Page last updated: 2024-09-20

theobromine

Description

Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
Theobromagenus[no description available]MalvaceaeThe mallow family of the order MALVALES, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of Malvaceae.[MeSH]
Theobroma cacaospecies[no description available]MalvaceaeThe mallow family of the order MALVALES, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The common names of hollyhock and mallow are used for several genera of Malvaceae.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5429
CHEMBL ID1114
CHEBI ID28946
SCHEMBL ID3184
MeSH IDM0021284

Synonyms (198)

Synonym
xantheose
sc-15090 ,
theobromine(20%)
CHEMBL1114 ,
theobrominum
3,7-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
nsc-5039
theostene
thesal
1h-purine-2, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-
diurobromine
sc 15090
nsc5039
teobromin
theosalvose
santheose
wln: t56 bn dn fnvmvj b1 f1
3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
theobromin
CHEBI:28946 ,
3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione
3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione
1h-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-
DIVK1C_000611
KBIO1_000611
SDCCGMLS-0002875.P003
EU-0101187
5-26-13-00553 (beilstein)
1h-purine-2,6-dione,3,7-dihydro-3,7- dimethyl- (9ci)
2,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-purine
theobromine, >=98.0%
thesodate
xanthine, 3,7-dimethyl-
nsc 5039
ccris 2350
SPECTRUM_000053
fema no. 3591
theobromine (natural)
brn 0016464
hsdb 7332
einecs 201-494-2
PRESTWICK2_000874
PDSP2_001001
PRESTWICK_1054
NCGC00016023-02
NCGC00016023-01
lopac-t-4500
cas-83-67-0
37T ,
LOPAC0_001187
BSPBIO_001758
NCGC00179030-02
NCGC00179030-01
BPBIO1_001043
PDSP1_001017
PRESTWICK3_000874
BSPBIO_000947
SPECTRUM5_001387
AB00052141
C07480
theobromine
3,7-dimethylxanthine
83-67-0
DB01412
NCGC00024123-05
NCGC00024123-08
NCGC00024123-04
MLS000028407
smr000058357
KBIO2_000433
KBIOGR_000666
KBIOSS_000433
KBIO2_003001
KBIO2_005569
KBIO3_001258
PRESTWICK0_000874
SPECTRUM2_000985
SPBIO_002868
PRESTWICK1_000874
SPBIO_001049
SPECTRUM3_000279
NINDS_000611
SPECTRUM4_000403
SPECTRUM1500649
IDI1_000611
NCGC00024123-03
NCGC00024123-07
NCGC00024123-06
NCGC00016023-03
NCGC00016023-06
AC-11381
T 4500
HMS2092G04
CEC63CCA-3B4B-4F4F-92C1-1789DF3C880A
NCGC00016023-14
yapqbxqyljrxsa-uhfffaoysa-
inchi=1/c7h8n4o2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2/h3h,1-2h3,(h,9,12,13)
HMS501O13
FT-0660435
T0178
HMS1570P09
HMS1921O13
bdbm50014260
NCGC00016023-11
AKOS000121558
HMS3263N15
HMS2097P09
3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6-dione
tox21_300016
NCGC00253943-01
pharmakon1600-01500649
nsc757407
nsc-757407
dtxcid506132
dtxsid9026132 ,
tox21_110284
CCG-40078
NCGC00016023-10
NCGC00016023-15
NCGC00016023-07
NCGC00016023-13
NCGC00016023-12
NCGC00016023-05
NCGC00016023-04
NCGC00016023-08
NCGC00016023-09
7-dimethylxanthine
2,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethylpurine
FT-0675138
unii-obd445wz5p
5-26-13-00553 (beilstein handbook reference)
obd445wz5p ,
theobromine [inn:ban:nf]
NCGC00016023-17
519-41-5
LP01187
pentoxifylline impurity a [ep impurity]
theobromine [mart.]
caffeine monohydrate impurity d [ep impurity]
theobromine [hsdb]
theobromine [iarc]
theobromine [mi]
theobromine [fhfi]
theobromine [who-dd]
theobrominum [hpus]
theobromine [ep impurity]
theobromine [vandf]
theobromine [inci]
S2368
3,7-dimethylxanthin
3,7-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6(3h,7h)-dione
SCHEMBL3184
tox21_110284_1
NCGC00016023-18
NCGC00261872-01
tox21_501187
3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione #
BBL034679
STL419465
AC-34381
Q-100848
HY-N0138
CS-7972
theobromine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
AB00052141_12
mfcd00022830
theobromine, >=98.0% (hplc)
3, 7-dimethylxanthine
SR-01000000069-2
sr-01000000069
theobromine, analytical standard
theobromine, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
theobromine 0.1 mg/ml in methanol
SR-01000000069-4
SR-01000000069-9
SR-01000000069-10
SR-01000000069-7
SR-01000000069-8
SBI-0051154.P003
HMS3714P09
Z56347209
theobromine;
3,7-dimethylxanthine; 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
3,7-dimethyl-1h-purine-2,6-dione
SY048379
theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine)
AS-13904
Q206844
BRD-K34888156-001-08-8
EN300-16609
SDCCGSBI-0051154.P004
NCGC00016023-26
D71206
theobromine (ep impurity)
theobromine (mart.)
theobromine (iarc)
pentoxifylline impurity a (ep impurity)
caffeine ep impurity d

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Theobromine is a common ingredient of many natural foods consumed by a large population worldwide."( Bhat, JA; Kumar, M, 2022)
"Theobromine is a caffeine metabolite most abundant in dark chocolate, of which consumption is linked with a lower risk of cognitive decline. "( Alçada-Morais, S; Cunha, RA; Lopes, JP; Valada, P, 2022)
"Theobromine is an abundant methylxanthine in cocoa/chocolate. "( Franco, R; Martínez-Pinilla, E, 2023)
"Theobromine is a xanthine derivative, structurally related to the nucleobases, and also present in many living beings."( Calabrese, C; Camiruaga, A; D'mello, VC; Fernández, JA; Usabiaga, I; Veloso, A; Wategaonkar, S, 2020)
"Theobromine is a natural methylxanthine present in dark chocolate particularly abundant in cocoa bean shell."( Biasi, F; Iaia, N; Poli, G; Rossin, D; Sottero, B; Venezia, I, 2020)
"Theobromine is a caffeine derivative and the primary methylxanthine in Theobroma cacao. "( Katakura, M; Matsuzaki, K; Shido, O; Sugimoto, N; Sumiyoshi, E; Yachie, A, 2019)
"Theobromine, which is a caffeine derivative, is the primary methylxanthine produced by Theobroma cacao. "( Katakura, M; Matsuzaki, K; Ohno-Shosaku, T; Shido, O; Sugimoto, N; Tanigami, H; Yachie, A; Yoneda, M, 2017)

Effects

ExcerptReference
"Theobromine has shown health benefits in several studies, attributed to regulation of calcium homeostasis, phosphodiesterase, neurotransmission, and neurotrophins."( Bhat, JA; Kumar, M, 2022)
"Theobromine (TB) has been reported to promote tooth remineralization, strengthen tooth substance, and relieve dentin hypersensitivity. "( Burrow, MF; Hotta, M; Ichimura, Y; Ikeda, M; Kitada, N; Kusakabe, S; Nikaido, T; Shimizu, S; Takagaki, T; Toyama, M; Yamamoto, K, 2023)
"Theobromine has also been shown to improve lipoprotein levels in trials, although these findings need verification at habitual intake levels."( Berends, LM; Cassidy, A; van der Velpen, V, 2015)
"Theobromine has to exceed a threshold level of 2 microg/mL, hence a robust and reliable quantitation is required."( Krug, O; Opfermann, G; Schänzer, W; Thevis, M, 2004)
"Theobromine tablets have been prepared by wet granulation using gelatin solutions of various concentrations. "( Gyurkó, E; Miseta, M; Pintyéné, HK; Selmeczi, B; Szabóné, RP, 1989)
"Theobromine has some pharmacological effects, although these activities are considerably weaker than those of theophylline and/or caffeine, described in parts 1 and 2 of this series (Stavric, Fd Chem."( Stavric, B, 1988)

Actions

ExcerptReference
"As theobromine and fat increase fasting apoA-I concentrations, and the intestine is involved in apoA-I production, the acute effects of both were studied on duodenal gene transcription to better understand underlying mechanisms."( Boekschoten, MV; de Ridder, RJJ; Mensink, RP; Plat, J; Smolders, L, 2018)
"The theobromine in cocoa plays an immunoregulatory role that is responsible for cocoa's influence on both systemic and intestinal antibody concentrations and also for modifying lymphoid tissue lymphocyte composition in young healthy Lewis rats. "( Camps-Bossacoma, M; Castell, M; Franch, À; Pérez-Cano, FJ, 2018)
"Theobromine did not produce changes in group ratings but changed ratings in some subjects."( Evans, SM; Griffiths, RR; Kaminski, BJ; Mumford, GK; Preston, KL; Sannerud, CA; Silverman, K, 1994)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"L-theobromine was treated as a log transform and dichotomous form (the highest quantile vs. "( Chen, N; Gao, L; Ge, W; Guo, J; He, L; Peng, C, 2022)
"Theobromine treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation and knockdown of AMPKα1/α2 prevented the ability of theobromine to inhibit PPARγ expression in the differentiating 3T3-L1 cells."( Jang, YJ; Kang, SC; Koo, HJ; Pyo, S; Rhee, DK; Sohn, EH, 2015)
"Treatment with theobromine significantly attenuated neurological deficits and improved sensorimotor functions and memory in rats with CH."( Bhat, JA; Kumar, M, 2022)
"Treatment with theobromine-enriched cocoa resulted in a mean±SE of 3.2±1.1 mm Hg higher 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure compared with placebo (P<0.01)."( Draijer, R; van den Bogaard, B; van den Born, BJ; van den Meiracker, AH; van Montfrans, GA; Westerhof, BE, 2010)
"Treatment with theobromine produced a significant increase in the contents of hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, and proline in both anterior and posterior sclera, while 7-methylxanthine increased the contents of hydroxyproline and proline selectively in posterior sclera. "( Kobayashi, T; Olsen, EB; Ribel-Madsen, SM; Trier, K, 1999)

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
vasodilator agentA drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
bronchodilator agentAn agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
adenosine receptor antagonistAn antagonist at any adenosine receptor.
food componentA physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
human blood serum metaboliteAny metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
mouse metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
dimethylxanthine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (7)

theobromine is involved in 7 pathway(s), involving a total of 13 unique proteins and 122 unique compounds

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Caffeine Metabolism821
theobromine biosynthesis I09
caffeine biosynthesis I011
theobromine biosynthesis II (via xanthine)06
caffeine biosynthesis I012
caffeine degradation IV (bacteria, via demethylation and oxidation)016
caffeine degradation III (bacteria, via demethylation)521
Caffeine and theobromine metabolism011

Protein Targets (37)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Fumarate hydrataseHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.17340.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.35487.935539.8107AID624146
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.16770.001022.650876.6163AID1224838
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.90710.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.000817.505159.3239AID588544
polyproteinZika virusPotency33.17340.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.08491.069113.955137.9330AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.40770.035520.977089.1251AID504332
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency84.921423.934123.934123.9341AID1967
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.006026.168889.1251AID488953
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.01789.637444.6684AID588834
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00400.039816.784239.8107AID995
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency24.21320.000627.21521,122.0200AID743219
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency37.93300.425612.059128.1838AID504536
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.031610.279239.8107AID884; AID885
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.01120.00106.000935.4813AID943
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency25.11891.000012.224831.6228AID885
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency26.85450.060110.745337.9330AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Adenosine receptor A1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki105.00000.00011.20929.9700AID31860
Adenosine receptor A2bRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki250.00000.00061.353610.0000AID33434; AID33897
Adenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki250.00000.00021.494010.0000AID33434; AID33897
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Molecular Functions (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activityAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (2)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
Golgi membraneAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (73)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID33897Antagonism of N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine-stimulated adenylate cyclase associated with stimulation of Adenosine A2 receptor of rat PC12 membranes1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10
Imidazodiazepinediones: a new class of adenosine receptor antagonists.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID55471Binding affinity to DNA intercalator Acridine orange.2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 44, Issue:26
Structural basis for the binding affinity of xanthines with the DNA intercalator acridine orange.
AID30806Binding affinity at Adenosine A2 receptor in rat striatal membrane using [3H]- 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) at 250 uM1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-29, Volume: 36, Issue:22
Synthesis of paraxanthine analogs (1,7-disubstituted xanthines) and other xanthines unsubstituted at the 3-position: structure-activity relationships at adenosine receptors.
AID453747Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged CTP synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as inhibition of CTP formation by continuous spectrophotometric assay in presence of 10 mM L-glutamine and 0.15 mM 2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Inhibition of CTP synthase from Escherichia coli by xanthines and uric acids.
AID697852Inhibition of electric eel AChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID453744Inhibition of Escherichia coli recombinant N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged CTP synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as inhibition of CTP formation by continuous spectrophotometric assay in presence of 150 mM NH4Cl2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Inhibition of CTP synthase from Escherichia coli by xanthines and uric acids.
AID31881Binding affinity at Adenosine A1 receptor in rat brain cortical membrane using [3H]N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) as radioligand1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-29, Volume: 36, Issue:22
Synthesis of paraxanthine analogs (1,7-disubstituted xanthines) and other xanthines unsubstituted at the 3-position: structure-activity relationships at adenosine receptors.
AID697853Inhibition of horse BChE at 2 mg/ml by Ellman's method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
Exploration of natural compounds as sources of new bifunctional scaffolds targeting cholinesterases and beta amyloid aggregation: the case of chelerythrine.
AID1768730Relative lipophilicity of the compound in methanol assessed as retardation factor by reversed-phase TLC analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 49Estimation of the lipophilicity of purine-2,6-dione-based TRPA1 antagonists and PDE4/7 inhibitors with analgesic activity.
AID33434Binding affinity for Adenosine A2 receptor from rat striatum using [3H]NECA as radioligand1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10
Imidazodiazepinediones: a new class of adenosine receptor antagonists.
AID511376Neurotoxicity in ddY mouse assessed as changes in behavioral activity at 110 nmol/mouse, icv measured for 60 mins2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Novel N-methylated 8-oxoisoguanines from Pacific sponges with diverse neuroactivities.
AID21086Lipid solubility measured as chloroform-water partition coefficient1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1
1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one derivatives, microbial products with pharmacological activity. Conversion into orally active derivatives with antiinflammatory and antiulcer activities.
AID31860Binding affinity for Adenosine A1 receptor from rat brain using [3H]-PIA as radioligand1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10
Imidazodiazepinediones: a new class of adenosine receptor antagonists.
AID33411Inhibition of [3H]NECA binding to Adenosine A2 receptor in rat striatal membrane1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10
Imidazodiazepinediones: a new class of adenosine receptor antagonists.
AID1768729Lipophilicity, logP of compound by shake flask method2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 49Estimation of the lipophilicity of purine-2,6-dione-based TRPA1 antagonists and PDE4/7 inhibitors with analgesic activity.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,745)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901015 (58.17)18.7374
1990's236 (13.52)18.2507
2000's205 (11.75)29.6817
2010's201 (11.52)24.3611
2020's88 (5.04)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials174 (9.33%)5.53%
Reviews73 (3.92%)6.00%
Case Studies48 (2.58%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other1,569 (84.17%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (13)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Effectiveness Evaluation of the Theobromine Containing Toothpastes in Controlling Dental Plaque in Children Aged 6-9years(Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial)[NCT05187507]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-25Completed
Effects of a Cocoa Shot on the Human Brain 2[NCT02080845]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Temporal Change of Mood and Cognition in Healthy Subjects After Consumption of Theobromine and/ or Caffeine[NCT01288547]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
The Effects of a Diet Rich in Fat or Theobromine on Intestinal apoA-I mRNA and Protein Expression[NCT02085109]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
The Effects of Short-term Theobromine Supplementation on Vascular Function and Intestinal apoA-I Production in Fasting and in the Postprandial State[NCT02209025]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
"Therapeutic Confirmatory Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Theobromine Capsule 300mg as an Antitussive Agent in Acute Cough Patients."[NCT01416480]Phase 3332 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Consumption of Chocolate in Pregnant Women at High Risk for Preeclampsia.[NCT01431443]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
The Effect of Theobromine on Blood Lipid Parameters in Healthy Subjects[NCT01481389]152 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
The Acute Effect of 2 Different Serving Regimens of Theobromine on Theobromine Concentration in the Blood & Physiological Effects[NCT01544829]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Food Matrix Effect on Flavanol Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion: Methylxanthines[NCT03526107]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-16Completed
A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adaptive Pivotal Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral BC1036 in the Management of Cough[NCT01656668]Phase 3288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Effects of a Cocoa Shot on the Human Brain[NCT01924481]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
The Effect of Using Two Desensitizing Agents Alone and In Combination on Dentin Permeability and Hypersensitivity[NCT04340869]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (21)

ArticleYear
New framework for a non-animal approach adequately assures the safety of cosmetic ingredients - A case study on caffeine.
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Volume: 123
2021
Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity evaluation of 7-methylxanthine: a new molecule for the treatment of myopia.
Drug and chemical toxicology, Volume: 45, Issue: 3
2022
Nutritional value and safety of animal feed supplemented with Talaromyces verruculosus-treated cocoa pod husks.
Scientific reports, 08-04, Volume: 10, Issue: 1
2020
Determination of the Antiproliferative Activity of New Theobromine Derivatives and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Hepatotoxic Effects.
Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry, Volume: 16, Issue: 7
2016
De-intercalation of ethidium bromide and acridine orange by xanthine derivatives and their modulatory effect on anticancer agents: a study of DNA-directed toxicity enlightened by time correlated single photon counting.
Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics, Volume: 20, Issue: 5
2003
Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 22). Effects of 2- and 4-week administration of theobromine on the testis.
The Journal of toxicological sciences, Volume: 25 Spec No
2000
Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of theophylline and theobromine in Salmonella assay and in vivo sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice.
Mutation research, Jul-21, Volume: 444, Issue: 1
1999
[Effects of methylxanthine derivatives on antitumor activity and toxic side effect of adriamycin induced by inhibition of DNA biosynthesis].
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Volume: 118, Issue: 5
1998
Evaluation of the toxicity of guarana with in vitro bioassays.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, Volume: 39, Issue: 3
1998
Neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices mediated by adenosine analogues and nitric oxide.
Brain research, Jul-11, Volume: 762, Issue: 1-2
1997
Enhancement of the behavioral toxicity induced by combined administration of ethanol with methylxanthines: evaluation by discrete avoidance in mice.
The Journal of toxicological sciences, Volume: 18, Issue: 2
1993
Theobromine toxicity on Sertoli cells and comparison with cocoa extract in male rats.
Toxicology letters, Feb-01, Volume: 70, Issue: 2
1994
Toxicity of jimson weed seed and cocoa shell meal to broilers.
Poultry science, Volume: 63, Issue: 3
1984
Diet-induced alterations in theobromine disposition and toxicity in the rat.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Volume: 84, Issue: 3
1986
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of theobromine and caffeine.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Volume: 25, Issue: 3
1987
Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 3. Theobromine, paraxanthine and the combined effects of methylxanthines.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Volume: 26, Issue: 8
1988
Efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline in geriatric patients with intermittent claudication.
Angiology, Volume: 40, Issue: 9
1989
Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with pentoxifylline.
Renal failure, Volume: 11, Issue: 2-3
1989
Pentoxifylline in amphotericin B toxicity rat model.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Volume: 34, Issue: 2
1990
Effect of methylxanthines on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in various induction states.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Volume: 252, Issue: 1
1990
Effectiveness and side effects of two different doses of caffeine in preventing apnea in premature infants.
Therapeutic drug monitoring, Volume: 14, Issue: 1
1992
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Long-term Use (5)

ArticleYear
Chronic administration of theobromine inhibits mTOR signal in rats.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, Volume: 124, Issue: 5
2019
An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: a randomized, double-blind trial.
International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Volume: 25, Issue: 3
2001
Effect of pentoxifylline on cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease.
The Journal of international medical research, Volume: 9, Issue: 3
1981
Comparative randomized study of cerebral blood flow after long-term administration of pentoxifylline and co-dergocrine mesylate in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease.
Current medical research and opinion, Volume: 9, Issue: 7
1985
Surprising effects of the sequential administration of pentoxifylline and low dose acetylsalicylic acid on thrombus formation.
Thrombosis research, Apr-15, Volume: 46, Issue: 2
1987
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (31)

ArticleYear
Pregnancy-induced changes in the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites.
Journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 56, Issue: 5
2016
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of natural methylxanthines in animal and man.
Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Issue: 200
2011
Characterization of the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile for six adenosine A2A receptor antagonists.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Volume: 375, Issue: 2
2007
Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline after inhalation in combination with diacetylmorphine.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, Volume: 96, Issue: 1
2005
Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Volume: 39, Issue: 7
2001
The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of caffeine in camels.
Research in veterinary science, Volume: 69, Issue: 1
2000
Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys.
American journal of veterinary research, Volume: 58, Issue: 8
1997
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine in the oestrogen-implanted ovariectomized ewe.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 19, Issue: 2
1996
The pharmacokinetics of oxpentifylline in man when administered by constant intravenous infusion.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 23, Issue: 6
1982
Theobromine metabolism and pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Mar-15, Volume: 67, Issue: 3
1983
Pharmacokinetics of theobromine in male rats in different traumatic conditions.
Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, Volume: 50, Issue: 1
1985
The bronchodilator effect and pharmacokinetics of theobromine in young patients with asthma.
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, Volume: 76, Issue: 5
1985
Studies on methyl-xanthines in intact and hypophysectomised rats: differences in pharmacokinetics and adrenocortical response.
Life sciences, Sep-30, Volume: 37, Issue: 13
1985
Pharmacokinetics of theobromine and its metabolites in rabbits.
Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics, Volume: 13, Issue: 1
1985
The effect of caffeine ingestion on pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites after a single administration in pregnant rats.
Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics, Volume: 8, Issue: 3
1985
Inhibition of pentoxifylline clearance by cimetidine.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Volume: 75, Issue: 2
1986
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered pentoxifylline in humans.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Volume: 75, Issue: 1
1986
Lack of pharmacodynamic interaction between pentoxifylline and warfarin in the rat.
Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, Volume: 54, Issue: 1
1986
Quantitative assessment of caffeine partial clearances in man.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 22, Issue: 2
1986
Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 22, Issue: 2
1986
Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of novel sustained-release dosage forms of pentoxifylline in healthy subjects.
International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, Volume: 26, Issue: 4
1988
Alteration of pentoxifylline pharmacokinetics by cimetidine.
Journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 28, Issue: 7
1988
Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 14C-pentoxifylline in healthy volunteers.
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 39, Issue: 4
1989
The pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its dimethylxanthine metabolites in patients with chronic liver disease.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 27, Issue: 2
1989
Efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its analogs in experimental Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Volume: 34, Issue: 6
1990
The effect of methylxanthines on milk volume and composition, and growth of rat pups.
The British journal of nutrition, Volume: 64, Issue: 2
1990
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pentoxifylline in healthy volunteers and in cirrhotic patients.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 47, Issue: 3
1990
Extracellular 2-chloroadenosine and ATP stimulate volume-sensitive Cl- current and calcium mobilization in human tracheal 9HTEo- cells.
FEBS letters, Jun-08, Volume: 304, Issue: 1
1992
[Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline in chronic renal failure (authors transl)].
Medizinische Klinik, Feb-11, Volume: 72, Issue: 6
1977
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (20)

ArticleYear
Flavan-3-ol-methylxanthine interactions: Modulation of flavan-3-ol bioavailability in volunteers with a functional colon and an ileostomy.
Free radical biology & medicine, 02-20, Volume: 196
2023
Protective effect of guarana-loaded liposomes on hemolytic activity.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, Volume: 187
2020
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Molecular pharmacology, Volume: 96, Issue: 5
2019
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue: 46
2019
The cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate.
Vascular pharmacology, Volume: 71
2015
Cocoa and human health.
Annual review of nutrition, Volume: 33
2013
Cocrystals of quercetin with improved solubility and oral bioavailability.
Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-03, Volume: 8, Issue: 5
2011
Antihypertensive effect of a polyphenol-rich cocoa powder industrially processed to preserve the original flavonoids of the cocoa beans.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 57, Issue: 14
2009
Characterization of the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile for six adenosine A2A receptor antagonists.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Volume: 375, Issue: 2
2007
Population pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline after inhalation in combination with diacetylmorphine.
Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, Volume: 96, Issue: 1
2005
Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Volume: 39, Issue: 7
2001
Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 51, Issue: 3-4
1996
Kinetics and metabolism of theobromine in male and female non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits.
Toxicology, Apr-16, Volume: 30, Issue: 4
1984
Kinetics and metabolism of theobromine in male rats.
Toxicology, Apr-16, Volume: 30, Issue: 4
1984
High levels of methylxanthines in chocolate do not alter theobromine disposition.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 37, Issue: 4
1985
Kinetics of intravenous and oral pentoxifylline in healthy subjects.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 37, Issue: 1
1985
Diet-induced alterations in theobromine disposition and toxicity in the rat.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Volume: 84, Issue: 3
1986
Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of novel sustained-release dosage forms of pentoxifylline in healthy subjects.
International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, Volume: 26, Issue: 4
1988
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pentoxifylline in healthy volunteers and in cirrhotic patients.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 47, Issue: 3
1990
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (61)

ArticleYear
Correlation between dietary theobromine intake and low cognitive performance in older adults in the United States: A cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, Volume: 32, Issue: 1
2023
The effects of fluoride, strontium, theobromine and their combinations on caries lesion rehardening and fluoridation.
Archives of oral biology, Volume: 80
2017
Simultaneous multiplexed quantification of caffeine and its major metabolites theobromine and paraxanthine using surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, Volume: 407, Issue: 27
2015
Flavan-3-ols, theobromine, and the effects of cocoa and chocolate on cardiometabolic risk factors.
Current opinion in lipidology, Volume: 26, Issue: 1
2015
[Rapid determination of theophylline, theobromine and caffeine in dietary supplements containing guarana by ultra-performance liquid chromatography].
Shokuhin eiseigaku zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, Volume: 50, Issue: 6
2009
Identification of paraxanthine as the most potent caffeine-derived inhibitor of connective tissue growth factor expression in liver parenchymal cells.
Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, Volume: 29, Issue: 6
2009
Urinary excretion of dietary contaminants in horses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement, Issue: 36
2006
MUTATIONAL SYNERGISM BETWEEN RADIATIONS AND METHYLATED PURINES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Journal of bacteriology, Volume: 87
1964
Endogenous adenosine prevents post-tetanic release facilitation mediated by alpha3beta2 nicotinic autoreceptors.
European journal of pharmacology, Mar-19, Volume: 464, Issue: 2-3
2003
Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment. human variability in the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2 probe substrates.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Volume: 39, Issue: 7
2001
Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 22). Effects of 2- and 4-week administration of theobromine on the testis.
The Journal of toxicological sciences, Volume: 25 Spec No
2000
Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Biochemical pharmacology, Feb-15, Volume: 61, Issue: 4
2001
Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in rabbit sclera after treatment with 7-methylxanthine, theobromine, acetazolamide, or L-ornithine.
The British journal of ophthalmology, Volume: 83, Issue: 12
1999
Does oxypentifylline reduce the intensity of acute graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation?
Haematologia, Volume: 28, Issue: 1
1996
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine in the oestrogen-implanted ovariectomized ewe.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 19, Issue: 2
1996
Adenosine A2a receptors in the nucleus accumbens mediate locomotor depression.
Brain research bulletin, Volume: 31, Issue: 3-4
1993
Accumulation of theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in the fetal rat brain following a single oral dose of caffeine.
Brain research. Developmental brain research, Oct-15, Volume: 75, Issue: 2
1993
Adenosine stimulates human sperm motility via A2 receptors.
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, Volume: 45, Issue: 7
1993
Role of adenosine A2a receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, Volume: 18, Issue: 3
1994
Effects of methylxanthines on urinary prostaglandin E excretion in rats.
Japanese journal of pharmacology, Volume: 31, Issue: 2
1981
The pharmacokinetics of oxpentifylline in man when administered by constant intravenous infusion.
European journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 23, Issue: 6
1982
[Trental forte in leg ulcer therapy. Result of a field study].
Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten, Nov-01, Volume: 57, Issue: 21
1982
Genotoxicity of cocoa examined by microbial and mammalian systems.
Mutation research, Volume: 103, Issue: 3-6
1982
Theobromine metabolism and pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley rats.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Mar-15, Volume: 67, Issue: 3
1983
Placebo controlled double blind study with pentoxifylline of walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication.
Angiology, Volume: 34, Issue: 1
1983
The toxicology of cocoa and methylxanthines: a review of the literature.
Critical reviews in toxicology, Volume: 9, Issue: 4
1982
Kinetics and metabolism of theobromine in male and female non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits.
Toxicology, Apr-16, Volume: 30, Issue: 4
1984
Comparison of the effectiveness of placebo, clomiphene citrate, mesterolone, pentoxifylline, and testosterone rebound therapy for the treatment of idiopathic oligospermia.
Fertility and sterility, Volume: 40, Issue: 3
1983
Antineoplastic effect of the xanthine derivative Trental.
Journal of medicine, Volume: 15, Issue: 5-6
1984
Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis.
La Ricerca in clinica e in laboratorio, Volume: 11 Suppl 1
1981
Pharmacokinetics of theobromine in male rats in different traumatic conditions.
Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology, Volume: 50, Issue: 1
1985
Diabetic retinal vascular complications and erythrocyte filtrability; results of a 2-year follow-up study with pentoxifylline.
Pharmatherapeutica, Volume: 4, Issue: 6
1985
Comparison of the urinary metabolite profile of caffeine in young and elderly males.
British journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 19, Issue: 2
1985
1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one derivatives, microbial products with pharmacological activity. Conversion into orally active derivatives with antiinflammatory and antiulcer activities.
Journal of medicinal chemistry, Volume: 28, Issue: 1
1985
Kinetics of intravenous and oral pentoxifylline in healthy subjects.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 37, Issue: 1
1985
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered pentoxifylline in humans.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Volume: 75, Issue: 1
1986
Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial.
Circulation, Volume: 72, Issue: 5
1985
Pentoxifylline: a new agent for intermittent claudication.
Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, Volume: 19, Issue: 5
1985
Beneficial results of pentoxifylline ('Trental') therapy in arteriosclerosis obliterans: possible mechanism of action.
Current medical research and opinion, Volume: 9, Issue: 6
1985
Pentoxifylline does not interfere with stable coumarin anticoagulant therapy: a clinical study.
Pharmatherapeutica, Volume: 4, Issue: 9
1986
Inherent differences in sensitivity to methylxanthines among inbred mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, Volume: 24, Issue: 5
1986
Results of clinical, laboratory and haemorheological investigations of the use of pentoxifylline in high doses.
Pharmatherapeutica, Volume: 5, Issue: 1
1987
Pentoxifylline in end-stage renal disease.
Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, Volume: 21, Issue: 12
1987
Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of novel sustained-release dosage forms of pentoxifylline in healthy subjects.
International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, Volume: 26, Issue: 4
1988
Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy.
Drugs, Volume: 34, Issue: 1
1987
On the assessment of the efficacy of pentoxifylline (Trental).
Journal of medicine, Volume: 18, Issue: 1
1987
Alteration of pentoxifylline pharmacokinetics by cimetidine.
Journal of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 28, Issue: 7
1988
Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 14C-pentoxifylline in healthy volunteers.
Arzneimittel-Forschung, Volume: 39, Issue: 4
1989
Urinary excretion of pentoxifylline and its metabolites by standardbred mares.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, Volume: 53, Issue: 2
1989
Efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline in geriatric patients with intermittent claudication.
Angiology, Volume: 40, Issue: 9
1989
Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with pentoxifylline.
Renal failure, Volume: 11, Issue: 2-3
1989
Dose-dependency of caffeine metabolism with repeated dosing.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 48, Issue: 3
1990
Dose-response effects of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte filterability: clinical and animal model studies.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 48, Issue: 1
1990
Override of the radiation-induced mitotic block in human tumour cells by methylxanthines and its relationship to the potentiation of cytotoxicity.
International journal of radiation biology, Volume: 57, Issue: 6
1990
Reproductive toxicity of theobromine and cocoa extract in male rats.
Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), Volume: 6, Issue: 4
1992
A simple useful method for the determination of hepatic function in patients with liver cirrhosis using caffeine and its three major dimethylmetabolites.
International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, Volume: 30, Issue: 9
1992
Quantitative determination of theophylline in pharmaceutical dosage forms by differential spectrophotometry.
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Volume: 65, Issue: 8
1976
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Interactions (2)

ArticleYear
Chemical profiling of guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana) from different geographical origins using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics.
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.), Volume: 102
2017
Stepwise injection potentiometric determination of caffeine in saliva using single-drop microextraction combined with solvent exchange.
Talanta, Apr-01, Volume: 150
2016
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]