A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
ChEBI ID: 64577
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| ascorbic acid | The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. | L-ascorbic acid |
| cysteine | An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration. | L-cysteine zwitterion; L-cysteine |
| cystine | The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine. | L-cystine zwitterion; L-cystine |
| potassium bromate | potassium bromate | |
| urea | A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). | carbamimidic acid; urea |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 35,315 (41.69) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 11,269 (13.30) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 16,005 (18.89) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 16,527 (19.51) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 5,601 (6.61) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 4,545 (4.99%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 4,516 (4.96%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 1,602 (1.76%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 137 (0.15%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 80,213 (88.13%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7762 | 1 | 1 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.1623 | 5 | 7 |
| caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.5167 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.5167 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 100.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.9185 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 89.1251 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.9349 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.4926 | 5 | 7 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.7770 | 3 | 3 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.5893 | 1 | 1 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1836 | 1 | 1 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.7756 | 2 | 5 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 8.9399 | 2 | 4 |
| heat shock protein beta-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.2563 | 2 | 2 |
| Histone H2A.x | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 2.0986 | 2 | 3 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3011 | 1 | 1 |
| IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.1735 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3984 | 1 | 2 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 17.0674 | 1 | 2 |
| lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.6310 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.4933 | 3 | 5 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 20.5962 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3011 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.8920 | 1 | 1 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.2102 | 2 | 2 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 9.1644 | 1 | 1 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3349 | 1 | 1 |
| Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 125.8920 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 14.1280 | 2 | 3 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.4697 | 3 | 8 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.3495 | 2 | 3 |
| Spike glycoprotein | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | Potency | 1.7783 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin glutathione reductase | Schistosoma mansoni | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 28.9240 | 1 | 1 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 9.3737 | 2 | 2 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0020 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albumin | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 155.3800 | 1 | 1 |
| Carboxypeptidase A1 | Bos taurus (cattle) | Ki | 350.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carboxypeptidase A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 350.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated | Streptococcus pyogenes | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Serine acetyltransferase | Haemophilus influenzae | Ki | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cystine/glutamate transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 116.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cystine/glutamate transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 59.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 376.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 161.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Hyaluronate lyase | Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 | IC50 | 6,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Kinesin-like protein KIF11 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 63.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Pancreatic alpha-amylase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 26.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Pancreatic alpha-amylase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 43.4000 | 1 | 1 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 2 | Agaricus bisporus | IC50 | 264.2500 | 4 | 4 |
| Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 46,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 23 member 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 156.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 32.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Urease | Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) | IC50 | 8.5900 | 1 | 1 |
| Urease subunit alpha | Helicobacter pylori 26695 | Ki | 6,470.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Urease subunit beta | Helicobacter pylori 26695 | Ki | 6,470.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0005 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, putative amino-acid transporter periplasmic solute-binding protein | Campylobacter jejuni | Kd | 0.1400 | 1 | 1 |
| Olfactory receptor 51E2 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0230 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egl nine homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 180.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 260.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 300.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 170.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 140.0000 | 1 | 1 |