Page last updated: 2024-08-05 14:52:26
skin lightening agent
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
ChEBI ID: 85046
Members (4)
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| ascorbic acid | The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate. | L-ascorbic acid |
| ellagic acid | An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the formal dimerisation of gallic acid by oxidative aromatic coupling with intramolecular lactonisation of both carboxylic acid groups of the resulting biaryl. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, and pomegranates. | ellagic acid |
| hydroquinone | A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other. | hydroquinone |
| kojic acid | A pyranone that is 4H-pyran substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and an oxo group at position 4. It has been isolated from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. | kojic acid |
Research
Studies (45,687)
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 15,883 (34.76) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 6,088 (13.33) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 9,533 (20.87) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 10,444 (22.86) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 3,739 (8.18) | 2.80 |
Study Types
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 2,643 (5.35%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 2,922 (5.92%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 890 (1.80%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 52 (0.11%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 42,879 (86.82%) | 84.16% |
Protein Targets (292)
Potency Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.2459 | 1 | 6 |
| 15-lipoxygenase, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.4304 | 1 | 2 |
| acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7762 | 1 | 1 |
| activating transcription factor 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 24.3882 | 1 | 1 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1 | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | Potency | 0.7943 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4538 | 7 | 16 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.5959 | 3 | 7 |
| arylsulfatase A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 30.1313 | 1 | 1 |
| ATAD5 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 20.5878 | 1 | 1 |
| Ataxin-2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 46.9805 | 2 | 2 |
| ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase | Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 | Potency | 13.8176 | 2 | 2 |
| ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.1504 | 1 | 1 |
| Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.7944 | 2 | 5 |
| bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7943 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase-3 | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 27.1395 | 1 | 1 |
| Caspase-7 | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 27.1395 | 1 | 1 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 36.8794 | 2 | 4 |
| cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.1060 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 9.9260 | 1 | 5 |
| Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 8.0749 | 2 | 5 |
| Chain A, Beta-lactamase | Escherichia coli K-12 | Potency | 56.2341 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.3190 | 2 | 6 |
| Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7079 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.0634 | 3 | 4 |
| Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | Giardia intestinalis | Potency | 9.9982 | 2 | 4 |
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0562 | 2 | 4 |
| Chain B, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.3190 | 2 | 6 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 52.4114 | 2 | 3 |
| core-binding factor subunit beta isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3604 | 2 | 2 |
| cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 43.6486 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.1384 | 1 | 3 |
| cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 60.7578 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1585 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase eta isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7943 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase III, partial | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 5.3233 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.6110 | 1 | 2 |
| DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3905 | 1 | 3 |
| endonuclease IV | Escherichia coli | Potency | 14.9763 | 2 | 2 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.1991 | 9 | 21 |
| estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 40.2744 | 2 | 4 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.0607 | 10 | 21 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.3998 | 1 | 4 |
| farnesoid X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.8433 | 3 | 3 |
| flap endonuclease 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.3827 | 1 | 3 |
| fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A | Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) | Potency | 63.0957 | 1 | 1 |
| GABA theta subunit | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 13.5907 | 3 | 7 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.4239 | 2 | 8 |
| GLS protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.5168 | 2 | 3 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.9291 | 3 | 10 |
| Glutamate receptor 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 0.0141 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutamate receptor 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 15.2326 | 2 | 2 |
| Glutamate receptor 3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 0.0141 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutamate receptor 4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 0.0141 | 1 | 1 |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 79.4328 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock protein beta-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.2655 | 1 | 1 |
| hemoglobin subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 20.8000 | 3 | 3 |
| Histamine H2 receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Potency | 19.2242 | 2 | 7 |
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| Histone H2A.x | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 42.0656 | 2 | 7 |
| histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 11.2202 | 1 | 1 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 61.2604 | 1 | 1 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.9953 | 2 | 2 |
| IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 2.6518 | 1 | 2 |
| importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8489 | 1 | 1 |
| Inositol monophosphatase 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 15.8489 | 1 | 1 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 66.8242 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.1931 | 2 | 5 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 5.3671 | 1 | 3 |
| lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.6310 | 1 | 1 |
| Luciferase | Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly) | Potency | 23.1481 | 3 | 3 |
| lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.4668 | 1 | 1 |
| M-phase phosphoprotein 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 89.1251 | 1 | 1 |
| Microtubule-associated protein tau | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.4229 | 2 | 7 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 79.4328 | 1 | 1 |
| NFKB1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 91.9997 | 1 | 1 |
| Nrf2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.3564 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.7975 | 4 | 14 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 20.5962 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 43.3690 | 1 | 1 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.5909 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 22.6711 | 2 | 5 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.2077 | 3 | 9 |
| Parkin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.0929 | 1 | 1 |
| peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.8755 | 2 | 2 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 13.3758 | 2 | 3 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.3313 | 1 | 1 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.1024 | 1 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.7531 | 2 | 2 |
| phosphoglycerate kinase | Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 | Potency | 0.8913 | 1 | 1 |
| phosphopantetheinyl transferase | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 67.8447 | 1 | 3 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.7842 | 1 | 2 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.1504 | 1 | 1 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 64.6737 | 1 | 2 |
| Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 20.6239 | 2 | 11 |
| ras-related protein Rab-9A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 58.0479 | 1 | 1 |
| regulator of G-protein signaling 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 51.6054 | 1 | 2 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.2201 | 3 | 11 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.7595 | 3 | 4 |
| runt-related transcription factor 1 isoform AML1b | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3604 | 2 | 2 |
| serine-protein kinase ATM isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.5531 | 3 | 3 |
| serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 8.4368 | 1 | 1 |
| snurportin-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8489 | 1 | 1 |
| Spike glycoprotein | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | Potency | 10.8655 | 1 | 2 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 24.5026 | 2 | 5 |
| thioredoxin glutathione reductase | Schistosoma mansoni | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 32.8502 | 1 | 2 |
| Thrombopoietin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.5893 | 2 | 2 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 29.8839 | 3 | 9 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.9134 | 2 | 3 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.5247 | 3 | 3 |
| ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.1220 | 1 | 1 |
| USP1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 50.4512 | 2 | 2 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 38.3385 | 1 | 2 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.9037 | 3 | 6 |
| vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 30.4510 | 1 | 1 |
Inhibition Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5'-nucleotidase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.8500 | 1 | 1 |
| 5'-nucleotidase | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 1 | 1 |
| acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase/HMG-CoA reductase | Enterococcus faecalis | IC50 | 1,265.3900 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | IC50 | 132.9200 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | Ki | 0.0012 | 1 | 1 |
| Adenosine receptor A1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 10.5700 | 3 | 3 |
| Adenosine receptor A2a | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 7.6150 | 2 | 2 |
| Albumin | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 155.3800 | 1 | 1 |
| Aldehyde oxidase 1 | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Ki | 4.5300 | 1 | 1 |
| Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2000 | 1 | 1 |
| ALK tyrosine kinase receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 8.3300 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Amyloid-beta precursor protein | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 200.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Angiopoietin-1 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2600 | 1 | 1 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 5,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Aurora kinase A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.4800 | 1 | 1 |
| Aurora kinase B | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Beta-secretase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.9000 | 1 | 1 |
| Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 20.7000 | 1 | 1 |
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 0.6000 | 1 | 1 |
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.0500 | 2 | 2 |
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.0500 | 2 | 2 |
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.0500 | 2 | 2 |
| Carbonic anhydrase | Dicentrarchus labrax (European seabass) | Ki | 5.9300 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 113.9178 | 7 | 23 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 12 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 103.4712 | 4 | 16 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 13 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 4.2400 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 13 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 114.2727 | 3 | 15 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 14 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 112.0267 | 3 | 15 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 15 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 10.6000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 114.3717 | 7 | 23 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 109.8793 | 3 | 15 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 115.5300 | 4 | 19 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 110.0787 | 3 | 15 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 110.3127 | 3 | 15 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 142.2763 | 4 | 19 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 7 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 157.9750 | 4 | 16 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 9 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 109.4475 | 4 | 16 |
| Casein kinase II subunit alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 3 | 3 |
| Casein kinase II subunit alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0200 | 1 | 1 |
| Casein kinase II subunit alpha | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 1 | 1 |
| Casein kinase II subunit alpha' | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 2 | 2 |
| Casein kinase II subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 2 | 2 |
| Casein kinase II subunit beta | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0400 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0900 | 1 | 3 |
| Chain A, Casein kinase II subunit alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0200 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Hyaluronidase, phage associated | Streptococcus pyogenes | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cruzipain | Trypanosoma cruzi | IC50 | 142.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Cyclin-A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.3900 | 1 | 1 |
| Cyclin-A2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.3900 | 1 | 1 |
| Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.3900 | 1 | 1 |
| Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.0900 | 1 | 1 |
| Cysteine protease ATG4B | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.2500 | 2 | 2 |
| Cytochrome P450 2C19 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 12.4446 | 1 | 2 |
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.7700 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 1.9500 | 1 | 1 |
| D-amino-acid oxidase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| D-amino-acid oxidase | Sus scrofa (pig) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.4500 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase eta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0620 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase iota | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0620 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA primase | Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551 | IC50 | 100.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.1050 | 2 | 2 |
| dual specificity protein phosphatase 6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 39.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 0.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| ELAV-like protein 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.6000 | 1 | 1 |
| Ephrin type-B receptor 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.8300 | 1 | 1 |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.6900 | 1 | 1 |
| eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 47.6714 | 1 | 1 |
| eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 47.6714 | 1 | 1 |
| Focal adhesion kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.1100 | 1 | 1 |
| G-protein coupled receptor 35 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 1 |
| G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.0900 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 22.8000 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutathione S-transferase | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | IC50 | 74.4000 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 100.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Glutathione S-transferase P | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 63.5500 | 2 | 2 |
| Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 7.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 66.9200 | 3 | 3 |
| heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 99.6000 | 2 | 2 |
| heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 99.6000 | 2 | 2 |
| Hepatocyte growth factor receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.5800 | 1 | 1 |
| Hyaluronate lyase | Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 | IC50 | 6,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.9800 | 1 | 1 |
| Insulin receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.3400 | 1 | 1 |
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2500 | 1 | 1 |
| Integrase | Human immunodeficiency virus 1 | IC50 | 5.1000 | 2 | 2 |
| large T antigen | Betapolyomavirus macacae | IC50 | 7.7600 | 1 | 1 |
| likely tRNA 2'-phosphotransferase | Candida albicans SC5314 | IC50 | 0.2913 | 2 | 2 |
| M17 leucyl aminopeptidase | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | IC50 | 138.0800 | 1 | 1 |
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.7700 | 1 | 1 |
| Macrophage migration inhibitory factor | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 1.9500 | 1 | 1 |
| Mcl-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 27.2850 | 2 | 2 |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.3700 | 1 | 1 |
| mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.1420 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.5700 | 1 | 4 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.5700 | 1 | 3 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.5700 | 1 | 3 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.5700 | 1 | 3 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.5700 | 1 | 3 |
| NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.5100 | 1 | 1 |
| Nucleophosmin | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Pancreatic alpha-amylase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 26.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Pancreatic alpha-amylase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 43.4000 | 1 | 1 |
| Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.3000 | 1 | 1 |
| Polymerase acidic protein | Influenza A virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)) | IC50 | 12.4446 | 1 | 2 |
| Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.7200 | 2 | 2 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 1 | Agaricus bisporus | IC50 | 20.1350 | 2 | 2 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 1 | Agaricus bisporus | Ki | 12.2000 | 1 | 1 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 2 | Agaricus bisporus | IC50 | 216.8177 | 110 | 125 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 2 | Agaricus bisporus | Ki | 82.3278 | 9 | 9 |
| Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 | Gallus gallus (chicken) | Ki | 14,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.4667 | 3 | 3 |
| RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.3400 | 1 | 1 |
| Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.5400 | 1 | 1 |
| Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Renin | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.9800 | 1 | 1 |
| Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.7600 | 1 | 1 |
| Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.3400 | 1 | 1 |
| Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.9700 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2700 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 23 member 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 156.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Squalene monooxygenase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tat | Human immunodeficiency virus 1 | IC50 | 1.6690 | 1 | 1 |
| Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 176.8000 | 2 | 2 |
| Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 176.8000 | 2 | 2 |
| Thioredoxin reductase 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 176.8000 | 2 | 2 |
| Translin-associated protein X | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,266.4057 | 20 | 23 |
| Tyrosinase | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 485.2940 | 4 | 5 |
| Tyrosinase | Priestia megaterium | IC50 | 52.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 350.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 5,500.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | IC50 | 12,550.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 3.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 7.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Uncharacterized protein YOR062C | Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C | IC50 | 19.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| unnamed protein product | Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 | IC50 | 52.7195 | 2 | 2 |
| Urease | Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) | IC50 | 8.5900 | 1 | 1 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.7900 | 1 | 1 |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.5400 | 1 | 1 |
| Vif | Human immunodeficiency virus 1 | IC50 | 0.4500 | 1 | 1 |
Activation Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 0.0005 | 1 | 1 |
| Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 1.6000 | 1 | 1 |
| G-protein coupled receptor 35 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 1.5350 | 2 | 2 |
| Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.3710 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Priestia megaterium | Kd | 377.0000 | 1 | 1 |
Other Measurements
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | EC24 | 250.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cholinesterase | Equus caballus (horse) | EC16 | 250.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Egl nine homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 180.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 260.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Lactoperoxidase | Bos taurus (cattle) | Km | 0.3000 | 1 | 1 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 2 | Agaricus bisporus | Km | 920.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 300.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 170.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 140.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosinase | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 79.0000 | 4 | 4 |