Page last updated: 2024-10-15

pheophytin a

Description

pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID135398712
CHEMBL ID3349047
CHEBI ID44898
SCHEMBL ID416234
MeSH IDM0171015

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
603-17-8
phaeophytin a
chlorophyll a
pheophytin a
C05797
CHEBI:44898 ,
plu1cg1u91 ,
einecs 210-031-3
unii-plu1cg1u91
3-phorbinepropanoic acid, 9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-, (2e,7r,11r)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-yl ester, (3s,4s,21r)-
3-phorbinepropanoic acid, 9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-, (2e,7r,11r)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl ester, (3s,4s,21r)-
3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl (3s-(3alpha(2e,7s*,11s*),4beta,21beta))-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-9-vinylphorbine-3-propionate
SCHEMBL416234
3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl [3s-[3(2e,7s*,11s*),4,21]]-14-ethyl -21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-9-viny lphorbine-3-propionate
W-109566
CHEMBL3349047
3-phorbinepropionic acid, 21-carboxy-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-9-vinyl-, 21-methyl 3-phytyl ester, (e)-
pheophytin a5
chlorophyllic acid a
3-phorbinepropanoic acid, 9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-21-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl ester, (3s-(3.alpha.(2e,7s*,11s*),4.beta.,21.beta.))-
methyl (3s,4s,21r)-9-ethenyl-14-ethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-(3-oxo-3-{[(2e,7r,11r)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]oxy}propyl)phorbine-21-carboxylate
DQVGVYRSVYCJRR-AXRVZGOCSA-N
pheophytin-a
Q3382146
DTXSID50883461

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pheophytin a is a chlorophyll-related compound derived from green tea.

ExcerptReference
"Pheophytin a is a chlorophyll-related compound derived from green tea."( Pheophytin a inhibits inflammation via suppression of LPS-induced nitric oxide synthase-2, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin-1β of macrophages.
Chang, YW; Chen, CY; Chen, YH; Lee, CH; Lin, CY; Wang, HM, 2014
)

Toxicity

ExcerptReference
"Different responses of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin) to toxic copper concentrations were investigated."( Different responses of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to copper toxicity.
Abalde, J; Cid, A; Herrero, C; Reiriz, S; Torres, E, 1994
)
" Algal cell recovery from simazine toxic effect occurred after 2 and 4 days for Anabaena and Protosiphon, respectively, which may be attributed to the difference in algal genotype of the tested organisms."( Chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic activity as tools for the evaluation of simazine toxicity to Protosiphon botryoides and Anabaena variabilis.
Battah, MG; Eladel, HM; Kobbia, IA; Shabana, EF, 2001
)
"The toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on Chlorella pyrenidosa algae was investigated with specific attention given to possible variation of toxic effects with time."( Temporal changes in the toxicity of pentachlorophenol to Chlorella pyrenidosa algae.
Headley, JV; Huang, GL; Mao, Y; Sun, HW, 2003
)
" When shoot La content exceeded a toxic value, plant growth and chlorophyll a/b decreased and peroxidase (POD) activity, cell membrane permeability, and content of proline in the leaf increased."( Phytotoxicity of lanthanum in rice in haplic acrisols and cambisols.
Cheng, HL; Chu, HY; Xie, ZB; Zeng, Q; Zhu, JG, 2006
)
"Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium that occurs at tropical and temperate latitudes."( Seasonal dynamics and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Lake Guiers (Senegal, West Africa).
Ba, N; Berger, C; Bernard, C; Bouvy, M; Couté, A; Gugger, M; Rusconi, F; Troussellier, M, 2006
)
" Only cultures grown at 20 degrees C were toxic to fish."( Laboratory tests of ammonium and barley straw extract as agents to suppress abundance of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum and its toxicity to fish.
Baker, JW; Brooks, BW; Errera, RM; Grover, JP; Kiesling, RL; Roelke, DL; Ureña-Boeck, F, 2007
)
" In this experiment, we used microcystins of different concentrations to study the toxic effect in Lemna minor and Myriophyllum spicatum."( Phytotoxic effects of cyanobacteria extract on Lemna minor and Myriophyllum spicatum phyto-tolerance and superoxide dismutase activity.
Kai, C; Xue, B; Yi, D; Yijun, Z; Zhihui, F, 2009
)
" This study shows that amoxicillin has toxic effects on the photosynthesis of Synechocystis sp."( Toxic effects of amoxicillin on the photosystem II of Synechocystis sp. characterized by a variety of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence tests.
Chen, Y; Deng, C; Mu, G; Pan, X; Wang, J; Zhang, D, 2008
)
" Results showed that toxic concentrations (0."( Comparative toxicity of bentazon and molinate on growth, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, and respiration of the Portuguese ricefield cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.
Fernández-Valiente, E; Galhano, V; Gomes-Laranjo, J; Peixoto, F, 2010
)
" Potential adverse effects on Chlamydomonas were assessed using esterase activity (cell viability), photosynthetic O2 evolution, pigments content and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient."( Toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Debenest, T; Eullaffroy, P; Gagné, F; Petit, AN, 2010
)
" Applied individually, the parent compound was more toxic than its metabolites, with DCPMU being more toxic than 3,4-DCA which only inhibited photosynthesis at very high concentrations (EC25 at about 5 mg/l)."( Evaluation of single and joint toxic effects of diuron and its main metabolites on natural phototrophic biofilms using a pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach.
Lavieille, D; Lissalde, S; Margoum, C; Mazzella, N; Montuelle, B; Pesce, S; Roubeix, V, 2010
)
" Bioaccumulation was then linked to chronic toxic effects."( Modeling chronic dietary cadmium bioaccumulation and toxicity from periphyton to Hyalella azteca.
Borgmann, U; Dixon, DG; Golding, LA, 2011
)
"L(-1)) decreased the toxic effects of Cd on phytoperiphyton growth demonstrating the importance of studying metal mixtures in field studies."( Toxicity and sorption kinetics of dissolved cadmium and chromium III on tropical freshwater phytoperiphyton in laboratory mesocosm experiments.
Bere, T; Tundisi, JG, 2011
)
" However, little information is available regarding the toxic effects of phenol on aquatic macrophytes."( Phenol toxicity to the aquatic macrophyte Lemna paucicostata.
Brown, MT; Han, T; Park, JS, 2012
)
" Cr and Pb decrease the toxic effects of Cd on periphyton communities."( Effects of Cr III and Pb on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cd in tropical periphyton communities: Implications of pulsed metal exposures.
Bere, T; Chia, MA; Tundisi, JG, 2012
)
"Two common freshwater phytoplankton species Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus were employed as test organisms to investigate the toxic effects of chlortetracycline widely used in human medicine and veterinary as antibiotic."( Phytoplankton toxicity of the antibiotic chlortetracycline and its UV light degradation products.
Chen, JQ; Guo, RX, 2012
)
"The acute and chronic toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C."( Acute and chronic toxic effects of bisphenol A on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus.
An, S; Cui, XH; Guo, MJ; Lin, KF; Sun, WF; Xiong, B; Zhang, W, 2014
)
" For acute effects, fluoranthene was more toxic than benz(a)anthracene, with LOECs of 50."( Toxicity of benz(a)anthracene and fluoranthene to marine phytoplankton in culture: does cell size really matter?
Ben Othman, H; Hlaili, AS; Le Floc'h, E; Leboulanger, C; Mabrouk, HH, 2012
)
" The undissociated H3AsO3 was more toxic than its monoanionic H2AsO3(-) through comparison of algal cell numbers, chlorophyll-a contents, and algal ultrastructural changes observed with transmission electron microscopy."( Biosorption and toxicity responses to arsenite (As[III]) in Scenedesmus quadricauda.
Ding, T; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2013
)
"The short- and long-term toxic effects of Pb(II) exposure on Chlorella vulgaris (C."( Toxicity assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella protothecoides following exposure to Pb(II).
Bi, H; Chen, L; Cui, X; Guo, M; Lin, K; Wang, W; Xiong, B; Zhang, W, 2013
)
"The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on the green alga Chlorella vulgaris were investigated by following the response to Cd of various toxicity endpoints (cell growth, cell size, photochemical efficiency of PSII in the light or Φ(PSII), maximal photochemical efficiency or Fv/Fm, chlorophyll a fluorescence, esterase activity, and cell viability)."( Photosynthetic and cellular toxicity of cadmium in Chlorella vulgaris.
He, QS; He, W; Kong, XZ; Lavoie, M; Ou-Yang, HL; Qin, N; Wang, R; Xu, FL; Yang, B, 2013
)
" Investigation into which chiral form of selenomethionine effectively acts against the toxic effects of methylmercury has not previously been carried out."( Antagonistic interaction of selenomethionine enantiomers on methylmercury toxicity in the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana.
Garbayo-Nores, I; García-Barrera, T; Gómez-Ariza, JL; Gómez-Jacinto, V; Moreno, F; Vílchez-Lobato, C, 2014
)
"Fipronil is an effective insecticide, but it presents highly toxic effects in nontarget aquatic organisms."( Enantioselective toxicity and degradation of the chiral insecticide fipronil in Scenedesmus obliguus suspension system.
Huang, LD; Liu, DH; Ma, RX; Qiu, XX; Qu, H; Wang, P; Zhou, ZQ, 2014
)
" In general, used oil was more toxic to the alga than fresh oil."( Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by used and unused motor oil on freshwater microalga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.
Megharaj, M; Naidu, R; Ramadass, K; Venkateswarlu, K, 2015
)
" Acute toxicity and mutagenicity tests showed that the bacterium NP23 had no toxic and mutagenic effects on fish, even in large doses such as 10(7) or 10(9) CFU/mL."( Optimization of liquid media and biosafety assessment for algae-lysing bacterium NP23.
Liao, C; Liu, X; Shan, L, 2014
)
" Were examined Roundup toxic effects on Ruppia maritima specimens collected from Jansen Lagoon (São Luís, MA, Brazil) and acclimatized under laboratory conditions."( Using a toxicity test with Ruppia maritima (Linnaeus) to assess the effects of Roundup.
Castro, Ade J; Colares, IG; Cutrim, MV; Franco, TC; Luvizotto-Santos, R, 2015
)
"Although considered as "green" solvents, the toxic effects of ionic liquids (ILs) on organisms have been widely investigated in recent years."( The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in soil on Vicia faba seedlings.
Liu, T; Wang, J; Xie, H; Zhu, L, 2015
)
"A decrease in photosynthetic efficiency may indicate the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on higher plants."( Assessment of phytotoxicity of anthracene in soybean (Glycine max) with a quick method of chlorophyll fluorescence.
Jajoo, A; Sharma, A; Tomar, RS, 2015
)
" This indicated that Cu is more toxic to Chlorella sp."( Metallomics and NMR-based metabolomics of Chlorella sp. reveal the synergistic role of copper and cadmium in multi-metal toxicity and oxidative stress.
Fu, B; Li, SF; Tan, NG; Zhang, W, 2015
)
"Pulse discharges of chemicals to aquatic environments may lead to high concentrations of them in surface waters for short periods of time, but enough to induce toxic effects on aquatic organisms; however, no many methods allow an early warning of toxicity of these agents."( Suitability of cytotoxicity endpoints and test microalgal species to disclose the toxic effect of common aquatic pollutants.
Cid, Á; García, R; Herrero, C; Prado, R; Rioboo, C, 2015
)
" Glycinebetaine foliar application successfully alleviated the toxic effects of Cr on wheat plants and enhanced growth characteristics, biomass, proteins, and chlorophyll contents."( Alleviation of chromium toxicity by glycinebetaine is related to elevated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed chromium uptake and oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Adrees, M; Ali, S; Anjum, SA; Anwar, HT; Chaudhary, A; Farid, M; Hayat, T; Irshad, MK; Rizwan, M, 2015
)
" Our study aims at gaining insight into the acute toxic effects of local municipal wastewater on alga, Scenedesmus obliquus."( Reduction in toxicity of wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants to alga (Scenedesmus obliquus) in northeast China.
Ma, F; Masunaga, S; Sun, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhou, J, 2015
)
" The most toxic compound was [TBA][BF4], causing the greatest drop in fresh weight of both study plants, similar to the phytotoxic effects of [A][BF4]."( Quaternary ammonium salts with tetrafluoroborate anion: Phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in terrestrial plants.
Biczak, R, 2016
)
"In the present study, the toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Omim]Br) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Omim]BF4) in soil on Vicia faba (V."( Biochemical toxicity and DNA damage of imidazolium-based ionic liquid with different anions in soil on Vicia faba seedlings.
Liu, T; Sun, X; Wang, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2015
)
" Diesel WAF was more toxic than diesel itself, suggesting that use of WAF may be more relevant for environmental risk assessment of diesel."( Toxicity of diesel water accommodated fraction toward microalgae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella sp. MM3.
Megharaj, M; Naidu, R; Ramadass, K; Venkateswarlu, K, 2017
)
" Zaria plants under the toxic levels of Cd (0, 40, 80 and 120mg/kg soil) were studied."( Root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica affected growth, cadmium partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of sunflower under cadmium toxicity.
Aliloo, AA; Parvaneh, A; Shahabivand, S, 2017
)
"The vast majority of studies measure the toxic effect of organisms exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) while there is still a lack of knowledge about the influence of NPs on the aquatic environment."( Environmental risks of ZnO nanoparticle exposure on Microcystis aeruginosa: Toxic effects and environmental feedback.
Guo, M; Malkoske, T; Tang, Y; Xia, S; Xin, H; Yang, S; Yin, D, 2018
)
" It can be concluded that the mixed culture has great potential to ameliorate rice from As toxicity by preventing As species entry into rice for enhancing rice growth and also for reducing As accumulation to produce safe rice from rice grown in contaminated paddy fields."( Reduction in arsenic toxicity and uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by As-resistant purple nonsulfur bacteria.
Kantachote, D; Megharaj, M; Naidu, R; Nookongbut, P, 2018
)
" The results of the investigation into algal growth inhibition, chlorophyll a content, and cell integrity indicated that ( S)-metolachlor [( S)-Met] was significantly more toxic than any other isomer."( Enantioselective Toxicity of Chiral Herbicide Metolachlor to Microcystis aeruginosa.
Chen, H; Chen, S; Chen, Z; Wen, Y; Zhang, L, 2019
)
" Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in non-standard endpoints on two macrophyte species, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba."( Evaluation of pharmaceutical toxic effects of non-standard endpoints on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba.
Alkimin, GD; Barata, C; Daniel, D; Frankenbach, S; Nunes, B; Serôdio, J; Soares, AMVM, 2019
)
" In the exposure stage, the downregulation of genes related to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and binding contributed to toxic effects on photosynthesis."( Study of the Persistence of the Phytotoxicity Induced by Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots and of the Specific Molecular Mechanisms by Integrating Omics and Regular Analyses.
Hu, X; Kang, W; Li, X; Sun, A; Yu, F, 2019
)
" This scenario has motivated the investigation of the toxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (akaganeite predominance + hematite) on the aquatic plant Lemna minor."( Iron oxide nanoparticle phytotoxicity to the aquatic plant Lemna minor: effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio.
Barbetta, MFS; Bernardes, LE; da Veiga, MAMS; Souza, LRR, 2019
)
" In this study, the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (NP) on the toxic effects, bioaccumulation, biodegradation and enantioselectivity of ibuprofen (IBU) in algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa were explored."( The influence of nanoplastics on the toxic effects, bioaccumulation, biodegradation and enantioselectivity of ibuprofen in freshwater algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Duan, L; Qu, H; Wang, B; Wang, F; Yu, G; Zhang, Y; Zhao, W; Zhou, Y, 2020
)
" In this study, the adverse effects of four pharmaceuticals, 17α-ethynylestradiol (synthetic estrogen), methotrexate (anticancer drug), diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and fluoxetine (antidepressant), and their binary mixtures at mg/L concentrations were assessed using the 7-day Lemna minor test, with both apical and biochemical markers evaluated."( Combined toxicity of therapeutic pharmaceuticals to duckweed, Lemna minor.
Kumar, A; Markovic, M; Neale, PA; Nidumolu, B, 2021
)
" In recent decades, freshwater ecosystems have been subject to severe cadmium (Cd) pollution, which can cause toxic effects on the growth of submerged macrophytes."( Warming enhances the cadmium toxicity on macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verd. seedlings.
Gao, Y; Liu, B; Qin, Z; Wang, G; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, X, 2021
)
" Results from the heavy metal toxicity tests demonstrate that Hg2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ are more toxic in inhibiting algal photosynthetic activity than As3+."( A simple and rapid algal assay kit to assess toxicity of heavy metal-contaminated water.
Eom, H; Jang, A; Kim, S; Oh, SE; Park, M, 2021
)
" However, Si and MeJA applied alone or in combination significantly ameliorated the above-mentioned adverse effects induced by Cd."( Effect of exogenous silicon and methyl jasmonate on the alleviation of cadmium-induced phytotoxicity in tomato plants.
Guo, J; Hua, L; Li, H; Li, X; Ren, X; Sun, Y; Wei, T; Yashir, N, 2021
)
" subcordiformis) were used as test organism to evaluate the toxic effect of butyl acrylate on their photosynthetic system."( Toxicity evaluation of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and oxygen evolution activity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Platymonas subcordiformis.
Li, Y; Lin, Y; Miao, J; Pan, L; Wang, X; Wei, S; Wu, J, 2021
)
"This study investigated the toxic effects of leachates from microplastic fragments of soles from four different types of shoes (slippers, trekking shoes, running shoes, and sneakers) on three aquatic organisms (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Daphnia magna, and Danio rerio)."( Are your shoes safe for the environment? - Toxicity screening of leachates from microplastic fragments of shoe soles using freshwater organisms.
An, YJ; Kim, D; Kim, H; Kim, L; Kim, SA; Lee, TY, 2022
)
" Hence, polluted areas with the prevalence of multiple contaminants along with the highly toxic trace metals like As can impose a greater risk to the exposed organisms that may get further bio-magnified in the food chain."( Single toxicity of arsenic and combined trace metal exposure to a microalga of ecological and commercial interest: Diacronema lutheri.
Das, S; Duong, G; Gevaert, F; Ouddane, B; Souissi, S, 2022
)
" The continuous discharge of microplastics into aquatic ecosystems, combined with different toxic chemicals can create serious environmental pollution."( Combined toxicity of microplastic and lead on submerged macrophytes.
Abduro Ogo, H; Gao, X; Li, X; Tang, N; Xing, W, 2022
)
"1 μm MP significantly increased the toxic effects of CIP to wheat."( Joint effects of microplastics and ciprofloxacin on their toxicity and fates in wheat: A hydroponic study.
Chen, F; Li, X; Ma, J; Sun, Y; Yu, H; Zhu, Y, 2022
)
" The capability of GO to reduce the toxic effects of PS NPs was assessed through investigating exposure sequence of GO in the presence of 20 nm diameter-sized polystyrene NPs."( Influence of graphene oxide on the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to the marine microalgae Picochlorum sp.
Barras, A; Boukherroub, R; Bououdina, M; Cetin, D; Hazeem, L; Suludere, Z; Yesilay, G, 2022
)
" To understand the toxic effects of DCOIT and PS alone and in combination, marine Chlorella sp was selected as the experimental organism."( Chronic toxic effects of polystyrene micro-plastics, DCOIT and their combination on marine Chlorella sp.
Cao, ZH; Chen, CZ; Li, P; Li, ZH; Ru, JC; Zhao, XL, 2022
)
"Plastic pollution, which is currently one of the most striking problems of our time, raises concerns about the dispersal of micro and nano-sized plastic particles in ecosystems and their toxic effects on living organisms."( The impacts of nanoplastic toxicity on the accumulation, hormonal regulation and tolerance mechanisms in a potential hyperaccumulator - Lemna minor L.
Alp, FN; Arikan, B; Cavusoglu, H; Ozfidan-Konakci, C; Turan, M; Yildiztugay, E, 2022
)
"The ocean is an important sink for perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs), but the toxic mechanisms of PFAAs to marine organisms have not been clearly studied."( Bioaccumulation and toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine algae Chlorella sp.
Cao, W; Jiang, W; Li, M; Mao, W; Wang, X; Xu, F; Xue, X, 2023
)
" While majority of herbicides are specifically designed to target photosynthetic processes, they also can be toxic to phytoplankton; however, despite the photosynthetic toxicity, some herbicides can target multiple physiological processes."( Integrated physiological and metabolomic analysis reveals new insights into toxicity pathways of paraquat to Microcystis aeruginosa.
Bai, F; Gao, G; Jia, Y; Li, L; Li, T; Liu, J; Song, L, 2023
)
"Cadmium (Cd) is among the toxic pollutants that harms the both animals and plants."( Reduction in the cadmium (Cd) accumulation and toxicity in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) by regulating physio-biochemical and antioxidant defense system via soil and foliar application of melatonin.
Awan, SA; Huang, L; Irshad, MA; Khan, I; Rizwan, M; Xiaosan, W; Zhang, X, 2023
)
"Microplastics pollution in environments has become a major concern and it has been proven to have adverse impacts on plants, so there is an urgent to find approaches to alleviate the detrimental effects of microplastics."( Modified nano zero-valent iron reduce toxicity of polystyrene microplastics to ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.).
Chen, S; Du, L; Huang, D; Li, R; Wang, G; Xu, W; Zhou, W, 2023
)
"Se (Selenium) has been reported to be an important protective agent to decreases Cd (Cadmium) induced toxic in plants."( Se Ameliorates Cd Toxicity in Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Seedlings by Inhibiting Cd Transporter Genes and Maintaining root Plasma Membrane Integrity.
Hu, C; Li, S; Shi, G; Tang, Y; Wu, C; Zhao, X; Zhao, Y; Zhou, Y, 2023
)
"Mercury (Hg) is a very toxic decomposition-resistant metal that can cause plant toxicity through bioaccumulation and oxidative damage."( Potential role of apple wood biochar in mitigating mercury toxicity in corn (Zea mays L.).
Abbasi, Q; Pourakbar, L; Siavash Moghaddam, S, 2023
)

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReference
"1, 1, and 10 microg L(-1) atrazine, combined with changes in nutrient concentration, and the photosynthetic activity, biomass, and community structure were noted during the experiment."( Response of phytoplankton community to low-dose atrazine exposure combined with phosphorus fluctuations.
Binet, F; Le Rouzic, B; Pannard, A, 2009
)
" However, high temperatures in combination with high salinity reduced the photosynthetic capacity mainly by reducing the efficiency of the electron transport chain."( Sarcocornia fruticosa photosynthetic response to short-term extreme temperature events in combination with optimal and sub-optimal salinity concentrations.
Barcia-Piedras, JM; Mateos-Naranjo, E; Pérez-Romero, JA; Redondo-Gómez, S, 2020
)
" In the current study, fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) combined with fluorescent spectroscopy was used to assess the molecular composition and driving mechanism of DOM in 22 plateau lakes in Mongolia Plateau Lakes Region (MLR), Qinghai Plateau Lakes Region (QLR) and Tibet Plateau Lakes Region (TLR) of China."( FT-ICR-MS combined with fluorescent spectroscopy reveals the driving mechanism of the spatial variation in molecular composition of DOM in 22 plateau lakes.
Li, D; Li, M; Liu, S; Pan, B; Wang, Y, 2023
)

Bioavailability

ExcerptReference
" We conclude that the bioavailability of iron regulates the magnitude of the phytoplankton biomass and the key phytoplankton species that determine the biogeochemical sensitivity to iron supply of high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters."( A mesoscale iron enrichment in the western subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom.
Aono, T; Deguchi, Y; Fukami, K; Hinuma, A; Imai, K; Kinugasa, M; Kiyosawa, H; Kudo, I; Kuma, K; Nishioka, J; Noiri, Y; Nojiri, Y; Ogawa, H; Ono, T; Saino, T; Saito, H; Shimamoto, A; Shiomoto, A; Sohrin, Y; Suzuki, K; Takeda, S; Tani, H; Tsuda, A; Tsumune, D; Tsurushima, N; Yoshimura, T, 2003
)
" Intensive dredging activity occurred during the monitoring period, and this may have led to the resuspension and increased bioavailability of particulate metals."( In situ microcosms to study the impact of heavy metals resuspended by dredging on periphyton in a tropical estuary.
Chou, LM; Goh, BP; Nayar, S; Reddy, S, 2003
)
" The efficacy of the polyphenols declined with increasing pH, indicating potential polymerization and corresponding reduced bioavailability of the polyphenols."( Natural xenobiotics to prevent cyanobacterial and algal growth in freshwater: contrasting efficacy of tannic acid, gallic acid, and gramine.
Bährs, H; Chakrabarti, S; Laue, P; Steinberg, CE, 2014
)
" These results contribute to a better understanding of how Fe bioavailability can control the activity of UCYN and explain the biogeography of diverse N2 fixers in ocean."( Response of the unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii to iron limitation.
Jacq, V; Kaczmar, F; L'Helguen, S; Ridame, C; Saliot, A, 2014
)
"The authors studied the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioavailability of bisphenol A (BPA) and chloramphenicol by measuring the freely dissolved concentrations of the contaminants in solutions containing DOM that had been isolated from a mesocosm in a eutrophic lake."( Effects of dissolved organic matter from a eutrophic lake on the freely dissolved concentrations of emerging organic contaminants.
Chen, L; Huang, QH; Li, FP; Vähätalo, AV; Xiao, YH, 2014
)
" Mercury complexation by low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols can affect its bioavailability and thus the production of methylmercury."( Relationship between Extracellular Low-Molecular-Weight Thiols and Mercury Species in Natural Lake Periphytic Biofilms.
Amyot, M; Leclerc, M; Planas, D, 2015
)
" On the other hand, presence of humic acid significantly reduced chromium bioavailability (57% Cr uptake decrease) and consequently it did not cause any measurable effect to duckweed."( The impact of humic acid on chromium phytoextraction by aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor.
Gotvajn, AŽ; Jemec, A; Kalčíková, G; Zupančič, M, 2016
)
"This study analyzes the benthic trophic state of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) based on the total organic matter and the bioavailability of biopolymeric carbon including proteins (PTN), carbohydrates (CHO), lipids (LIP), chlorophyll a, as well as bacteria counts."( Organic matter quantity and quality, metals availability and foraminiferal assemblages as environmental proxy applied to the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia).
Aleya, L; Boukef-BenOmrane, I; Clemente, IM; El Bour, M; Frontalini, F; Helali, MA; Martins, MV; Miranda, P; Nogueira, L; Pereira, E; Portela, H; Reis, D; Zaaboub, N, 2016
)
" Bioavailability of these metals was studied using ICP-MS, the chemical speciation program Visual MINTEQ, and a heavy metal bioreporter bioanalytical tool."( Co, Zn and Ag-MOFs evaluation as biocidal materials towards photosynthetic organisms.
Aguado, S; Fernández-Piñas, F; Leganés, F; Martín-Betancor, K; Rodea-Palomares, I; Rosal, R; Tamayo-Belda, M, 2017
)
" In a mesocosm study, we investigated the effects of the abundance and composition of DOM on the potential bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) caused by eutrophication, using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy integrated with tangential flow ultrafiltration technology."( Effects of elevated production of autochthonous dissolved organic matter on the freely dissolved concentration of cadmium.
Dong, Q; Huang, Q; Li, P; Wang, F; Xiao, Y, 2018
)
" Strong correlations between base-extracted proteins and the growth of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/ b ratio suggest that the bioavailability of this organic nitrogen is linked with selection and enrichment of filamentous cyanobacteria under hydrostatic conditions."( Investigation of the Fate and Dynamics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) during Sludge-Based Photogranulation under Hydrostatic Conditions.
Butler, CS; Carbajal-González, B; Dolan, S; Gikonyo, GJ; Ivanova, A; Kuo-Dahab, WC; Park, C; Stauch-White, K, 2018
)
" Due to their interactions with phosphorus, iron (hydr) oxides in suspended particles, originally derived from watershed soil, can strongly influence the phosphorus sedimentation and phosphorus bioavailability in water columns."( Total phosphorus-precipitation and Chlorophyll a-phosphorus relationships of lakes and reservoirs mediated by soil iron at regional scale.
Han, BP; Lin, Q; Peng, L; Qian, SS; Tang, Q; Yang, Y, 2019
)
" The penetration of nanoparticles at an exposure by a localized spray does not make it possible to understand the mechanism of transport and bioavailability of the nanoparticles."( Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Oxidative Stress and Changes in the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.).
Chemingui, H; Hafiane, A; Missaoui, T; Smiri, M, 2019
)
" The results can be explained by the leachate dissolved metal or nutrient concentrations, but also by the metal bioavailability which depends on pH and hardness."( Toxicity of tailing leachates from a niobium mine toward three aquatic organisms.
Dalencourt, C; Fortin, C; Gruyer, N; Indiketi, N; Larivière, D; Paquet, N; Roberge, S; Triffault-Bouchet, G, 2019
)
"The contamination and bioavailability of deleterious metals in arable soils significantly limits crop development and yield."( Low levels of TiO
Dias, CM; Mariz-Ponte, N; Santos, C; Silva, AMS; Silva, S, 2021
)
"Mercury (Hg) is highly toxic in its methylated form (MeHg), and global change is likely to modify its bioavailability in the environment."( A U-Turn for Mercury Concentrations over 20 Years: How Do Environmental Conditions Affect Exposure in Arctic Seabirds?
Angelier, F; Barbraud, C; Bech, C; Blévin, P; Bustamante, P; Bustnes, JO; Chastel, O; Chierici, M; Fransson, A; Gabrielsen, GW; Goutte, A; Moe, B; Sauser, C; Sire, J; Tartu, S, 2022
)
" The current review focuses on the various aspects of spirulina including its cultivation, nutritional composition, extraction techniques, health benefits, adverse effects, industrial scope and market value which could be beneficial for its utilization in the development of value-added products and supplementary foods due to its high content of protein and bioavailability of nutrients."( Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences.
Bhadariya, V; Gogna, S; Jarial, S; Kaur, J; Kumar, P; Prasad, R; Sharma, K; Singh, J, 2023
)
"It is essential to understand the occurrence from and plant bioavailability of soil microplastics to heavy metals in soils to assess their environmental fate and risk."( The Effect of Microplastics-Plants on the Bioavailability of Copper and Zinc in the Soil of a Sewage Irrigation Area.
Chen, P; Ma, X, 2023
)

Dosage Studied

ExcerptReference
" Dose-response curves did show reduction of CSC- and BaP-induced mutagenicity by ellagic acid, riboflavin and chlorophyllin."( Antimutagenic activity of some naturally occurring compounds towards cigarette-smoke condensate and benzo[a]pyrene in the Salmonella/microsome assay.
Terwel, L; van der Hoeven, JC, 1985
)
" Custom-made portable in situ exposure (PIE) chambers were developed so seagrasses could be dosed within the meadow."( Towards a more ecologically relevant assessment of the impact of heavy metals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass, Zostera capricorni.
Macinnis-Ng, CM; Ralph, PJ, 2002
)
" Cadmium bioaccumulating algal extracts caused higher cell mortality of L929 cells than zinc accumulating ones, with a clear dose-response trend."( Effect of extracts from Spirulina platensis bioaccumulating cadmium and zinc on L929 cells.
Converti, A; Lodi, A; Luigi Mariottini, G; Pane, L; Solisio, C, 2008
)
" The study simulated a best-case scenario since the mesocosms were dosed only once."( Long-term effects of the antifouling booster biocide Irgarol 1051 on periphyton, plankton and ecosystem function in freshwater pond mesocosms.
Arp, W; Berghahn, R; Feibicke, M; Mohr, S; Nicklisch, A; Schröder, H, 2008
)
" The decrease in Chl-a content was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups."( Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii.
Gao, S; Li, X; Pan, H; Xu, X, 2009
)
" Such a large dosage introduced additional nutrients, which stimulated the intracellular metabolic activity and induced two physiological subpopulations in the acute term."( Effects of Tibetan hulless barley on bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) measured by different physiological and morphologic parameters.
Chen, YX; Liang, XQ; Lou, LP; Tang, XJ; Xiao, X, 2010
)
" These effects were magnified with increased exposure time and dosing concentration."( Temporal dynamics of periphyton exposed to tetracycline in stream mesocosms.
Batt, AL; Blocksom, K; Griffiths, R; Klemm, DJ; Lazorchak, JM; Nietch, CT; Quinlan, EL, 2011
)
" The parameters related to gas exchange, net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) and Rubisco activity were severally affected by Cr exposure, in some cases even at the lowest dosage used."( Chromium (VI) induces toxicity at different photosynthetic levels in pea.
Azevedo, R; Correia, C; Dias, MC; Moutinho-Pereira, J; Rodriguez, E; Santos, C, 2012
)
" As the degree of tolerance correlated with flavodoxin dosage in plastids of nuclear-transformed transgenic tobacco, we prepared plants expressing even higher levels of flavodoxin by direct plastid transformation."( Flavodoxin displays dose-dependent effects on photosynthesis and stress tolerance when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants.
Blanco, NE; Bravo-Almonacid, FF; Carrillo, N; Ceccoli, RD; Hajirezaei, MR; Hanke, GT; Melzer, M; Scheibe, R; Segretin, ME, 2012
)
" Results of the observations show: (1) higher level of Pb(II) (50 or 80mgL(-1)) could significantly inhibit the growth and chlorophyll a synthesis of both algae in almost all the treatments and dose-response relationships could be clearly observed, (2) the range of EC50 values (24-120h, 67."( Toxicity assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella protothecoides following exposure to Pb(II).
Bi, H; Chen, L; Cui, X; Guo, M; Lin, K; Wang, W; Xiong, B; Zhang, W, 2013
)
" Results of the observations show dose-response relationships could be clearly observed between Pb(Ⅱ) concentration and percentage inhibition (PI)."( Effects of Pb(Ⅱ) exposure on Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris growth, malondialdehyde, and photosynthesis-related gene transcription.
Bi, HS; Chen, L; Cui, XH; Guo, MJ; Lin, KF; Wang, B; Wang, WL; Xiong, B; Zhang, W, 2014
)
" azteca aqueous survival decreased within the first 48 h of dosing at 10- and 20-m distances during PO and nutrients + pesticides treatments in association with permethrin concentrations."( Responses of phytoplankton and Hyalella azteca to agrichemical mixtures in a constructed wetland mesocosm.
Lizotte, RE; Locke, MA; Steinriede, RW; Testa, S, 2013
)
" The results showed that the dosage of 6% had the optimal effects."( [Effects of sewage sludge compost on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of turfgrass].
Tang, FD; Wang, J; Yi, YL, 2014
)
" In this study, the dose-response of cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii on OPs exposure and the stimulating effect of OPs with and without phosphorus source were investigated."( Ecotoxicity of two organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos on non-targeting cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii.
Cheng, H; Duan, SS; Hong, YG; Sun, KF; Wang, YS; Xu, XR; Zhang, ZW; Zhou, GJ, 2015
)
" The endpoints of dose-response experiments were chlorophyll a, photosynthetic efficiency, and flow cytometry measurements."( An Environmentally Friendly Method for Testing Photocatalytic Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Propagation on a Hybrid Ag-TiO₂ Photocatalyst under Solar Illumination.
Chang, MC; Chang, SY; Chen, HL; Chen, Y; Fang, GC; Hsu, CF; Huang, WJ; Lu, BR, 2015
)
" The dose-response curve of α-tomatine determined by WST-1 (water soluble tetrazolium) assay was the same as that by LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of α-tomatine depends on the destruction of plasma membrane."( Detoxification and function of immature tomato.
Onoda, E; Yamashoji, S, 2016
)
" Pyrenoidosa was treated by various concentrations of QDs, the Chla contents were consistent to the number of algae cells, showing a good dose-response relationship."( Carbon and Metal Quantum Dots toxicity on the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Chen, J; Guo, R; Wang, C; Xiao, A; Yan, Z, 2016
)
" Tolerance to copper was derived from dose-response curves based on photosynthesis inhibition."( Changes in copper toxicity towards diatom communities with experimental warming.
Coquery, M; Dabrin, A; Lambert, AS; Morin, S; Pesce, S; Rodriguez, EP, 2017
)
" Dose-response curves and ED50 and ED80 values for eucalyptus aqueous extracts revealed pre-emergence inhibitory effects on both target species, effects being comparable to the herbicide metolachlor."( Unravelling the bioherbicide potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill: Biochemistry and effects of its aqueous extract.
Andrade, PB; Pedrol, N; Puig, CG; Reigosa, MJ; Valentão, P, 2018
)
" After equipment commissioning and parameter optimization for applications in the field of engineering, the device was found to effectively remove total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity in water by controlling the coagulant dosage and adjusting the gas-liquid mixing pump parameters."( Full-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) equipment for emergency treatment of eutrophic water.
Ji, M; Tian, Z; Wang, C, 2018
)
" Hence, sludge should be treated within 4 d and excess PAFC dosing should be avoided."( Worse than cell lysis: The resilience of Oscillatoria sp. during sludge storage in drinking water treatment.
Jin, Y; Li, H; Ma, C; Pei, H; Sun, J; Xu, H, 2018
)
" The germination rate and roots elongation decreased in a dose-response manner, except the sample treated with GO at a concentration of 1000 mg/L."( Graphene oxide effects in early ontogenetic stages of Triticum aestivum L. seedlings.
Boukherroub, R; Gherghel, D; Lobiuc, A; Mihai, CT; Oprica, L; Vochita, G, 2019
)
" According to the inhibition rate of the algae, the toxic effects were investigated by dose-response analysis."( Combined effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) to the freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus.
Chen, YH; Cheng, R; Liu, YP; Shen, LJ; Shi, L; Wu, JJ; Zheng, X, 2021
)
" The safety recommended dosage of Spirulina is approximately 3-10 g/d for adults and it's biological value (BV) is 75 with a net protein utilization (NPU) of 62."( Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences.
Bhadariya, V; Gogna, S; Jarial, S; Kaur, J; Kumar, P; Prasad, R; Sharma, K; Singh, J, 2023
)
"• The safe recommended dosage of Spirulina for adults accounts to approximately 3-10 g/d, with 30 g/d being the maximum limit for consumption."( Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences.
Bhadariya, V; Gogna, S; Jarial, S; Kaur, J; Kumar, P; Prasad, R; Sharma, K; Singh, J, 2023
)
"6, using a CO2 dosing system."( Short-term ocean acidification decreases pulsation and growth of the widespread soft coral Xenia umbellata.
Braxator, L; Caporale, G; El-Khaled, YC; Hill, CEL; Kim, S; Mezger, SD; Thobor, B; Tilstra, A; Wild, C, 2023
)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
chlorophyll a degradation II210
Chlorophyll b degradation04

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1071731Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase at 100 uM2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Lipoxygenase inhibitors derived from marine macroalgae.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (5,169)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990107 (2.07)18.7374
1990's206 (3.99)18.2507
2000's1075 (20.80)29.6817
2010's2347 (45.41)24.3611
2020's1434 (27.74)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials5 (0.09%)5.53%
Reviews79 (1.49%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.04%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.02%)0.25%
Other5,198 (98.35%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]