Any thermal degradation product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar (Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic browning procedure that usually imparts flavour to starch-based food products).
ChEBI ID: 77523
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline | A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions. | 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline |
| 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline | An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef. | MeIQx |
| 2-ethylfuran | A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 has been replaced by an ethyl group. | 2-ethylfuran |
| 2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole | A 1,3-thiazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an isobutyl group. A food flavour component with a green note that adds the characteristics of ripe tomatoes. Used in blackcurrent, papaya, melon, raspberry, and roast beef flavours, it also enhances the flavour of fresh lime. | 2-isobutylthiazole |
| 2,5-dimethylfuran | A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl groups. | 2,5-dimethylfuran |
| 4-methylthiazole | A 1,3-thiazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 4-methylthiazole |
| 5-hydroxymethylfurfural | A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. | 5-hydroxymethylfurfural |
| 5-methyl-2-furfural | 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde | |
| acrylamide | A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia. | acrylamide |
| aspartimide | A pyrrolidinone that is succinimide substituted by an amino group at position 3. | 3-aminosuccinimide |
| cyclopentanone | A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclopentane bearing a single oxo substituent. | cyclopentanone |
| furaldehyde | An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group. | furfural |
| furan | A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid. | furan |
| furfuryl alcohol | A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position. | furfuryl alcohol |
| mepiquat | A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors. | mepiquat |
| s-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)cysteine | An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a 1,2-dicarboxyethyl group. It is a chemical modification which occurs in tissue proteins and formed by a Michael addition of cysteine to fumaric acid. | S-(2-succinyl)-L-cysteine |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 1,021 (14.05) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 674 (9.27) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1,592 (21.91) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 2,870 (39.49) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1,110 (15.27) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 26 (0.30%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 428 (4.88%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 15 (0.17%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 6 (0.07%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 8,304 (94.59%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 66.8888 | 1 | 1 |
| activating transcription factor 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.1257 | 1 | 2 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.6811 | 1 | 5 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 46.4204 | 7 | 7 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 69.5673 | 1 | 1 |
| ATAD5 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.6294 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.2815 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase-3 | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 66.2943 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.2815 | 1 | 1 |
| Caspase-7 | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 66.2943 | 1 | 1 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.8374 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 45.6398 | 1 | 2 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 100.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 41.4818 | 3 | 7 |
| estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.8085 | 2 | 2 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 38.8111 | 6 | 8 |
| farnesoid X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0158 | 1 | 1 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.3334 | 2 | 4 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.5717 | 1 | 2 |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 11.2202 | 1 | 1 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 67.2676 | 1 | 2 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 11.7116 | 1 | 3 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0398 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 48.8240 | 3 | 3 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.2827 | 1 | 3 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.4317 | 2 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.5842 | 3 | 4 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.7532 | 1 | 3 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.9492 | 2 | 2 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 54.4827 | 1 | 1 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.4109 | 3 | 9 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.1493 | 3 | 6 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.5131 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 37.3273 | 2 | 3 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.0212 | 2 | 6 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0012 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | Ki | 30,935.0000 | 4 | 4 |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase E chain | Equus caballus (horse) | Ki | 7,762.4700 | 1 | 1 |
| Alcohol dehydrogenase S chain | Equus caballus (horse) | Ki | 7,762.4700 | 1 | 1 |
| E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM33 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2335 | 1 | 1 |
| Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.9380 | 1 | 1 |
| Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Polyphenol oxidase 2 | Agaricus bisporus | IC50 | 43.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Transcription intermediary factor 1-alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.1358 | 1 | 1 |