Compounds > oleuropein
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oleuropein

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Description

oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
LigustrumgenusA plant genus of the family OLEACEAE. Oleuropein, a phenolic secoiridoid glycoside, is found in the leaves.[MeSH]OleaceaeA plant family of the order Lamiales. The leaves are usually opposite and the flowers usually have four sepals, four petals, two stamens, and two fused carpels that form a single superior ovary.[MeSH]
OleagenusA plant genus of the family Oleaceae. The olive fruit is the source of OLIVE OIL.[MeSH]OleaceaeA plant family of the order Lamiales. The leaves are usually opposite and the flowers usually have four sepals, four petals, two stamens, and two fused carpels that form a single superior ovary.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5281544
CHEMBL ID1911053
CHEBI ID7747
SCHEMBL ID4306969
MeSH IDM0043494

Synonyms (49)

Synonym
ACON1_000443
MEGXP0_000369
methyl (4s,5e,6s)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxo-ethyl]-5-ethylidene-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4h-pyran-3-carboxylate
2h-pyran-4-acetic acid, 3-ethylidene-2-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester, (2s,3e,4s)-
oleuropein
einecs 251-129-6
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (2s-(2alpha,3e,4beta))-3-ethylidene-2-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2h-pyran-4-acetate
NCGC00169074-01
oleoeuropein
oleoeuropeine
oleuroperin
BRD-K08037284-001-01-4
methyl (4s,5e,6s)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl]-5-ethylidene-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4h-pyran-3-carboxylate
unii-2o4553545l
2o4553545l ,
CHEMBL1911053
AKOS015900702
oleuropein [mi]
oleuropein [usp-rs]
oleuropein [vandf]
2h-pyran-4-acetic acid, 3-ethylidene-2-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester, (2s-(2.alpha.,3e,4.beta.))-
oleuropein [inci]
oleuropein [who-dd]
2h-pyran-4-acetic acid, 5-carboxy-3-ethylidene-2-(.beta.-d-glucosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-, 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl 5-methyl ester
RFWGABANNQMHMZ-ZCHJGGQASA-N
SCHEMBL4306969
CHEBI:7747
[2s-(2alpha,3e,4beta)]-3-ethylidene-2-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2h-pyran-4-acetic acid 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester
methyl (2s,3e,4s)-4-{2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl}-3-ethylidene-2-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyran-5-carboxylate
methyl (2s,3e,4s)-4-{2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl}-3-ethylidene-2-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyran-5-carboxylate
oleuropein, analytical standard
oleuropein, >=98.0%
oleuropein, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
oleuropein, primary pharmaceutical reference standard
oleuropein, >=80% (hplc)
oleuropein, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
NCGC00169074-02
DTXSID60905103
Q402625
S7867
CS-0008800
HY-N0292
A12095
methyl(4s,5e,6s)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl]-5-ethylidene-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4h-pyran-3-carboxylate
methyl (2s,4s,e)-4-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-3-ethylidene-2-(((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyran-5-carboxylate
CCG-269961
gtpl11027
AS-56230
O0420

Research Excerpts

Overview

Oleuropein is a glucosylated seco-iridoid present in olive fruits and leaves. It is a polyphenol compound that shows potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities. Its effects on IL-1β-induced inflammation have not been examined in the adult RPE cell line ARPE-19.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oleuropein is a glucosylated seco-iridoid present in olive fruits and leaves. "( New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
Aligiannis, N; Argyropoulou, A; Christoforidou, N; Gaboriaud-Kolar, N; Ioannou, K; Lemus, C; Paronis, E; Samara, P; Skaltsounis, AL; Tsitsilonis, O; Vougogiannopoulou, K, 2017)		2.19
"Oleuropein is a polyphenol compound that shows potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities, but its effects on IL-1β-induced inflammation have not been examined in the adult RPE cell line ARPE-19."( Oleuropein Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from IL-1β-Induced Inflammation by Blocking MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways.
Hsu, ML; Hu, S; Huang, CH; Huang, WC; Wu, SJ; Zhou, YR, 2022)		2.89
"Oleuropein is a newly discovered natural compound extracted from olive leaves, which has a strong antioxidative effect by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)."( Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances the therapeutic effect of oleuropein in the lipopolysaccharide-induced models of depression.
Nie, F; Xu, AN, 2021)		1.58
"Oleuropein is an ester of elenolic acid and hydroxytyrosol (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethanol). "( An updated review on the potential antineoplastic actions of oleuropein.
Ahn, KS; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Yang, X; Zheng, Y, 2022)		2.41
"Oleuropein is a promising and novel nutraceutical product for nonhormonal therapy of endometriosis because it selectively inhibits ERβ, but not ERα, to suppress endometriosis progression and improve the fertility of mice with endometriosis."( Oleuropein suppresses endometriosis progression and improves the fertility of mice with endometriosis.
Cho, YJ; Gibbons, WE; Guan, X; Han, SJ; O'Malley, BW; Park, MJ; Park, Y; Sung, N, 2022)		3.61
"Oleuropein is a natural and non-toxic product and inhibits tumor growth in various ways."( Glycolysis, a new mechanism of oleuropein against liver tumor.
Hong, Z; Lei, X; Liu, B; Lu, Y; Ran, C; Wang, M; Wu, H; Wu, S; Yang, Y, 2023)		1.92
"Oleuropein is an active compound that is extracted from olive leaves and it has the ability to reduce injury to tissues owing to its antioxidant effect, hence improving wound healing."( Preparation, characterization and wound-healing effect of PEGylated nanoliposomes loaded with oleuropein.
Abu Hajleh, MN; Al Azzam, KM; Al Khatib, A; Al-Halaseh, L; Al-Samydai, A; Alqaraleh, M; Alquraishi, R; Alsaher, W; Khleifat, K; Negim, ES; Sanabrah, A, 2023)		1.85
"Oleuropein is a natural, phenolic compound with anticancer activity."( PTP1B phosphatase as a novel target of oleuropein activity in MCF-7 breast cancer model.
Barone, G; Bosco, GL; Celso, FL; Daca, A; Gorska-Ponikowska, M; Kamm, A; Kostrzewa, T; Kuban-Jankowska, A; Przychodzen, P; Wyszkowska, R, 2019)		1.5
"Oleuropein (OP) is a bioactive compound derived from plants of the genus Oleaceae exhibiting antitumor properties in several human cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). "( Oleuropein-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated by Mitochondrial Glyoxalase 2 in NSCLC A549 Cells: A Mechanistic Inside and a Possible Novel Nonenzymatic Role for an Ancient Enzyme.
Antognelli, C; Frosini, R; Peirce, MJ; Santolla, MF; Talesa, VN, 2019)		3.4
"1. Oleuropein (Ole) is a major phenolic compound in "( Effects of low-dose oleuropein diet supplementation on the oxidative status of skeletal muscles and plasma hormonal concentration of growing broiler chickens.
Furukawa, K; Kikusato, M; Muroi, H; Shimao, R; Toyomizu, M, 2019)		1.46
"Oleuropein is a phenolic constituents of olive, which, along with its related compounds, has been indicated to be majorly responsible for its beneficial effects."( Oleuropein: A natural antioxidant molecule in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Ahamad, J; Ahmad, J; Ameen, MSM; Anwer, ET; Khan, MA; Mir, SR; Toufeeq, I; Uthirapathy, S, 2019)		2.68
"Oleuropein is a promising nutraceutical for cancer therapy."( Oleuropin controls miR-194/XIST/PD-L1 loop in triple negative breast cancer: New role of nutri-epigenetics in immune-oncology.
Abdel-Aal, LK; Eissa, RA; El Tayebi, HM; Hamed, MM; Handoussa, H; Hussein, NH, 2021)		1.34
"Oleuropein is a phenolic ingredient with anticancer characteristics."( Oleuropein reduces cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by targeting apoptotic pathway regulators.
Amini-Farsani, Z; Asgharzade, S; Hashemi Sheikhshabani, S; Jazaeri, A; Mohammadi-Samani, M; Rahmati, S, 2021)		2.79
"Oleuropein is a primary phenolic compound found in olive leaf and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. "( Anti-inflammatory effect of oleuropein on microglia through regulation of Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission.
Chae, U; Lee, DS; Lee, HJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JY; Lee, SR; Min, JS; Park, J; Song, KS, 2017)		2.19
"Oleuropein (OLE) is a natural secoiridoid that is derived from Olea europaea. "( Oleuropein prevents the development of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats.
Fang, K; Ren, DH; Shi, ZL; Sun, J; Yang, Z; Zhang, JY, 2017)		3.34
"Oleuropein is a biophenol-secoiridoid expressing different functionalities such as two π-bonds, two esters, two acetals, one catechol, and four hexose hydroxyls within 540 mw. "( Oleuropein: Molecular Dynamics and Computation.
Gentile, L; Sivakumar, G; Uccella, NA, 2017)		3.34
"Oleuropein (OLE) is a natural antioxidant and scavenging free radicals."( Therapeutic effects of oleuropein on cisplatin-induced pancreas injury in rats.
Bakir, M; Cerig, S; Geyikoglu, F; Koc, K, )		1.16
"Oleuropein is a natural polyphenolic agent with anti-neoplastic properties and is well tolerated by humans."( Simultaneous downregulation of miR-21 and miR-155 through oleuropein for breast cancer prevention and therapy.
Abtin, M; Alivand, MR; Bastami, M; Derakhshan, SM; Khaniani, MS; Zaeifizadeh, M, 2018)		1.45
"Oleuropein (OLE) is a polyphenolic compound in virgin olive oil with antineoplastic properties and it is well tolerated by humans."( Downregulation of HDAC2 and HDAC3 via oleuropein as a potent prevention and therapeutic agent in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
Alivand, MR; Bayat, S; Mansoori Derakhshan, N; Mansoori Derakhshan, S; Shekari Khaniani, M, 2019)		1.51
"Oleuropein is a flavonoid, which has potent anti-inflammatory and bone-protective effects."( Evaluation of the effect of oleuropein on alveolar bone loss, inflammation, and apoptosis in experimental periodontitis.
Balci Yuce, H; Gevrek, F; Karatas, O; Taskan, MM; Toker, H, 2019)		2.25
"Oleuropein (OE) is a secoiridoid glycoside, which occurs mostly in the Oleaceae family presenting several pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, cardio-protective, anti-atherogenic effects etc. "( Development and validation of a combined methodology for assessing the total quality control of herbal medicinal products--application to oleuropein preparations.
Gikas, E; Halabalaki, M; Lemonakis, N; Skaltsounis, AL, 2013)		2.03
"Oleuropein is a phenolic compound which is present in the olive leaf extract. "( Antioxidant role of oleuropein on midbrain and dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in aged rats.
Mehraein, F; Sarbishegi, M; Soleimani, M, 2014)		2.17
"Oleuropein is a bioactive natural product from olives known to display a broad variety of health beneficial properties. "( Oleuropein as a bioactive constituent added in milk and yogurt.
Constantinou, M; Haroutounian, S; Magiatis, P; Melliou, E; Skaltsounis, AL; Zoidou, E, 2014)		3.29
"Oleuropein is a polyphenol, that is found in extra‑virgin olive oil. "( Oleuropein induces apoptosis via activation of caspases and suppression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in HepG2 human hepatoma cell line.
Cai, HY; Chai, EQ; Ma, W; Miao, GY; Yan, CM, 2015)		3.3
"Oleuropein is a bioactive ingredient isolated from various sources and there is evidence of complete regression of tumors in 9- 12 days in mice orally administered with Oleuropein."( Oleuropein Mediated Targeting of Signaling Network in Cancer.
Aydin, T; Cakir, A; Farooqi, AA; Fayyaz, S; Gasparri, ML; Panici, PB, 2016)		2.6
"Oleuropein aglycone (OA) is a major phenolic compound in extra virgin olive oil and the absorbed form of oleuropein."( Oleuropein aglycone enhances UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats by activating β-adrenergic signaling.
Goto, T; Iwai, K; Iwasaki, Y; Kawada, T; Nakamura, T; Oi-Kano, Y; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, T, 2017)		2.62
"Oleuropein (OL) is a well-known anti-oxidative agent and is shown to reduce the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α) protein expression after radiation. "( Oleuropein enhances radiation sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by downregulating PDRG1 through HIF1α-repressed microRNA-519d.
Xiao, D; Xu, T, 2017)		3.34
"Oleuropein is a phenolic compound of olive leaves. "( Investigation of the effects of oleuropein rich diet on rat enteric bacterial flora.
Altinisik, HB; Elmas, S; Kiraz, A; Pala, C; Sahin, H; Simsek, T; Tekin, M; Tekin, SZ, 2016)		2.16
"Oleuropein is a polyphenolic compound present in olive-tree leaves, fruits (olives) and olive oil."( Transcriptomic analyses of the anti-adipogenic effects of oleuropein in human mesenchymal stem cells.
Anter, J; Casado-Díaz, A; Dorado, G; Müller, S; Quesada-Gómez, JM; Winter, P, 2017)		1.42
"Oleuropein (Oleu) is a phenolic antioxidant, present in olive tree, reported to confer protection against DXR cardiotoxicity."( Metabonomic identification of novel biomarkers in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and protective effect of the natural antioxidant oleuropein.
Andreadou, I; Constantinou, M; Iliodromitis, EK; Kremastinos, DT; Mikros, E; Papaefthimiou, M; Sigala, F; Skaltsounis, AL; Tsantili-Kakoulidou, A; Zira, A, 2009)		1.28
"Oleuropein (OE) is a well-known antioxidant polyphenol from olive oil. "( Neuroprotective effect of oleuropein following spinal cord injury in rats.
Ahmadvand, H; Khalatbary, AR, 2012)		2.12
"Oleuropein is a non-toxic secoiridoid found in the leaves and fruits of olive (Olea europaea L.)."( Preventive and therapeutic effects of oleuropein against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice.
Domitrović, R; Jakovac, H; Marchesi, VV; Rahelić, D; Romić, Ž; Šain, I, 2012)		1.37
"Oleuropein (oleu) is a natural phenolic antioxidant, which is present in elevated concentration in olives, olive oil and olive tree leaves. "( Acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is successfully treated with the phytochemical oleuropein through suppression of oxidative and nitrosative stress.
Aligiannis, N; Andreadou, I; Gorgoulis, V; Iliodromitis, EK; Kremastinos, DT; Papaefthimiou, M; Papalabros, E; Savvari, P; Sigala, F; Sigalas, C, 2007)		2.01
"Oleuropein was found to be a relatively weak inhibitor of CYP1A2-mediated 7-methoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (24% inhibition at 100 microM oleuropein), but not CYP2E1-mediated chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation."( Inactivation of cytochrome P450 by the food-derived complex phenol oleuropein.
Hayball, PJ; Kirlich, A; Murray, M; Stupans, I; Tuck, KL, 2001)		1.27

Effects

Oleuropein has been shown to have antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. It has shown significant anticarcinogen effects against gastric adenocancer (AGS) cells in vitro.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oleuropein (OL) has a variety of biochemical roles, including antihypertensive and antioxidative functions."( Oleuropein improves mitochondrial function to attenuate oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2 pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Guo, J; Hou, C; Huo, C; Kang, Y; Li, H; Liu, J; Miao, Y; Sun, W; Wang, M; Wang, X; Yang, L, 2017)		2.62
"Oleuropein has been shown to have antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects."( An updated review on the potential antineoplastic actions of oleuropein.
Ahn, KS; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Yang, X; Zheng, Y, 2022)		1.68
"Oleuropein has numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, anticarcinogenic, antiviral activities, cardio- and neuroprotective, hepatoprotective effects."( [The Effect of Oleuropein on The Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species on Leishmania tropica Promastigotes].
Akın, B; Bulduk, İ; Ilıkçı Sağkan, R; Kaya, İ; Özen, H; Özlem Çalışkan, S, 2022)		1.8
"Oleuropein has depicted anti-tumor action in vivo without harmful side effects."( Glycolysis, a new mechanism of oleuropein against liver tumor.
Hong, Z; Lei, X; Liu, B; Lu, Y; Ran, C; Wang, M; Wu, H; Wu, S; Yang, Y, 2023)		1.92
"Oleuropein has shown significant anticarcinogen effects against gastric adenocancer (AGS) cells in vitro. "( Oleuropein exhibits anticarcinogen effects against gastric cancer cell lines.
Demir, K; Güler, EM; Koçyiğit, A; Özer, ÖF; Türkdoğan, MK; Uğur, H, 2023)		3.8
"Oleuropein has been shown to be a potent antioxidant molecule in olive oil leaf having antioxidative properties."( Antioxidant Effects of Oleuropein on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Neuronal Stress- An
Atabay, MN; Duzguner, V; Isgor, MM; Kucukgul, A, 2020)		1.59
"Oleuropein has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative activity against a number of cancer types."( Phytochemical properties and anti-proliferative activity of Olea europaea L. leaf extracts against pancreatic cancer cells.
Goldsmith, CD; Roach, PD; Sadeqzadeh, E; Scarlett, CJ; Stathopoulos, CE; Vuong, QV, 2015)		1.14
"Oleuropein has been recognized as an important medicinal compound because of its various biological properties, including anti-cancer, antidiabetic and anti-atherosclerotic activities. "( Oleuropein activated AMPK and induced insulin sensitivity in C2C12 muscle cells.
Feve, B; Garcia, M; Hadrich, F; Isoda, H; Maalej, A; Moldes, M; Sayadi, S, 2016)		3.32
"Oleuropein (OL) has a variety of biochemical roles, including antihypertensive and antioxidative functions."( Oleuropein improves mitochondrial function to attenuate oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2 pathway in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Guo, J; Hou, C; Huo, C; Kang, Y; Li, H; Liu, J; Miao, Y; Sun, W; Wang, M; Wang, X; Yang, L, 2017)		2.62

Actions

Oleuropein plays a key role as a pro-oxidant as well as an antioxidant in cancer. It did not inhibit the calcium induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mitochondria and did not increase cGMP production.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oleuropein plays a key role as a pro-oxidant as well as an antioxidant in cancer. "( The Double-Edged Sword of Oleuropein in Ovarian Cancer Cells: From Antioxidant Functions to Cytotoxic Effects.
Battaglia, AM; Biamonte, F; Costanzo, F; Faniello, MC; Nardi, M; Oliverio, M; Procopio, A; Scicchitano, S; Vecchio, E, 2023)		2.65
"Oleuropein did not inhibit the calcium induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in isolated mitochondria and did not increase cGMP production."( Acute administration of the olive constituent, oleuropein, combined with ischemic postconditioning increases myocardial protection by modulating oxidative defense.
Andreadou, I; Dermintzoglou, T; Di Lisa, F; Efentakis, P; Georgoulis, A; Gikas, E; Hausenloy, DJ; Iliodromitis, EK; Konstantinou, M; Kostomitsopoulos, N; Kostopoulos, IV; Lazou, A; Nikolaou, PE; Papapetropoulos, A; Papatheodorou, I; Skaltsounis, AL; Tseti, I; Tsitsilonis, O; Tsoumani, M; Zoga, A, 2021)		1.6
"Oleuropein could inhibit growth and/or induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. "( Oleuropein induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via a mitochondrial apoptotic cascade associated with activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.
Du, L; Wu, J; Yang, J; Yang, X; Yao, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)		3.29

Treatment

Treatment with oleuropein reduced intestinal IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A concentration, and decreased cyclooxygenase-2, Bax and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression. Treatment was able to protect cells against H2O2 induced stress.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oleuropein treatment inhibited the nuclear localization of ERβ in human endometrial cells upon estradiol treatment."( Oleuropein suppresses endometriosis progression and improves the fertility of mice with endometriosis.
Cho, YJ; Gibbons, WE; Guan, X; Han, SJ; O'Malley, BW; Park, MJ; Park, Y; Sung, N, 2022)		2.89
"Oleuropein treatment showed overall alleviation of ICH-associated neurological deficit and brain edema in a dose dependent manner. "( Oleuropein protects intracerebral hemorrhage-induced disruption of blood-brain barrier through alleviation of oxidative stress.
Jiang, K; Shi, J; Wu, G; Zou, X, 2017)		3.34
"The oleuropein-treated mouse skin showed substantial upregulation of Wnt10b, FZDR1, LRP5, LEF1, Cyc-D1, IGF-1, KGF, HGF, and VEGF mRNA expression and β-catenin protein expression."( Topical Application of Oleuropein Induces Anagen Hair Growth in Telogen Mouse Skin.
Kim, N; Park, T; Tong, T, 2015)		1.21
"The oleuropein-pretreated groups received oleuropein (15 mg/kg body weight as orally) for 10 consecutive days."( Oleuropein attenuates cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by some anesthetic drugs in the hippocampal area of rats.
Alirezaei, M; Hajighahramani, S; Kiani, K; Rezaei, M; Sookhtehzari, A, 2017)		2.38
"Oleuropein treatment had significant effects in normalizing the MDA and NO levels as well as protein carbonyl content."( Oleuropein ameliorates arsenic induced oxidative stress in mice.
Karaman, M; Karapehlivan, M; Kukurt, A; Merhan, O; Ogun, M; Ozcan, A; Ozen, H, 2016)		2.6
"Oleuropein treatment prevented the reduction of these variables."( Oleuropein attenuates the progression of heart failure in rats by antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
Emamghoreishi, M; Janahmadi, Z; Moaref, AR; Nekooeian, AA, 2017)		2.62
"Cotreatment with oleuropein significantly reduced the oxidative damage induced by cadmium."( Hepatoprotective Effect of Oleuropein-Rich Extract from Olive Leaves against Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Mice.
Bouallagui, Z; Chamkha, M; Choura, S; Feryeni, A; Fki, I; Jemai, H; Mahmoudi, A; Sayadi, S, 2020)		1.18
"Pretreatment with oleuropein attenuated CLP-induced myocardial injury and systemic inflammation in a dose-dependent manner."( Beneficial role of oleuropein in sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Possible Involvement of GSK-3β/NF-kB pathway.
Xing, C; Xu, L; Yao, Y, 2021)		1.27
"The treatment with oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and/or the mixture of both phenolic compounds promotes a limited beneficial effect as anticancer compounds in our ENU-induced animal model of brain tumor."( Gender differences in the antioxidant response of oral administration of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein against N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced glioma.
Carrera-González, MP; Martínez-Martos, JM; Mayas, MD; Ramírez-Expósito, MJ, 2021)		1.16
"Upon treatment with oleuropein, the expression of P21, P53, and TNFRSF10B increased while that of Bcl-2 and Mcl1 decreased. "( Oleuropein reduces cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by targeting apoptotic pathway regulators.
Amini-Farsani, Z; Asgharzade, S; Hashemi Sheikhshabani, S; Jazaeri, A; Mohammadi-Samani, M; Rahmati, S, 2021)		2.39
"Pretreatment with oleuropein prevented the reduction of these variables."( Oleuropein offers cardioprotection in rats with acute myocardial infarction.
Emamghoreishi, M; Janahmadi, Z; Moaref, AR; Nekooeian, AA, 2015)		2.18
"Pretreatment with oleuropein or pinoresinol, a higher dose before BCCAO determined dilation in all arteriolar orders RE."( Effects of oleuropein and pinoresinol on microvascular damage induced by hypoperfusion and reperfusion in rat pial circulation.
Battiloro, L; Colantuoni, A; Di Maro, M; Lapi, D; Mastantuono, T; Muscariello, E; Sabatino, L, 2015)		1.13
"Treatment with oleuropein reduced intestinal IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A concentration, and decreased cyclooxygenase-2, Bax and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression."( Chemopreventive effect of oleuropein in colitis-associated colorectal cancer in c57bl/6 mice.
Cerdá-Nicolás, JM; Giner, E; Giner, RM; Recio, MC; Ríos, JL, 2016)		1.07
"Treatment with oleuropein was able to protect cells against H2O2 induced stress in cells. "( Oleuropein activated AMPK and induced insulin sensitivity in C2C12 muscle cells.
Feve, B; Garcia, M; Hadrich, F; Isoda, H; Maalej, A; Moldes, M; Sayadi, S, 2016)		2.23
"Treatment with oleuropein prevented the increase of these variables."( Oleuropein attenuates the progression of heart failure in rats by antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
Emamghoreishi, M; Janahmadi, Z; Moaref, AR; Nekooeian, AA, 2017)		2.24
"Treatment with oleuropein aglycone starting at the onset of arthritis (day 25) ameliorated the clinical signs at days 26 to 35 and improved histological status in the joint and paw."( Oleuropein aglycone, an olive oil compound, ameliorates development of arthritis caused by injection of collagen type II in mice.
Britti, D; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Impellizzeri, D; Mazzon, E; Morittu, VM; Paterniti, I; Procopio, A, 2011)		2.15
"The treatment with oleuropein aglycone significantly decreased: (1) histological damage, (2) motor recovery, (3) nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression and IKB-α degradation, (4) protein kinase A (PKA) activity and expression, (5) pro-inflammatory cytokines production such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 6) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, (7) neutrophil infiltration, (8) lipid peroxidation, (9) nitrotyrosine and poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) formation, (10) glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels, (11) apoptosis (TUNEL staining, FAS ligand expression, Caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2 expression)."( The effects of a polyphenol present in olive oil, oleuropein aglycone, in an experimental model of spinal cord injury in mice.
Bramanti, P; Britti, D; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Impellizzeri, D; Mazzon, E; Morittu, VM; Paterniti, I; Perri, E; Procopio, A, 2012)		0.95
"Pretreatment with oleuropein (12 and 18 mg/kg) significantly increased the ulcer index inhibition (percent), in comparison with oleuropein (6 mg/kg)."( Oleuropein prevents ethanol-induced gastric ulcers via elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities in rats.
Alirezaei, M; Dezfoulian, O; Kheradmand, A; Neamati, S; Rashidipour, M; Tanideh, N, 2012)		2.15

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The protective effects of the tested extracts or isolated compounds were evaluated from their ability to decrease hydrogen peroxide-induced formation of single strand breaks in the nuclear DNA, while the toxic effects were estimated from the increase of DNA damage when the extracts or isolated compounds were incubated directly with the cells."( DNA protecting and genotoxic effects of olive oil related components in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
Agalias, A; Aligiannis, N; Bazios, D; Doulias, PT; Galaris, D; Mitakou, S; Nousis, L, 2005)		0.33

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In conclusion, acute oleuropein administration during ischemia in combination with PostC provides robust and synergistic cardioprotection in experimental models of IRI by inducing antioxidant defense genes through Nrf-2 axis and independently of the classic cardioprotective signaling pathways (RISK, cGMP/PKG, SAFE)."( Acute administration of the olive constituent, oleuropein, combined with ischemic postconditioning increases myocardial protection by modulating oxidative defense.
Andreadou, I; Dermintzoglou, T; Di Lisa, F; Efentakis, P; Georgoulis, A; Gikas, E; Hausenloy, DJ; Iliodromitis, EK; Konstantinou, M; Kostomitsopoulos, N; Kostopoulos, IV; Lazou, A; Nikolaou, PE; Papapetropoulos, A; Papatheodorou, I; Skaltsounis, AL; Tseti, I; Tsitsilonis, O; Tsoumani, M; Zoga, A, 2021)		1.19

Bioavailability

Olive leaf extract (OLE) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate (SA) by spray-drying to study the evolution of oleuropein (ORP) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and its bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability from OLE and OLE-SA microparticles.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This assay can be employed in bioavailability studies of olive oil phenolic compounds, thus assisting the evaluation of their pharmacological role."( Simultaneous determination of oleuropein and its metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Aligiannis, N; Gikas, E; Kafatos, A; Papadopoulos, N; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2003)		0.61
" Further bioavailability studies need to be undertaken to determine the in vivo effect of extract on platelet function and to validate the present results."( The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function.
Christensen, AM; Hawley, JA; Mok, M; Singh, I; Turner, AH, 2008)		0.35
" The developed methodology was successfully applied for the simultaneous quantification of OE and its aforementioned metabolites in rat plasma samples, thus demonstrating its suitability for pharmacokinetics, as well as bioavailability and metabolism studies."( Simultaneous quantification of oleuropein and its metabolites in rat plasma by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
Bazoti, FN; Gikas, E; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2010)		0.65
" To quantify the bioavailability and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol when taken as OLE, nine volunteers (five males) aged 42."( Human absorption and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol ingested as olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract.
Cutfield, WS; de Bock, M; Derraik, JG; Henderson, HV; Hofman, PL; Thorstensen, EB, 2013)		0.92
" Oleuropein bioavailability and its effect on antioxidant status in pre- and postmenopausal women are unknown."( Bioavailability of phenolics from an oleuropein-rich olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract and its acute effect on plasma antioxidant status: comparison between pre- and postmenopausal women.
Espín, JC; García-Villalba, R; Larrosa, M; Possemiers, S; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2014)		1.59
" Moreover, we discuss the chemistry, food sources and bioavailability of oleuropein aglycone."( Potential Therapeutic Effects of Oleuropein Aglycone in Alzheimer's Disease.
Capó, X; Castro, N; Forman, K; Martorell, M; Sureda, A; Tejada, S, )		0.64
" In addition the concentration, metabolism and bioavailability of specific phenolic compounds will be discussed."( The Health Benefiting Mechanisms of Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds.
Cicerale, S; Parkinson, L, 2016)		0.43
"An olive leaf extract (OLE) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate (SA) by spray-drying to study the evolution of oleuropein (ORP) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and its bioaccessibility and potential bioavailability from OLE and OLE-SA microparticles."( Evolution of the phenolic compounds profile of olive leaf extract encapsulated by spray-drying during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
Cebrián, R; Giménez, B; Gómez-Caravaca, AM; González, E; Maqueda, M; Martínez-Férez, A; Robert, P; Segura-Carretero, A, 2019)		0.72
" These natural antioxidants molecules revealed several beneficial effects on human health, but a low bioavailability and accessibility to targeted site."( Chemical characterization of liposomes containing nutraceutical compounds: Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein.
Bonechi, C; Consumi, M; Donati, A; Lamponi, S; Leone, G; Magnani, A; Pardini, A; Rossi, C; Rostom, H; Tamasi, G, 2019)		0.73
"Acrylamide and phenolic compounds on both fresh and cooked olives were monitored by HPLC/MS-MS and reversed-phase-HPLC methods along different procedures: elaboration process, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), cooking treatment and bioavailability evaluation."( Monitoring of acrylamide and phenolic compounds in table olive after high hydrostatic pressure and cooking treatments.
Cabrera-Bañegil, M; Delgado-Adámez, J; Fernández, A; Lodolini, EM; Martín-Vertedor, D; Ramírez, R, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" The absolute bioavailability of drug loaded NLC in brain was higher in IN route compared to NLC administered by IV route."( Application of computational tools for the designing of Oleuropein loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for brain targeting through nasal route.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Sv, S, 2019)		0.76
"The beneficial health effects of phytochemicals depend on their bioavailability and the form under which they reach systemic circulation, usually as phase II metabolites."( A novel combined analytical UV and MS approach for the quantification of oleuropein metabolites in human biological samples when authentic standards are not available.
García-Villalba, R; Horcajada, MN; Polia, F; Poquet, L; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2022)		0.95
" However, extremely low absorption rate of olive phenolic compounds restricts their bioactivity."( Hydroxytyrosol oleate: A promising neuroprotective nanocarrier delivery system of oleuropein and derivatives.
Brocchini, S; Nardi, M; Procopio, A; Somavarapu, S, 2023)		1.14

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Dose-response and time-dependence studies were carried out."( Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein of olive oil inhibit mast cell degranulation induced by immune and non-immune pathways.
Fogal, TH; Mariani, ML; Penissi, AB; Persia, FA, 2014)		0.73
"In TgCRND8 (Tg) mice we checked the dose-response effect of diet supplementation with oleuropein aglycone (OLE) at 12."( Oleuropein aglycone and polyphenols from olive mill waste water ameliorate cognitive deficits and neuropathology.
Casamenti, F; Luccarini, I; Nardiello, P; Pantano, D; Servili, M; Stefani, M, 2017)		2.12
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."(
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Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (9)

RoleDescription
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
radical scavengerA role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
antihypertensive agentAny drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
NF-kappaB inhibitorAn inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.
apoptosis inducerAny substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
nutraceuticalA product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (6)

ClassDescription
secoiridoid glycosideA glycoside of any secoiridoid.
beta-D-glucosideAny D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
methyl esterAny carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
catecholsAny compound containing an o-diphenol component.
diesterA diester is a compound containing two ester groups.
pyrans
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (79)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID751237Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as decrease in N-acetylglucosaminidase activity measured reduction of macrophage accumulation in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks fo2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1499044Antitumor activity against mouse B16-F1 cells allografted in ip dosed C57BL/6 mouse assessed as tumor growth inhibition administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last dose2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751245Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as prevention of body weight loss at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1499014Antiproliferative activity against mouse B16-F1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499015Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.5%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID695183Activation of chymotrypsin-like activity of human 20S proteasome using suc-LLVY-AMC as substrate by fluorescence assay
AID1498973Antiproliferative activity against human FM3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499058In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated mouse WEHI 164 cell lysis at 600 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last dose by2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751244Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as reduction of colon weight to length ratio at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498996Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as late apoptotic cells at 600 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.6%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498976Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499047Toxicity in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as effect on mouse survival at 600 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 292017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID625307Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity after 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Secoiridoid glucosides and related compounds from Syringa reticulata and their antioxidant activities.
AID751231Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as downregulation of iNOS expression in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by 2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498977Antiproliferative activity against human SKBR3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751238Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as decrease in myeloperoxidase activity measured reduction of neutrophil accumulation in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for altern2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751247Toxicity in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as effect on viability at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1499018Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 48 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.2%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1676585Anti-inflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs by Griess reagent-based assay2020Journal of natural products, 09-25, Volume: 83, Issue:9
Syringoleosides A-H, Secoiridoids from
AID1499022Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1.4%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751235Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as inhibition of IL-6 production in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by ELIS2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1090647Antifungal activity against Verticillium dahliae assessed as inhibition of mycelial radial growth measured after 350 hr2007Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-02, Volume: 55, Issue:9
Dysfunctionality of the xylem in Olea europaea L. Plants associated with the infection process by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Role of phenolic compounds in plant defense mechanism.
AID1499049In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated NK-sensitive mouse YAC-1 cell lysis at 300 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post la2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499054In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated syngeneic mouse B16-F1 cell lysis at 300 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498979Antiproliferative activity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498984Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as early apoptotic cells at 150 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751246Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as decrease in severity of progressive chronic injury at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498980Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751232Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as downregulation of COX-2 expression in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1499016Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.9%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499042Antitumor activity against mouse B16-F1 cells allografted in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as tumor volume at 600 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last dose (Rvb = 2.83 cm'3)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751233Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as induction of IL-10 production in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by ELIS2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751241Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as reduction of edema at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by hematoxylin-eosin staini2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498994Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as necrotic cells at 500 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499023Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 283.90 uM after 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 2.5%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498987Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as early apoptotic cells at 300 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498974Antiproliferative activity against human HCT116 cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID625306Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide radical scavenging activity after 20 mins by spectrophotometric analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21
Secoiridoid glucosides and related compounds from Syringa reticulata and their antioxidant activities.
AID1499048In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated NK-sensitive mouse YAC-1 cell lysis at 600 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post la2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751248Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as up regulation of annexin A1 mRNA expression in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 52013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498988Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as late apoptotic cells at 300 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.6%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498991Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as necrotic cells at 400 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499021Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 72 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.4%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498995Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as early apoptotic cells at 600 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498997Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as necrotic cells at 600 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499020Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 283.90 uM after 48 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499059In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated mouse WEHI 164 cell lysis at 300 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last dose by2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498978Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as necrotic cells at 300 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751230Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as downregulation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for 4 weeks measured after 56 days by Western blot analysis relative to2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751227Inhibition of p38 MAPK-induced COX-2 expression in rat IEC-18 cells at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr prior to LPS challenge measured after 24 hrs by Western blot analysis2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498985Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as late apoptotic cells at 150 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.6%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID695186Inhibition of PA28 activated chymotrypsin-like activity of human 20S proteasome using suc-LLVY-AMC as substrate by fluorescence assay
AID751240Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as reduction of rectal bleeding at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751239Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as reduction of stool consistency at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751220Wound healing activity in rat IEC-18 cells assessed as induction of wound closure at 100 uM after 24 hrs relative to dexamethasone2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1499043Antitumor activity against mouse B16-F1 cells allografted in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as tumor volume at 300 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last dose (Rvb = 2.83 cm'3)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1073064Inhibition of human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3) using arachidonic acid as substrate preincubated at 10 uM for 10 mins before substrate addition measured after 10 mins by HPLC analysis2014Journal of natural products, Mar-28, Volume: 77, Issue:3
One-step semisynthesis of oleacein and the determination as a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.
AID751223Antiproliferative activity against rat IEC-18 cells at 10 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751229Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as effect on NFkappaB pathway in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by Western2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498989Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as early apoptotic cells at 400 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498992Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as early apoptotic cells at 500 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499053In vivo induction of tumor-reactive immune response in C57BL/6 mouse allografted with mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as splenocyte-mediated syngeneic mouse B16-F1 cell lysis at 600 ug, ip administered every other day up to day 29 measured on day 29 post last2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499017Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 283.90 uM after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.4%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1499019Induction of apoptosis in mouse B16-F1 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 283.90 uM after 48 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.5%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1498986Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as necrotic cells at 150 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 1%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751225Inhibition of LPS-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat IEC-18 cells at 100 uM incubated for 1 hr prior to LPS challenge measured after 30 mins by Western blot analysis2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498990Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as late apoptotic cells at 400 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.6%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751242Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as reduction of mucosal injury at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by hematoxylin-eos2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751243Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as leukocyte infiltration into mucosal tissue at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by 2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498975Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT reduction assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751221Wound healing activity in rat IEC-18 cells assessed as induction of wound closure at 10 uM after 24 hrs relative to dexamethasone2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID751236Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as decrease in eosinophil peroxidase activity measured reduction of eosinophil accumulation in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for 2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1498993Induction of apoptosis in human PBMC assessed as late apoptotic cells at 500 ug/ml after 24 hrs by propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 0.6%)2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 137New semi-synthetic analogs of oleuropein show improved anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID751234Antiinflammatory activity in C57BL/6 mouse DSS-induced chronic colitis model assessed as inhibition of IL-1beta production in colon at 500 mg/kg/day administered through diet for total of 4 weeks for alternative weeks with water measured after 56 days by 2013Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6
Oleuropein protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic colitis in mice.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (566)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's16 (2.83)18.2507
2000's101 (17.84)29.6817
2010's311 (54.95)24.3611
2020's138 (24.38)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 46.72

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index46.72 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.40 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.34 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index144.44 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.88 (0.95)

This Compound (46.72)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials15 (2.57%)5.53%
Reviews33 (5.66%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.17%)0.25%
Other534 (91.60%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Assessment of the Clinical Effectiveness of Standardized Olive Leaf Capsules; as a Co-therapy in the Treatment of Non-hospitalized COVID-19 Patients; a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04873349]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-10Completed
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods of the Olive Tree of Interest in Aging and Its Pathologies: Study of Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Trial in Patients With Periodontitis [NCT05482373]130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-15Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		1.9910catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		1.9910monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.2510monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.4110ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		210azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.911amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0610monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
catechol
[no description available]		2.0410catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		4.911cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0310halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		4.1131chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		4.460trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0310catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		4.911dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.44202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		7.5820alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.3110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		210elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.0110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.3860alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		6.0341acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		210pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.4220monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.7730monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.4920long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.3450phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.4320uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0210benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxyflavan
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.5220aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.4620guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		4.911ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0110pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.911amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		4.911trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.2110aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.5420catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		7.8930cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.911benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
edaravone
[no description available]		4.911pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.911imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.911aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.5120benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.1510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.911barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		210dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.1510phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.2110imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tyramine
[no description available]		2.1710monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.15101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.243111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.1510organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		7.0710chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.		2.0610C-nitro compound;
quinoline N-oxide		carcinogenic agent
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		9.3331glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9810adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0610monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		12.161181benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.7630amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0510aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		4.911amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.911aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		10.121alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		7.6620mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		5.0621arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		2.0310alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.911benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.2110acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		5.6741bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.8220organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		4.911mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		1.9910benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
ethyl bromoacetate
[no description available]		4.911
acrolein
[no description available]		2.1710enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.5120alkane
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.4220methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.1721naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		4.911monoterpenoidplant metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.7930acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		4.911cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.7230catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		5.221cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		4.911isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		6.05350phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.911
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.5520hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		5.14213'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		2.0110flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
syringic acid
syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.		1.9910benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		10.16160dialdehydebiomarker
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.911flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		4.911aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.3110N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		2.3110organooxygen compound
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.110
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.7461alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.7620
pristane
pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.		7.6320long-chain alkane;
norterpene		biomarker;
immunological adjuvant
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.0510organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		4.9111,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.0110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		4.911iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		5.3821copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		4.911titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.2510cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.911delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9810metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		7.5720dihydrogen
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		4.911elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		6.42111benzenes;
phenyl acetates
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0210
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.5520glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		2.1310
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		4.9112-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate
[no description available]		4.911
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0310alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.1110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1110chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.911aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
zileuton
[no description available]		2.1101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.3110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
safranal
safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.		7.2510monoterpenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.911acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		6.26420D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.1510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxoacid
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		7.211017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		4.9112-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.17103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure		12.221141catechols;
primary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
loganin
[no description available]		2.5220beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.9113-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
loganic acid
loganic acid: structure. loganic acid : A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively		2.1110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclopentapyran;
glucoside		plant metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0310iditolfungal metabolite
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucoside
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-anomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 3767-28-0; cpd with unspecified anomer: 5779-46-4. 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.110alpha-amino acid ester
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.610D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
2,5-dihydroxypyridine
pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		4.911dihydroxypyridinemouse metabolite
erythrodiol
[no description available]		2.0810diol;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite
deguelin
deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.		2.3110aromatic ether;
diether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
plant metabolite
asiatic acid
[no description available]		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triol		angiogenesis modulating agent;
metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		4.911phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
carbapenems
[no description available]		4.911
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.911beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		4.911amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		4.911oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.0610glycoside
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		4.911chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		4.911sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
elenolic acid
elenolic acid: extract of olive plant; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure		5.46110
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.520amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.2510
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0810imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		1.9910aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl 4-piperidinyl nicotinate
1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl 4-piperidinyl nicotinate: structure given in first source		2.0310
cholesterol alpha-oxide
cholesterol alpha-oxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,6alpha)-isomer; structure		2103beta-hydroxy steroid;
epoxy steroid;
oxysterol
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.76302-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		4.911
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.2510cellotriose
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		7.17103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
naringin
[no description available]		2.1510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.4870
acanthoside b
acanthoside B: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0610beta-D-glucosidemetabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.1510tripeptide
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.1310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.8130cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0510cinnamic acidplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.930resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		4.240octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		17.5848713
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.911nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.3110acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		3.15504-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
geraniol
[no description available]		4.9113,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		3.4870
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9910triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0110stilbene
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		3.5380caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.6820aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1110cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
nadp
[no description available]		4.9621
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.7230
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.0710C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cystine
[no description available]		4.911
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0810
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.4110
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.2110
quercetin
[no description available]		8.46707-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0610prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		210monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.3160trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.65903'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0210carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.5780beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
apigetrin
apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.7630beta-D-glucoside;
dihydroxyflavone;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.9571disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.2510oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
morusin
morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.		4.911extended flavonoid;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0110alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
echinacoside
echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity		3.3660oligosaccharide
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		4120catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		210F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.1110phosphatidylglycerol
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9810thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.48204-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		4.911ubiquinonesbiomarker
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		2.1110fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.5220morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
syringin
syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
dimethoxybenzene;
monosaccharide derivative;
primary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside
kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.		2.0310disaccharide derivative;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavone		metabolite;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9810
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.911metal atom;
pnictogen
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		4.911boron group element atom
puerarin
[no description available]		2.0110C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		4.911monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		4.911boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.1110
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.3110chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.911maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.1110
am 404
[no description available]		2.1510anilide
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.610biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.7830aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		4.911dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		4.911glycoside
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.911azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		4.911
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.7220
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		4.911
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		4.911
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.		6.54160
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.0810
ligstroside
ligstroside: structure in first source. ligstroside : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 4-hydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). An important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		5.76250beta-D-glucoside;
diester;
methyl ester;
phenols;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.911organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0610
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.4110
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.6411
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.911glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.11101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.0710chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source		4.911
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		4.911
pinoresinol
pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.		8.4870
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde
oleacein: found in olive oil; structure in first source		6.41140alcohol;
phenols
chitosan
[no description available]		4.9271
mannans
[no description available]		4.911
(E)-sinapaldehyde 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside
(E)-sinapaldehyde 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A beta-D-glucoside resulting from the formal condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of (E)-sinapaldehyde with beta-D-glucose.		2.0610beta-D-glucoside;
cinnamaldehydes;
dimethoxybenzene;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.5620ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.911
teriflunomide
[no description available]		4.911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bismuth oxybromide
bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation		4.911
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		4.911
oleuropein aglycone
oleuropein aglycone: an agonist of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors. oleuropein aglycone : A secoiridoid that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2R,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		2.8930catechols;
diester;
lactol;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
mTOR inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
TRPA1 channel agonist
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.1310
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.1110
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		4.911
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0810
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.0810
hydroxytyrosyl acetate
hydroxytyrosyl acetate: structure in first source		2.5420
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.1510
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.7730
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.4920purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.2110folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.0710
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.0610nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.1310
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.4920guanosinesbiomarker
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source		2.0310
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		7.2510
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		2.110
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		04.1250
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.8330
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.04390
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.3110
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.4110
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.3110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.9830
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.3110
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.7930
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.7930
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.4670
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		05.1390
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		05.1390
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.4110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.4110
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.4110
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.4110
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.4110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		08.53114
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		08.53114
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.383218
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.4110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.383218
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.4110
Neoplastic Processes
The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.		02.4110
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.4110
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.4110
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.4110
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		06.42101
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		06.42101
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.42101
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		06.151
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		05.5241
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		05.5241
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.8930
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.8930
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.4360
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		05.4360
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.8930
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.8930
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.8930
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.8930
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		05.6251
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		05.6251
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.610
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.610
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		07.5520
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.0130
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		03.0130
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		08.1164
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		08.1164
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.8330
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.73191
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.8330
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.73191
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.8830
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.2110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.8830
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.2110
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.2110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.0142
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		06.1151
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.0142
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.2110
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		07.2110
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.1210
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.1210
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.8330
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.8330
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.2510
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.4110
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.5520
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.5520
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.6120
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.6120
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.2510
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.6920
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.4920
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.4920
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.6920
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.4481
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.4481
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.0221
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.0221
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.8130
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.8130
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.7211
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.2941
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		04.7211
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		04.7211
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.7211
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		07.8444
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.8444
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.4441
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.921
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.231
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		04.7211
Co-infection
[description not available]		04.7211
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.7211
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		05.0721
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		07.8444
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		04.8521
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.7211
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		07.9454
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.231
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		04.7211
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		013.0564
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		04.7211
E coli Infections
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.9921
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		04.7211
Berger Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.7211
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.5951
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.9621
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.7211
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.8521
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.7211
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.7211
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.9221
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.8444
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		04.7211
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		04.7211
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.7211
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.8721
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		05.1431
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.0399
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.7211
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		04.7211
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		04.7211
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		04.7211
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.2941
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		07.9654
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		06.4281
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		04.7211
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		05.0721
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		04.7211
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.7211
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		012.9454
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.7211
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.231
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		04.7211
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.3521
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		08.0564
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.7211
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		04.7211
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		04.7211
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		04.7211
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.9921
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		04.7211
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.7211
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.5951
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		09.9621
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.7211
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.7211
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.8521
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		04.7211
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		04.7211
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		07.8444
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.8444
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.7211
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		04.7211
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.7211
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.7211
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.8721
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		05.1431
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.0399
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.7211
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		04.7211
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		04.7211
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		04.7211
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.2941
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		07.8444
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.8444
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		05.4441
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.7211
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.7211
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		010.231
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		04.7211
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		04.7211
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		04.7211
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.8530
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.8530
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3560
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.1550
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		08.2310
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.3110
Protein Folding Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.3110
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.7220
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.7220
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.8930
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8930
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.2150
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.5920
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.5920
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.6120
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.6120
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.3110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.2310
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		0440
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		0440
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.6320
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.6320
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.5220
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.1510
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.8530
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		07.1510
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.4820
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.8530
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1710
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.1710
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.1710
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.1710
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Carditis
[description not available]		07.1510
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.1510
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		07.1510
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.1710
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.1710
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.1510
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.1510
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.1510
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.0540
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.0540
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.1710
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.1710
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.5220
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.5220
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		03.0910
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		03.0910
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.1710
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		07.1710
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.1710
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1710
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.1710
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.1710
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.2110
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.1710
Asystole
[description not available]		02.1710
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.1710
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.1710
Cyst
[description not available]		02.1710
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.1710
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.1710
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.1710
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.1710
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.1710
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.9240
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.9240
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.2110
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.2110
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.2110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.2110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		07.2110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.5520
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.5320
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.5320
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.520
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.1650
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		03.1650
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		07.110
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.0110
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		08.0110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.1110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.4720
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.4720
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.1110
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		04.7621
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.4111
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		04.7621
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.4111
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		04.1830
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.0310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.4420
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		07.1310
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.1310
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.1310
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		07.1310
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.1310
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.1310
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		07.1310
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.1310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.2860
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.1310
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.1310
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.1510
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		07.1510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.7830
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.7830
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.1510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.1510
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		07.1510
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.0410
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		07.0410
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.0510
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.0510
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.0510
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.4320
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.5530
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.0610
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.0610
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.0610
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		07.0610
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4520
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.4520
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.7630
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.7630
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0710
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0710
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		07.0710
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0710
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.0710
Metastase
[description not available]		02.0710
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.0710
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.0810
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.4711
Itching
[description not available]		03.4711
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.4711
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.4711
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0310
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0310
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.4311