 | 0 | diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity | bleaching agent |
| nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 5.5 | 22 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
| potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent |
| galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer |
| cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding. | 3.4 | 7 | 0 | cadmium coordination entity | |
| rhamnose [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | L-rhamnose | |
| carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| coformycin [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | coformycins | EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | S-ethylhomocysteine | antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent |
| n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | pyridines; pyrrolidines | |
| tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types. | 4.86 | 11 | 0 | acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator |
| fluorides [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic fluorine | |
| acridine half-mustard acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9. | 3.47 | 8 | 0 | aminoacridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | mutagen |
| benomyl [no description available] | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine | Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen |
| 2,6-diaminopurine 9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines; primary amino compound | antineoplastic agent |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant |
| transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alkenes [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 3.5 | 8 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
| torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). | 3.64 | 9 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen |
| azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3. | 3.23 | 6 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor |
| norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound | agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide |
| trimethylethylammonium trimethylethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyltrimethylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation having one ethyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | |
| 4-acetylaminofluorene 4-acetylaminofluorene : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 9H-fluoren-4-yl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; fluorenes | mitogen |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 3.47 | 2 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| 1,6-dinitropyrene [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyrenes | |
| decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound | agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide |
| 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. | 3.09 | 5 | 0 | epoxide | intercalator |
| fluridone [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | phenylpyridine | carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor |
| chlorsulfuron chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | methoxy-1,3,5-triazine; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 6.98 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide |
| 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinoline | carcinogenic agent |
| imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | |
| mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines | cytokinin; plant metabolite |
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 4.62 | 24 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties. | 10.23 | 15 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor |
| methionine methyl ester [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | D-glucopyranose | epitope; mouse metabolite |
| thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | methylcytosine; pyrimidines | human metabolite |
| 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | iodine oxoacid | |
| o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent. | 3.99 | 4 | 0 | methylguanine | mutagen |
| 1,7-phenanthroline [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | phenanthroline | |
| benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 6-methyladenine 6-methyladenine: structure. 6-methyladenine : A methyladenine that is 9H-purin-6-amine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 6-alkylaminopurine; methyladenine | human metabolite |
| 1,3-bis(4-carboxyphenoxy)propane [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone | antimalarial; plant metabolite |
| artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial |
| 5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 8-azaadenine 8-azaadenine: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. 8-azaadenine : A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | aromatic amine; nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines | EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-propyl methane sulfonate [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | human urinary metabolite |
| 4-(methylthio)benzoic acid [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion | |
| coenzyme a [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate | coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid | fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methylglucoside [no description available] | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: structure given in first source | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lopinavir [no description available] | 7.06 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide | |
| pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid: an ascorbate peroxidase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid : A member of the class of pyridines that is isonicotinic acid which is substituted by chlorine at positions 2 and 6. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; pyridines | EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor |
| methyl methanethiosulfinate methyl methanethiosulfinate: structure in first source; a metabolite of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sulfur oxoacid derivative | |
| 6-ethylguanine 6-ethylguanine: found in rat brain DNA | 3.24 | 6 | 0 | ||
| imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid | metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 3-methoxybenzamide [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rhodomycinone rhodomycinone: anthracycline antibiotic. epsilon-rhodomycinone : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (1R,2R,4S)-2-ethyl-2,4,5,7,12-pentahydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene-1-carboxylic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | carbopolycyclic compound; methyl ester; polyphenol; tetracenequinones; tetracenomycin | |
| 2'-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cobalt group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| hydrogen sulfite [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | sulfur oxoanion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tritium oxide [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | tritiated compound; water | |
| chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion | |
| ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide | anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist |
| s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound | bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule |
| diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N). | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | ||
| indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | indoles | fluorochrome |
| methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 4-ethylthymine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis | 4.96 | 37 | 0 | ||
| deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| icrf 193 4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid | plant growth stimulator; plant hormone |
| 3-n-methylspiperone 3-N-methylspiperone: (11(C))-labeled cpd used in positron tomography; dopamine agonist & dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| fluorescein 5-maleimide [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. | 7.48 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| 2-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols | eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule |
| glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| bromotrimethylammoniobimane bromotrimethylammoniobimane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methotrexate [no description available] | 3.75 | 11 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| glutapyrone glutapyrone: a Latvian compound; exhibits significant antiepileptic effects; lacks calcium antagonistic properties characteristic of 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sk&f 100330-a SK&F 100330-A: structure given in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | tropane alkaloid | |
| 4-methoxynitracrine 4-methoxynitracrine: structure given in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium). | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent | |
| ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide | |
| hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species | |
| malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 5-hydroxyanthocyanidin | biological pigment; metabolite |
| gamma-glutamylmethylamide gamma-glutamylmethylamide: RN refers to L-isomer | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dhurrin dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; cyanogenic glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; nitrile | |
| 5-methyldeoxycytidine triphosphate 5-methyl-dCTP : A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate having 5-methylcytosine as the nucleobase. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | |
| 4-(n-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium 4-(N-maleimido)benzyltrimethylammonium: affinity-alkylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| histidinol L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer). | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | amino alcohol; imidazoles | EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion | |
| anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid | anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| n,n'-dimethylnitrosourea [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | biotins; vitamin B7 | coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V). | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II | human metabolite |
| lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure. | 3.18 | 5 | 0 | ||
| antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound | corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist |
| aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11. | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone | carcinogenic agent; human metabolite |
| gamma-glutamyl phosphate [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | gamma-glutamyl phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic. | 4.59 | 8 | 0 | alkaloid; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| erythritol [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol | antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | |
| adozelesin [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 7.06 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | ||
| methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | 3.26 | 6 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound | |
| lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | inorganic chloride; lithium salt | antimanic drug; geroprotector |
| arabinose [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | L-arabinose | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite |
| glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | D-glucosamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| formiminoglutamic acid Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; L-glutamic acid derivative | |
| raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide | mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | ||
| dithioerythritol [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol | reducing agent |
| inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | myo-inositol trisphosphate | mouse metabolite |
| ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. | 9.44 | 23 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| puromycin [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | puromycins | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | cellotriose | |
| thienamycin thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems | |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| buclizine luteolinidin: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 5-hydroxyanthocyanidin | |
| ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | tripeptide | |
| diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2. | 7.67 | 3 | 0 | arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | farnesol | plant metabolite |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 7.67 | 3 | 0 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
| pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid. | 2 | 1 | 0 | D-galactopyranuronic acid | |
| cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17. | 2 | 1 | 0 | icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| lycopene [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acyclic carotene | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | violaxanthin | food colouring |
| diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | olefinic compound; polyphenol | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen |
| bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor |
| decitabine [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. | 7.66 | 3 | 0 | tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite |
| azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| acetylshikonin acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone | |
| cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes. | 7.41 | 2 | 0 | 3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes | antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent |
| anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole. | 2 | 1 | 0 | anethole | flavouring agent |
| glycosides [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 5.21 | 16 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
| isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | S-glycosyl compound | |
| sesquiterpenes [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | ||
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 2 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | caffeic acid | geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
| dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin. | 7.37 | 2 | 0 | epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide | carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 5.08 | 44 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| 1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas | antioxidant; chromophore |
| thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | thiocarboxamide | hepatotoxic agent |
| 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical | apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| nadp [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinio)phenolate 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinio)phenolate: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cobalt salt; inorganic chloride | allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator |
| cystine [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | detergent; protein denaturant |
| lithium acetate lithium acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and lithium ions. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate salt; organic lithium salt | |
| galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | oligosaccharide | |
| naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; primary amino compound | |
| methanethiosulfonate methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd | 3.95 | 13 | 0 | ||
| diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; maleate ester | glutathione depleting agent |
| quercetin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sinapine sinapine: black mustard seeds, seeds of Brassica nigra; RN given refers to parent; structure. sinapine : An acylcholine in which the acyl group specified is sinapoyl. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | acylcholine | antioxidant; photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues. | 3.12 | 5 | 0 | carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene | antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A |
| 11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | retinal | chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| (all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | phytoene | plant metabolite |
| rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | carotenol | antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor |
| alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| genistein [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyisoflavones | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| erucic acid [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | docosenoic acid | |
| jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring. | 2.71 | 3 | 0 | oxo monocarboxylic acid | jasmonates; plant metabolite |
| astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. | 3.31 | 6 | 0 | carotenol; carotenone | animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite |
| canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'. | 2 | 1 | 0 | carotenone | biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite |
| lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | carotenol | food colouring; plant metabolite |
| myricetin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | rosmarinic acid | geroprotector; plant metabolite |
| rutamycin Rutamycin: A macrolide antibiotic of the oligomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces rutgersensis. It is used in cytochemistry as a tool to inhibit various ATPases and to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport and also clinically as an antifungal agent.. oligomycin D : An oligomycin with formula C44H72O11 that is oligomycin A in which the methyl substituent adjacent to the spirocyclic centre has been replaced by a hydrogen. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide | antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor |
| domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin |
| zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | pyridoindole | |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 2 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| brefeldin a [no description available] | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | Penicillium metabolite |
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| 4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available] | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | ||
| anthramycin [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound | actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| biliverdine [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source | 7.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium | |
| rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. | 2.72 | 3 | 0 | boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom | |
| arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3.36 | 7 | 0 | metalloid atom; pnictogen | micronutrient |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 6.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 6.03 | 110 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom | micronutrient |
| 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pseudobactin pseudobactin: linear hexapeptide fluorescent iron transport agent (siderophore) from plant growth promoter Pseudomonas B10; structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold. | 2.97 | 4 | 0 | 2-trans-abscisic acid | |
| cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon. | 3.3 | 6 | 0 | ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes | herbicide |
| tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels. | 3.11 | 5 | 0 | azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid | animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
| amaranthin betacyanin amaranthin betacyanin: amaranthin protein is also available; purple color. amaranthin : A disaccharide derivative that is betanidin in which a beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl moiety is attached at position 5. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | disaccharide derivative; indoles; olefinic compound; tetrahydropyridine | biological pigment; plant metabolite |
| 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | organic anion | |
| antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| papulacandin b papulacandin B: from Papularia sphaerosperma; inhibits growth of Candida albicans. papulacandin B : A papulacandin that is papulacandin A in which the (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoyl chain at the O-(6') position is replaced by a (2E,4Z,6E)-8-hydroxydeca-2,4,6-trienoyl chain. It is the major carbohydrate-containing antibiotic from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma which shows potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | cyanine dye; organic iodide salt | fluorochrome |
| plicatin b acrylate plicatin B acrylate: isolated from the medicinal plants Psoralea juncaea and P. plicata; structure given in first source | 3.09 | 1 | 0 | ||
| melibiose alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond. | 2 | 1 | 0 | glycosylglucose | |
| tubulazole tubulazole: synthetic microtubule inhibitor; RN given refers to (cis(+-))-isomer; structure given in first source. (S,S)-tubulozole : An ethyl [4-({[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)phenyl]carbamate in which both stereocentres have S-configuration.. tubulozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,4R)- and (2S,4S)-tubulozole. A synthetic anticancer drug that interferes with the structure and function of microtubules in both interphase and mitotic cells. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ethyl [4-({[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)phenyl]carbamate | |
| s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor. | 2 | 1 | 0 | L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound | hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11). | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent |
| phaseolotoxin phaseolotoxin: exotoxin from Pseudomonas sp.; cleavage of C terminal alanine and homoarginine from phaseolotoxin leaves octicidine. phaseolotoxin : A tripeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N(5)-[amino(sulfoamino)phosphoryl]-L-ornithine with the N-terminal amino group of L-alanyl-L-arginine. A toxin produced by cultured Pseudomonas syringae, the causal agent of halo blight disease in bean plants. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | xanthene dye | |
| g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide | |
| aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu) | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| akuammicine akuammicine: from Strychnos sp;; structure in first source. akuammicine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C20H22N2O2, isolated from several plant species including Alstonia spatulata, Catharanthus roseus and Vinca major. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | plant metabolite |
| ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | D-ribose; ribopyranose | |
| acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose | |
| palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | polyol | toxin |
| nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | nystatins | |
| mandipropamid mandipropamid: effective against the economically important phytopathogens Phytophthora infestans (potato and tomato late blight) and Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew). mandipropamid : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mandipropamid. An agricultural fungicide, it is used to control late blight and downy mildew in many salad, vegetable and fruit crops.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-{2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethyl}-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)acetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the condensation of the carboxy group of p-chloromandelic acid propargyl ether with the amino group of 2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethylamine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; terminal acetylenic compound | |
| potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | cyanate salt; one-carbon compound | herbicide |
| losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | triazolopyrimidines | |
| calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | benzoxazole | |
| sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rifamycins [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | ||
| peonidin 3-glucoside peonidin 3-glucoside: the methylated form of cyanidin 3-glucoside | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | ||
| nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | organophosphate oxoanion | cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oligonucleotides [no description available] | 2.95 | 4 | 0 | ||
| anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 3.27 | 6 | 0 | glycoside | |
| chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain. | 4.09 | 14 | 0 | chlorophyll; methyl ester | cofactor |
| thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | alkylmercury compound | antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen |
| adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | organic lithium salt | fluorochrome |
| bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide | |
| sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt | allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent |
| sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison |
| potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | bromate salt; potassium salt | flour treatment agent |
| sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | monosodium glutamate | flavouring agent |
| (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt | 4.54 | 24 | 0 | ||
| picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus. | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| systemin systemin: amino acid sequence given in first source; a mobile 18 amino acid polypeptide, induces proteinase inhibitor synthesis; from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mannans [no description available] | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | ||
| s-ethylcysteine S-ethylcysteine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. S-ethyl-L-cysteine zwitterion : A S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-ethyl-L-cysteine; major species at pH 7.3. | 1.93 | 1 | 0 | S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine | antitubercular agent |
| phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | organic anion | |
| glycolipids [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 7.69 | 3 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine | cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin |
| okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ketal | |
| pyrethrins [no description available] | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phleomycin d1 phleomycin D1 : A glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | bi-1,3-thiazole; chelate-forming peptide; disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; guanidines | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X). | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
| gibberellins [no description available] | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| xanthomonadin i xanthomonadin I: pigment expressed by Xanthomonas oryzae; protects againsts photodamage; structure in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
| guanine [no description available] | 5.28 | 17 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | fundamental metabolite |
| hypoxanthine [no description available] | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase | fundamental metabolite |
| inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| inosine [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| 3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
| pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| raltitrexed [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| nolatrexed nolatrexed: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively. | 4.03 | 15 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor |
| trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position | 7.34 | 143 | 0 | nitroso compound | alkylating agent |
| 7-ethylguanine [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| n(7)-hydroxyethylguanine [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| enng [no description available] | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | ||
| molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion | |
| eye [no description available] | 3.61 | 9 | 0 | ||
| concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 5.8 | 91 | 0 |
| Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants. | 0 | 3.44 | 6 | 0 |
| Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 15 | 0 |
| Tetraploid [description not available] | 0 | 7.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. | 0 | 4.36 | 21 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 4.77 | 7 | 0 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 4.77 | 7 | 0 |
| Germinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.16 | 17 | 0 |
| Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. | 0 | 9.16 | 17 | 0 |
| Sterility, Male [description not available] | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Infections, Plasmodium [description not available] | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia. | 0 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 |
| Polyploid [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 11 | 0 |
| Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 3.81 | 11 | 0 |
| Genome Instability [description not available] | 0 | 2.98 | 4 | 0 |
| Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available] | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included. | 0 | 3.1 | 5 | 0 |
| Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome. | 0 | 4.46 | 23 | 0 |
| Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 5.83 | 37 | 0 |
| Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 3.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
| Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. | 0 | 4.98 | 9 | 0 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available] | 0 | 4.02 | 14 | 0 |
| Biliary Calculi [description not available] | 0 | 2.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin. | 0 | 2.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Triploid [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Chlamydia [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. | 0 | 7.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 3 | 0 |
| Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45) | 0 | 3.59 | 3 | 0 |
| Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 5.23 | 12 | 0 |
| Leukemia L 1210 [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Sterility, Female [description not available] | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception. | 0 | 3.08 | 5 | 0 |
| Amyloid Deposits [description not available] | 0 | 1.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Breakage [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Translocation [description not available] | 0 | 3.67 | 10 | 0 |
| Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice. | 0 | 6.4 | 23 | 2 |
| Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Triplication [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Bloom Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by telangiectatic ERYTHEMA of the face, photosensitivity, DWARFISM and other abnormalities, and a predisposition toward developing cancer. The Bloom syndrome gene (BLM) encodes a RecQ-like DNA helicase. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus. | 0 | 3.46 | 8 | 0 |
| Cancer of Pituitary [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Experimental Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.66 | 10 | 0 |
| Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Kaposi Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 7 | 0 |
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. | 0 | 3.35 | 7 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Cancer of Ovary [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Friedreich Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Adrenal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Eye [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Bladder Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Aneuploid [description not available] | 0 | 3.84 | 12 | 0 |
| Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH. | 0 | 4.83 | 13 | 0 |
| Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Colon [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Rectum [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysembryoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642) | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Nanism [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemia, Fanconi [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004) | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 7.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595) | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Malignant Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445) | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed) | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Colorectal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosomal Fragility [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| 47,XX,+21 [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213) | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS). | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Diathesis [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 7.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Alactasia [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Kahler Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Reproductive Sterility [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperdactyly [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Polysyndactyly [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of the Thymus [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Testis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs). | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Prostate [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| E coli Infections [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Listeria [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| B16 Melanoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |