Compounds > magnesium sulfate
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magnesium sulfate

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Description

Magnesium sulfate, also known as Epsom salt, is a white crystalline compound that is readily soluble in water. It is commonly used in a variety of applications, including as a laxative, a bath salt, and a fertilizer. Magnesium sulfate is synthesized by reacting magnesium oxide with sulfuric acid. It is an important compound in the body, playing a role in muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood sugar control. Magnesium sulfate is studied for its potential therapeutic effects in treating various conditions, including epileptic seizures, preeclampsia, and asthma. It is also used in research to study the role of magnesium in biological processes.'

Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID24083
CHEMBL ID2021423
CHEBI ID32599
MeSH IDM0012889

Synonyms (94)

Synonym
18939-43-0
einecs 242-691-3
ai3-02029
ot-s
tomix ot
sulfuric acid magnesium salt (van)
caswell no. 534
nsc 146179
einecs 231-298-2
sal angalis
sal de sedlitz
ot-s (drying agent)
hsdb 664
epa pesticide chemical code 050503
magnesium sulphate
magnesium sulfate (1:1)
sulfuric acid magnesium salt
magnesiumsulfat
sulphate of magnesia
mgso4
7487-88-9
CHEBI:32599 ,
magnesium sulfate anhydrous
magnesium(ii) sulfate
magnesium sulfate
DB00653
nsc-146179
sulfuric acid, magnesium salt (1:1)
sulfate, magnesium
M1890
mgo4s
anhydrous magnesium sulfate
magnesium sulfate, anhydrous granular
ec 231-298-2
unii-ml30mj2u7i
magnesii sulfas
arrosalt 2327
ccris 8411
ml30mj2u7i ,
magnesium sulfate in dextrose 5% in plastic container
magnesium sulfate in plastic container
sn 00
sulfato de magnesio
68081-97-0
sda 15-062-07
einecs 268-365-0
FT-0628097
suprep bowel prep kit component magnesium sulfate anhydrous
magnesium sulfate anhydrous [ii]
magnesium sulfate anhydrous [usp monograph]
magnesium sulfate anhydrous component of suprep bowel prep kit
magnesium sulfate [mi]
magnesium sulfate anhydrous [orange book]
magnesium sulfate,anhydrous [vandf]
magnesium sulfate [hsdb]
EPITOPE ID:158536
AKOS015902894
magnesium sulfate, anhydrous
CHEMBL2021423
magnesium sulphate, anhydrous
magnesium sulfate,anhydrous
magnesium sulphate anhydrous
magnesiumsulfate
CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L
mfcd00011110
sulfuric acid magnesiumsalt (1:1), hydrate (8ci,9ci)
DTXSID6042105 ,
J-519590
magnesium sulfate, anhydrous powder
SR-01000944338-1
sr-01000944338
magnesium;sulfate
J-014575
DE08037SAB ,
magnesium sulphate, unspecified
tis-u-sol component magnesium sulfate
magnesium sulfate, unspecified form
magnesium sulfate component of tis-u-sol
magnesium sulfate, anhydrous granular trace metals grade, 99.95%
magnesium sulfate, anhydrous powder trace metals grade, 99.95%
139939-75-6
Q288266
magnesii sulfas; magnesium sulfate; magnesium sulphate; mg-ok; ot-s
magnesium sulfate anhydrous
magnesium sulfate anhydrous (ii)
magnesium sulfate (usp impurity)
magnesium (as sulfate)
magnesium sulfate (ii)
magnesium sulfate whiskers
conclyte-mg
magnesium so4
magnesium sulfate anhydrous (usp monograph)
dtxcid4022105
usepa/opp pesticide code: 050503

Research Excerpts

Overview

Magnesium sulfate is a nonopioid agent known for its ability to blunt the physiologic sympathetic response associated with exposure to noxious stimuli. It is considered to be an effective adjuvant to rocuronium in general anaesthesia. Mag magnesium sulfate acts as an endogenous calcium channel antagonist at neuronal synapses.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Magnesium sulfate is a safe and effective option for intraoperative analgesia, when avoiding or decreasing opioid use is required."( Analgesic effect of magnesium sulfate during total intravenous anesthesia: randomized clinical study.
Cavalcanti, IL; Sandes, CS; Silva Filho, SE; Vieira, JE, )		1.9
"Magnesium sulfate is an effective and safe drug for better viewing in difficult laryngeal exposure patients."( Magnesium sulfate administration in difficult laryngoscopy: An effective and safe method.
Doostkam, A; Ghadimi, M; Iravani, K; Mehrabi, F; Salari, M, )		3.02
"Magnesium sulfate is a potential anesthetic adjunct in cancer surgery. "( Trends in Perioperative Magnesium Sulfate Use in Patients Who Underwent Major Cancer Surgery: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study in South Korea.
Do, SH; Oh, TK; Song, IA, )		1.88
"Magnesium sulfate is a non-opioid agent known for its ability to blunt the physiologic sympathetic response associated with exposure to noxious stimuli."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate to attenuate hemodynamic changes in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review protocol.
Brickey, D; Greenwood, J; Nygard, B, 2019)		1.61
"Magnesium sulfate is a nonopioid agent known for its ability to blunt the physiologic sympathetic response associated with exposure to noxious stimuli."( Effectiveness of intravenous magnesium sulfate to attenuate hemodynamic changes in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Brickey, D; Greenwood, J; Nygard, B, 2021)		1.63
"Magnesium sulfate is considered to be an effective adjuvant to rocuronium in general anaesthesia. "( Efficacy of magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant to rocuronium in general anaesthesia: a meta-analysis.
Jin, T; Liao, R; Sun, H; Wu, X; Yang, L; Zuo, Y, 2021)		2.44
"Magnesium sulfate acts as an endogenous calcium channel antagonist at neuronal synapses, thought to prevent excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, and by downregulation of proinflammatory pathways."( Magnesium as a Neuroprotective Agent: A Review of Its Use in the Fetus, Term Infant with Neonatal Encephalopathy, and the Adult Stroke Patient.
Lingam, I; Robertson, NJ, 2018)		1.2
"Magnesium sulfate is an evidence-based anticonvulsant drug used to prevent and control eclampsia. "( Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia.
Berhan, A; Berhan, Y, 2015)		2.31
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is a cheap, safe, and readily available medication that is effective in managing tetanus-associated ANS dysregulation and has shown promise when used empirically in EV71-confirmed severe HFMD cases."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate for the management of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease with autonomic nervous system dysregulation in Vietnamese children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Bich, NN; Chau, NV; Dung, NT; Giang, PT; Hung, NT; Khanh, LP; Khanh, TH; Merson, L; Nhan, le NT; Qui, PT; Sabanathan, S; Thoa, le PK; Toan, ND; Trieu, HT; Van Doorn, R; Wills, B; Wolbers, M, 2016)		1.53
"Magnesium sulfate is a treatment option that may offer great potential for patients with treatment-resistant depression based on prior work in animals and humans."( Double-blind, randomized crossover study of intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate versus 5% dextrose on depressive symptoms in adults with treatment-resistant depression.
Abbas, MH; Arosemena, L; Atlas, SE; Caccamo, S; Campbell, CS; Corredor, R; Farooqi, A; Gao, J; Goldberg, S; Konefal, J; Lages, LC; Lantigua, L; Lewis, JE; Lopez, J; Mehdi, SM; Musselman, D; Padilla, V; Qadir, S; Rasul, A; Ray, AM; Simões, HG; Tiozzo, E; Woolger, JM, 2017)		1.41
"Magnesium sulfate is a smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle depressant."( The role of magnesium sulfate in the prevention of cerebral palsy.
Scheans, P, )		1.23
"Magnesium sulfate is a calcium antagonist that inhibits bronchial smooth muscle contraction promoting bronchodilation. "( Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary-level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial.
Bosch, JJ; Iolster, T; Rocca Rivarola, M; Schnitzler, E; Siaba, A; Sticco, N; Torres, S, 2012)		2.16
"Magnesium sulfate proved to be a much more effective drying agent."( Comparison of magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate for removal of water from pesticide extracts of foods.
Callery, P; Daft, JR; Gannett, PM; Lehotay, SJ; Schenck, FJ, )		1.21
"Magnesium sulfate is an effective antiarrhythmic agent with negligible side effects."( Antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate after open heart surgery: effect of blood levels.
Akalin, H; Aral, A; Eren, NT; Eyileten, ZB; Kiziltepe, U; Sirlak, M; Tasoz, R; Uysalel, A, 2003)		1.34
"Magnesium sulfate is an effective and safe antiarrhythmic agent for arrhythmias developed after open-heart surgery. "( Antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate after open heart surgery: effect of blood levels.
Akalin, H; Aral, A; Eren, NT; Eyileten, ZB; Kiziltepe, U; Sirlak, M; Tasoz, R; Uysalel, A, 2003)		2.07
"Magnesium sulfate is a potent vasodilator and hence has the potential to reduce the high pulmonary arterial pressures associated with PPHN."( Magnesium sulfate for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Ho, JJ; Rasa, G, 2007)		2.5
"Magnesium sulfate is a very effective treatment in intractable arrhythmias caused by high-dose amitriptyline intoxication."( Efficacy of magnesium sulfate for treatment of ventricular tachycardia in amitriptyline intoxication.
Babaoglu, K; Barn, E; Gokalp, AS; Sarisoy, O; Tugay, S, 2007)		1.44
"Magnesium sulfate is a significantly better drug than either diazepam or phenytoin for preventing recurrent seizures in eclamptic patients."( Role of magnesium sulfate in seizure prevention in patients with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia.
Anthony, J; Duley, L; Johanson, RB, 1996)		1.45
"Magnesium sulfate is a vasodilator and thus may exert cardiovascular effects on the fetus."( Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and regional redistribution of fetal blood flow during maternal hemorrhage in late-gestation gravid ewes.
Moon, PF; Nathanielsz, PW; Ramsay, MM, 1999)		1.33
"Magnesium sulfate is thought to be an effective bronchodilator when administered intravenously to patients with acute severe asthma, and it can be safely administered via inhalation to patients with stable asthma. "( Magnesium sulfate as a vehicle for nebulized salbutamol in acute asthma.
Corna, RA; Mannarino, S; Nannini, LJ; Pendino, JC; Quispe, R, 2000)		3.19

Effects

Magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties. The possibility for latent detrimental hemodynamic and tissue/organ blood flow responses was unexamined. Mag magnesium sulfate infusion has a long clinical history of safety and efficacy.

Magnesium sulfate therapy has been associated with increased length of labor, increased cesarean delivery rate, increased postpartum bleeding, increased respiratory depression, decreased neuromuscular transmission, and maternal death from overdose. Mag magnesium sulfate has been used safely for years to treat preclampsia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties."( Magnesium Sulfate-Rich Natural Mineral Waters in the Treatment of Functional Constipation-A Review.
Dupont, C; Hébert, G, 2020)		2.72
"Magnesium sulfate has a short-lived vasodilatory effect and increased cortical blood volume in our experiment."( Cerebral reactivity in migraine patients measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Danesh, A; Grothusen, J; Pourrezaei, K; Pourshoghi, A; Tabby, DS, 2015)		1.14
"Magnesium sulfate has a long tradition as a laxative. "( Effects of Sulfate-Rich Mineral Water on Functional Constipation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Alt, F; Huber, R; Naumann, J; Sadaghiani, C, 2016)		1.88
"magnesium sulfate has a marked neuroprotective effect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in the rat spinal cord."( Prophylactic effects of magnesium and vitamin E in rat spinal cord radiation damage: evaluation based on lipid peroxidation levels.
Abacioglu, U; Konya, D; Pamir, NM; Peker, S; Sun, I; Yüksel, M, 2004)		1.04
"Magnesium sulfate infusion has a long clinical history of safety and efficacy; however, the possibility for latent detrimental hemodynamic and tissue/organ blood flow responses was unexamined."( Magnesium sulfate infusion during late gestation does not elicit a peripheral vascular steal and preserves placental perfusion.
Dowell, RT; Forsberg, AL, 1995)		2.46
"Magnesium sulfate has a central anticonvulsant action on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures in this rat model of hippocampal seizures."( Central anticonvulsant effects of magnesium sulfate on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures.
Berman, RF; Cotton, DB; Hallak, M; Irtenkauf, SM; Janusz, C, 1993)		2.01
"Magnesium sulfate has been used to prevent and treat postoperative Afib/RVR."( Utility of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of rapid atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Atwater, M; Hodgson, R; Hoffer, M; Pourmand, A; Tran, QK, 2022)		1.83
"Magnesium sulfate has been used in anesthesia because it has relevant clinical features such as: analgesia, autonomic response control and muscle relaxation. "( [Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate compared to rocuronium for rapid sequence tracheal intubation in adults: clinical randomized trial].
Andrade, RR; Barbosa, FT; Barbosa, LT; Neto, OBO; Ribeiro, ÊAN; Rodrigues, CFS, )		1.91
"Magnesium sulfate has a long history in the treatment of FC, and magnesium sulfate-rich mineral waters have been used for centuries for their laxative properties."( Magnesium Sulfate-Rich Natural Mineral Waters in the Treatment of Functional Constipation-A Review.
Dupont, C; Hébert, G, 2020)		2.72
"Magnesium sulfate has neuroprotective effects in preterm infants. "( Impact of tocolysis-intent magnesium sulfate and beta-adrenergic agonists on perinatal brain damage in infants born between 28-36 weeks' gestation.
Funakoshi, T; Kamitomo, M; Kawagoe, Y; Kino, E; Ohhashi, M; Sameshima, H; Suga, S; Yasuhi, I, 2020)		2.3
"Magnesium sulfate has no impact on GFR improvement during the first 24 h after delivery. "( Effect of Magnesium on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Recovery of Hypertension in Women with Severe Preeclampsia.
Kitporntheranunt, M; Kreepala, C; Luangphiphat, W; Piyajarawong, T; Villarroel, A; Wattanavaekin, K, 2018)		1.92
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown to be an effective treatment in older children with asthma exacerbations, but it has not been investigated in acute severe virus-induced wheezing in young children.The study enrolled 61 children aged 6 months to 4 years. "( Intravenous magnesium sulfate for acute wheezing in young children: a randomised double-blind trial.
Dunder, T; Kallio, M; Pokka, T; Pruikkonen, H; Renko, M; Tapiainen, T; Uhari, M, 2018)		2.3
"Magnesium sulfate has been studied as a potentially beneficial therapeutic agent."( Does magnesium sulfate have a role in the management of severe traumatic brain injury in civilian and military populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Blackshaw, WJ; Lyons, MWH, 2018)		1.72
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) has been well documented in its effect of AF reduction after cardiac surgery especially in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) but the dosages are still not settled."( Magnesium Sulfate Reduces Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation after Coronary Arterial Bypass Surgery: What Is the Proper Dose? A Randomized Trial.
Cheewinmethasiri, J; Chittawatanarat, K; Ko-iam, W; Nawarawong, W; Sudthiviseschai, P; Taksaudom, N, 2016)		2.6
"Magnesium sulfate has emerged as an important drug to alleviate the pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. "( The Impact of Magnesium Sulfate on Pain Control After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.
Chen, C; Tao, R, 2018)		2.28
"Magnesium sulfate has been the drug of choice in such cases."( Recurrent Seizures in 2 Patients with Magnesium Sulfate-Treated Eclampsia at a Secondary Hospital.
Achmadi, A; Aldika Akbar, MI; Harsono, AAH; Joewono, HT, 2018)		1.47
"Magnesium sulfate (MS) has been shown to have beneficial activities against hypoxia in the brain."( Magnesium sulfate ameliorates carbon monoxide‑induced cerebral injury in male rats.
Bagheri, G; Bagheri, S; Docea, AO; Hashemzaei, M; Jahantigh, H; Moghadam, AA; Rezaee, R; Shahraki, J; Shahriari, M; Spandidos, DA; Tabrizian, K; Tsarouhas, K; Tsatsakis, A; Wilks, MF, 2019)		2.68
"Magnesium sulfate has been found to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in patients at risk of delivery before 32 weeks' gestational age."( Magnesium Sulfate and Novel Therapies to Promote Neuroprotection.
Bernstein, HB; Jameson, RA, 2019)		2.68
"Magnesium sulfate has been used as an anticonvulsant in severe preeclamptic or eclamptic women prior to surgical trauma, but its effects on neuroinflammation is not well defined. "( Magnesium sulfate provides neuroprotection in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia by inhibiting NF-κB pathway.
Ding, B; Gao, F; Gao, X; Guo, H; Xu, H; Zhou, L, 2013)		3.28
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been shown to prevent cerebral palsy among children born to women at high risk of early preterm delivery. "( Magnesium sulfate for cerebral palsy prevention.
Gibbins, KJ; Rouse, DJ, 2013)		3.28
"Magnesium sulfate has been proposed as a prophylactic intervention for angiographic vasospasm and to improve clinical outcomes."( Prophylactic magnesium sulfate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Fallah, A; Farrokhyar, F; Jichici, D; Macdonald, RL; Petropoulos, JA; Reddy, D, 2014)		1.49
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been known to ameliorate maternal, fetal and gestational tissue-associated inflammatory response."( The effect of magnesium sulfate on the placental corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF binding protein mRNA expression in perfused human placental cotyledon.
Bar, J; Chen, A; Holtzman, D; Kovo, M; Kropach, N; Vitner, D, 2016)		1.52
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been shown to have neuroprotective and antihyperalgesic effects."( Effects of combining methylprednisolone with magnesium sulfate on neuropathic pain and functional recovery following spinal cord injury in male rats.
Afshari, K; Farsi, L; Ghajarzadeh, M; Keshavarz, M; Naghib Zadeh, M; Naghshband, Z; Norouzi-Javidan, A, 2015)		1.4
"Magnesium sulfate has also been found to be without any serious adverse consequences in newborn infants."( Antenatal magnesium sulfate: Neuro-protection for preterm infants.
McGuire, W; Oddie, S; Tuffnell, DJ, 2015)		1.54
"Magnesium sulfate has analgesic, sedative, and sympatholytic properties."( Beneficial effect of intravenous magnesium during endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm.
Ban, M; Kim, JE; Kim, SY; Lee, HS; Lee, YC; Shin, CS, 2015)		1.14
"Magnesium sulfate has a short-lived vasodilatory effect and increased cortical blood volume in our experiment."( Cerebral reactivity in migraine patients measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Danesh, A; Grothusen, J; Pourrezaei, K; Pourshoghi, A; Tabby, DS, 2015)		1.14
"Magnesium sulfate has been clinically used as a cyto-protective agent against HI brain injury in newborns in some countries, including Japan."( Magnesium sulfate protects oligodendrocyte lineage cells in a rat cell-culture model of hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Arai, K; Egawa, N; Itoh, K; Itoh, N; Liang, AC; Lo, EH; Lok, J; Maki, T; Shindo, A, 2016)		2.6
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has anti-inflammatory actions."( Effect of magnesium sulfate and thyroxine on inflammatory markers in a rat model of hypothyroidism.
Abbas, AM; Sakr, HF, 2016)		1.56
"Magnesium sulfate has a long tradition as a laxative. "( Effects of Sulfate-Rich Mineral Water on Functional Constipation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Alt, F; Huber, R; Naumann, J; Sadaghiani, C, 2016)		1.88
"Magnesium sulfate has been used by obstetricians for more than 25 years to treat preterm labor. "( In defense of magnesium sulfate.
Elliott, JP; Garite, TJ; Lewis, DF; Morrison, JC, 2009)		2.16
"Magnesium sulfate has also been the focus of recent research for its potential neuroprotective effects for neonates born preterm."( Magnesium sulfate for preterm labor and preterm birth.
Mercer, BM; Merlino, AA, 2009)		2.52
"Magnesium sulfate has been used in obstetrics with good results, inhibiting premature labor and in the treatment of eclampsia-associated seizures. "( Applications of magnesium sulfate in obstetrics and anesthesia.
Barbosa, FT; Barbosa, LT; Cunha, RM; Jucá, MJ, )		1.92
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) has been used as a tocolytic agent in cases of refractory preterm labor. "( Prolonged maternal magnesium administration and bone metabolism in neonates.
Honma, Y; Kawamata, R; Koike, Y; Kono, Y; Momoi, MY; Takahashi, N; Uehara, R; Yada, Y; Yokoyama, K, 2010)		1.8
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) has been used to prevent seizures in eclampsia. "( The role of magnesium sulfate in prevention of seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole in rats.
Futuro Neto, Hde A; Nakamura-Palacios, EM; Oliveira, LD; Oliveira, RW, 2011)		2.19
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been widely used in the perinatal arena for many decades. "( The role of magnesium sulfate in the prevention of cerebral palsy.
Scheans, P, )		1.95
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been shown to be protective in various models of neurologic injury."( Magnesium sulfate therapy is of mild benefit to young rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus.
Del Bigio, MR; Enno, T; Khan, OH, 2003)		2.48
"magnesium sulfate has a marked neuroprotective effect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in the rat spinal cord."( Prophylactic effects of magnesium and vitamin E in rat spinal cord radiation damage: evaluation based on lipid peroxidation levels.
Abacioglu, U; Konya, D; Pamir, NM; Peker, S; Sun, I; Yüksel, M, 2004)		1.04
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has long been used for prophylaxis of preterm delivery (tocolytic affect) and eclampsia prophylaxis (neuroprotective effect). "( [Magnesium sulfate in obstetrics: current data].
Azria, E; Cabrol, D; Goffinet, F; Kayem, G; Mignon, A; Tsatsaris, V, 2004)		2.68
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown to have a protective effect on BBB integrity in multiple experimental models."( Effect of magnesium sulfate administration on blood-brain barrier in a rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis: a randomized controlled experimental study.
Aktan, D; Cakar, N; Eraksoy, H; Erdem, T; Esen, F; Kaya, M; Orhan, M; Telci, L, 2005)		1.45
"Magnesium sulfate has been recognized as a neuroprotective agent against hypoxia-ischemia, mainly by the protection from the excitotoxicity associated with increased glutamate concentration. "( Magnesium sulfate effect on erythrocyte membranes of asphyxiated newborns.
Gulczynska, E; Sobolewska, B; Szemraj, J; Wilczynski, J; Zylinska, L, 2005)		3.21
"Magnesium sulfate has become the first-line tocolytic for short-term use to arrest idiopathic preterm labor. "( Magnesium sulfate: the first-line tocolytic.
Lewis, DF, 2005)		3.21
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown to have a bronchodilating effect in asthma, but this effect has not been clearly established in the context of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "( [Effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations requiring hospitalization: a randomized placebo-controlled trial].
Abreu González, J; Abreu González, P; Hernández García, C; Jiménez, A; Martín García, C, 2006)		2.09
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been successfully used to inhibit premature labor. "( Magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic agent.
Elliott, JP, 1983)		3.15
"Magnesium sulfate has been recommended as a safe and effective agent for inhibiting preterm labor. "( Comparison of magnesium sulfate, terbutaline and a placebo for inhibition of preterm labor. A randomized study.
Cotton, DB; Hill, LM; Paul, RH; Schifrin, BS; Strassner, HT, 1984)		2.07
"Magnesium sulfate infusion has a long clinical history of safety and efficacy; however, the possibility for latent detrimental hemodynamic and tissue/organ blood flow responses was unexamined."( Magnesium sulfate infusion during late gestation does not elicit a peripheral vascular steal and preserves placental perfusion.
Dowell, RT; Forsberg, AL, 1995)		2.46
"Magnesium sulfate has been helpful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. "( Lack of effectiveness of magnesium in chronic stable asthma. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in normal subjects and in patients with chronic stable asthma.
Bernstein, WK; Chernow, B; Hernandez, E; Khastgir, A; Khastgir, T; Miller, J; Nissim, JE; Schonfeld, SA, 1995)		1.73
"Magnesium sulfate has a central anticonvulsant action on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures in this rat model of hippocampal seizures."( Central anticonvulsant effects of magnesium sulfate on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures.
Berman, RF; Cotton, DB; Hallak, M; Irtenkauf, SM; Janusz, C, 1993)		2.01
"Magnesium sulfate has been advocated for the management of torsade de pointes and other ventricular dysrhythmias."( Magnesium sulfate for conversion of supraventricular tachycardia refractory to intravenous adenosine.
Carr, JD; LeDuc, TJ, 1996)		2.46
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been proposed to be an efficient treatment in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. "( In vitro effects of magnesium sulfate in isolated intrapulmonary and mesenteric arteries of piglets.
Moro, M; Pérez-Vizcaíno, F; Ruiz, T; Tamargo, J; Villamor, E, 1996)		2.06
"Magnesium sulfate has diverse cardiovascular and neurological effects and also alters calcium metabolism."( Role of magnesium sulfate in seizure prevention in patients with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia.
Anthony, J; Duley, L; Johanson, RB, 1996)		1.45
"Magnesium sulfate therapy has several implications to anesthetic agents."( [Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium in patient with triple pregnancy treated with magnesium sulfate].
Amemiya, A; Aoki, T; Hino, H; Ishizuka, B; Kaneko, I; Kosugi, K; Miyazawa, A, 1997)		1.24
"Magnesium sulfate therapy has been associated with increased length of labor, increased cesarean delivery rate, increased postpartum bleeding, increased respiratory depression, decreased neuromuscular transmission, and maternal death from overdose."( Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia.
Sibai, BM; Witlin, AG, 1998)		2.46
"Magnesium sulfate has neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-ischemia. "( Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury but postasphyxial treatment worsens brain damage in seven-day-old rats.
Ikenoue, T; Ota, A; Sameshima, H, 1999)		2.08
"Magnesium sulfate has been extensively used in the management and prevention of eclamptic seizures in the United States and has been recently shown to be superior to both diphenylhydantoin and diazepam."( Prevention of eclampsia.
Anthony, J; Belfort, MA; Saade, GR, 1999)		1.02
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has been reported to produce bronchodilation in asthmatic patients. "( Relaxant effect of magnesium and zinc on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs.
Hashimoto, Y; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Matsuki, A; Ohtomo, N; Sato, T; Yoshioka, H, 1999)		1.75
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown to benefit asthmatic children and adults with poor responses to initial beta(2)-agonist therapy in the emergency department. "( A randomized trial of magnesium in the emergency department treatment of children with asthma.
Gracely, EJ; Joffe, MD; Loiselle, JM; Mull, CC; Scarfone, RJ; Stiller, S; Thompson, K, 2000)		1.75
"Magnesium sulfate has been used safely for years to treat preclampsia."( [Magnesium sulphate in the treatment of ischemic-hypoxic neonatal encephalopathy].
Kornacka, MK, )		0.85
"Magnesium sulfate has attracted interest as a potential neuroprotectant but passage of magnesium ion into the central nervous system has not been well documented. "( Intravenous magnesium sulfate does not increase ventricular CSF ionized magnesium concentration of patients with intracranial hypertension.
Borel, CO; Brewer, RP; Hopkins, MB; Parra, A; Reynolds, JD, )		1.95
"Magnesium sulfate therapy has been demonstrated to be both safe and effective in preventing neurological complications in obstetrical patients with eclampsia."( Magnesium sulfate therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Burke, DG; Malik, GM; Marrocco, A; Mitsias, PD; Mlynarek, M; Nichols, V; Seyfried, D; Thomas, AJ; Veyna, RS; Zimmerman, C, 2002)		2.48
"Magnesium sulfate has central anticonvulsant activity on hippocampal seizures, implicating the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in eclamptic seizures and in the therapeutic efficacy of magnesium sulfate."( Anticonvulsant effects of magnesium sulfate on hippocampal seizures: therapeutic implications in preeclampsia-eclampsia.
Berman, RF; Cotton, DB; Janusz, CA, 1992)		2.03
"Magnesium sulfate has been recommended as a safe and effective tocolytic agent. "( [Tocolytic therapy with magnesium sulfate and terbutaline for inhibition of premature labor].
Jiménez Aramayo, JF; Jiménez Martinez, F; López Rosales, C, 1990)		2.03
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown in vivo and in vitro to decrease the frequency of uterine contractions while maintaining the amplitude; we therefore decided to assess the use of magnesium sulfate infusion in cases of uterine hyperstimulation. "( Use of magnesium sulfate to treat hyperstimulation in term labor.
Foster, TC; Valenzuela, GJ, 1990)		2.18
"Magnesium sulfate has been shown to be effective clinically as a bronchodilator, but its mechanism of action is unknown. "( Effect of magnesium sulfate on bronchoconstriction in the lung periphery.
Freed, AN; Hirshman, CA; Lindeman, KS, 1989)		2.12
"Magnesium sulfate has been used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of eclampsia, but efficacy of magnesium in other types of seizure disorders is poorly documented. "( Parenteral magnesium sulfate fails to control electroshock and pentylenetetrazol seizures in mice.
Fisher, RS; Kaplan, P; Krauss, GL, )		1.96

Actions

Magnesium sulfate can increase the level of MMP-9 protein and down regulate the protein level of AQP-9, which may be one of the effective mechanisms of the treatment of hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy. Mag magnesium sulfate may cause platelet dysfunction leading to bleeding complication.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Magnesium sulfate displays numerous characteristics that make it a useful drug in anesthesiology (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, vasodilator, antiarrhythmic, inhibitor of catecholamine release and of acetylcholine in the terminal motor plate). "( Influence of the perioperative administration of magnesium sulfate on the total dose of anesthetics during general anesthesia. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Del Pozo, JSG; Jordán, J; Nava, E; Rodríguez-Rubio, L, 2017)		2.15
"Magnesium sulfate may cause platelet dysfunction leading to bleeding complication."( Is magnesium sulfate friend or foe of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery?
Saha, KK, )		1.47
"Magnesium sulfate can increase the level of MMP-9 protein and down regulate the protein level of AQP-9, which may be one of the effective mechanisms of the treatment of hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy."( [Effect of magnesium sulfate on MMP-9 and AQP-9 protein in placenta of patients with hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy].
Li, JY; Wang, X; Zhang, WY; Zou, LY, 2016)		2.27
"Magnesium sulfate may prevent increase in serum potassium produced by succinylcholine and cause transient hypotension. "( Effects of magnesium sulfate pretreatment on succinylcholine-facilitated tracheal intubation.
Ho, RT; Jawan, B; Lee, JH; Yap, LC, 1994)		2.12
"Magnesium sulfate caused an increase in the proportion of fetal death produced by maternal hemorrhage (P < 0.05)."( Magnesium sulfate adversely affects fetal lamb survival and blocks fetal cerebral blood flow response during maternal hemorrhage.
Chestnut, DH; Dexter, F; McGrath, J; Penning, DH; Reynolds, JD, 1996)		2.46
"Magnesium sulfate induced no increase in the number of colonies with reverse mutation in any of the strains irrespective of the absence of presence of metabolic activation in the dose-range-finding study or in the main study."( [Mutagenicity studies of magnesium sulfate--reverse mutation test with bacteria and chromosomal aberration test with mammalian cells in culture].
Inoue, K; Oguma, Y; Shimamura, K; Yokota, F, 1998)		1.32
"Magnesium sulfate may cause muscular damage and abnormal elevation of maternal serum creatine phosphokinase. "( Serum creatine phosphokinase elevation in patients treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate.
Ishikawa, K; Kuno, N, 2002)		1.99

Treatment

Magnesium sulfate treatment also decreased tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at serine 9. Treatment increased the activity of Akt at Ser473 and PI3K at Tyr458/199, and improving insulin sensitivity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) treatment is widely used for fetal neuroprotection despite the controversy concerning the side effects. "( Antenatal Neuroprotective Magnesium Sulfate in Very Preterm Infants and Its Association With Feeding Intolerance.
Canpolat, FE; Elbayiyev, S; Kanmaz Kutman, HG; Oguz, SS; Oguz, Y; Ozer Bekmez, B; Tayman, C; Uygur, D, 2023)		2.65
"Magnesium sulfate treatment also decreased tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at serine 9, thereby increasing the activity of Akt at Ser473 and PI3K at Tyr458/199, and improving insulin sensitivity."( Magnesium protects cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's model.
Bao, J; Gao, D; Huang, RX; Li, L; Li, MZ; Li, XG; Liu, EJ; Liu, GP; Wang, JZ; Wang, ZH; Xu, ZP; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y, 2014)		1.12
"Magnesium sulfate treatment to lipopolysaccharide dams (lipopolysaccharide/magnesium sulfate) significantly decreased fetal brain phosphoneuronal nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 protein levels compared to lipopolysaccharide/saline dams at both embryonic day 16 (neuronal nitric oxide synthase 0.17 ± 0.02 U; nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 0.17 ± 0.03 U; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 0.18 ± 0.01 U) and embryonic day 18 (phosphoneuronal nitric oxide synthase 0.1 ± 0.01 U; nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 0.09 ± 0.01 U; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 0.21 ± 0.01 U)."( Maternal magnesium sulfate fetal neuroprotective effects to the fetus: inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in a rodent model.
Anabosy, S; Beloosesky, R; Dahis, M; Ginsberg, Y; Khatib, N; Ross, MG; Shalom-Paz, E; Weiner, Z, 2016)		1.57
"Magnesium sulfate is a treatment option that may offer great potential for patients with treatment-resistant depression based on prior work in animals and humans."( Double-blind, randomized crossover study of intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate versus 5% dextrose on depressive symptoms in adults with treatment-resistant depression.
Abbas, MH; Arosemena, L; Atlas, SE; Caccamo, S; Campbell, CS; Corredor, R; Farooqi, A; Gao, J; Goldberg, S; Konefal, J; Lages, LC; Lantigua, L; Lewis, JE; Lopez, J; Mehdi, SM; Musselman, D; Padilla, V; Qadir, S; Rasul, A; Ray, AM; Simões, HG; Tiozzo, E; Woolger, JM, 2017)		1.41
"Magnesium sulfate treatment should be considered under the same conditions as during pregnancy."( [Late post-partum eclampsia: a case report].
Bedel, B; Cartron, G; Parant, O; Vayssière, C, 2010)		1.08
"Magnesium sulfate treatment prevented the increase in TBARS after ischemia reperfusion injury."( Neuroprotective effect of magnesium sulfate treatment on fetal brain in experimental intrauterine ischemia reperfusion injury.
Dede, H; Gelisen, O; Secilmis, O; Solaroglu, A; Suat Dede, F, 2011)		1.39
"Magnesium sulfate treatment resulted in a significant increase in maternal circulating CGRP levels (64 +/- 17 versus 47 +/- 18 pg/mL, P <.05) with no changes in PTHrP."( Calcitonin gene- and parathyroid hormone-related peptides in preeclampsia: effects of magnesium sulfate.
Avila, E; Berentsen, V; Halhali, A; Larrea, F; Thota, CS; Wimalawansa, SJ, 2001)		1.26
"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate may also improve intubation conditions during general anaesthesia."( Efficacy of magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant to rocuronium in general anaesthesia: a meta-analysis.
Jin, T; Liao, R; Sun, H; Wu, X; Yang, L; Zuo, Y, 2021)		1.32
"Treatment with magnesium sulfate significantly attenuated brain edema and protected BBB integrity in the ischemic lesioned hemisphere."( Magnesium sulfate protects blood-brain barrier integrity and reduces brain edema after acute ischemic stroke in rats.
Bohlooli, S; Moradi, A; Panahpour, H; Sadeghian, N; Shadman, J, 2019)		2.3
"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate elevated glucose and magnesium levels to 175 and 302% of the basal levels (p < 0.05), respectively, whereas pretreatment with magnesium sulfate reduced the lactate levels 150% of the basal level (p < 0.05) during swimming."( Magnesium sulfate enhances exercise performance and manipulates dynamic changes in peripheral glucose utilization.
Chen, IJ; Chen, SH; Cheng, FC; Cheng, SM; Hsu, MH; Yang, LL, 2010)		2.13
"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate immediately increased glucose levels to about 140% of the basal level, and increased pyruvate levels to about 150% of the basal level during forced swimming (P = 0.01)."( Effects of magnesium sulfate on dynamic changes of brain glucose and its metabolites during a short-term forced swimming in gerbils.
Chen, SH; Cheng, FC; Cheng, SM; Lee, CP; Lin, MT; Pan, HC; Yang, DY, 2007)		1.05
"Pretreatment of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) attenuates pressor response associated with endotracheal intubation. "( Magnesium sulfate has negligible effect on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in response to endotracheal intubation.
Lee, TY; Lui, PW; Shu, CC, 1995)		2.08
"Pretreatment with magnesium sulfate may protect the myocardium of AMI patients from reperfusion injuries."( Effect of magnesium sulfate pretreatment and significance of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-6 levels in coronary reperfusion therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Endo, S; Harada, M; Hiramori, K; Inada, K; Mukaida, H; Nakamura, M; Sato, N; Shibata, M; Suzuki, T; Ueshima, K, 1999)		1.03
"Rats treated with magnesium sulfate (subcutaneously injected, up to 600 mg/kg) were found to be protected from kainate neurotoxicity depending on the dose and time of application."( Magnesium sulphate subcutaneously injected protects against kainate-induced convulsions and neurodegeneration: in vivo study on the rat hippocampus.
Abicht, K; Fischer, S; Hass, P; Keilhoff, G; Wolf, G, 1991)		0.6

Toxicity

Magnesium sulfate combined with low-dose aspirin can significantly reduce adverse reactions and effectively lower blood pressure. The overall efficacy and safety of the combination of drugs are not clear.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The toxic effect of aluminium was less marked when Mg was present at a concentration higher by an order (antagonistic inhibition)."( Inhibition of aluminium toxicity by magnesium and citric acid in tobacco tissue culture.
Kiss, AS; Kursinszki, L; Petri, G; Szöke, E, 1992)		0.28
" This suggests that aggressive continued tocolysis with multiple agents can be safe and efficacious with appropriate evaluation."( Safety and efficacy of combined ritodrine and magnesium sulfate for preterm labor: a method for reduction of complications.
Coleman, FH, 1990)		0.54
"The toxic effect of calcium overload and the action of magnesium sulfate (4 mM) and magnesium chloride (4 mM) on heart rate, coronary flow rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, dp/dt max and voltage epicardial electrogram were studied in the isolated and perfused rat heart."( [Action of magnesium salts on the toxic effects of calcium overload in the isolated and perfused rat heart].
Abete, P; Caccese, P; Ferrara, N; Fittipaldi, R; Leonarda De Rosa, M; Leosco, D; Longobardi, G; Orlando, M; Rengo, F, 1988)		0.52
" In comparison with these agents, it seems relatively safe and the side effects are usually well tolerated."( Ritodrine hydrochloride: a betamimetic agent for use in preterm labor. I. pharmacology, clinical history, administration, side effects, and safety.
Barden, TP; Merkatz, IR; Peter, JB, 1980)		0.26
" Growth curve analysis revealed pronounced beryllium toxicity at the concentration of 10(-3)M, magnesium-produced toxic changes were observed only at the concentration of 10(-1)M."( Beryllium toxicity testing in the suspension culture of mouse fibroblasts.
Bencko, V; Rössner, P, 1980)		0.26
" MgSO4 increases long-term survival from refractory cardiac arrest should be vigorously pursued, as it is safe to proceed given the above described considerations."( Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies.
Battaglia, C; Callender, ML; Craddock, L; Heinz, S; Hoffenberg, S; Lefkowitz, D; Maines, C; Masick, D; Miller, B, 1995)		0.59
" No systemic hypotension nor any other adverse effect were noted."( Magnesium sulphate as an alternative and safe treatment for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Calame, A; Cotting, J; Micheli, JL; Payot, M; Sekarski, N; Tolsa, JF, 1995)		0.29
" Prostaglandin inhibitors appear to be effective in treating premature labor and have few adverse side effects."( Do tocolytic agents stop preterm labor? A critical and comprehensive review of efficacy and safety.
Higby, K; Pauerstein, CJ; Xenakis, EM, 1993)		0.29
" The LD50 values were 206 mg/kg for males and 174 mg/kg for females."( [A single dose toxicity study of magnesium sulfate in rats and dogs].
Akagi, K; Inoue, K; Mochizuki, M; Shimamura, K, 1998)		0.58
"Individual determination of postpartum magnesium sulfate therapy for pre-eclampsia appears to be a safe approach that carries minimal risk of eclampsia."( Individually determined postpartum magnesium sulfate therapy with clinical parameters to safely and cost-effectively shorten treatment for pre-eclampsia.
Ascarelli, MH; Johnson, V; Martin, JN; Martin, RW; May, WL, 1998)		0.85
" Intravenous magnesium sulfate in these doses appears to be safe and well tolerated."( The safety and efficacy of a single dose (500 mg or 1 g) of intravenous magnesium sulfate in neuropathic pain poorly responsive to strong opioid analgesics in patients with cancer.
Corcoran, R; Crosby, V; Wilcock, A, 2000)		0.91
" Outcome parameters were (1) the effects on fetal and maternal heart frequency (FHF/MHF) and blood pressure, and (2) subjective experiences of adverse effects assessed by utilising a questionnaire."( Maternal and fetal side effects of tocolysis using transdermal nitroglycerin or intravenous fenoterol combined with magnesium sulfate.
Gross, W; Kähler, C; Möller, A; Möller, U; Richter, S; Schleussner, E; Seewald, HJ, 2003)		0.53
"Transdermal nitroglycerin appears to be a safe therapy for the mother and fetus and is a promising new option for the treatment of preterm labour."( Maternal and fetal side effects of tocolysis using transdermal nitroglycerin or intravenous fenoterol combined with magnesium sulfate.
Gross, W; Kähler, C; Möller, A; Möller, U; Richter, S; Schleussner, E; Seewald, HJ, 2003)		0.53
" Fortunately, in most instances when potentially fatal amounts of magnesium sulfate are given, the error is recognized before permanent adverse outcomes occur."( Obstetrical accidents involving intravenous magnesium sulfate: recommendations to promote patient safety.
Knox, GE; Simpson, KR, )		0.63
" No clinical adverse effects, hemodynamic changes, or fluctuations in serum glucose or phenytoin levels were observed."( The safety and feasibility of continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate for prevention of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Guterman, LR; Hopkins, LN; Kirmani, JF; Qureshi, AI; Yahia, AM, 2005)		0.58
"The safe prescribing, use, administration, and monitoring of medications are an important component of patient safety efforts and are of particular importance to the obstetrician/gynecologist."( Medication safety in obstetrics and gynecology.
Ciarkowski, SL; Stalburg, CM, 2010)		0.36
" The study involved five stages: toxicity of MgSO(4) in NMCW, determination of the toxic ion, influence of Ca on Mg toxicity, toxicity of MgSO(4) at an Mg:Ca mass ratio of 9:1, and derivation of water quality guideline values for Mg."( Aquatic toxicity of magnesium sulfate, and the influence of calcium, in very low ionic concentration water.
Harford, AJ; Hogan, AC; Houston, MA; Humphrey, CL; McCullough, CD; van Dam, RA, 2010)		0.68
" The primary end point was the percentage of patients with grade 2 or greater sNT at any time during or after oxaliplatin-based therapy by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE; version 3) criteria."( Intravenous calcium and magnesium for oxaliplatin-induced sensory neurotoxicity in adjuvant colon cancer: NCCTG N04C7.
Alberts, SR; Chitaley, U; Dentchev, T; Grothey, A; Kugler, JW; Loprinzi, CL; Nikcevich, DA; Novotny, PJ; Silberstein, PT; Sloan, JA; Wender, DB, 2011)		0.37
" No substantial differences in adverse effects were noted between Ca/Mg and placebo."( Intravenous calcium and magnesium for oxaliplatin-induced sensory neurotoxicity in adjuvant colon cancer: NCCTG N04C7.
Alberts, SR; Chitaley, U; Dentchev, T; Grothey, A; Kugler, JW; Loprinzi, CL; Nikcevich, DA; Novotny, PJ; Silberstein, PT; Sloan, JA; Wender, DB, 2011)		0.37
"The polypharmacological approach to the treatment of postoperative pain has become routine in an attempt to minimize the adverse side effects of opioids."( Is magnesium sulfate by the intrathecal route efficient and safe?
Ben Ammar, MS; Frikha, N; James, MF; Mebazaa, MS; Mestiri, T; Moncer, K; Ouerghi, S, 2011)		0.99
"2 LD50 = 896 mg/kg) were administered intravenously (iv) 30 minutes after a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of MAL (0."( Benefit of nanocarrier of magnetic magnesium in rat malathion-induced toxicity and cardiac failure using non-invasive monitoring of electrocardiogram and blood pressure.
Abdollahi, M; Baeeri, M; Karimi, G; Mohammadi, H; Nikfar, S; Sabzevari, O; Shafiee, H, 2011)		0.37
" The results suggest that MgSO4 is very safe and effective for treating eclampsia and offers good prognosis for both mother and foetus."( Efficacy and safety of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) in the treatment of eclampsia.
Alauddin, M; Maltrayee, SM; Munshi, S; Sarkar, MK; Tapan, N, 2011)		0.37
" There were no interventions or discontinuations of MgSO(4) due to adverse events."( High-dose magnesium sulfate infusion protocol for status asthmaticus: a safety and pharmacokinetics cohort study.
Edwards, EM; Egelund, TA; Irazuzta, JE; Linden, S; Wassil, SK, 2013)		0.79
"The continuous infusions of MgSO(4) were safe at the studied doses and maintained serum magnesium (SrMg) and ionized magnesium levels similar to levels required to produce smooth muscle relaxation in other clinical settings."( High-dose magnesium sulfate infusion protocol for status asthmaticus: a safety and pharmacokinetics cohort study.
Edwards, EM; Egelund, TA; Irazuzta, JE; Linden, S; Wassil, SK, 2013)		0.79
"An integrative review of the literature was conducted to document the known incidences of severe adverse reactions to magnesium sulphate, and specific outcomes of interest related to its use."( An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management.
Currie, SM; Felker-Kantor, E; Fullerton, J; Harris, L; Lowe, RF; Smith, JM, 2013)		0.63
" Adverse effects of concern to providers occur infrequently, and when they occurred, a delay of repeat administration was generally sufficient to mitigate the effect."( An integrative review of the side effects related to the use of magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia management.
Currie, SM; Felker-Kantor, E; Fullerton, J; Harris, L; Lowe, RF; Smith, JM, 2013)		0.63
"Antenatal magnesium sulphate, widely used in obstetrics to improve maternal and infant outcomes, may be associated with adverse effects for the mother sufficient for treatment cessation."( Maternal adverse effects of different antenatal magnesium sulphate regimens for improving maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review.
Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF, 2013)		0.39
"Bibliographic databases were searched from their inceptions to July 2012 for studies of any design that reported on maternal adverse effects associated with antenatal magnesium sulphate given to improve maternal or infant outcomes."( Maternal adverse effects of different antenatal magnesium sulphate regimens for improving maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review.
Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF, 2013)		0.39
"Appropriate administration of antenatal magnesium sulphate was not shown to be associated with serious maternal adverse effects, though an increase in 'minor' adverse effects and treatment cessation was shown."( Maternal adverse effects of different antenatal magnesium sulphate regimens for improving maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review.
Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF, 2013)		0.39
" We collected information on the number and types of stools, abdominal pain, rescue medications, adverse events, and volume of water consumed."( Efficacy and safety of a magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral water for patients with functional constipation.
Campagne, A; Constant, F; Dupont, C, 2014)		0.71
" Safety was very good; there were no serious adverse events among patients who drank Hépar."( Efficacy and safety of a magnesium sulfate-rich natural mineral water for patients with functional constipation.
Campagne, A; Constant, F; Dupont, C, 2014)		0.71
"To evaluate a slower (compared with a standard) infusion rate of the loading dose of magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection as a strategy to reduce maternal adverse effects."( Maternal adverse effects with different loading infusion rates of antenatal magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection: the IRIS randomised trial.
Ashwood, PJ; Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF; Yelland, LN, 2014)		0.4
"Any maternal adverse effects associated with the infusion."( Maternal adverse effects with different loading infusion rates of antenatal magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection: the IRIS randomised trial.
Ashwood, PJ; Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF; Yelland, LN, 2014)		0.4
"A slower rate of administering the loading dose of magnesium sulphate did not reduce the occurrence of maternal adverse effects overall."( Maternal adverse effects with different loading infusion rates of antenatal magnesium sulphate for preterm fetal neuroprotection: the IRIS randomised trial.
Ashwood, PJ; Bain, ES; Crowther, CA; Middleton, PF; Yelland, LN, 2014)		0.4
" To avoid the adverse events without decreasing the bowel cleanliness is still an unsolved problem."( Enteral nutrition before bowel preparation improves the safety of colonoscopy in the elderly.
Chen, J; Yao, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, W; Zheng, S, 2013)		0.39
" However, the process can significantly reduce the incidence of adverse effects."( Enteral nutrition before bowel preparation improves the safety of colonoscopy in the elderly.
Chen, J; Yao, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, W; Zheng, S, 2013)		0.39
" There was no difference in adverse effects or response rate between the two groups."( Premedication with intravenous magnesium has a protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Dosaka-Akita, H; Honma, R; Iseki, K; Kasashi, K; Kinoshita, I; Kobayashi, M; Saito, Y; Shimizu, Y; Takeuchi, S; Yamada, T, 2017)		0.46
" Magnesium premedication is a simple nephroprotective method that does not influence other adverse effects or rate of response to chemotherapy."( Premedication with intravenous magnesium has a protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Dosaka-Akita, H; Honma, R; Iseki, K; Kasashi, K; Kinoshita, I; Kobayashi, M; Saito, Y; Shimizu, Y; Takeuchi, S; Yamada, T, 2017)		0.46
" This study compared the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of nebulized MgSO₄ and intravenous MgSO₄ in the treatment of children with severe acute asthma."( A comparative pilot study of the efficacy and safety of nebulized magnesium sulfate and intravenous magnesium sulfate in children with severe acute asthma.
Daengsuwan, T; Watanatham, S, 2017)		0.69
" No adverse effects from MgSO₄ administration were observed among the participants."( A comparative pilot study of the efficacy and safety of nebulized magnesium sulfate and intravenous magnesium sulfate in children with severe acute asthma.
Daengsuwan, T; Watanatham, S, 2017)		0.69
"In this small sample size we demonstrated that nebulized MgSO₄ and intravenous MgSO₄ are both clinically beneficial and safe for Thai children suffering from severe asthma exacerbation."( A comparative pilot study of the efficacy and safety of nebulized magnesium sulfate and intravenous magnesium sulfate in children with severe acute asthma.
Daengsuwan, T; Watanatham, S, 2017)		0.69
"A low dose IM regimen (Dhaka regimen) of MgSo4 is equally efficacious and safe compared to an IV regimen (Zuspan regimen) for the control and prevention of seizures in patients with eclampsia."( Safety and efficacy of low dose intramuscular magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) compared to intravenous regimen for treatment of eclampsia.
Goel, P; Kataria, S; Kaur, J; Saha, L; Saha, PK; Tandon, R, 2017)		0.46
" The Panel noted that the history of safe medical use of magnesium sulfate provides further confidence that there are no significant toxicity concerns relating to systemic exposure to this ingredient after cosmetic product application."( Safety Assessment of Magnesium Sulfate as Used in Cosmetics.
Andersen, FA; Belsito, DV; Bergfeld, WF; Heldreth, B; Hill, RA; Johnson, W; Klaassen, CD; Liebler, DC; Marks, JG; Shank, RC; Slaga, TJ; Snyder, PW, )		0.7
"In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that magnesium sulfate attenuate the cardio toxic effects of doxorubicin by increasing the activities of the antioxidants enzyme."( Protective effects of magnesium sulfate against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
Abdolahi, F; Abdolghaffari, AH; Abdollahi, A; Dehpour, AR; Jazaeri, F; Khalilzadeh, M, 2018)		1.03
" Vital signs and adverse events were recorded during the therapy."( Combination therapy with erythropoietin, magnesium sulfate and hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an open-label pilot study to assess the safety and feasibility.
Asada, Y; Harada, S; Ichiba, H; Iwami, H; Matsumura, H; Nonomura, M; Tanaka, Y, 2019)		0.78
" Death, serious adverse events or changes in vital signs likely due to intervention were not observed during hospital care."( Combination therapy with erythropoietin, magnesium sulfate and hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an open-label pilot study to assess the safety and feasibility.
Asada, Y; Harada, S; Ichiba, H; Iwami, H; Matsumura, H; Nonomura, M; Tanaka, Y, 2019)		0.78
"0 software were used to compare and analyze the 2 drugs in terms of the total effective rate (TER), rate of adverse events, time required to relieve uterine contractions, onset time, time of complete relief of uterine contraction symptoms, medication duration and length of hospital stay."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of threatened abortion: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Gao, F; Guan, J; Guo, H; Shi, L; Shi, S; Xin, Z; Yang, X; Yuan, S, 2019)		0.76
" The meta-analysis suggested that the TER and drug onset time of PHL were higher than those for MS, while the rate of adverse events, the time required to relieve uterine contractions, time to complete relief of uterine contraction symptoms, drug continuous treatment time and length of hospital stay were shorter than those for MS."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of threatened abortion: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Gao, F; Guan, J; Guo, H; Shi, L; Shi, S; Xin, Z; Yang, X; Yuan, S, 2019)		0.76
"The clinical efficacy of PHL is better than that of MS, and PHL obviously results in fewer adverse reactions than MS."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of phloroglucinol and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of threatened abortion: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Gao, F; Guan, J; Guo, H; Shi, L; Shi, S; Xin, Z; Yang, X; Yuan, S, 2019)		0.76
" The most common adverse event (AE) was hypotension (48."( Safety of prolonged magnesium sulfate infusions during treatment for severe pediatric status asthmaticus.
Berkenbosch, JW; Graff, DM; Stevenson, MD, 2019)		0.84
" The outcomes contained bleeding condition of surgical site, hemodynamic parameters, duration of surgeries, number of patients requiring opioid/analgesia administration, recovery period, and adverse events emerged during surgeries."( Comparison of effects and safety in providing controlled hypotension during surgery between dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, S; Lang, B; Li, FS; Lin, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2020)		0.56
" Safety was assessed by spontaneously reported adverse events, solicited ratings of expected prep symptoms, and laboratory testing."( A Safety and Efficacy Comparison of a New Sulfate-Based Tablet Bowel Preparation Versus a PEG and Ascorbate Comparator in Adult Subjects Undergoing Colonoscopy.
Bhandari, R; Cleveland, MV; Di Palma, JA; Hall, S; McGowan, J; Mishkin, DS; Tesoriero, J, 2021)		0.62
" No serious adverse experiences were reported with OST."( A Safety and Efficacy Comparison of a New Sulfate-Based Tablet Bowel Preparation Versus a PEG and Ascorbate Comparator in Adult Subjects Undergoing Colonoscopy.
Bhandari, R; Cleveland, MV; Di Palma, JA; Hall, S; McGowan, J; Mishkin, DS; Tesoriero, J, 2021)		0.62
" The OST prep was well-tolerated, with a similar rate of spontaneously reported adverse experiences to PEG-EA and a low rate of severe expected gastrointestinal symptoms."( A Safety and Efficacy Comparison of a New Sulfate-Based Tablet Bowel Preparation Versus a PEG and Ascorbate Comparator in Adult Subjects Undergoing Colonoscopy.
Bhandari, R; Cleveland, MV; Di Palma, JA; Hall, S; McGowan, J; Mishkin, DS; Tesoriero, J, 2021)		0.62
"Magnesium sulfate combined with low-dose aspirin can significantly reduce adverse reactions and effectively lower blood pressure in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension, but the overall efficacy and safety of the combination of drugs are not clear."( Efficacy and safety of low dose aspirin and magnesium sulfate in the treatment of pregnancy induced hypertension: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, M; Chen, Y; He, G; Liu, X, 2020)		2.26
"Management of chemotherapy-induced adverse effects and the associated pharmaceutical interventions as well as supportive care evidence creation are the most important responsibilities of oncology pharmacists."( [Clinical and Fundamental Approach for Chemotherapy-induced Adverse Effect Attenuation by Oncology Pharmacy Specialists].
Saito, Y, 2020)		0.56
" We have previously found that reactive sulfur species such as glutathione persulfide, glutathione polysulfide, protein-bound persulfides, and hydrogen sulfide can bind to methylmercury to give bismethylmercury sulfide, which is less toxic than methylmercury."( Lipophilic compounds in garlic decrease the toxicity of methylmercury by forming sulfur adducts.
Abiko, Y; Akiyama, M; Katayama, Y; Kumagai, Y, 2021)		0.62
"The primary outcome was the number of adverse events that occurred after the administration of magnesium sulphate and/or methyldopa to pregnant women by CHWs."( The ability and safety of community-based health workers to safely initiate lifesaving therapies for pre-eclampsia in Ogun State, Nigeria: An analysis of 260 community treatments with MgSO
Adepoju, AA; Adetoro, OO; Akadri, AA; Akeju, DO; Bhutta, Z; Dada, OA; Drebit, S; Jaiyesimi, E; Li, L; Magee, LA; Nathan, HL; Nwankpa, CC; Odubena, OO; Payne, B; Sharma, S; Shennan, AH; Sotunsa, J; Soyinka, O; Tu, D; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2021)		0.62
"Current evidence suggests that bolus intravenous magnesium sulphate is safe to be administered in non-critical care settings provided that line of sight nursing and cardiorespiratory monitoring are available."( Is intravenous magnesium sulphate safe to be administered outside the critical care setting?
de Havilland, A; Hariharan, G; Puvvadi, R, 2022)		0.72
"Magnesium sulfate is an effective and safe drug for better viewing in difficult laryngeal exposure patients."( Magnesium sulfate administration in difficult laryngoscopy: An effective and safe method.
Doostkam, A; Ghadimi, M; Iravani, K; Mehrabi, F; Salari, M, )		3.02

Pharmacokinetics

Study of women who were prescribed magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia, preterm labor, or extreme prematurity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model was used to analyze the data."( [Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of magnesium sulfate in treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension].
Cao, W; Chen, G; Lu, JF, 1991)		0.55
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of MgSO4 were followed in the pregnant sheep model following intravenous dosages of MgSO4 comparable to those used in the therapy of the preeclamptic woman."( Pharmacokinetics of magnesium sulfate in the sheep model.
Bolan, JC; Craft, JB; Fabro, S; Lahijani, J; Mazel, P; Patch, JH; Woolf, WA, 1985)		0.59
" A 3-compartment model comprised an effect compartment linked to the central compartment, sigmoid Emax effect model and parametric method were used to estimate population pharmacodynamic parameters from 26 patients."( [Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of magnesium sulfate in pregnancy induced hypertensive gravidas treated with the drug].
Chen, G; Rui, JZ; Wang, YN; Yang, YC, 1996)		0.55
" The pharmacokinetic profile of MgSO4 after intravenous administration can be described by a 2-compartment model with a rapid distribution (a) phase, followed by a relative slow beta phase of elimination."( Magnesium sulfate in eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: pharmacokinetic principles.
Lu, JF; Nightingale, CH, 2000)		1.75
" These modifications are generally responsible for reduced plasma concentration and reduced half-life of most drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of tocolytic agents.
Cabrol, D; Carbonne, B; Tsatsaris, V, 2004)		0.32
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling identified a significant relationship between temperature and clearance and intercompartmental clearance for midazolam."( Mild hypothermia alters midazolam pharmacokinetics in normal healthy volunteers.
Bies, RR; Callaway, CW; Empey, PE; Hostler, D; Kochanek, PM; Poloyac, SM; Rittenberger, JC; Tortorici, MA; Zhou, J, 2010)		0.36
" The treatment group underwent four blood draws to assess pharmacokinetic parameters."( High-dose magnesium sulfate infusion protocol for status asthmaticus: a safety and pharmacokinetics cohort study.
Edwards, EM; Egelund, TA; Irazuzta, JE; Linden, S; Wassil, SK, 2013)		0.79
"A pharmacokinetic study was performed as part of a randomised trial that enrolled 300 women comparing intramuscular and intravenous maintenance regimens of magnesium dosing."( Magnesium sulphate for prevention of eclampsia: are intramuscular and intravenous regimens equivalent? A population pharmacokinetic study.
Bracken, H; Easterling, T; Mundle, S; Regi, A; Salinger, DH; Vicini, P; Winikoff, B, 2013)		0.39
"The pharmacokinetic basis of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) dosing regimens for eclampsia prophylaxis and treatment is not clearly established."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"To review available data on clinical pharmacokinetic properties of MgSO4 when used for women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"All study types investigating pharmacokinetic properties of MgSO4 in women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"Two authors extracted data on basic pharmacokinetic parameters reflecting the different aspects of absorption, bioavailability, distribution and excretion of MgSO4 according to identified dosing regimens."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"Twenty-eight studies investigating pharmacokinetic properties of 17 MgSO4 regimens met our inclusion criteria."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"This is a prospective pharmacokinetic cohort study of pregnant women who were prescribed magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia, preterm labor, or extreme prematurity."( Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Lyell, DJ; Su, F, 2016)		0.92
" This pharmacokinetic model could be applied to larger cohorts to help tailor magnesium treatment and account for these covariates."( Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Lyell, DJ; Su, F, 2016)		0.7
" We applied a previously constructed pharmacokinetic model adjusted for indication to a large cohort of pregnant women receiving magnesium sulfate to prevent cerebral palsy in their preterm offspring at 20 different US academic centers between December 1997 and May 2004."( Optimization of Maternal Magnesium Sulfate Administration for Fetal Neuroprotection: Application of a Prospectively Constructed Pharmacokinetic Model to the BEAM Cohort.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, M; Su, F, 2017)		0.96
" A 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to characterize serial PK data from 92 pregnant women with preeclampsia who received magnesium sulfate."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Evaluate Standard Magnesium Sulfate Treatments and Alternative Dosing Regimens for Women With Preeclampsia.
Brookfield, K; Carvalho, B; de Greef, R; Du, L; Duley, L; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Migoya, E; Oladapo, OT; Sangkomkamhang, U; Titapant, V; Wenning, L; Witjes, H; Xu, Y, 2019)		0.96
" An existing population pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate individual serum magnesium exposure."( Alternative Magnesium Sulfate Dosing Regimens for Women With Preeclampsia: A Population Pharmacokinetic Exposure-Response Modeling and Simulation Study.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; de Greef, R; Du, L; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Kongwattanakul, K; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Oladapo, OT; Sangkomkamhang, US; Titapant, V; Wenning, LA; Witjes, H, 2019)		0.89
" These results demonstrate that RJX-P and RJX-B are bioequivalent relative to their pharmacodynamic effects on tissue SOD and ascorbic acid levels."( Non-clinical safety profile and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of the anti-sepsis drug candidate Rejuveinix (RJX).
Orhan, C; Ozercan, IH; Powell, J; Sahin, E; Sahin, K; Uckun, FM; Volk, M, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

Administration of intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine was well tolerated in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm without a significant change in MAP and ICP. To explore the regulatory effect of magnesium sulfates combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The compounds were administered or alone or in combination with cinnarizine (in case of magnesium sulphate)."( Magnesium and its combination with cinnarizine in the long-term treatment of headache.
Opavský, J, 1991)		0.28
" A study was done in volunteers to determine the rapidity of gastrointestinal transit when activated charcoal was administered with various cathartics."( Gastrointestinal transit times of cathartics combined with charcoal.
Keller, R; Krenzelok, EP; Stewart, RD, 1985)		0.27
"8 mg/min at a constant rate infusion following a 100 mg bolus) combined with magnesium sulfate (M) (2."( Low dose lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate in warning ventricular arrhythmias.
Battaglia, A; Bertanelli, F; Bertoncini, G; Biondo, L; Fabiano, P; Leone, A; Mori, L, 1993)		0.8
"The effect of oxygen radical scavengers in combination with magnesium administered after a hypoxic-ischemic insult was evaluated in a model of perinatal brain damage."( Scavengers of free oxygen radicals in combination with magnesium ameliorate perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat.
Bågenholm, R; Kjellmer, I; Thiringer, K; Thordstein, M, 1993)		0.29
"To explore the effects of MgSO4 in combination with glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) on intrinsic AV-nodal properties during chronic atrial fibrillation."( Modification of intrinsic AV-nodal properties by magnesium in combination with glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) during chronic atrial fibrillation.
Carlson, J; Ingemansson, MP; Olsson, SB, 1998)		0.3
"To compare the maternal and fetal side effects of transdermal nitroglycerin and intravenous fenoterol combined with magnesium sulfate in a prospective randomised study."( Maternal and fetal side effects of tocolysis using transdermal nitroglycerin or intravenous fenoterol combined with magnesium sulfate.
Gross, W; Kähler, C; Möller, A; Möller, U; Richter, S; Schleussner, E; Seewald, HJ, 2003)		0.74
" This research is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of long-term treatment with EGb761 (a standard form of the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf) in combination with MgSO(4), FK506, or MK-801 on the infarct volume of male gerbils' brain induced by unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)."( Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761) combined with neuroprotective agents reduces the infarct volumes of gerbil ischemic brain.
Cheng, FC; Chung, SY; Lee, MS; Lin, JY; Lin, MC; Wang, MF, 2006)		0.33
"To determine the safety and tolerability of super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with intra-arterial nicardipine in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage."( Super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Georgiadis, AL; Kozak, OS; Memon, MZ; Qureshi, AI; Rodriguez, GJ; Shah, QA; Suri, MF; Taylor, RA; Tummala, RP; Vazquez, G, 2009)		0.87
"25-1 g) was administered via a microcatheter in the affected vessels in combination with nicardipine (2."( Super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Georgiadis, AL; Kozak, OS; Memon, MZ; Qureshi, AI; Rodriguez, GJ; Shah, QA; Suri, MF; Taylor, RA; Tummala, RP; Vazquez, G, 2009)		0.64
"Administration of intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine was well tolerated in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm without a significant change in MAP and ICP."( Super-selective intra-arterial magnesium sulfate in combination with nicardipine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Georgiadis, AL; Kozak, OS; Memon, MZ; Qureshi, AI; Rodriguez, GJ; Shah, QA; Suri, MF; Taylor, RA; Tummala, RP; Vazquez, G, 2009)		0.92
"This study sought to determine the frequency of possible cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions among pregnant women who received intrapartum magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)."( Intrapartum magnesium sulfate and the potential for cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions.
Balch, A; Bonkowsky, JL; Campbell, SC; Clark, EA; Kamyar, M; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Varner, M, 2014)		0.98
" The frequency of cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions was compared among women who did, and did not, receive aminoglycoside antibiotics, antacids/laxatives, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, diuretics, neuromuscular blocking agents, and vitamin D analogs, all of which were contraindicated for patients receiving MgSO4."( Intrapartum magnesium sulfate and the potential for cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions.
Balch, A; Bonkowsky, JL; Campbell, SC; Clark, EA; Kamyar, M; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Varner, M, 2014)		0.78
"Intrapartum administration of drugs that interact with MgSO4 is common and associated with prolonged hospital stays and potentially cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions."( Intrapartum magnesium sulfate and the potential for cardiopulmonary drug-drug interactions.
Balch, A; Bonkowsky, JL; Campbell, SC; Clark, EA; Kamyar, M; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Varner, M, 2014)		0.78
"A salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with capillary high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (capillary HPLC-DAD) was proposed for extraction and determination of residues of nine sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs) in environmental water and banana juice samples."( Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with capillary HPLC for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental water and banana juice samples.
del Olmo-Iruela, M; García-Campaña, AM; Gure, A; Lara, FJ; Megersa, N; Moreno-González, D, 2014)		0.4
"To compare the antinociceptive effects of magnesium sulphate (MgSO(4)) when administered epidurally alone and in combination with morphine."( Antinociceptive effects of epidural magnesium sulphate alone and in combination with morphine in dogs.
Bahrenberg, A; Dzikiti, BT; Fosgate, GT; Rioja, E; Stegmann, FG; Tacke, SP, 2015)		0.42
"1 mg kg(-1)) alone (Mo), MgSO(4) in combination with morphine (Mm), and sterile water (0."( Antinociceptive effects of epidural magnesium sulphate alone and in combination with morphine in dogs.
Bahrenberg, A; Dzikiti, BT; Fosgate, GT; Rioja, E; Stegmann, FG; Tacke, SP, 2015)		0.42
"Evaluation of the efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma."( The efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma.
Ali, MA; El-Garhy, OH; Sarhan, HA; Youssef, NA, 2016)		1
"Nebulized MgSO4 alone or combined with salbutamol has a clinically significant bronchodilator effect in acute asthma and leads to clinical improvement, increase in PEFR, reduction in HR, and reduction in RR."( The efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma.
Ali, MA; El-Garhy, OH; Sarhan, HA; Youssef, NA, 2016)		0.73
"5 mg/kg over 2 h) combined with magnesium sulfate (3000 mg over 30 min) in an outpatient setting."( Ketamine Infusion Combined With Magnesium as a Therapy for Intractable Chronic Cluster Headache: Report of Two Cases.
Clavelou, P; Dallel, R; Lauxerois, M; Moisset, X; Picard, P, 2017)		0.74
"To investigate the effect of low molecular weight heparin sodium combined with magnesium sulfate in the treatment of patients with severe preeclampsia."( Clinical Effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Sodium Combined with Magnesium Sulfate in the Treatment of Patients with Severe Preeclampsia.
Li, C; Wen, J; Zhang, X, 2019)		0.98
"Low molecular weight heparin sodium combined with magnesium sulfate may improve the."( Clinical Effect of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Sodium Combined with Magnesium Sulfate in the Treatment of Patients with Severe Preeclampsia.
Li, C; Wen, J; Zhang, X, 2019)		1
"To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate combined with phentolamine and nifedipine for the treatment of gestational hypertension and on the levels of serum LIF and Apelin."( Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Combined with Phentolamine and Nifedipine for Gestational Hypertension and Serum Levels of LIF and Apelin.
Li, X; Wen, J, 2019)		1.21
"Magnesium sulfate combined with phentolamine and nifedipine has a better therapeutic effect on gestational hypertension, which can effectively regulate the levels of serum LIF and Apelin and improve pregnancy outcomes."( Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Combined with Phentolamine and Nifedipine for Gestational Hypertension and Serum Levels of LIF and Apelin.
Li, X; Wen, J, 2019)		2.36
"The comparative efficacy of epidural bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate in providing postoperative analgesia remains controversial."( Comparative evaluation of epidural bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate in providing postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Fang, MD; Li, LQ; Lu, HL; Wang, C; Wang, LX; Xu, HY; Zhang, HZ, 2020)		1.01
"To explore the regulatory effect of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta in the treatment of preeclampsia."( Regulation of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta in the treatment of preeclampsia.
Wang, DJ; Wu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX, 2020)		1.19
" Among them, 51 patients in the control group were treated with magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine, and 49 patients in the experimental group were treated with labetalol on the basis of the treatment in the control group."( Regulation of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta in the treatment of preeclampsia.
Wang, DJ; Wu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX, 2020)		1.16
"Magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol has good efficacy in the treatment of preeclampsia."( Regulation of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta in the treatment of preeclampsia.
Wang, DJ; Wu, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YX, 2020)		2.36
"This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of magnesium sulfate combined with a levobupivacaine periarticular cocktail in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)."( Magnesium Sulfate Combined with a Levobupivacaine Periarticular Cocktail for Analgesia in the Early Postoperative Period after Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Li, W; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wu, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2021)		2.31
"Intravenous lidocaine plays a significant role in the hemodynamic stability of patients under general anesthesia without exerting any additional impact on the NMB, even combined with magnesium sulfate."( Lidocaine combined with magnesium sulfate preserved hemodynamic stability during general anesthesia without prolonging neuromuscular blockade: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
de Boer, HD; Garcia, LV; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Paula-Garcia, WN, 2021)		1.12
" For patients with PIH syndrome, Compound Danshen injection combined with magnesium sulfate can be used as a treatment plan, which can improve maternal and infant outcomes; control blood pressure; reduce 24 h urine protein and serum ET-1, Hcy, and CRP levels; and improve coagulation function."( Effects of Compound Danshen Injection Combined with Magnesium Sulfate on Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Syndrome under the Guidance of Empirical Mode Decomposition Algorithm-Based Ultrasound Image.
Gao, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2021)		1.1
"To review the evidence on the effectiveness of inhaled magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) combined with beta-2 (B2) agonist as compared to inhaled B2 agonist alone in treating pediatric patients with moderate to severe asthma attacks METHODS: The search was conducted on five electronic databases namely the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar."( Therapeutics effects of inhaled magnesium sulfate combined with adrenergic beta-2 agonist on children with acute asthma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hadoush, H; Kanaan, S; Kassab, M; Shdiefat, D, )		0.66
" Observe the effect of nimodipine combined with magnesium sulfate on serum heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and pentamer 3 (PTX3) levels in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension."( Clinical Effect of Nimodipine Combined with Magnesium Sulfate on Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Syndrome.
Chang, R; Cui, A; Jiang, L; Miao, C; Miao, H; Yang, L, 2022)		1.24
"The aim of this study was to explore the hemodynamic changes of magnesium sulfate combined with labetalol in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) under Doppler uterine ultrasound based on the empirical wavelet transform (EWT) algorithm."( Uterine Ultrasound Doppler Hemodynamics of Magnesium Sulfate Combined with Labetalol in the Treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Using Empirical Wavelet Transform Algorithm.
Liu, C; Wang, F; Yin, X, 2022)		1.22
" As a control, nifedipine combined with magnesium sulfate was administered."( Effects of Nifedipine and Labetalol Combined with Magnesium Sulfate on Blood Pressure Control, Blood Coagulation Function, and Maternal and Infant Outcome in Patients with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension.
Gu, S; Shao, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)		1.24
"Nifedipine, in combination with magnesium sulfate and labetalol, is effective at treating PIH, reducing blood pressure, improving blood coagulation, preventing cardiovascular events and vascular endothelial function, and further improve the pregnancy outcome."( Effects of Nifedipine and Labetalol Combined with Magnesium Sulfate on Blood Pressure Control, Blood Coagulation Function, and Maternal and Infant Outcome in Patients with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension.
Gu, S; Shao, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)		1.26

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of magnesium following a large oral dose of magnesium sulfate in normal volunteers was examined in the present investigation."( Absorption of magnesium from orally administered magnesium sulfate in man.
LeRoy, S; Morris, ME; Sutton, SC, 1987)		0.77
" Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid [Mg] is largely maintained following acute brain injury and limits the brain bioavailability of MgSO4."( Analysis of the brain bioavailability of peripherally administered magnesium sulfate: A study in humans with acute brain injury undergoing prolonged induced hypermagnesemia.
Borel, CO; Brewer, RP; Campbell, KA; Macy, GE; McKee, JA; Phillips-Bute, B; Reynolds, JD; Warner, DS, 2005)		0.56
" Relief of placental ischemia decreases the production of antiangiogenic growth factors and restores the bioavailability of angiogenic factors (PlGF and VEGF)."( Magnesium sulfate therapy of preeclampsia: an old tool with new mechanism of action and prospect in management and prophylaxis.
Korish, AA, 2012)		1.82
"1 dl/hour, volume of distribution to be 156 dl and intramuscular bioavailability to be 86."( Magnesium sulphate for prevention of eclampsia: are intramuscular and intravenous regimens equivalent? A population pharmacokinetic study.
Bracken, H; Easterling, T; Mundle, S; Regi, A; Salinger, DH; Vicini, P; Winikoff, B, 2013)		0.39
"The differing bioavailability of magnesium salts remains an open question, both at the cellular and systemic level."( Effects of supplementation with different Mg salts in cells: is there a clue?
Cappadone, C; Castiglioni, S; Cazzaniga, A; Farruggia, G; Iotti, S; Maier, JA; Marraccini, C; Merolle, L; Sargenti, A, )		0.13
"A new tablet-based bowel prep for colonoscopy has been developed containing poorly absorbed sulfate salts which act to retain water within the intestinal lumen resulting in a copious diarrhea, thereby cleansing the bowel."( A Safety and Efficacy Comparison of a New Sulfate-Based Tablet Bowel Preparation Versus a PEG and Ascorbate Comparator in Adult Subjects Undergoing Colonoscopy.
Bhandari, R; Cleveland, MV; Di Palma, JA; Hall, S; McGowan, J; Mishkin, DS; Tesoriero, J, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

Magnesium sulfate should be given in a dosage of 24-72 g daily. It identified five innovations with especially high potential: technologies to improve use of oxytocin and a uterine balloon tamponade.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The dosage schedules for magnesium sulfate and hydralazine, while empiric, have been extensively tested for both efficacy and toxicity."( Standardized treatment of 154 consecutive cases of eclampsia.
Pritchard, JA; Pritchard, SA, 1975)		0.55
" From 5 to 33 hours after the high dosage of magnesium sulfate, feces were slightly softer than usual in all horses."( Comparison of the effects of intragastric infusions of equal volumes of water, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and magnesium sulfate on fecal composition and output in clinically normal horses.
Ferrante, PL; Freeman, DE; Palmer, JE, 1992)		0.75
" Dose-response curves were constructed for phenylephrine (an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist), ST-91 (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin (AVP)."( Does magnesium sulfate alter the maternal cardiovascular response to vasopressor agents in gravid ewes?
Chatterjee, P; Chestnut, DH; Sipes, SL; Thompson, CS; Vincent, RD; Weiner, CP, 1991)		0.8
" After initiation of a QT prolonging therapy, the dosage should be modified if the QT interval reaches 560-600 ms."( Torsades de pointes: prevention and therapy.
Keren, A; Tzivoni, D, 1991)		0.28
" The mean effective dosage of the preparation was 32."( [Use of magnesium sulfate for controlling postoperative shivering].
Beliaev, AV; Dubov, AM; Ryzhin, SM, 1991)		0.72
" Especially the dosage is explained in connection with the classic schemes of Pritchard and Zuspan, in which a high concentration of magnesium in serum situated in therapeutic range is aspired to without additional sedatives."( [MgSO4 therapy in severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia].
Kyank, H, 1990)		0.28
"7H2O) in the usual intravenous dosage resulted in the dramatic development of profound motor weakness and respiratory distress."( Pregnancy associated with Friedreich ataxia.
Bruner, JP; Yeast, JD, 1990)		0.28
"Twenty-three patients in preterm labor failed to respond to single-agent tocolytic therapy or could not tolerate the dosage necessary to inhibit contractions."( Magnesium sulfate and beta-mimetic dual-agent tocolysis in preterm labor after single-agent failure.
Butler, JC; Hansen, CA; Joseph, MS; Julian, TM; Ogburn, PL; Williams, PP, 1985)		1.71
" An oral 50 gm, 1-hour glucose challenge test was done 48 hours after terbutaline dosing began."( Carbohydrate intolerance in patients receiving oral tocolytics.
Angel, JL; Knuppel, RA; Morales, WJ; O'Brien, WF; Sims, CJ, 1988)		0.27
" From the kinetic parameters calculated a dosage regimen is recommended."( [The pharmacokinetics of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women with threatened abortion and fetal retardation].
Dawczynski, H; Erdmanm, M; Greinke, C; Müller, B; Peiker, G, 1987)		0.58
" These results indicate that oxytocin does not affect the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular magnesium sulfate and no dosage adjustment of magnesium sulfate is required when oxytocin is used to induce or augment labor or when it is given during the postpartum period."( The effect of oxytocin infusion on the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular magnesium sulfate therapy.
Bloss, JD; Gilstrap, LC; Hankins, GD; Hauth, JC, 1987)		0.72
" In another five patients, MgSO4 dose-response curves were obtained."( Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in bronchial asthma.
Aikawa, T; Mue, S; Okayama, H; Okayama, M; Sasaki, H; Takishima, T, 1987)		0.54
" Future investigations should determine the most effective mineral dosage levels for alcohol detoxification."( Clinical experience with 781 cases of alcoholism evaluated and treated on an inpatient basis by various methods.
Aponte, C; Daus, AT; Freeman, WM; Wilson, J, 1985)		0.27
" Magnesium sulfate should be given in a dosage of 24-72 g daily."( [Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of pre-eclampsia].
Conradt, A, )		1.04
" It was found that a minimum dosage of 1 mg/kg/hr of magnesium was required to achieve a magnesium level in maternal serum at the lower limit of the therapeutic range of 4 mEq/L."( Pharmacokinetics of magnesium sulfate in the sheep model.
Bolan, JC; Craft, JB; Fabro, S; Lahijani, J; Mazel, P; Patch, JH; Woolf, WA, 1985)		0.59
" Recommendations for selecting patients most likely to benefit from ritodrine are given, together with the dosage and administration schedules that have been found most effective."( Ritodrine hydrochloride: a betamimetic agent for use in preterm labor. I. pharmacology, clinical history, administration, side effects, and safety.
Barden, TP; Merkatz, IR; Peter, JB, 1980)		0.26
"The purpose of the study was to determine if the adjunctive administration of magnesium sulfate with ritodrine would result in decreased dosage requirements of ritodrine, and, therefore, decrease the incidence of ritodrine-associated side effects."( Adjunctive use of magnesium sulfate with ritodrine for preterm labor tocolysis.
Ferguson, JE; Hensleigh, PA; Kredenster, D, 1984)		0.83
" This treatment has proved very effective in treating convulsions in pregnancy provided an adequate dosage was given amounting to up to 60 g daily."( [Use of magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant in severe pregnancy toxemia and eclampsia].
Lippert, TH, 1983)		0.7
" Dose-response experiments revealed that normal subjects could tolerate 120-220 mmol of mannitol, 73-146 mmol of lactulose, or 80 mmol of raffinose before fecal output of water exceeded 400 ml in 48 h or before test carbohydrate appeared in the stool."( Conservation of mannitol, lactulose, and raffinose by the human colon.
Saunders, DR; Wiggins, HS, 1981)		0.26
" Personnel responsible for the administration of medications in the ED must be educated about the dosing regimens and adverse effects associated with magnesium."( Iatrogenic magnesium overdose in a patient with suspected acute myocardial infarction.
Frohna, WJ, 1995)		0.29
" The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the efficacy and safety of intravenous magnesium sulfate tocolysis in twin gestations using dosing regimens reported for singletons."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate for premature labor: comparison between twin and singleton gestations.
Atkinson, BD; Hales, KA; Matthews, JP; Rayburn, WF, 1995)		0.89
" First, we determined the effect of pretreatment with magnesium on the potency of vecuronium using a single bolus dose-response technique."( Interaction of magnesium sulphate with vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block.
Borgeat, A; Fuchs-Buder, T; Tassonyi, E; Wilder-Smith, OH, 1995)		0.29
" Intravenous magnesium should be administered to newborns with acquired torsade de pointes; dosing guidelines for its use are suggested."( Effective use of magnesium for acquired torsade de pointes in a 4-month-old infant.
Bauman, JL; Bell, D; Mander, G; Thoele, DG, )		0.13
" The synergistic action of magnesium sulphate and nifedipine in the dosage employed in this study may be used to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity in women with eclampsia."( A safer and more effective treatment regimen for eclampsia.
Bhalla, AK; Dhall, GI; Dhall, K, 1994)		0.29
" This response was inhibited by the simultaneous co-treatment of SK-UT-1 cells with magnesium by adding 100 microM MgSO4 to the dosing medium."( Nickel-induced increases in gap junctional communication in the uterine cell line SK-UT-1.
Loch-Caruso, R; Marty, MS, 1993)		0.29
"Astemizole (Hismanal-Janssen, New Brunswick, NJ) is a nonsedating antihistamine that has the advantage of a once-daily dosage schedule."( Torsade de pointes associated with Astemizole overdose treated with magnesium sulfate.
Hasan, RA; Nolan, BM; Zureikat, GY, 1993)		0.52
"2 mM) produced a concentration dependent rightward shift of contraction dose-response curves to KCl but not to carbachol."( MgSO4 relaxes porcine airway smooth muscle by reducing Ca2+ entry.
Clancy, J; Croxton, TL; Hirshman, CA; Kumasaka, D; Lande, B; Lindeman, KS, 1996)		0.29
" In this article we explore the following four differences between the ISIS-4 study and the earlier studies: (1) Time of initiation of magnesium treatment after acute myocardial infarction and thrombolytic therapy; (2) dosage of magnesium in the first 24 hours after acute myocardial infarction; (3) duration of magnesium infusion after acute myocardial infarction; and (4) differences in patient risks in control and treatment groups."( Is there a place for magnesium in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction?
Elin, RJ; Seelig, MS, 1996)		0.29
" To determine the dose-response relationship and time-course of the effect of inhaled magnesium sulphate on the airway, we have studied the effect of 0, 90, 135, 180 and 360 mg of magnesium sulphate given by nebulizer on specific airways conductance (sGaw) in 20 normal subjects, and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), flow at 25% forced vital capacity (Vmax25) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in 19 asthmatic subjects."( Dose-response relationship and time-course of the effect of inhaled magnesium sulphate on airflow in normal and asthmatic subjects.
Britton, J; Hill, J, 1995)		0.29
" Dosage regimens of magnesium sulfate are empirical."( Role of magnesium sulfate in seizure prevention in patients with eclampsia and pre-eclampsia.
Anthony, J; Duley, L; Johanson, RB, 1996)		1.05
" Tocolytic selection was similar in both groups, although the dosage per hour was significantly greater with long-term therapy."( Long-term intravenous tocolytic therapy.
Bruner, JP; Bruner, TA; Sarno, AP, 1997)		0.3
" Increasing the dosage was accompanied by a further drop in the baseline heart rate, to 100 bpm."( Fetal bradycardia secondary to magnesium sulfate therapy for preterm labor. A case report.
Hamersley, SL; Landy, HJ; O'Sullivan, MJ, 1998)		0.59
"A 2-week toxicity study of magnesium sulfate administered by a 24-hr intravenous infusion at the dosage levels of 0, 12."( [A 2-week toxicity study of magnesium sulfate administered by 24-hr intravenous infusion in beagle dogs followed by 2-week recovery period].
Akagi, K; Ide, M; Inoue, K; Ishii, T; Mizuno, H; Shimamura, K; Tamura, K, 1998)		0.89
"A 4-week toxicity study of magnesium sulfate administered by 24-hr intravenous infusion at the dosage levels of 0, 12."( [A 4-week toxicity study of magnesium sulfate administered by 24-hr intravenous infusion in beagle dogs].
Akagi, K; Ide, M; Inoue, K; Ishii, T; Mizuno, H; Shimamura, K; Tamura, K, 1998)		0.89
" This study further shows that Chemiron has a better haematological effect than Ferrous Gluconate at the dosage used."( The effect of 61 days of combined iron (Chemiron) and single iron therapy on haemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets and reticulocytes during pregnancy. Preliminary report.
Ajayi, GO; Fadiran, EO, 1998)		0.3
" The present study has therefore characterized the dose-response characteristics of the most commonly used sulfate and chloride salts of magnesium in a severe model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury in rats."( Optimization of magnesium therapy after severe diffuse axonal brain injury in rats.
Heath, DL; Vink, R, 1999)		0.3
" However, high concentrations of these cations produce significant toxicity, so dosage will be an important concern in development of these agents."( Relaxant effect of magnesium and zinc on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs.
Hashimoto, Y; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Matsuki, A; Ohtomo, N; Sato, T; Yoshioka, H, 1999)		0.3
" The long window of opportunity for effective dosing may be explained with the proposed multiple mechanisms of actions for magnesium."( Survival and histological evaluation of therapeutic window of post-ischemia treatment with magnesium sulfate in embolic stroke model of rat.
Ahmad, F; Li, Q; Shuaib, A; Yang, Y, 2000)		0.53
"These results demonstrate a neuroprotective intravenous dose of MgSO(4), which is effective when administered before or late after ischemia, and a previously uncharacterized dose-response curve for MgSO(4)."( Postischemic intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate inhibits hippocampal CA1 neuronal death after transient global ischemia in rats.
Knuckey, NW; Majda, BT; Meloni, BP; Miles, AN, 2001)		0.57
"Contrary to original hypotheses, this randomized trial found that the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate was associated with worse, not better, perinatal outcome in a dose-response fashion."( Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants.
Besinger, RE; Dambrosia, J; Gianopoulos, JG; Lee, KS; Mittendorf, R; Pryde, PG; Tomich, PG, 2002)		0.8
" It can be overcome by enlarging the linear range of the dose-response or by calibrating the dose-response curves using non-linear characteristic parameters in a dose response function, such as the composite action dose response function."( Non-linearity of TL dose responses in MgSO4:Dy CO-doped with Mn, P and Cu.
Luo, DL; Zhang, CX, 2002)		0.31
" The amount of propofol infused excluding the bolus dosage was divided by patient's body weight and total infusion time."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia: part I: comparing propofol requirements according to hemodynamic responses: part II: comparing bispectral index in control a
Choi, JC; Kim, C; Kim, JS; Lee, SG; Um, DJ; Yoon, KB, 2002)		0.69
"To evaluate the dosing and safety of intravenous magnesium sulfate administered via continuous infusion for refractory wheezing."( Magnesium sulfate administered via continuous intravenous infusion in pediatric patients with refractory wheezing.
Glover, ML; Machado, C; Totapally, BR, 2002)		2.01
" The patient's medical history, demographic data, vital signs, magnesium dosing history, and concurrent medications were recorded."( Magnesium sulfate administered via continuous intravenous infusion in pediatric patients with refractory wheezing.
Glover, ML; Machado, C; Totapally, BR, 2002)		1.76
"5 with a significant difference in dosing noted between patients weighing less than 30 kg and those with a higher weight."( Magnesium sulfate administered via continuous intravenous infusion in pediatric patients with refractory wheezing.
Glover, ML; Machado, C; Totapally, BR, 2002)		1.76
" On the basis of the results, we adopted a new protocol in mid-2000 limiting tocolysis to 48 hours after betamethasone dosing and we conducted a 2-year prospective evaluation of this new protocol."( Aggressive tocolysis does not prolong pregnancy or reduce neonatal morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes.
Clark, R; Combs, CA; Fishman, A; McCune, M, 2004)		0.32
" This report does not suggest the routine use of low-dose spinal anesthesia without supplements, but illustrates the wide variability in dosage and sensitivity to spinal anesthetics, and suggests that further research is needed in this area, particularly in morbidly obese parturients."( Very low-dose spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a morbidly obese preeclamptic patient and its potential implications.
Pan, PH; Reyes, M, 2004)		0.32
" Information regarding the dosage of magnesium sulphate labor out come, maternal and fetal outcome, side effects and complications of therapy were evaluated from hospital case records."( Magnesium sulphate in the prophylaxis and treatment of eclampsia.
Akbar, N; Faiz, NR; Gull, F; Halimi, M; Noor, S, )		0.13
"The optimal MgSO(4) dosage and serum magnesium (SMg) was determined in six consecutive children with TdP; four had congenital LQTS and two had acquired LQTS."( Optimal administration dosage of magnesium sulfate for torsades de pointes in children with long QT syndrome.
Eto, Y; Hishitani, T; Hoshino, K; Isobe, T; Ogawa, K, 2004)		0.6
" Such data in pregnant women may affect the choice of optimal drug dosage and route of administration."( Pharmacokinetics of tocolytic agents.
Cabrol, D; Carbonne, B; Tsatsaris, V, 2004)		0.32
"A high IV dosage of magnesium over a period of 24 hours dilates the uterine arteries of pregnant women with PE and/or IUGR, reduces uterine blood flow and improves the deformability of RBC."( Evaluation of red blood cell deformability and uterine blood flow in pregnant women with preeclampsia or iugr and reduced uterine blood flow following the intravenous application of magnesium.
Aydeniz, B; Becker, S; Dietz, K; Mannschreck, B; Schauf, B; Wallwiener, D, 2004)		0.32
" Increasing magnesium dosage did not offer any advantages, but induced haemodynamic consequences."( Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery.
Akpir, K; Kayacan, S; Pembeci, K; Seyhan, TO; Sungur, MO; Telci, L; Tugrul, M, 2006)		0.33
" The authors also discuss the optimal administration dosage and serum magnesium (SMg) concentration during MgSO4 therapy."( Successful uses of magnesium sulfate for torsades de pointes in children with long QT syndrome.
Etoh, Y; Hishitani, T; Hoshino, K; Isobe, T; Ogawa, K, 2006)		0.66
" This article will help nurses to understand the use of drugs in cardiac arrest resuscitation, explaining the rationale for their use, the dosage and any significant problems likely to be encountered."( Understanding the drugs used during cardiac arrest response.
Gallimore, D, )		0.13
"Magnesium sulphate 64 mmol/day results in a stable risk reduction of DCI over a broad range of achieved serum magnesium concentrations, and strict titration of the dosage therefore does not seem necessary."( Achieved serum magnesium concentrations and occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Algra, A; Dorhout Mees, SM; Rinkel, GJ; van den Bergh, WM, 2007)		0.34
" In order to achieve optimal physical performance, further investigation as to dosage of magnesium supplementation is needed."( Effects of magnesium sulfate on dynamic changes of brain glucose and its metabolites during a short-term forced swimming in gerbils.
Chen, SH; Cheng, FC; Cheng, SM; Lee, CP; Lin, MT; Pan, HC; Yang, DY, 2007)		0.73
" In addition to reassurance, pregabalin was prescribed for these myotonic symptoms at a dosage of 50 mg by mouth three times daily."( Successful amelioration of oxaliplatin-induced hyperexcitability syndrome with the antiepileptic pregabalin in a patient with pancreatic cancer.
Hashmi, S; Saif, MW, 2008)		0.35
" Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of magnesium on ibutilide efficacy as well as the impact of magnesium dosing intensity on ibutilide efficacy."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of intravenous ibutilide to successfully convert atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Coleman, CI; Kluger, J; Tercius, AJ; White, CM, 2007)		0.72
" Serious complications are rare as long as dosing is carefully monitored."( Respiratory compromise after MgSO4 therapy for preterm labor in a woman with myotonic dystrophy: a case report.
Bird, LM; Catanzarite, V; Gambling, D; Honold, J; Perkins, E, 2008)		0.35
" Future studies should focus on establishing the optimal dosage for maximal benefits and the best route of administration."( Magnesium for treatment of asthma in children.
Davalos Bichara, M; Goldman, RD, 2009)		0.35
"Magnesium sulfate infusion, in the dosage of current clinical trials, did not increase cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow, as postulated by dilation of small vessels and/or collateral pathways."( Effects of magnesium sulfate infusion on cerebral perfusion in patients after aneurysmal SAH.
Ahuja, A; King, AD; Kwok, R; Poon, WS; Tang, K; Wong, GK; Yeung, D, 2010)		2.19
"To investigate whether nebulised magnesium, administered according to a dosing scheme shown to be effective in acute asthma, induces bronchodilation in stable asthma patients with persistent airflow limitation."( Effect of MgSO₄ on FEV₁ in stable severe asthma patients with chronic airflow limitation.
Hirmann, P; Pasma, HR; ten Brinke, A; Yska, JP; Zandsteeg, AM, 2009)		0.35
" Combination inhalers of the long-acting beta-agonist formoterol and inhaled steroid budesonide have been effective in flexible dosing in treating early acute exacerbations and as a daily controller medication outside the United States."( Managing outpatient asthma exacerbations.
Milgrom, H; Roy, SR, 2010)		0.36
" The study consisted of three experiments: The first was a dose-finding study of four different dosing regimens of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in healthy rats."( Hypermagnesemia does not prevent intracranial hypertension and aggravates cerebral hyperperfusion in a rat model of acute hyperammonemia.
Bernal, W; Bjerring, PN; Eefsen, M; Larsen, FS; Wendon, J, 2011)		0.58
" Importantly, credible evidence from these CP prevention trials indicates that antenatal magnesium sulfate, if dosed appropriately, may also decrease infant mortality--a worthy goal in its own right."( Using prophylactic, but not tocolytic, magnesium sulfate to reduce cerebral palsy related to prematurity: what dose, and what about infant mortality?
Mittendorf, R; Pryde, PG, 2011)		0.86
" Antenatal MgSO4 was recommended for fetal neuroprotection in the same dosage as recommended in these guidelines."( SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline. Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection.
Magee, L; Sawchuck, D; Synnes, A; von Dadelszen, P, 2011)		0.37
" Further study is needed to clarify the dose-response effect of magnesium sulfate."( Short- and long-term outcomes in babies born after antenatal magnesium treatment.
Matsuda, Y; Mitani, M; Shimada, E, 2011)		0.61
" Its dosage and frequent painful injection makes it a difficult drug for the patient."( Loading dose versus standard regimen of magnesium sulphate in eclampsia--a randomized trial.
Aggrawal, A; Pradhan, T; Regmi, MC; Rijal, P; Subedi, A; Uprety, D, 2010)		0.36
" Identification of these neonates and appropriate dosing for their antenatal neuroprotection needs to be studied."( Immediate clinical outcomes in preterm neonates receiving antenatal magnesium for neuroprotection.
Basu, SK; Bhutada, A; Chickajajur, V; Lopez, V; Pagala, M; Rastogi, S, 2011)		0.37
" An initial review of the physiology of magnesium sulfate is essential to understanding pharmacodynamic actions, dosing guidelines, and safety requirements."( Magnesium sulfate: past, present, and future.
Gibbins, KJ; Hunter, LA, )		1.84
" Their combination as stroke treatment has the potential benefits of decreasing individual drug dosage and fewer adverse effects."( Magnesium sulfate and nimesulide have synergistic effects on rescuing brain damage after transient focal ischemia.
Huang, CY; Tsai, KJ; Wang, HK; Wang, LC; Wu, MH, 2012)		1.82
" There is currently no consensus as to the regimen to use in terms of the dose, duration, the use of repeat dosing and timing."( Different magnesium sulphate regimens for neuroprotection of the fetus for women at risk of preterm birth.
Bain, E; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P, 2012)		0.38
" Our experience suggests that multidrug therapy with Sivelestat offers a new therapeutic strategy for preterm labor, but further investigations of the indications, administration period and dosage are required."( Initial experience using Sivelestat to manage preterm labor with a bulging fetal membrane in pregnant women.
Masaoka, N; Nakajima, Y, 2012)		0.38
"Randomized controlled trial comparing low-dose with standardized dosing regimen."( Low-dose magnesium sulphate in the control of eclamptic fits: a randomized controlled trial.
Abdul, MA; Khan, N; Nasir, UI; Yusuf, MD, 2013)		0.39
" Dosing did not vary significantly over the 4 study years: the median number of treatments was one, the total predelivery median dose ranged from 15 to 48 g, and the median duration of therapy ranged from 3 to 12 hours."( Evaluation of the clinical use of magnesium sulfate for cerebral palsy prevention.
Anderson, BL; Browning, KR; Gibbins, KJ; Lopes, VV; Rouse, DJ, 2013)		0.67
" Here we review that both features, effects on neuronal excitability and neuroprotection, apply under specific conditions and may be separated by individualized therapy taking into account the dosage paradigm, timing, sex and age of the subjects and their gonadal hormone status (including progesterone: opposed vs."( Anti-seizure medications and estradiol for neuroprotection in epilepsy: the 2013 update.
Chachua, T; Nebieridze, N; Velisek, L; Veliskova, J, 2013)		0.39
"Clinical implications were that a larger loading dose for the intravenous regimen should be considered; where feasible, individualised dosing of magnesium sulphate would reduce the variability in serum concentrations and might result in more women with clinically effective magnesium concentrations; and lower dose magnesium sulphate regimens should be considered with caution."( Magnesium sulphate for prevention of eclampsia: are intramuscular and intravenous regimens equivalent? A population pharmacokinetic study.
Bracken, H; Easterling, T; Mundle, S; Regi, A; Salinger, DH; Vicini, P; Winikoff, B, 2013)		0.39
"This phase 3 study investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of split-dose administration of P/MC versus day-before dosing of 2L PEG-3350 and two 5-mg bisacodyl tablets (SEE CLEAR I study)."( Split-dose administration of a dual-action, low-volume bowel cleanser for colonoscopy: the SEE CLEAR I study.
Alderfer, V; Bertiger, G; Hookey, LC; Joseph, RE; Katz, PO; Rex, DK; Vanner, S, 2013)		0.39
"The bowel-cleansing effects and patient acceptability of split-dose P/MC were superior to day-before dosing with 2L PEG-3350 and bisacodyl tablets."( Split-dose administration of a dual-action, low-volume bowel cleanser for colonoscopy: the SEE CLEAR I study.
Alderfer, V; Bertiger, G; Hookey, LC; Joseph, RE; Katz, PO; Rex, DK; Vanner, S, 2013)		0.39
" The total dosage of magnesium sulphate in the shortened group was reduced by 40% in 66% of patients."( A shortened versus standard matched postpartum magnesium sulphate regimen in the treatment of eclampsia: a randomised controlled trial.
Atterwahmie, A; Bako, B; Chama, CM; Geidam, AD; Mairiga, AG, 2013)		0.39
"Tocolytic use of magnesium sulphate is associated with excess neonatal mortality and has been proposed to follow a dose-response relationship."( Maternal magnesium sulphate exposure predicts neonatal magnesium blood concentrations.
Balch, A; Bonkowsky, JL; Campbell, SC; Clark, EA; Fredrickson, J; Korgenski, EK; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Varner, M, 2014)		0.4
"Insufficient dosing could account for our results, as NSE release could be inhibited by Mg >1."( The neuroprotective effect of magnesium sulphate during iatrogenically-induced ventricular fibrillation.
Ankersmit, HJ; Dworschak, M; Felli, A; Rinösl, H; Skhirtladze, K, )		0.13
" It identified five innovations with especially high potential: technologies to improve use of oxytocin, a uterine balloon tamponade, simplified dosing of magnesium sulfate, an improved proteinuria test, and better blood pressure measurement devices."( Prioritizing investments in innovations to protect women from the leading causes of maternal death.
Coffey, PS; Free, MJ; Harner-Jay, CM; Herrick, TM; LaBarre, PD; Levisay, AM, 2014)		0.6
"To review systematically the magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) dosing regimens tested in low and middle income countries (LMICs) for women with preeclampsia (prevention) and/or eclampsia (treatment)."( Magnesium sulphate for the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of tested dosing regimens.
de Silva, D; Firoz, T; Gordon, R; Magee, LA; Payne, B; Sawchuck, D; Tu, D; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2014)		0.4
" When dosage varied from the standard Pritchard or Zuspan regimens, almost all (n = 22) reduced the dose or duration of treatment, most commonly because of concerns about maternal safety, cost, or resource availability."( Magnesium sulphate for the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of tested dosing regimens.
de Silva, D; Firoz, T; Gordon, R; Magee, LA; Payne, B; Sawchuck, D; Tu, D; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2014)		0.4
" Further studies are needed to identify the minimum effective dosage of MgSO4 for management of preeclampsia and eclampsia and whether MgSO4 loading can be safely administered in the community."( Magnesium sulphate for the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of tested dosing regimens.
de Silva, D; Firoz, T; Gordon, R; Magee, LA; Payne, B; Sawchuck, D; Tu, D; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2014)		0.4
"An IO dosing schedule had a significant benefit on both TTF and TTP versus CO dosing in this trial despite the very attenuated sample."( Improved time to treatment failure with an intermittent oxaliplatin strategy: results of CONcePT.
Alberts, S; Ansari, R; Childs, BH; Chowhan, N; Grothey, A; Hainsworth, JD; Hart, L; Hochster, HS; Keaton, M; Ramanathan, RK; Rowland, K, 2014)		0.4
"Sugammadex could reverse rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in a dose-response manner even in the patients treated with magnesium sulfate."( [Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex in patients for cesarean delivery treated with magnesium sulfate].
Aiba, J; Kakumoto, M; Mimura, F; Sakurai, Y; Uchida, M; Yamaguchi, M, 2014)		0.82
" Open questions remain the optimal dosing schedule, whether or not repeating when delivery has been successfully postponed and a new episode of preterm labor occurs."( The use of intravenous magnesium in non-preeclamptic pregnant women: fetal/neonatal neuroprotection.
Jacquemyn, Y; Roelens, K; Van Laere, D; Zecic, A, 2015)		0.42
" In the treatment group, 5 g of MgSO4 in normal saline was infused in 6 h 2 days before surgery, and the same dosage was repeated the day before and during surgery."( Effect of magnesium on functional outcome and paraclinical parameters of patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy for brain tumors: a randomized controlled trial.
Amirjamshidi, A; Ashouri, A; Ketabchi, E; Khajavi, M; Mirrahimi, B; Mojtahedzadeh, M; Mortazavi, A; Nouri, M, 2015)		0.42
"MS and MK-801 showed biphasic and linear dose-response pattern, respectively."( The antinociceptive effects of magnesium sulfate and MK-801 in visceral inflammatory pain model: The role of NO/cGMP/K(+)ATP pathway.
Prostran, M; Savic Vujovic, K; Srebro, D; Vuckovic, S, 2015)		0.7
"Given the association between risk of cerebral palsy and children born to obese women, the study aim was to estimate whether maternal obesity is associated with reduced effectiveness of conventional antenatal magnesium sulfate dosing for the prevention of cerebral palsy and death."( Maternal obesity and neuroprotective magnesium sulfate.
McPherson, J; Smiley, S; Stamilio, D, 2015)		0.88
"The optimal dosing regimen of magnesium sulfate for treating preeclampsia and eclampsia is unclear."( Alternative regimens of magnesium sulfate for treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review of non-randomized studies.
Bohren, M; Gülmezoglu, AM; Niedle, PS; Oladapo, OT; Pratt, JJ; Tunçalp, Ö; Vogel, JP, 2016)		1.03
"The pharmacokinetic basis of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) dosing regimens for eclampsia prophylaxis and treatment is not clearly established."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"Two authors extracted data on basic pharmacokinetic parameters reflecting the different aspects of absorption, bioavailability, distribution and excretion of MgSO4 according to identified dosing regimens."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
" Exposure-response studies to identify effective alternative dosing regimens should target concentrations achievable by these standard regimens."( Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Okusanya, BO; Oladapo, OT; Qureshi, Z; Souza, JP, 2016)		0.43
"Comparison: alternative dosing regimens of magnesium sulphate given alone for tocolysis."( Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour.
Brown, J; Crowther, CA; McNamara, HC, 2015)		0.42
"There are limited data available (three studies, with data from only two studies) comparing different dosing regimens of magnesium sulphate given as single agent tocolytic therapy for the prevention of preterm birth."( Different treatment regimens of magnesium sulphate for tocolysis in women in preterm labour.
Brown, J; Crowther, CA; McNamara, HC, 2015)		0.42
" This study aimed to examine this neuroprotective effect and the dose-response relationship in very-low-birthweight infants born between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation."( Magnesium sulphate and perinatal mortality and morbidity in very-low-birthweight infants born between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in Japan.
Ikenoue, T; Kawagoe, Y; Ohhashi, M; Sameshima, H; Satoh, S; Sumiyoshi, K; Yoshitomi, T, 2016)		0.43
" However, the mechanisms and dose-response relationships are poorly understood."( Effects of nebulised magnesium sulphate on inflammation and function of the guinea-pig airway.
Broadley, KJ; Ford, WR; Kidd, EJ; Powell, C; Turner, DL, 2017)		0.46
" Morphine dosage administered, and severity of pain monitoring was accessed and recorded with a visual analogue scale (VAS)."( Magnesium Sulfate Mediates Morphine Administration Reduction in Varicocelectomy Surgery.
Mahmoudvand, H; Moradkhani, MR; Nadri, S, 2018)		1.92
"04) between magnesium dosage and recovery period from hypertension."( Effect of Magnesium on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Recovery of Hypertension in Women with Severe Preeclampsia.
Kitporntheranunt, M; Kreepala, C; Luangphiphat, W; Piyajarawong, T; Villarroel, A; Wattanavaekin, K, 2018)		0.48
" Varied dosing schedules were reported from facility to facility."( Availability and use of magnesium sulphate at health care facilities in two selected districts of North Karnataka, India.
Bannale, S; Bellad, M; Charantimath, U; Derman, R; Goudar, S; Joshi, A; Karadiguddi, C; Katageri, G; Kavi, A; Magee, LA; Mallapur, A; Mungarwadi, G; Payne, BA; Qureshi, R; Rakaraddi, S; Ramadurg, U; Sawchuck, D; Sharma, S; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2018)		0.48
" Ensuring a reliable supply of magnesium sulphate, standard formulations and recommendations of dosage schedules and training may help improve use; and decrease morbidity and mortality due to pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia."( Availability and use of magnesium sulphate at health care facilities in two selected districts of North Karnataka, India.
Bannale, S; Bellad, M; Charantimath, U; Derman, R; Goudar, S; Joshi, A; Karadiguddi, C; Katageri, G; Kavi, A; Magee, LA; Mallapur, A; Mungarwadi, G; Payne, BA; Qureshi, R; Rakaraddi, S; Ramadurg, U; Sawchuck, D; Sharma, S; Vidler, M; von Dadelszen, P, 2018)		0.48
" Subgroup analysis showed that the effect of magnesium on the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was not affected by clinical settings and dosage of magnesium."( Evaluating the effect of magnesium supplementation and cardiac arrhythmias after acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Angha, P; Motedayen, M; Salaminia, S; Sayehmiri, F; Sayehmiri, K, 2018)		0.48
" Two standard dosing regimens require either continuous intravenous infusion or frequent, large-volume intramuscular injections, which may preclude patients from receiving optimal care."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Evaluate Standard Magnesium Sulfate Treatments and Alternative Dosing Regimens for Women With Preeclampsia.
Brookfield, K; Carvalho, B; de Greef, R; Du, L; Duley, L; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Migoya, E; Oladapo, OT; Sangkomkamhang, U; Titapant, V; Wenning, L; Witjes, H; Xu, Y, 2019)		0.76
"The aim of this review is to describe the proposed mechanisms of action of magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection, different dosing regimens of the drug that have shown benefit, and to review recent pharmacokinetic studies of the drug to better inform clinicians regarding expected benefits and remaining research questions."( Magnesium sulfate use for fetal neuroprotection.
Brookfield, KF; Vinson, A, 2019)		2.19
"Magnesium sulfate in some dosage given before very preterm pregnancy delivery is beneficial for fetal neuroprotection."( Magnesium sulfate use for fetal neuroprotection.
Brookfield, KF; Vinson, A, 2019)		3.4
" Antenatal magnesium sulphate was recommended for fetal neuroprotection in the same dosage as recommended in these guidelines."( No. 376-Magnesium Sulphate for Fetal Neuroprotection.
De Silva, DA; Magee, LA; Sawchuck, D; Synnes, A; von Dadelszen, P, 2019)		0.51
" The authors recommend magnesium sulfate bolus followed by continuous dosing of magnesium sulfate in those at risk of delivery before 32 weeks' gestation until delivery occurs or is no longer imminent."( Magnesium Sulfate and Novel Therapies to Promote Neuroprotection.
Bernstein, HB; Jameson, RA, 2019)		2.27
" Challenges include timing, dosing and administration route for each neuroprotectant."( Novel interventions to reduce oxidative-stress related brain injury in neonatal asphyxia.
Cheung, PY; Schmölzer, GM; Solevåg, AL, 2019)		0.51
"Magnesium sulfate is the anticonvulsant of choice for eclampsia prophylaxis and treatment; however, the recommended dosing regimens are costly and cumbersome and can be administered only by skilled health professionals."( Alternative Magnesium Sulfate Dosing Regimens for Women With Preeclampsia: A Population Pharmacokinetic Exposure-Response Modeling and Simulation Study.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; de Greef, R; Du, L; Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Kongwattanakul, K; Long, Q; Lumbiganon, P; Oladapo, OT; Sangkomkamhang, US; Titapant, V; Wenning, LA; Witjes, H, 2019)		2.34
" Studies can employ any intravenous dosing strategy of magnesium sulfate, administered at any point in the perioperative period for the purpose of blunting the sympathetic response to creation of a pneumoperitoneum."( Intravenous magnesium sulfate to attenuate hemodynamic changes in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review protocol.
Brickey, D; Greenwood, J; Nygard, B, 2019)		1.14
"Several ongoing national Swedish multicenter studies may increase the understanding of the roles of cervical length, preeclampsia screening and magnesium sulfate dosage in the context of preterm delivery in a Nordic setting."( [Preterm delivery: an overview on prediction, prevention and treatment].
Hagberg, H; Jacobsson, B; Leijonhufvud, Å; Morken, NH; Saltvedt, S; Wikström, AK, 2019)		0.71
" Magnesium sulfate therapy is the standard of care for seizure prophylaxis and treatment for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia respectively, despite wide disparities in dosing regimens and routes of administration."( Open-labelled randomised controlled trial of 12 hours versus 24 hours modified Pritchard regimen in the management of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in Ghana (MOPEP Study): study protocol.
Beyuo, T; Langen, ES; Lawrence, E; Oppong, SA, 2019)		1.42
" Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively during rest; VAS scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively during motion; the time required to reach 30 degrees straight leg elevation and 60 degrees active knee flexion; and the analgesia pump dosage at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively were recorded."( Magnesium Sulfate Combined with a Levobupivacaine Periarticular Cocktail for Analgesia in the Early Postoperative Period after Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Li, W; Liu, H; Peng, H; Wu, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z, 2021)		2.06
"Solely 'MgSO4 coverage' is not a reliable quality-of-care indicator, as it conceals inadequate MgSO4 dosage and timing, discontinuation during CS, stabilization before delivery, and seizure-to-delivery interval."( Why magnesium sulfate 'coverage' only is not enough to reduce eclampsia: Lessons learned in a middle-income country.
Bloemenkamp, KWM; Broekhuis, A; Browne, JL; Kanhai, HHH; Kodan, LR; Paidin, RR; Ramkhelawan, OSS; Rijken, MJ; Verschueren, KJC, 2020)		1.12
" Studies eligible for inclusion employed any intravenous dosing strategy of magnesium sulfate, administered at any point in the perioperative period for the purpose of blunting the sympathetic response to creation of a pneumoperitoneum."( Effectiveness of intravenous magnesium sulfate to attenuate hemodynamic changes in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Brickey, D; Greenwood, J; Nygard, B, 2021)		1.14
" For those providers who have not treated magnesium toxicity and were prompted to receive the educational component and quiz, all knew the correct initial bolus dosing of magnesium and the majority were able to identify symptoms of toxicity."( Provider practices for the prevention of eclampsia and attitudes toward magnesium sulfate: results of a nationwide survey.
Cantonwine, D; McElrath, T; Robinson, J; Schulkin, J; Yoselevsky, E, 2022)		0.95
"Women with preeclampsia and a body mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher were randomly allocated to either the Zuspan regimen of magnesium sulfate (4-g intravenous [IV] loading dose, then a 1-g/h infusion) or to alternate dosing (6-g IV loading dose, then a 2-g/h infusion)."( Alternate Dosing Protocol for Magnesium Sulfate in Obese Women With Preeclampsia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Brookfield, KF; Carvalho, B; Caughey, AB; Rincon, M; Tuel, K; Vinson, A, 2020)		1.05
" No dose-response relationship was identified when serum chloride and creatinine were analyzed across quartiles of normal saline received."( The effect of normal saline on renal function and electrolytes in women with preeclampsia.
Ambia, AM; Duryea, EL; McIntire, DD; Nelson, DB; Yule, CS, 2022)		0.72
" Dose-response data for the groups were evaluated using a log-logistic function and ED90 estimates were derived from fitted equations using the delta method."( Effective Dose of Prophylactic Oxytocin Infusion During Cesarean Delivery in 90% Population of Nonlaboring Patients With Preeclampsia Receiving Magnesium Sulfate Therapy and Normotensives: An Up-Down Sequential Allocation Dose-Response Study.
Garg, D; Luthra, A; Malhotra, RK; Mohan, A; Singh, Y; Tyagi, A, 2022)		0.92
" Despite this, the dosage required for optimal neuroprotection remains unknown."( Maternal and fetal serum concentrations of magnesium after administration of a 6-g bolus dose of magnesium sulfate (MgSO
Carlsson, Y; Hagberg, H; Jonsdotter, A; Rocha-Ferreira, E, 2022)		0.94
" Correlation between the level of these parameters and the duration and dosage of MgSO4 was also examined."( Correlation between magnesium sulphate exposure in utero and serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels in preterm infants
Kazuhiro, A; Kuraaki, A; Shoko, MU, 2022)		0.72
" After the addition of magnesium sulfate, the analgesic effect was dramatically prolonged, leading to a reduction in morphine dosage within 24 h and the total morphine dosage postoperatively."( Effects of magnesium sulfate on periarticular infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
Chen, L; Kang, P; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Zhao, C, 2023)		1.61
" Additionally, the M group required a lower dosage of remifentanil during surgery compared to the C group(300."( Effects of intraoperative Magnesium sulfate infusion on emergency agitation during general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled study.
Luo, DC; Pang, Y; Su, YH, 2023)		1.21
" Therapy success: systolic blood pressure ~140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ~90 mm Hg, therapy failure: persistent systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mm Hg after maximum dosage of therapy (EL)."( Comparison of outcomes following intravenous magnesium compared with intravenous labetalol and oral nifedipine in 355 pregnant Han Chinese women with preeclampsia.
Dong, W; Peng, Z; Xiao, Y; Zhang, J, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (302 Product(s))

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Other127
Marinade1
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Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Italian dressingCondiments, Sauces, Salad dressings, Groceriesapocarotenal2024-02-12
Nabisco teddy grahams crackers honey 1x10 ozSnacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuitsniacin2024-02-12
RollsCartozzo's BakeryPlant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Breadsniacin,riboflavin,calcium propionate2024-08-22
CHEF BOYARDEE Easy Open Beef Ravioli, 7 OZchef boyardeePlant-based foods and beverages, Plant-based foods, Cereals and potatoes, Cereals and their products, PastasNiacin2024-02-09
Giant, snickerdoodle cookie spreadGiantFatssodium bicarbonate,sun2024-02-09
Red Rock, MerengueGood-O-Beverages IncBeverages, Carbonated drinks, Sodassodium benzoate2024-02-09
Elvive oleo extraordinarioL'orealNon food products, Open Beauty FactsSODIUM LAURETH SULFATE2024-02-13
Fest, Almond ColaVibe Cola LlcBeverages, Carbonated drinks, Sodasphosphoric acid,sodium benzoate2024-02-09
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Roast Turkey Dinner -- 2.6 ozAboundPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Salmon Dinner -- 2.6 ozAboundPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Abound Grain Free Wet Cat Food Pate Whitefish & Tuna Dinner -- 2.6 ozAboundPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, ferrous sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alaffia Beautiful Curls - Curl Enhance Leave-In Conditioner -- 12 fl ozAlaffiaBeauty & Personal Careorange, benzyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, isopropyl myristate, limonene, magnesium sulfate, oat2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alaffia Beautiful Curls - Curl Enhance Refresher Spray -- 12 fl ozAlaffiaBeauty & Personal Carecalendula, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alaffia Beautiful Curls Enhance Waves & Loose Curls Shampoo -- 12 fl ozAlaffiaBeauty & Personal Careorange, benzyl alcohol, decyl glucoside, ethylhexylglycerin, isopropyl myristate, magnesium sulfate, coco-betaine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alba Botanica Sheer Mineral SPF 30 Sunscreen Lotion Fragrance Free -- 3 ozAlbaBeauty & Personal Carebenzyl alcohol, glycerin, dimethicone, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Aquaphor Lip Repair Immediate Relief -- 0.35 fl ozAquaphorBeauty & Personal Careglyceryl oleate, ascorbyl palmitate, bisabolol, tocopherol, panthenol, tocopherol, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, Octyldodecanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babyganics Baby Sunscreen Sheer Blend SPF 50 Mineral Lotion -- 3 fl ozBabyganicsBaby & Kids Productscaprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, propanediol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babyganics Baby Sunscreen Sheer Blend SPF 50 Mineral Lotion -- 8 fl ozBabyganicsBaby & Kids Productscaprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, propanediol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babyganics Kids Sunscreen Sheer Blend SPF 50 Mineral Lotion Totally Tropical -- 3 fl ozBabyganicsBaby & Kids Productscaprylyl glycol, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, propanediol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clean Age Natural Deodorant Citrus -- 2 ozClean AgeBeauty & Personal CareMagnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clean Age Natural Deodorant Fresh -- 2 ozClean AgeBeauty & Personal CareMagnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clean Age Natural Deodorant Waves -- 2 ozClean AgeBeauty & Personal CareMagnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ecover Dishwasher Powder Citrus -- 3 lbsEcoverHousehold Essentialsmagnesium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate peroxide, Sodium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ecover Zero Dishwasher Powder Fragrance Free -- 3 lbsEcoverHousehold Essentialsmagnesium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate peroxide, Sodium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Calming Foot Lotion Rollerball -- 3 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, cyclopentasiloxane, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, urea2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Epsom Salt Bath Bomb -- 2 PackEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Careisopropyl alcohol, citric acid, citric acid, magnesium sulfate, Sodium bicarbonate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Muscle Recovery Lotion -- 3.5 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Careethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Muscle Recovery Lotion -- 8 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Careethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Muscle Recovery Lotion Roller-Ball -- 3 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecyclopentasiloxane, glycerine, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Soothing Nerve Lotion -- 3.5 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, capsaicin, cyclopentasiloxane, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Soothing Nerve Lotion -- 8 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, capsaicin, cyclopentasiloxane, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Soothing Nerve Lotion Rollerball -- 3 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, capsaicin, cyclopentasiloxane, ethylhexylglycerin, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Epsom-It Ultra Relief CBD Lotion Rollerball -- 350 mg - 3 fl ozEpsom-ItBeauty & Personal Carecannabidiol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerine, dimethicone, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Formula 10.0.6 One Smooth Operator Facial Scrub -- 3.4 fl ozFormula 10.0.6Beauty & Personal Caremethylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, carbomer, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, oat, sodium hydroxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Grain-Free Chicken Shrimp & Crab Stew -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12HaloPet Suppliesbiotin, calcium citrate, d-calcium pantothenate, dicalcium phosphate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Turkey Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12HaloPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Cat Food Pate Grain-Free Turkey & Duck Recipe -- 5.5 oz Each / Pack of 12HaloPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Halo Wet Kitten Food Grain-Free Whitefish Recipe -- 3 oz Each / Pack of 12HaloPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, Docosahexaenoic Acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Beef Right Meow Wet Cat Food Beef Recipe -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 24I and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Farm to Sea Feast Pate Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Beef Salmon Turkey -- 3 oz Can / Pack of 12I and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, chloride, choline, folic acid, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You Feed Meow Shreds Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken Salmon Tuna -- 12 PouchesI and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, fructooligosaccharide, magnesium sulfate, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Pâté Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken and Beef -- 12 CansI and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Pâté Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Salmon and Whitefish -- 12 CansI and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
I and Love and You XOXOs Mix Wet Cat Food Variety Pack Chicken & Tuna Stew -- 12 CansI and Love and YouPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine, tricalcium phosphate, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face De-Stress 2-in-1 Body Wash & Bath Soak - Cedarwood + Bergamot -- 16 fl ozKiss My FaceBeauty & Personal Careglyceryl oleate, allantoin, cocamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face De-Stress 2-in-1 Body Wash & Bath Soak - Lavender + Ylang Ylang -- 16 fl ozKiss My FaceBeauty & Personal Careglyceryl oleate, allantoin, cocamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, magnesium sulfate, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face De-Stress 2-in-1 Body Wash & Bath Soak - Lemongrass + Juniper Berry -- 16 fl ozKiss My FaceBeauty & Personal Careglyceryl oleate, citric acid, allantoin, citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kiss My Face De-Stress 2-in-1 Body Wash & Bath Soak - Peppermint + Clary Sage -- 16 fl ozKiss My FaceBeauty & Personal Careglyceryl oleate, citric acid, allantoin, citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mustela Diaper Rash Cream Skin Protectant with Zinc Oxide Fragrance Free -- 3.8 ozMustelaBaby & Kids Productscaprylyl glycol, ethyl linoleate, glycerin, levulinic acid, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Orgain Organic Nutrition Shake Creamy Chocolate Fudge -- 12 ShakesOrgainActive Lifestyle & FitnessDL-alpha tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, cholecalciferol, copper gluconate, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, magnesium sulfate, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, trisodium phosphate, Phosphorus, potassium chloride, tripotassium citrate, potassium iodide, tripotassium phosphate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, Thiamin, tricalcium phosphate, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Orgain Organic Nutrition Shake Sweet Vanilla Bean -- 12 ShakesOrgainActive Lifestyle & FitnessDL-alpha tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin C, Biotin, cholecalciferol, copper gluconate, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Iodine, magnesium sulfate, Niacin, niacinamide, Pantothenic Acid, trisodium phosphate, Phosphorus, potassium chloride, tripotassium citrate, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B6, vitamin A palmitate, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, Thiamin, tricalcium phosphate, cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Froth Bomb - French Lavender -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin, baking soda2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Froth Bomb - Sweet Honey Almond -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, chamomile, citric acid, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin, baking soda2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Holiday Froth Bomb - Pacha Peaces - Variety -- 8 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin, baking soda2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Holiday Froth Bomb - Peppermint Twist -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Holiday Froth Bomb - Sugar & Spice -- 4.5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Kids Color Mixing Froth Bath Bombs -- 6 BallsPacha Soap CoBaby & Kids Productscitric acid, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin, oat, baking soda2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Peaces Froth Bomb Variety Pack -- 8 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, chamomile, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, maltodextrin, pits, baking soda2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Salt Block - Breathe -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, camphor, citric acid, clay, indigo, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, menthol, sodium bicarbonate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Salt Block - Sleep -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, chamomile, citric acid, clay, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Phion pH Balance Master Cleanse Lemonade Diet -- 32 fl ozPhion pH BalanceVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, magnesium sulfate, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, sodium benzoate, Thiamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
The Grandpa Soap Co Face and Body Bar Soap Epsom Salt Deep Cleanse -- 4.25 ozThe Grandpa Soap CoBeauty & Personal Careorange, citric acid, citric acid, sodium gluconate, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate2024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Company Calm & Renew Melting Eye Balm -- 0.5 ozThe Honest CompanyBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, citric acid, glycerin, glyceryl behenate, linoleic acid, magnesium sulfate, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, phytosterols, propanediol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinkbaby Sunscreen Lotion Clear Zinc SPF 50 -- 6 fl ozThinkbabyBaby & Kids Productstocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThinkKids Sunscreen Lotion Clear Zinc SPF 30 -- 3 fl ozThinkKidsBaby & Kids Productstocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThinkKids Sunscreen Lotion Clear Zinc SPF 50 -- 3 fl ozThinkKidsBaby & Kids Productstocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, glyceryl caprylate2024-11-29 10:47:42
ThinkKids Sunscreen Lotion Clear Zinc SPF 50 -- 6 fl ozThinkKidsBaby & Kids Productsascorbic acid, vitamin E, vitamin E, magnesium sulfate, tocopherols2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Aloe & Tea Leaves Zinc Oxide 20% Sunscreen SPF 30 -- 3 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, glyceryl caprylate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Clear Zinc Active Face Sunscreen SPF 50 -- 3 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Clear Zinc Sunscreen SPF 30 -- 3 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Clear Zinc Sunscreen SPF 50 -- 3 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Everyday Face SPF 30 plus -- 2 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Careascorbic acid, magnesium sulfate, tocopherols2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Sunscreen SPF 50 plus -- 3 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Careascorbic acid, vitamin E, vitamin E, dimethicone, magnesium sulfate, methyl abietate, tocopherols2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thinksport Sunscreen Zinc Oxide 23.4% SPF 50 -- 6 fl ozThinksportBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, glyceryl caprylate, triethoxycaprylylsilane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Bath Fizzies Black Plum -- 11.3 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Bath Fizzies Heavenly Coconut Creme -- 11.3 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, niacinamide, vitamin B5, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Bath Fizzies Original Spring Green -- 11.3 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, retinyl palmitate, yellow 52024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Bath Fizzies Pomegranate Bellini Blush -- 11.3 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careorange, citric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, glycerin, magnesium sulfate, niacinamide, vitamin B5, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Foaming Bath Salts - Cucumber & White Tea -- 27 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careascorbyl palmitate, glycerin, magnesium sulphate, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, phenoxyethanol, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Foaming Bath Salts - Heavenly Coconut Crème -- 27 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careascorbyl palmitate, glycerin, magnesium sulphate, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Foaming Bath Salts - Lavender & Chamomile -- 27 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careascorbyl palmitate, glycerin, magnesium sulphate, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Mineral Bath Soak Original Spring Green -- 27 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careascorbic acid, magnesium sulfate, retinyl palmitate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitabath Mineral Bath Soak Plus For Dry Skin -- 27 ozVitabathBeauty & Personal Careascorbic acid, magnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Complete Health Wet Dog Food Lamb & Sweet Potato Recipe -- 12.5 ozWellnessPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness CORE Healthy Food for Cats and Kittens Formula Chicken-Turkey and Chicken Liver -- 5.5 ozWellnessPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate, max, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Core Wet Cat Food Tiny Tasters Pate Chicken -- 1.75 ozWellnessPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium carbonate, sodium selenite, Taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wellness Wet Cat Food Shreds Healthy Indulgence Chicken & Turkey -- 3 oz Each / Pack of 24WellnessPet Suppliesbiotin, D-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, max, niacin, potassium chloride, potassium iodide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Taurine, thiamine hydrochloride, tricalcium phosphate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wild Harvest Grain Free Salmon & Vegetable Dry Dog Food -- 3.5 lbsWild HarvestPet Suppliesbiotin, d-calcium pantothenate, choline chloride, copper sulfate, folic acid, magnesium sulfate, niacin, potassium chloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, sodium selenite, taurine, zinc sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Willard Water Catalyst Altered Water Concentrate -- 16 fl ozWillard WaterVitamins & SupplementsMagnesium Sulfate, Sodium Metasilicate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Willard Water Clear Concentrate -- 8 fl ozWillard WaterVitamins & Supplementsmagnesium sulfate, sodium metasilicate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Willard Water Dark Concentrate -- 16 fl ozWillard WaterVitamins & Supplementsmagnesium sulfate, sodium metasilicate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zum Tub Bath Salts Frankincense & Myrrh -- 2 ozZumBeauty & Personal Caremagnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zum Tub Bath Salts Lavender -- 2 ozZumBeauty & Personal Caremagnesium sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (8)

RoleDescription
anticonvulsantA drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
cardiovascular drugA drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
calcium channel blockerOne of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
anaestheticSubstance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
tocolytic agentAny compound used to suppress premature labour and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions.
anti-arrhythmia drugA drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
analgesicAn agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
fertilizerA fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
magnesium salt
metal sulfateSulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
organic magnesium salt
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (5,126)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901483 (28.93)18.7374
1990's961 (18.75)18.2507
2000's1086 (21.19)29.6817
2010's1226 (23.92)24.3611
2020's370 (7.22)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials887 (16.20%)5.53%
Reviews585 (10.68%)6.00%
Case Studies511 (9.33%)4.05%
Observational41 (0.75%)0.25%
Other3,452 (63.04%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (334)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
"Evaluation of the Clinical Response to Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant in Anesthesia in Bariatric Surgery" [NCT05843812]104 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-04-21Active, not recruiting
Comparing the Analgesic Effect of Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Diagnostic Gynecological Laparoscopy [NCT05186467]Phase 244 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-02Recruiting
The Influence of Magnesium Sulphate Pretreatment on Intubating Conditions During Rapid Sequence Induction [NCT01153256]168 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
Caudal Versus Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate In The Prevention OF Emergence Agitation After Sevoflurane Anesthesia For Lower Abdominal Surgeries In Children. [NCT03846284]93 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-08Active, not recruiting
Multicenter Study for the Prevention of Post-Operative Cardiac Arrhythmias [NCT04234906]Phase 4870 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-31Not yet recruiting
Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate in Children With Moderate to Severe Asthma Exacerbation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial (RCT) [NCT01584726]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-12-31Recruiting
Intravenous Magnesium: Prompt Use for Asthma in Children Treated in the Emergency Department [NCT05166811]Phase 252 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-09-12Completed
Interaction Between Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate and Volatile Anesthetics Compared to Propofol. A Three-center Prospective Randomized Single-blinded Electrophysiological Study [NCT05261516]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-31Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Study of Mablet as Oral Supplement and Magnesium Sulfate as Infusion [NCT01113138]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
[NCT01360060]503 participants (Actual)Observational2010-12-31Completed
The Effects of Magnesium Salts on Vascular Stiffness: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Overweight and Slightly Obese Men and Women [NCT03632590]162 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-27Recruiting
Lidocaine Compared to Magnesium Sulfate to Prolong Spinal Anesthesia: Non-inferiority Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03725228]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-07Completed
Comparison of Intra-articular Dexmedetomidine and Magnesium in Postoperative Pain [NCT03479216]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-26Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate for Fetal Neuroprotection on Fetal Heart Rate in Case of Prematurity [NCT03956121]57 participants (Actual)Observational2018-05-04Completed
Intraperitoneal Dexamethasone vs Dexamethasone Plus Magnesium Sulphate for Pain Relief in Laparoscopic cholecystectomY [NCT03643666]Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-27Active, not recruiting
[NCT01136421]Phase 3124 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulfate Infusion During Spinal Anesthesia for Lower Abdominal Surgery [NCT03640390]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-30Completed
The Effects of Intrathecal Magnesium and Fentanyl Added to Bupivacaine on Postoperative Analgesic Requirement in Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgery [NCT01205997]Phase 1/Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Dexamedtomidine as Adjuvant to Magnesium Sulphate for Intracranial Pressure Control in Pre-eclampsia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05119101]Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-01Recruiting
The Effect of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on the Postoperative Recovery After Outpatient Surgery [NCT03206008]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-18Terminated(stopped due to hard to get an informed concent because of small number of indiaiton of surgery)
Comparison of Efficiency and Tolerance of Sodium Picosulphate/ Magnesium Citrate, Polyethylene Glycol/Ascorbate and Oral Sulfate Solution Before Colonoscopy [NCT03698474]Phase 4612 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-25Completed
Comparison of Effect of Lignocaine Only Versus Lignocaine Plus Magnesium Sulphate as Adjuvant Perineal Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Episiotomy. [NCT05418114]Phase 462 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-30Not yet recruiting
The Influence of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Postoperative Morphine Requirement in Living Donor During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation [NCT03717467]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-08Recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Added to Levobupivacaine in Continous Femoral Block on Analgesic Requirements Following Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT03695640]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-01Recruiting
Magnesium Sulfate Versus Dexmedetomidine on Anesthesia Awakening. Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT04300985]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-01Completed
Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With or Without Magnesium for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy With or Without Salpingo-oophorectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02680626]Phase 486 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Pfannenstiel hysterectomies are now rarely performed so cannot recruit eligible patients)
Opioid Free vs Opioid Based Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Clinical, Randomised Study [NCT04260659]Phase 459 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-04Completed
The Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium in Acute Wheezy Bronchitis in Small Children - a Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT01383655]61 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate Pretreatment on Cis-Atracurium Induced Neuromuscular Block and Recovery Characteristics: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05757999]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-23Recruiting
Oral Nifedipine Versus Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for Prevention of Preterm Labor in Symptomatic Placenta Previa: Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT03542552]Phase 3176 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-01Completed
Intravenous Magnesium Infusion for Pain Relief After Thoracotomy. A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT01261702]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to not include patient anymore)
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Propofol for Monitored Anesthesia Care During Burr-hole Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03854812]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Completed
Prospective Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial to Investigate the Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate in the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis. [NCT03749590]Phase 3327 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-27Terminated(stopped due to The design of the MagPEP trial is no longer in compliance with the current state of science.)
Effectiveness of Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate Combined With Sildenafil Citrate in Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn [NCT04898114]Phase 1/Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-02Recruiting
A Novel Protocol for Postpartum Magnesium Sulfate in Severe Preeclampsia When the Woman Received Less That 8 Hours Before Delivery. Six Versus Twenty-four Hours Postpartum [NCT02317146]Phase 2/Phase 3280 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Addition of Magnesium Sulfate to Caudal for Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children [NCT02164773]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Recruiting
Effect of Magnesium Therapy on Spasticity and Constipation in Children With Cerebral Palsy [NCT02510222]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Evaluation of Magnesium as Adjuvant to Ropivacaine for Sciatic Block at Popliteal Level. [NCT02198547]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-03-31Enrolling by invitation
Effectiveness and Safety of 1g/Hour vs. 2g/Hour of Magnesium Sulfate Maintenance Dose for Eclampsia Prevention: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02396030]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Terminated(stopped due to After recommendation because of the impossibility to end study with 1 center only. Outcomes of patients already included will be evaluated.)
Magnesium Sulfate During the Postpartum in Women With Severe Preeclampsia Receiving Treatment for More Than 8 Hours Before Delivery. A Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial . [NCT02307201]Phase 2/Phase 31,114 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Detection of Epileptiform Activity in Severe Preeclampsia: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study [NCT03494517]35 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-01-01Recruiting
Preoperative Oral Magnesium Versus Standard of Care to Prevent Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Coronary Surgery (POMAF-CS): A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03703349]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-24Completed
Efficacy of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Bupivacaine for Ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric Nerve Block in Acute Postherniorrhaphy Pain [NCT05158647]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-12Completed
Serum Magnesium Level Between Administered Rate of 2 g/hr Versus 2.5 g/hr in Severe Pre-eclampsia Obese Pregnancy, Multicentered Randomized Study [NCT03661775]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-30Completed
Caudal Dexmetedomedine Versus Magnesium in Orthopedic Pediatric Surgeries [NCT03460041]Phase 436 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-01Recruiting
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study of Magnesium Supplementation in Patients With XMEN Syndrome [NCT02496676]Phase 1/Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-17Completed
The Effects of Lidocaine and Magnesium Sulphate on the Attenuation of the Hemodynamic Response to Tracheal Intubation: Single Center, Prospective, Double-Blind and Randomized Study [NCT02359370]Phase 449 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate When Added to TAP Block With Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. [NCT03612947]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-03Completed
Efficacy of Esmolol Versus Magnesium Sulphate on Quality of Recovery in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05850832]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-05Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Nebulization on Postoperative Sore Throat and Stress Response Induced Tracheal Intubation [NCT06091631]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
Hyperalgesia and NMDA Receptor Antagonist [NCT02087202]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-03-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Oropharyngeal Pack Soaked With Ketamine or Magnesium Sulphate on Post Operative Sore Throat After Nasal Surgeries: Randomized Controlled Double Blind Study [NCT05714540]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-15Recruiting
Helping Stroke Patients With ThermoSuit Cooling [NCT02453373]14 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-25Terminated(stopped due to The study has achieved its objectives of showing feasibility, safety, and trend for improved mRS. FDA and LRS agreed that this study should be terminated, and that a new, PIVOTAL trial should be started.)
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate on Reducing Renal Colic in the Emergency Department [NCT03617289]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Magnesium-sulfate as Adjuvant in Prehospital Femoral Nerve Block for Patient With Diaphysial Femoral Fracture: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03597945]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Randomized Trial of Magnesium Sulfate in Obese Preeclamptic Women [NCT02835339]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-12Completed
[NCT02235246]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Intraoperative Shivering in Parturients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Under Lidocaine Top-up Via a Pre-existing Epidural Catheter Inserted for Labor Analgesia - A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controll [NCT03439358]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-11Suspended(stopped due to Could not recruit patients)
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Esophageal Spasm-associated Pain Following Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy [NCT04638881]Phase 292 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-28Completed
Interaction Between Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate and Neostigmine or Sugammadex for the Reversal of a Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Block - A Randomized, Double Blinded, Electrophysiological Study [NCT03497923]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-11Completed
Intraperitoneal Instillation of Bupivacaine With Either Magnesium Sulphate or Nalbuphine for Postoperative Pain Control in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded Trial. [NCT03393572]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-03Completed
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Propofol Xylocaine Combination for Conscious Sedation During Chronic Subdural Haematoma Surgery. Comparative Study [NCT03548493]Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-10Completed
Microcirculatory Changes During Open Label Magnesium Sulphate Infusion in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock [NCT01332734]14 participants (Actual)Observational2010-03-31Completed
Comparison of Loading Dose Magnesium Sulphate With Prichard Regimen in the Management of Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia in a Resource Poor Setting, Southeast Nigeria. [NCT06126068]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-01Completed
Pilot and Feasibility Study of Intravenous Magnesium in Patients Receiving Hyperthermic Intraoperative Chemotherapy With Cisplatin (HIOCC) [NCT04481672]Phase 15 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-30Completed
Comparison Between Pads With Cold Solution of Magnesium Sulfate or Cold Water to Treat Pain and Improve Healing of the Perineum After Vaginal Delivery. A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Study. [NCT04464005]Phase 4140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-15Recruiting
Magnesium Sulphate Injection in Treatment of Myofascial Trigger Points in Masseter Muscle [NCT04742140]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-20Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on Postoperative Coagulation as Measured by Thromboelastography [NCT01032213]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Combination of Magnesium Sulphate With Total Intravenous Anesthesia Optimized Surgical Field in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Surgery [NCT03722940]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-01Completed
To Investigate the Effectiveness of Topical Glycerine Sulphate, Hirudoid Cream and Nil Application in Treating Peripheral Cannula Related Phlebitis [NCT01226069]147 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Impact of Body Mass Index on Serum Maternal and Fetal Magnesium Level in Pregnant Recipients of Magnesium Sulphate [NCT03928691]400 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-06-30Recruiting
A Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effect of Magnesium Sulphate Administration on Red Cell Transketolase Activity in Alcohol Dependent Patients at Risk of Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome Treated With Thiamine [NCT03466528]Phase 2/Phase 3127 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-16Completed
Risk Analysis of Intensive Care Management on Maternal and Fetal Outcome of Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia [NCT03412552]1,238 participants (Actual)Observational2015-10-01Completed
The Effect of Adding Dexamethasone Versus Magnesium Sulphate Versus Dexmedetomidine to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Block for Post-operative Analgesia Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair [NCT04892420]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-09Completed
Comparing The Efficacy Of Preoperative Nebulized: Ketamine, Magnesium Sulfate, and Lidocaine In Attenuating Postoperative Sore Throat After Endotracheal Intubation [NCT03729973]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-15Completed
Impact of Pyloric Injection With Magnesium Sulphate and Lidocaine Mixture on Early Postoperative Outcome After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy [NCT03729505]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
Comparasion of Efficacy of Nebulized Magnesium Sulphate With Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Children With Acute Asthma [NCT04497766]Phase 4148 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-01Completed
Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler in Preterm Births Receiving Magnesium Sulfate for Neuroprotection [NCT02506894]Early Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Magnesium Sulfate Versus Placebo on the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Post Cardiac Surgery. [NCT05669417]Phase 2/Phase 3530 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-01Recruiting
Effect of Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Bupivacaine on the Quality of Ultrasound-guided Serratus Plane Block in Patients Undergoing a Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT03810209]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-15Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulfate in Ultrasound Guided Bilateral Bi-level Erector Spinae Plane Block in Corrective Scoliosis Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. [NCT05671081]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-05Active, not recruiting
Intravenous Magnesium for Sickle Cell Vasoocclusive Crisis [NCT01197417]Phase 2/Phase 3208 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
The Use of Calcium and Magnesium for Prevention of Ixabepilone Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Phase III Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study [NCT00998738]Phase 31 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Terminated(stopped due to lack of accrual)
Goal Directed Propofol Sedation With Magnesium Sulphate Versus Dexmedetomidine for ERCP Procedure [NCT02684019]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Efficacy of Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjunct to Standard Therapy in Asthma Exacerbation. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02584738]Phase 4152 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-09-30Recruiting
Effects of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate on Pain Relief, Hemodynamics and Quality of Recovery After Spine Surgery [NCT04161729]Phase 474 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-28Completed
Amino Acids Versus Magnesium Sulphate Infusion in Controlling Postoperative Shivering [NCT04695613]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-03Completed
Magnesium Sulfate vs Metoclopramide for Headache in Pregnant Women [NCT00632606]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Withdrawn
[NCT02833038]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
A Comparative Randomized Study Between Dexmedetomidine, Magnesium Sulphate and Lidocaine on the Pressor Response to Laryngoscopic Intubation for Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery [NCT05659212]102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-03Not yet recruiting
[NCT02185859]126 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A Comparative Study of Ultrasound Guided PECS Block Using Bupivacaine Adenosine Versus Bupivacaine Magnesium Sulphate: A Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT03344679]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-01Completed
Control of Emergence Hypertension After Craniotomy: Comparison Between the Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate and Lidocaine Infusion (Randomized Controlled Study) [NCT03566329]Phase 190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-10Recruiting
Comparison of Two Method of Therapeutic Hypothermia Enhanced by Magnesium Sulphate in Neonatal Encephalopathy [NCT02499393]Phase 2/Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Single Dose of Magnesium Sulphate on Attenuation of Hemodynamic Pressor Response After Myfield's Clamp Application During Craniotomies [NCT03318471]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Comparative Study on Tocolysis in Prevention of Preterm Labour [NCT03298191]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-25Recruiting
Comparison of the Success Rate of Anesthesia Between Lidocaine 2% and Lidocaine 2% Mixed With 10% Magnesium Sulfate in the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Posterior Teeth With Irreversible Pulpitis [NCT03262857]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-21Completed
Sodium Sulfate/Potassium Sulfate/Magnesium Sulfate Bowel Preparation With and Without Simethicone for Routine Colonoscopy: A Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02523911]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to investigator graduated and is not longer at this institution)
A Randomized Open-label Study to Compare the Clinical Outcomes and Magnesium Serum Concentrations Obtained in the Treatment of Severe Preeclampsia With a Repeat Bolus Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Regimen Administered With the Springfusor Infusion Pump to [NCT02091401]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
[NCT02100293]84 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Comparison Efficacy of Nebulized Magnesium Sulphate to Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Children With Severe Acute Asthma [NCT02112305]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery [NCT03541915]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Nebulized Magnesium Sulphate in Terms of In-hospital Outcome of Patients Admitted With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT05699720]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Completed
Best Dose of Magnesium Sulfate Infusion in Obese. A Blind and Randomized Trial [NCT04645719]Phase 375 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-01Recruiting
Intra-operative Magnesium Sulphate for Post-operative Pain in Patients Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy Under General Anesthesia [NCT06026527]Phase 342 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
Timely Administration of IV Magnesium Sulfate in Patients With a Moderate Asthma Exacerbation [NCT06137040]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
Parenteral Magnesium Prophylaxis for the Prevention of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically Ill Patients - a Pilot Feasibility Study [NCT05829317]Phase 4140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-20Recruiting
Low Versus High Dose Magnesium Sulfate in the Early Management of Rapid Atrial Fibrillation : Randomised Controlled Double Blind Study (LOMAGHI Study) [NCT00965874]Phase 3450 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Strategy to Calculate Magnesium Sulfate Dose in Obese Patients. A Randomized and Blind Trial. [NCT04003688]74 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-26Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block With Bupivacaine Versus Bupivacaine With Dexamethasone or Magnesium Sulphate for Dynamic Hip Screw Surgeries Randomized Double Blinded Comparative Study [NCT03957499]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-31Recruiting
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate for Rate and Rhythm Control of New-onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Medical Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT01049464]128 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-01-31Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Twelve Hours Duration of Magnesium Sulphate in the Treatment of Eclampsia in Low Resource Setting in Sudan [NCT03112551]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-01Enrolling by invitation
[NCT02826746]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
The Analgesic Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Continuous Presternal Bupivacaine Infusion Through a Single Catheter After Cardiac Surgery; A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Study. [NCT02731950]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Effect of Intraoperative Magnesium Infusion on Postoperative Pain and Cognitive Function After Pelvi-abdominal Surgeries :an Observational Study [NCT04256057]Early Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-15Recruiting
The Effect on Outcome of Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Bupivacaine in the Ultrasound-guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Anesthesia [NCT02752334]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Magnesium Sulphate for Tocolysis in Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes [NCT05134688]Early Phase 1260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-30Not yet recruiting
A Single-center, Single-blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Study of Bowel Preparation Before Colonoscopy [NCT06091735]444 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Recruiting
Sedation of Ventilated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients With Midazolam Alone Versus Combination With Dexmedetomidine or Magnesium Sulfate; Monitored by Ultrasonograghic Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter [NCT05340803]Phase 3108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Not yet recruiting
Different Modalities of Analgesia in Open Heart Surgeries in Mansoura University: Randomized Prospective Comparative Study [NCT04223219]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-10Active, not recruiting
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate Pre-exposure on Oxytocin-induced Contractility in Desensitized Human Myometrium - an in Vitro Study [NCT02647268]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Comparison Of Intraperitoneal Instillation Of Magnesium Sulphate and Bupivacaine Versus Intravenous Analgesia In Laparoscopic Surgeries In Pediatrics [NCT04651556]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-04Completed
The Effect of Preemptive Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy [NCT05880732]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-01Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulfate in Controlled Hypotension During Rhinoplasty Surgeries [NCT05880693]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
Effect of Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Pericapsular Nerve Group Block for Post Operative Analgesia in Hip Joints Surgeries [NCT06180031]Phase 2/Phase 362 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to (Fentanyl/Bupivacaine)Bi-mixture as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthesia in Caudal Block Among Pediatrics in Lower Abdominal Urological Surgeries. a Prospective Randomized Comparative Study [NCT06162806]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-14Recruiting
Effect of Magnesium on Maintenance Dose of Rocuronium for Deep Neuromuscular Blockade During Robotic Radical Prostatectomy [NCT04013243]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-26Completed
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate in the Treatment of Bronchiolitis. [NCT02145520]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Analgesic Potentials of Preoperative Oral Pregabalin,Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate and Their Combination in Acute Post-thoracotomy Pain.(Randomized,Double-Blind Study) [NCT02678117]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Administration of Antenatal Magnesium Sulphate for Prevention of Cerebral Palsy and Death in Preterm Infants (MASP-STUDY) [NCT01492608]Phase 3560 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-16Completed
Effects of Acute Intravenous Magnesium Loading on Pulmonary Function Parameters and Maximal Exercise Capacity of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Stable Clinical Conditions. [NCT00500864]Phase 1/Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Controlled Hypotension During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Comparison of Propofol and Magnesium Sulfate [NCT04078659]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-30Not yet recruiting
Does Magnesium Sulfate as a Supplement in Adductor Canal Blocks Improve Pain Control After Total Knee Arthroplasty? [NCT02581683]Phase 4130 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Extubation Quality Score and Recovery in Larynx Laser Microsurgery, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT05858957]Phase 498 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Recruiting
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate Pretreatment on the Onset and Duration of Intense and Deep Neuromuscular Block of Rocuronium Versus Cis-Atracurium in Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery [NCT05736744]Phase 2/Phase 358 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-20Not yet recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine for Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy: a Randomized Controlled Study. [NCT02820610]Phase 297 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Onset and Duration of Low Dose Rocuronium in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT02669368]Phase 275 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-31Active, not recruiting
MgSO4 Combined With Rocuronium Priming [NCT01389791]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-05-31Recruiting
Single-centre, Randomized, Clinical Trial of Opioid-free Analgesia Versus Routine Opioid-based Analgesia Regimen for the Management of Acute Post-operative Pain Following Caesarean Section [NCT04539249]324 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-04Completed
Postpartum Prophylaxis With Short Course Magnesium Sulfate in Severe Preeclampsia: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01408979]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Vs Placebo to Treat Non-traumatic Acute Headaches in the Emergency Department [NCT05325580]Phase 3424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-12-01Recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Therapy to Prevent Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery in Adults, Concerning the Perioperative Changes in Serum Electrolytes [NCT02928315]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Cases [NCT05826119]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-15Recruiting
Evaluation of the Clinical Response to Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjunct in the Anesthesia [NCT05227716]Phase 4104 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
The Effect of Adding Magnesium Sulfate to Standard Epidural and Interscalene Block in Treatment of Patients With Chronic Pain [NCT01918514]0 participants Expanded AccessNo longer available
Pain Relieving Potentials of Preoperative Combination of Single Dose Oral Duloxetine and Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Acute and Chronic Post Mastectomy Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06087211]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-10Recruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial of the Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate (BEAM) [NCT00014989]Phase 32,136 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-12-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Magnesium Sulfate Added to Local Anesthetic in TAP Block for Postoperative Analgesia Following Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. [NCT02930707]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on the Time Course of Rocuronium Induced Neuromuscular Block - A Randomised Electrophysiology Study [NCT00405977]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Effect of Adding Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulphate to Intrathecal Bupivacaine on Spinal Block and Neonatal Outcome in Uncomplicated Caesarean Delivery [NCT03067896]Phase 378 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
Combination of Haloperidol and Magnesium for Delirium Prevention in Critically Ill Elderly Patients After Elective Major Surgery [NCT06168773]Phase 2/Phase 3135 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-01Completed
Magnesium Sulfate for TAP Analgesia During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT02533284]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-31Not yet recruiting
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Intravenous Calcium/Magnesium to Prevent Oxaliplatin-Induced Sensory Neurotoxicity [NCT00316914]Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium Trial: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Neuroprotective Magnesium Sulfate Therapy for Acute Stroke Initiated Within 2 Hours of Onset by Paramedics in the Field [NCT00059332]Phase 31,700 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
The CLIP (Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia) Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01911494]87,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
[NCT01938300]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Trial of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for the Management of Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease With Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation in Vietnamese Children. [NCT01940250]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-21Completed
[NCT01945437]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison Between Magnesium Sulfate and Dexmedetomidine in Controlled Hypotension During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01956981]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating the Utility of Multimodal Opioid-free Anesthesia on Return of Bowel Function in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery [NCT04144933]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-15Recruiting
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of the Effects of Magnesium Compared to Conventional Therapy on Acute Migraine [NCT05967442]Phase 3288 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-23Completed
Effects of Prophylactic Administration of Magnesium Sulfate on the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Neuropathic Pain After Thoracotomy for Lung Resection. [NCT02008747]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Treatment With Gauze Soaked With Cold Magnesium Sulfate Solution Against Gauze Soaked With Cold Water for Treatment of Perineal Swelling Following Vaginal Delivery - A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT02024256]206 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Recruiting
Ketamine Versus Magnesium Sulfate in the Time and Awakening Quality of General Anesthesia. Randomized Clinical Study. [NCT04360473]140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-14Recruiting
[NCT00007033]25 participants Interventional2000-10-31Completed
Magnesium Versus High Dose Fentanyl in Attenuating Stress Response to Endotracheal Intubation [NCT04544163]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-05Completed
The Efficacy Of Magnesium In Radicular Lower Limb Pain When It Is Added To Local Anesthetics And Steroids In The Transforaminal Epidural Injections. A Comparative Study [NCT04532775]Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Erector Spinae Plane Block on the Relief of Pain of Post-herpetic Neuralgia: Randomized Controlled Study [NCT04546334]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-26Completed
Calcium and Magnesium Infusion for the Prevention of Taxane Induced Neuropathy in Earlier Stage Breast Cancer [NCT01682499]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Local Anesthetic in Erector Spinae Plane Block for Post-operative Analgesia After Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT05976464]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Not yet recruiting
Treatment of Renal Colic in the Emergency Department: Comparison Between Magnesium Sulfate and Lidocaine. A Double-blind, Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT05653401]Phase 2800 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-20Completed
The Effect of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on the Occurrence of Emergence Agitation After Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery [NCT03208452]Phase 492 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-19Completed
Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate for Treatment of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of The Newborn [NCT04328636]Phase 1/Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
Does Perioperative Intravenous Magnesium Affect Postoperative Quality of Recovery in Elective Craniotomy Surgery Patients? [NCT05049707]Phase 3110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-11-01Not yet recruiting
Does Pretreated Magnesium Protect Against Reperfusion Injury in Liver Transplanted Patients? [NCT00994981]Phase 461 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Epidural Levobupivacaine in Elective Caesarian Section for Patients With Preeclampsia [NCT02699827]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Intravenous Infusion Versus Intrathecal Injection of Magnesium Sulfate for Prevention of Postspinal Shivering During Lower Limb Fracture Surgery. A Randomized Comparative Study [NCT04249804]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-15Completed
Tocolysis for Preterm Labor [NCT00811057]301 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Ketamine Versus Magnesium Sulphate as Adjuvants to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound (US) Bi-level Erector Spinae Block in Breast Cancer Surgery [NCT04275661]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-01Active, not recruiting
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Infusion Rate on Magnesium Retention in Critically Ill Patients [NCT01426165]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Issues with recruitment. PI decided to terminate study)
Magnesium Nebulization Utilization in Management of Pediatric Asthma [NCT01429415]Phase 2818 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-26Completed
The Analgesic Efficacy of Adding Magnesium Sulfate Versus Ketorolac to Bupivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block (A Prospective- Double-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial) [NCT04554862]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-01Completed
Effects of a Single Dose of Intrathecal Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Morphine Consumption After Total Hip Replacement [NCT00560092]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Response of Asthmatic Children's Lung Function to Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate After Acetylcholine Provocation Test: a Clinical Trail [NCT01856959]330 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Magnesium And Verapamil After Recanalization in Ischemia of the Cerebrum (MAVARIC) in the Kentucky Regional Population: a Clinical and Translational Study. [NCT02912663]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-11Completed
Magnesium Sulfate Versus Placebo for Tocolysis in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes [NCT00463736]4 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated(stopped due to enrollment proceeding too slowly)
Clinical Study of the LRS ThermoSuit™ System in Post Arrest Patients With Intravenous Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate [NCT00593164]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding for study is currently unavailable.)
The Evaluation of the Combination of Magnesium and Lidocaine for the Pretreatment of Pain That is Caused by the Injection of Propofol. [NCT01342510]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
[NCT01241175]Phase 30 participants InterventionalCompleted
Comparison of the Analgesic Efficacy of Two Adjuvants to Hyperbaric Bupivacaine During Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section. [NCT03458078]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Completed
Magnesium Sulfate Effect Following the Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade Induced by Rocuronium With Sugammadex [NCT02932254]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Intraoperative Retrolaminar Block as Opioid Free Anesthesia and Enhanced Recovery After Posterior Lumber Spine Discectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05312866]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-01Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Intravenous Calcium/Magnesium in Two Different Versions to Prevent Oxaliplatin-Induced Sensory Neurotoxicity [NCT01099449]Phase 3362 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Dexamethasone and magnesıum Sulphate Used as Adjuvant in Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Nerve Block. [NCT06085417]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-02Completed
12-hour Versus 24-hour Postpartum Magnesium Sulphate for Preeclamptic Patients :A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04576364]280 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-01Completed
Assessment Role of Mgso4 as Neuroprotective in Post Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT04646876]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-02Completed
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate in Comparison to Clonidine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine 0.25% in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Pediatric Upper Limb Surgeries. Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study [NCT06180941]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulphate in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy for Deeply Settled Intracranial Tumours [NCT05743725]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-15Not yet recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Block Using a Combination of Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine Versus Bupivacaine and Magnesium Sulfate for Postoperative Analgesia in Lumbar Spine Surgery [NCT05694897]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-30Completed
Comparative Study of Magnesium Sulfate Versus Fentanyl as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine for Thoracic Epidural Analgesia in Multiple Traumatic Fracture Ribs [NCT03595397]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-31Not yet recruiting
Study of the Hypnotic and Anti-nociceptive Components of Magnesium Using Electroencephalogram Spectral Entropy and Pupillometry During Total Intravenous General Anaesthesia [NCT05005494]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-01Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate Bolus in Pediatric Patients With Bronchiolitis [NCT04740294]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-21Active, not recruiting
Comparison of Mg, Ketamine, Large Dose Rocuronium, and Priming on Intubating Condition in Rapid Sequence Intubation [NCT01479751]110 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
MAST - Magnesium for Sickle Cell Acute Crisis in Children [NCT00313963]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HcG) VS MAGNESIUM SULPHATE (MgSo4) AS A TOCOLYTIC AGENT- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [NCT05828966]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-02-15Completed
Randomized and Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Intraoperative Neuromonitoring. [NCT04938765]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-18Recruiting
Neuroendocrine Changes Associated With Magnesium Sulfate Administration in Surgical Patients [NCT04514731]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-21Recruiting
Effect of Pre-treatment With Magnesium Sulfate on the Duration of Deep Neuromuscular Blockade With Rocuronium: Random and Double-blind Clinical Study [NCT02989272]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Recruiting
A Phase 2, Randomized, Controlled 2x3 Trial Comparing Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Using Mild Hypothermia and Concurrent and Supplemental Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate. [NCT01333488]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual)
Magnesium Sulphate in Perinatal Asphyxia: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial. [NCT00553072]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
Comparison of Propofol-Nalbuphine and Propofol-Magnesium Sulphate Sedation for Patients Undergoing GIT Endoscopy [NCT05880459]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Magnesium Sulphate and Ketamine Added to 0.5% Bupivacaine for Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery [NCT05855798]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-05-10Completed
Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate on Smoothness of Extubation in Patients Undergoing General Anaesthesia With Endotracheal Intubation: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04617652]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Completed
Magnesium Infusion for Pain Management in Critically Ill Trauma Patients [NCT04166877]Phase 4156 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-07Recruiting
Does Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Low Dose Rocuronium Affects the Depth of Blockade in Cancer Patients Undergoing Direct Laryngoscope Surgical Procedures [NCT04510337]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-02Completed
Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate Compared to Saline in Addition to Albuterol and Ipratropium Treatments in Moderate to Severe Pediatric Asthmatic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00522444]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
A Pilot Study of Magnesium Infusions (Drips) for Moderate-to-Severe Pediatric Asthma Exacerbations [NCT01522040]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Withdrawn
Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study of Vitamin E for Oxaliplatin-induced Neuropathy Prophylaxis [NCT01523574]Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
The Effect of Peripartum Magnesium Sulfate Use on the Occurrence of Postpartum Depression [NCT05751746]108 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2023-01-30Recruiting
Phase IV Recruiting [NCT01542697]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Recruiting
[NCT00116623]Phase 40 participants Interventional2003-02-28Terminated(stopped due to Funding completed)
Comparing the Effect of Ketamine and Magnesium Sulfate Gargling With Placebo on Post-operative Sore Throat: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04705948]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-07Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Erector Spinae Block for Acute Pain Management in Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT04732390]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-01Recruiting
Magnesium Status & Effect of Magnesium Infusions on Rest Cramps [NCT00423540]54 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Magnesium Prevention of Brain Injury in Preterm Infants [NCT00065949]Phase 30 participants Interventional1987-08-31Active, not recruiting
Phase 3 Study (Multi-center, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial) of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate to Improve Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage [NCT00124150]Phase 3327 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-06-30Completed
Magnesium Sulfate in Substitution to Remifentanil. Intra-operative Analgesia Assessed by the Surgical Stress Index. Randomized and Blind Clinical Trial [NCT04005599]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-03Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate Added to Mepivacaine Hydrochloride on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Success in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis in Mandibular Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT04561921]56 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-22Not yet recruiting
Perioperative Magnesium Sulphate as a Cerebral Protector in Neurosurgical Patients [NCT01601314]Phase 355 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Effectiveness of Calcium Channel Blockade for Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Poisoning - an Open, Pragmatic, 3-arm RCT Repurposing Two Widely Available Licensed Medicines [NCT03925025]Phase 33,243 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-11Recruiting
Randomized Double-Blinded Trial of Magnesium Sulfate Tocolysis Versus Nifedipine Tocolysis in Women With Preterm Labor Between 24 to 32 6/7 Weeks' Gestation [NCT00306462]33 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Terminated(stopped due to No enrollment in past year, lack of interest)
Post Hysterectomy Pain Prevention: Randomized Clinical Trial of High Volume Preoperative Wound Infiltration and Pain Specific Anesthetic Protocol Versus Standard of Care (no Wound Infiltration and Routine Anesthetic Protocol) [NCT01627353]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Funding withdrawn)
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Therapeutic Hypothermia Plus Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) Versus Therapeutic Hypothermia Plus Placebo in the Management of Term and Near Term Babies With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy [NCT01646619]Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-05-31Recruiting
Intra-arterial Magnesium Therapy: A Novel Platorm for Neuroprotectant Delivery in Acute Stroke [NCT01502761]Phase 1/Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Terminated(stopped due to No safety issues. Low enrollment secondary to negative stroke studies 2013)
Evaluation of Ropivacaine and Ropivacaine Plus Magnesium Sulphate Infiltration for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy [NCT05294393]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-21Enrolling by invitation
Pharmacokinetics (PK)/Pharmacodynamics (PD) Modeling of Magnesium Sulfate In the Mother and Exposed Neonate [NCT01709630]151 participants (Actual)Observational2012-09-30Completed
Study the Possible Effects of Intraoperative Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate Infusion on the Incidence of Sevoflurane Induced Emergence Agitation in Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy [NCT01743144]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Active, not recruiting
The Mechanism of Human Non-Shivering Thermogenesis and Basal Metabolic Rate [NCT01950520]Phase 2134 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-02-07Recruiting
Intrathecal Magnesium Associated to Lidocaine Decreases the Incidence of the Transitory Neurologic Syndrome Following Same-day-surgery [NCT01794247]Phase 321 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Terminated(stopped due to low recruitment rate)
Effects of Magnesium Sulphate on the Pharmacodynamics of Rocuronium in Patients 60 Years or Older: Randomised and Double-Blind Study [NCT01804205]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on the Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade With Sugammadex: a Prospective, Randomized Double-blind Trial [NCT01828385]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Three Methods of Intrathecal Bupivacaine; Bupivacaine-Fentanyl and Bupivacaine-Fentanyl-Magnesium Sulfate on Sensory-Motor Blocks and Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Disk Herniation Surgery [NCT01843296]Phase 4105 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Sulphate Added to Bupivacaine in Infraorbital Nerve Block for Perioperative Analgesia in Paediatric Patients for Cleft Lip Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Double Blinded Study [NCT05624151]Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-25Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Use on Intraoperative Remifentanil Consumption and Postoperative Pain in Abdominal Hysterectomy Cases [NCT05644873]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-30Not yet recruiting
Efficacy Of Magnesium Sulphate Versus Ketamine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Pectoral Nerve Block During Mastectomy : Comparative Controlled , Randomized Double-Blind Study [NCT05663801]Phase 272 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-28Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Levosimendan Versus Its Combination to Magnesium Sulphate on Spinal Cord Protection Guided by NIRS in Infants Undergoing Coarctectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study. [NCT04330755]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-04Completed
Efficacy of Sugammadex for the Reversal of Moderate and Deep Rocuronium Induced Neuromuscular Block in Patients Pretreated With Magnesium Sulphate [NCT01440933]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Effects of Valproic Acid and Magnesium Sulphate on Rocuronium Requirement and Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy for Cerebrovascular Surgery [NCT01460563]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-10-31Recruiting
"Comparison of Magnesium Sulphate Versus Cold Compression on Patients With I.V Cannula Induce Phlebitis Admitted in Lahore General Hospital Lahore a Randomized Control Trial" [NCT06072729]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-30Not yet recruiting
Evaluation of Magnesium Sulfate in Combination With Dexmedetomidine As Adjuvants to Levobupivacaine for Augmenting Analgesia and Anesthesia in Ultrasound Guided Spermatic Cord Block For Testicular Sperm Extraction Surgery [NCT04498351]Early Phase 1130 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-30Completed
Magnesium Sulphate Versus Fentanyl: Effects on the Quality of Bier Block: Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT04393610]Phase 2/Phase 375 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-14Recruiting
Magnesium Sulphate Iontophoresis Versus High- Power Pain Threshold Ultrasound in Mechanical Neck Pain [NCT05474898]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-08Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate in Modulating Changes in Symptoms and Divalent Cation Levels Associated With Foscavir Therapy: A Phase IV Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over, Pilot Study [NCT00002146]Phase 412 participants InterventionalCompleted
The Role of Ketamine and Magnesium in Post-operative Pain Control After Laparoscopic Surgery in Patients With Chronic Pelvic Pain Treated With Opioids: A Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial. [NCT02940509]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Terminated(stopped due to Change in practice of medicine. There were no longer sufficient patients to enroll in the study that met criteria.)
Role of Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in Improving Clinical Outcome in Patients Suffering From Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT04412850]Early Phase 144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-01Not yet recruiting
Randomized Control Trial of Magnesium-Based Trigger Point Injections vs. Lidocaine-Only Trigger Point Injections for Relief of Chronic Myofascial Pelvic Pain [NCT02728037]Phase 338 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Low Enrollment, Adoption of investigational treatment into standard practice at our center.)
Two Doses of the Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Versus the Standard Single Dose With/Without Nebulized Budesonide for the Emergency Management of the Severe Asthma. A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02455687]Phase 3240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
Efficacy of Nebulized Versus Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate in Treatment of Asthma Exacerbation [NCT05908864]123 participants (Actual)Observational2018-10-30Completed
Magnesium Sulfate for the Improvement of Cognition in Patients With Alzheimer Disease [NCT03038334]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-02-20Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine and Magnesium Sulfate in Preventing Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05554848]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Split-dose of Oral Magnesium Sulfate Solution for Bowel Preparation in Elderly Patients [NCT04948567]1,174 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-30Completed
Evaluation of Intravenous Infusion of Labetalol Versus Magnesium Sulfate on Cerebral Hemodynamics of Severe Preeclampsia Patients Using Transcranial Doppler [NCT04539379]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-01Completed
The Neuroprotective Impact of Magnesium Sulphate Therapy for Preterm Deliveries. Loading Dose Alone Strategy Versus Loading Plus Maintenance Dose Strategy. [NCT05674565]Phase 2/Phase 3336 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-20Recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on the Quality of Recovery of Ambulatory Patients [NCT01433081]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate Versus Normal Saline as a Vehicle for Albuterol in Children With Moderate to Severe Asthma Exacerbation: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01515995]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Double-blinded Randomized Study of IV Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate Versus 5% Dextrose in a Crossover Design in Male and Female Volunteers With Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT01597167]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Magnesium Sulphate for Fetal Neuroprotection in Full Term Deliveries [NCT04401852]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-21Recruiting
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Magnesium Sulphate on Arterial Oxygenation and Pulmonary Mechanics in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Undergoing Cancer Larynx Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03461328]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-20Completed
[NCT01923831]146 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate Associated or Not to Lidocaine On the Neuromuscular Blockade Induced by Muscle Relaxant Cistracurium [NCT02483611]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
The Effect of Different Doses of Intrathecal Magnesium Sulfate on Shivering After Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarean Sections [NCT05427149]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-10Completed
Effect of Intravenous Single-bolus Lidocaine Infusion Versus Intravenous Single-bolus Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on Postoperative Pain, Emotional Status and Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Spine Fusion Surgery [NCT04776369]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-01Active, not recruiting
Magnesium Sulfate for Neuroprotection After Brain Trauma [NCT00004730]Phase 30 participants Interventional1998-08-31Completed
[NCT00004399]2,000 participants Interventional1995-09-30Completed
High Versus Low Dose of Magnesium Sulfate as Initial Tocolytic Agent for Preterm Labour in Symptomatic Placenta Previa [NCT04599868]Phase 2130 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-01Completed
Laboratory and Pilot Clinical Assessment of the Accuracy, Usability, and Function of a Low-cost, Low-power Syringe Pump in Administering Magnesium Sulfate to Pre-eclamptic Women in a Low-resource Hospital [NCT02296931]Phase 1/Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
Is Serratus Anterior Plane Block (SAPB) With Adjuvant Medications Better at Managing Post-operative Pain Than Serratus Anterior Plane Block With Bupivacaine Alone in Patients Undergoing Video-assisted Thoracoscopy? [NCT05090761]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-12Recruiting
A Comparative Study Between Intrathecal Magnesium Sulphate Versus Midazolam Along With Epidural 0.75% Ropivacaine in Combined Spinal Epidural Technique for Preeclampsia Parturients Undergiong Elective Caesarean Section [NCT02619799]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Single Dose Pregabalin and Magnesium Sulfate in Controlled Hypotension During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT05442931]Phase 1/Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-01Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of One Gram Versus Two Grams Intravenous Maintenance Dose of Magnesium Sulfate in Women With Severe Pre-eclampsia: a Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT03164304]Phase 4222 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-30Completed
MAGIC-AKI: Magnesium for the Prevention of Hyperthermic Intraoperative Cisplatin-Associated AKI [NCT05730816]Phase 2130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-04Recruiting
Comparison of Doses of Nebulized Magnesium Sulphate as an Adjuvant Treatment With Salbutamol in Children With Status Asthmaticus [NCT04929626]Phase 1126 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-01Completed
Ketamine and Neuropathic Pain [NCT02467517]Phase 222 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Recruiting
A Prospective Open Randomized Clinical Trial of Non-invasive Ventilation Versus Standard Therapy for Children Hospitalized With an Acute Exacerbation of Asthma. [NCT03296579]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-30Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Adding Magnesium Sulphate to Bupivicaine in Ultrasound Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT04429893]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-01Recruiting
ULTRASOUND GUIDED POPLITEAL SCIATIC NERVE BLOCK USING BUPIVACAINE ALONE OR COMBINED WITH MAGNESIUM SULFATE FOR DIABETIC FOOT SURGERIES [NCT04903743]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-10Active, not recruiting
Comparison of the Effects of Nifedipine and Magnesium Sulfate on Maternal and Fetal Doppler Blood Flow Patterns in Women With Preterm Labor [NCT05520021]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
The Comparison of Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate and Intravenous Meperidine for Prevention of Shivering During Spinal Anesthesia [NCT05110469]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Completed
Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Propofol During Consious Sedation in Adult Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy [NCT06131905]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
Magnesium Sulfate as Adjuvant Analgesia and Its Effect on Opiate Use of Post-operative Transplant Patients in the Pediatric ICU [NCT04812028]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-01Completed
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate and Labetalol Infusion Used for Induced Hypotension on Peripheral Perfusion and Postoperative Pain in Nasal Surgeries [NCT04688203]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Completed
Are Superficial Parasternal Intercostal Plane (SPIP) Blocks With Local Anesthetic Alone and Local Anesthetic With Adjuvants Helpful in Managing Post-operative Pain in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)? [NCT05003765]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-06Recruiting
Lung Function Changes of Mild to Moderate Asthmatic Children Treated by Nebulized MgSO4 [NCT01799109]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Magnesium Sulfate Versus Nifedipine for the Acute Tocolysis of Preterm Labor: A Prospective, Randomized Trial [NCT00185900]192 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-04-30Completed
Magnesium in Treating Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Related Vasospasm, A Haptoglobin Genomic Based Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04613960]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-31Not yet recruiting
Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Combined to Diclofenac Versus Intravenous Lidocaine Combined to Diclofenac Versus Diclofenac Alone in the ED Treatment of Renal Colic. A Randomized Double Blind Study. [NCT03199924]Phase 2600 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-01Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Split-versus Standard-dose Sodium Pico Sulfate Plus Magnesium Citrate for Bowel Cleansing Before Colonoscopy in Children [NCT04767633]Phase 3590 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-30Not yet recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Magnesium Sulphate as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Ultra-sound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plan Block in Pediatric Abdominal Cancer Surgery [NCT03979599]Phase 310 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-15Recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium on Maternal Mood, Cognitive Function, and Birth Experience [NCT02454322]300 participants (Anticipated)Observational2015-05-31Completed
Analgesia Following Posterior Spinal Fusion: Methadone vs Magnesium [NCT01795495]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Single Infusion of Ketamine Combined With Magnesium Sulfate to Treat Refractory Chronic Cluster Headache [NCT04814381]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-15Recruiting
Nifedipine Plus Magnesium Sulfate Versus Magnesium Sulfate Alone for Tocolysis in Pregnant Women at 28 - 31 Weeks Gestation With Threatened Preterm Labor [NCT05345132]264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-10Recruiting
Nifedipine Versus Magnesium Sulfate for Tocolysis in Pregnant Women at 32 - 36 Weeks Gestation With Threatened Preterm Labor [NCT05343806]264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
Role of Adding Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine and Magnesium Sulphate to Caudal Block as Preemptive Analgesia in Hypospadias Repair in Pediatrics: a Randomized Double-blinded Trial [NCT05837000]Phase 475 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-15Recruiting
Intravenous Magnesium Infusion in Patients Undergoing Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation Trial [NCT01597557]261 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Ketamine Hydrochloride Versus Magnesium Sulfate as Analgesic Adjuvants in Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy, a Randomized Comparative Study [NCT05565664]Phase 438 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Adjuvant Epidural Magnesium Sulfate to Bupivacaine and Morphine on Post-thoracotomy Pain Control: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial Study [NCT03343548]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
MASTER-ED : Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Hospitalisation of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Seen in the Emergency Department [NCT02498496]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to financing delays)
Intravenous Versus Caudal Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Caudal Bupivacaine in Lower Abdominal Surgeries in Paediatrics Under General Anaesthesia [NCT03322878]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-30Not yet recruiting
A Multicentre Double Blind Trial of the Neuroprotective Efficacy of Postnatal Magnesium Sulphate in Term/Near Term Infants With Moderate to Severe Birth Asphyxia [NCT05707962]178 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-24Not yet recruiting
Abbreviated Post-partum Magnesium Sulfate Seizure Prophylaxis in Preeclampsia: A Comparison of 12 and 24 Hour Regimens [NCT00344058]200 participants Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Effect of Magnesium Sulphate on Neostigmine-induced Reversal of Neuromuscular Block by Rocuronium [NCT03020706]166 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Recruiting
Single Versus Double Dose Magnisum Sulphate in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Asthma in Children in the Emergency Department [NCT04465175]Phase 2/Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation During General Anesthesia on the Quality of Postoperative Recovery in Children [NCT03132701]66 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-08Completed
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Lidocaine, Magnesium Sulphate and Remifentanil Perioperatively in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy: a Prospective, Randomized and Double-blind Study [NCT02309879]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Interest of Magnesium Sulfate in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Intensive Care: Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03237819]Phase 374 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-27Active, not recruiting
Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium Infusion in Reducing Agitations in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy [NCT05164627]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-08Active, not recruiting
The Influence of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Postoperative Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Sedated With Dexmedetomidine Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT03253224]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-10Terminated(stopped due to Because the principle investigator will participate a visiting scholar program for one year in other country, this study has been terminated.)
Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Remifentanil Induced Cough and Chest Wall Rigidity [NCT05237791]Phase 478 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-03Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Pain and Comfort in Patients Following Cardiac Surgery: Opioid- Morphine Managed Versus Multimodal Pain-management [NCT04987372]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-21Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Adding Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine in Bilateral Ultrasound Guided Paravertebral Block for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT05099250]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-15Completed
Patient Satisfaction and Abbreviated Postpartum Magnesium Sulfate for Preeclampsia With Severe Features: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05789381]154 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-31Not yet recruiting
Intra-articular Infiltration With Magnesium Sulphate and Bupivacaine in Distal Radius Fractures. Randomized, Double-blind Study [NCT02514343]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Pediatric Caudal Epidural Dexmedetomidine Enhances Postoperative Analgesia of Magnesium Sulphate and Quality of Caudal Anesthesia in Lower Abdominal Surgeries [NCT02487355]Phase 2/Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Recruiting
Continuation Versus Discontinuation of Magnesium Sulfate After Delivery in Women With Severe Preeclampsia. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03318211]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-25Not yet recruiting
Comparative Study of the Antiarrhythmic and Cardioprotective Effects of Atorvastatin Versus Magnesium Sulfate in Cardiac Valve Replacement Surgery [NCT03289429]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-24Recruiting
Low Dose Magnesium Sulphate Versus Standard Pritchard Regimen In Management Of Severe Preeclampsia/Eclampsia: A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT04501289]114 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-08Completed
Magnesium Sulfate Improves Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgeries: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02508857]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Randomized, Double Blind Trial of Magnesium Sulfate Tocolysis Versus Intravenous Saline for Suspected Placental Abruption [NCT00186069]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Magnesium as an Adjuvant Agent for Postoperative Pain Control Following Periacetabular Osteotomy [NCT05947760]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
Postoperative Pain Alleviation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery; Presternal Bupivacaine and Magnesium Infiltration Versus Conventional Intravenous Analgesia [NCT03106818]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-31Completed
MAGNesium and Digoxin Versus AMiodarone for Fast Atrial Fibrillation in the ICU (MAGNAM Trial) [NCT05287191]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-05Recruiting
Effects of Magnesium Sulphate on Sugammadex Reversal of Rocuronium Induced Blockade in Gynaecology Patients [NCT01972659]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Dry Needling Versus Magnesium Sulphate Iontophoresis in Chronic Mechanical Neck Pain [NCT04809038]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Stroke Impact Scale
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Serious Adverse Events
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]NIH Stroke Scale
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Mortality
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Modified Rankin Score of 0 or 1
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Modified Rankin Score ≤2
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Modified Rankin Scale
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Barthel Index
NCT00059332 (9) [back to overview]Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Neonatal Birth Weight
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Time to Uterine Quiescence
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Serious Maternal Adverse Effect
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Prevention of Preterm Delivery for 48 Hours With Attainment of Uterine Quiescence
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Gestational Age at Delivery
NCT00185900 (6) [back to overview]Composite Neonatal Morbidity
NCT00186069 (3) [back to overview]Undelivered With Resolution of Vaginal Bleeding and Contractions in First 48 Hours
NCT00186069 (3) [back to overview]Neonatal Apgar Score at 5 Minutes
NCT00186069 (3) [back to overview]Gestational Age at Delivery (Weeks)
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Acute Neuropathic Adverse Event
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Therapy for Chronic Neurotoxicity
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Average Duration of Chronic Neuropathic Toxicity
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Incidence of Calcium Magnesium (CaMg)-Induced Adverse Event
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life (QOL) at One Month
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Oxaliplatin-induced Grade 2+ Chronic Neuropathic Adverse Event
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fatigue Score at One Month
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Grade 3+ Chronic Neurotoxicity
NCT00316914 (9) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Grade 2+ Chronic Neurotoxicity
NCT00811057 (2) [back to overview]The Secondary Outcome Measure of This Research is the Days Gained After Treatment to Delivery
NCT00811057 (2) [back to overview]The Primary Outcome Measure of This Research is to Compare the Efficacy of the Three Clinically Used Tocolytic Agents in a Prospective Study That Will Allow Direct Comparison of Outcomes in Women With Confirmed Preterm Labor.
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Acute Neuropathy Associated With Oxaliplatin
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Sensory Area Under the Curve(AUC) Score. Oxaliplatin-induced Sensory Neuropathy as Repeatedly Measured by the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 Sensory Subscale During Chemotherapy
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Grade 2+ and Grade 3+ Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity and the Duration of the Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity During and After Chemotherapy
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Patient-reported Quality of Life (QOL) as Measured by the Supplemental QOL Questionnaire
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Experiencing Grade 2+ and Grade 3+ Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity.
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC) of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) Motor Neuropathy Subscale Scores
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) Autonomic Neuropathy Subscale Scores
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Cumulative Oxaliplatin Doses That Can be Administered Without Dose-limiting Chronic Neurotoxicity
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Incidence of Calcium Gluconate and Magnesium Sulfate-induced Adverse Events as Measured by CTCAE Version 4.0
NCT01099449 (10) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Oxaliplatin-based Chemotherapy Because of Neurotoxicity
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Warm Sensation Associated With Study Drug Infusion
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Number of Morphine Equivalents Per Kilogram of Body Weight Used During Hospitalization
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Hypotension Associated With Infusion
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay (Hours)
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Development of Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS)
NCT01197417 (7) [back to overview]Rehospitalization
NCT01333488 (3) [back to overview]GOS
NCT01333488 (3) [back to overview]GOS (Glasgow Outcome Score)
NCT01333488 (3) [back to overview]Vasospasm
NCT01342510 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Pain Associated With Injection of Propofol.
NCT01342510 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Reporting Pain With Injection of Propofol
NCT01433081 (2) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption
NCT01433081 (2) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery Scores Post Operative
NCT01502761 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Procedure Related Serious Adverse Event
NCT01502761 (2) [back to overview]Magnesium Concentration in Region of Cerebral Ischemia
NCT01515995 (1) [back to overview]Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) %
NCT01597557 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Successful Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm
NCT01597557 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced Severe Hypotensive Episodes After Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate or Placebo
NCT01597557 (3) [back to overview]Total Amount of Energy Required for Successful Cardioversion of the Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm
NCT01795495 (2) [back to overview]Intra- and Post-operative Pain Relief
NCT01795495 (2) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain Scores
NCT01972659 (1) [back to overview]TOF 0.9 Achieving Time
NCT02296931 (1) [back to overview]Error in the Total Volume Dispensed and Flow Rate
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M3 (Heart Rate in the Moment 3)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M5 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 5)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M6 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 6)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7a (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7a)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Spontaneous Recovery (T4/T1=90%)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Recovery Index
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7f (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7f)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Total Duration (Dur95%)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7e (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7e)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7d (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7d)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7c (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7c)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Clinical Duration
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Final Recovery Index
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M1 (Heart Rate in the Moment 1)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M2 (Heart Rate in the Moment 2)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M7b (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7b)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M4 (Heart Rate in the Moment 4)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M5 (Heart Rate in the Moment 5)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M6 (Heart Rate in the Moment 6)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7a (Heart Rate in the Moment 7a)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7b (Heart Rate in the Moment 7b)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7c (Heart Rate in the Moment 7c)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7d (Heart Rate in the Moment 7d)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7e (Heart Rate in the Moment 7e)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]HR - M7f (Heart Rate in the Moment 7f)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]Latency
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M1 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 1)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M2 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 2)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M3 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 3)
NCT02483611 (30) [back to overview]MAP - M4 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 4)
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With a ≥0.5 Log Reduction in the Number of EBV-infected B Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With 2-fold or Greater Increase in NKG2D Expression in CD8 T+ Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With 2-fold or Greater Increase in NKG2D Expression in CD8 T+ Cells Before and After Magnesium Supplementation - Phase 2
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With Adverse Events by Grade
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With Severe Adverse Events
NCT02496676 (6) [back to overview]Participants With a Decrease in the Absolute Number of EBV Infected B Cells Before and After Magnesium Supplementation - Phase 2
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Motor Blockade
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Postoperative Analgesia
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Sensory Blockade
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Onset of Motor Blockade
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Onset of Sensory Blockade
NCT02619799 (6) [back to overview]Perioperative Side Effects
NCT02835339 (3) [back to overview]Maternal Side Effects
NCT02835339 (3) [back to overview]Maternal Serum Magnesium Level at 4 Hours After Administration
NCT02835339 (3) [back to overview]Maternal Serum Magnesium Level at Time of Delivery
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Complications Due to Intraarticular Injection
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Rescue Analgesic Time
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Postoperative Opioid/NSAID Consumption
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Time to the End of Spinal Anesthesia
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Surgery Time
NCT03479216 (7) [back to overview]Mobilization
NCT03617289 (2) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Requiring Opiates for Additional Pain Control
NCT03617289 (2) [back to overview]Pain Score Change
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Pentazocine Use as Rescue Analgesia
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Post-operative Pentazocine Use
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Apgar Scores of the Neonates
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Peri-operative Adverse Events
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 8 Hours Post-operative
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Mean Dose of Pentazocine Used
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 24 Hours Post-operative
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 4 Hours Post-operative
NCT04539249 (9) [back to overview]Frequency and Nature of Pentazocine Use
NCT04987372 (2) [back to overview](ICDSC)Delirium After Stop Sedation by Using Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist
NCT04987372 (2) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain After Cardiac Surgery

Stroke Impact Scale

"The Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) is a measure of stroke-specific quality of life. The scale assesses 8 domains. Scores for each domain range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes.~Physical problems~Memory and thinking~Mood and emotions~Communication, reading and understanding~Daily activities~Mobility at home and in the community~Affected hand use~Hobbies and activities participation" (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Normal Saline65
Magnesium Sulfate67

[back to top]

Serious Adverse Events

(NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal Saline422
Magnesium Sulfate439

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NIH Stroke Scale

"The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a measure of neurologic deficit. Total Score range 0-42, with higher scores indicating greater severity. The 11 domains assessed are:~1a-c Level of consciousness 2. Best Gaze 3. Visual 4. Facial Palsy 5a. Motor left arm 5b. Motor right arm 6a. Motor left leg 6b. Motor right leg 7. Limb Ataxia 8. Sensory 9. Best Language 10. Dysarthria 11. Extinction and Inattention" (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Normal Saline3
Magnesium Sulfate3

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Mortality

(NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal Saline131
Magnesium Sulfate132

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Modified Rankin Score of 0 or 1

Minimal or no disability based on the modified Rankin score (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal Saline311
Magnesium Sulfate313

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Modified Rankin Score ≤2

Functional independence based on modified Rankin score (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal Saline445
Magnesium Sulfate449

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Modified Rankin Scale

"Modified Rankin Scales (mRS) is a measure of global disability. Total Scale range is 0-6, with lower values indicating better outcomes.~0 No symptoms at all~No significant disability despite symptoms; able to carry out all usual duties and activities~Slight disability; unable to carry out all previous activities, but able to look after own affairs without assistance~Moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance~Moderately severe disability; unable to walk without assistance and unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance~Severe disability; bedridden, incontinent and requiring constant nursing care and attention~Dead" (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months after stroke onset

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Normal Saline2
Magnesium Sulfate2

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Barthel Index

"The Barthel Index is a measure of activities of daily living. Total score is calculated by addition of subscale scores. Total score range is 0-100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes. The ten subitems are:~FEEDING (Subscale range is 0-10) BATHING (Subscale range is 0-5) GROOMING (Subscale range is 0-5) DRESSING (Subscale range is 0-10) BOWELS (Subscale range is 0-10) BLADDER (Subscale range is 0-10) TOILET USE (Subscale range is 0-10) TRANSFERS (Subscale range is 0-15) MOBILITY (Subscale range is 0-15) STAIRS (Subscale range is 0-10)" (NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Normal Saline95
Magnesium Sulfate90

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Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

(NCT00059332)
Timeframe: 3 month

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal Saline28
Magnesium Sulfate18

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Neonatal Birth Weight

Presented as grams (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: Until delivery, up to 42 weeks of gestation

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate2550
Nifedipine2650

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Time to Uterine Quiescence

Uterine quiescence was defined by 12 hours of six of fewer contractions per hour and no further cervical change. (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: Until delivery, up to 42 weeks of gestation

Interventionhours (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate8.4
Nifedipine6.1

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Serious Maternal Adverse Effect

A composite of any of the following: chest pain, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath or hypotension. (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: From study enrollment until discharge from delivery hospital, up to 30 days after delivery.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium Sulfate20
Nifedipine10

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Number of Participants With Prevention of Preterm Delivery for 48 Hours With Attainment of Uterine Quiescence

Uterine quiescence defined by 12 hours of six or fewer contractions per hour and no further cervical change within 48 hours of tocolytic initiation. (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: 48 hours after administration of study medication.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium Sulfate80
Nifedipine72

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Gestational Age at Delivery

Presented as weeks (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: Until delivery, up to 42 weeks of gestation

Interventionweeks (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate35.8
Nifedipine36.0

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Composite Neonatal Morbidity

Defined as any of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis or fetal/neonatal death. (NCT00185900)
Timeframe: From delivery until discharge from the hospital, up to 30 days of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium Sulfate27
Nifedipine22

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Undelivered With Resolution of Vaginal Bleeding and Contractions in First 48 Hours

The primary outcome was the proportion of women undelivered at 48 hours with resolution of vaginal bleeding and uterine contractions. (NCT00186069)
Timeframe: 48 hours after the randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Magnesium Sulfate12
Normal Saline10

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Neonatal Apgar Score at 5 Minutes

The median Apgar score at 5 minutes. Apgar score scale is from 0 to 10 with score 0 expressing the worst neonatal status and score 10 the best status. (NCT00186069)
Timeframe: At 5 minutes after birth

InterventionApgar score (Median)
Magnesium Sulfate9
Normal Saline9

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Gestational Age at Delivery (Weeks)

Median gestational age at delivery (in full weeks) (NCT00186069)
Timeframe: Time of delivery

Interventionweeks of gestation (Median)
Magnesium Sulfate36
Normal Saline38

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Percentage of Patients With Acute Neuropathic Adverse Event

Acute neuropathic toxicities were measured using the Symptom Experience Diary and supplemental quality of life questions in the scale of 0 (no symptom) to 10 (worst symptom). The item score was reversed and transformed into 0 (low QOL) to 100 (best QOL) scale for analysis. Any score greater than 0 was considered having acute neuropathy. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Ca/Mg88
Placebo90

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Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Therapy for Chronic Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity were assessed by CTCAE v3.0. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Ca/Mg46
Placebo55.8

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Average Duration of Chronic Neuropathic Toxicity

Neuropathic adverse events were assessed by CTCAE v3.0. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

Interventiondays (Median)
Ca/Mg81
Placebo72

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Incidence of Calcium Magnesium (CaMg)-Induced Adverse Event

Adverse Events were measured using CTCAE V3.0. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Abdominal InfectionAcne NOSAnemiaAnorexiaClostridial InfectionConstipationDehydrationDiarrhea-No ColostomDry SkinErythema MultiformeFatigueHypercalcemiaHyperglycemiaHypermagnesemiaHypersensitivityHypokalemiaHypomagnesemiaHyponatremiaInfectionIschemia-CerebralIschemia/InfarctionLaryngeal DiscomfortLeukopeniaMuscle WeaknessMyalgiaNauseaNeuro-motorNeuro-sensoryNeutropeniaOral cavity MS CEPain-AbdominalPain-ChestPain-HeadacheRash/DesquamationSkin Rxn-Hand/FootStomatitisTasteThrombocytopeniaThrombosisUrticariaVasc Access ComplicationVomiting
Ca/Mg2244042268041002146404002062460421820004422260234
Placebo024224767320252018022022021000714123308240222242033

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Change From Baseline in Quality of Life (QOL) at One Month

Quality of Life (QOL) were measured using the Symptom Experience Diary and supplemental quality of life questions. Item score range: 0 (no symptom) to 10 (worst symptom). The score was reversed and transformed into 0 (low QOL) to 100 (best QOL) scale for analysis. Change: score at one month minus score at baseline. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: Baseline and One month

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Fatigue WORSTWalkingButtoning Shirt or Tying LacesDiarrheaConstipationAbdominal CrampingBowel Problems with Normal ActivityShortness of Breath (Week 2 - Baseline)Swallowing (Week 2 - Baseline)Numbness in Fingers, Toes (Week 2 - Baseline)Tingling in Fingers, Toes (Week 2 - Baseline)
Ca/Mg0.0-2.5-2.0-7.1-2.9-2.5-3.2-0.7-7.5-8.3-14.8
Placebo-1.60.20.4-10.40.41.3-9.12.12.1-9.6-20.4

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Percentage of Patients With Oxaliplatin-induced Grade 2+ Chronic Neuropathic Adverse Event

Neuropathic adverse events were assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0. Neurotoxicity evaluation grade: loss of deep tendon reflexes or paresthesia, including tingling, but not interfering with function (Grade 1); objective sensory alteration or paresthesia, including tingling, interfering with function, but not with activities of daily living (Grade 2); sensory alteration or paresthesia interfering with activities of daily living (Grade 3); permanent sensory losses that are disabling (Grade 4) (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Ca/Mg22
Placebo41

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Change From Baseline in Fatigue Score at One Month

Fatigue was measured by Brief Fatigue Inventory in the scale of 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (fatigue as bad as you can imagine). The item score was reversed and transformed into 0 (low quality of life (QOL)) to 100 (best QOL) scale for analysis. Change: score at one month minus score at baseline. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: Baseline and One month

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Fatigue NOWFatigue USUALFatigue WORST
Ca/Mg1.03.10.0
Placebo-2.8-1.6-1.6

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Time to Onset of Grade 3+ Chronic Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity was assessed by CTCAE v3.0. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

InterventionDays (Median)
Ca/MgNA
PlaceboNA

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Time to Onset of Grade 2+ Chronic Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity were assessed by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0. (NCT00316914)
Timeframe: 127 days

InterventionDays (Median)
Ca/MgNA
Placebo18.1

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The Secondary Outcome Measure of This Research is the Days Gained After Treatment to Delivery

Days gained after treatment to delivery (NCT00811057)
Timeframe: after delivery of the infant

Interventiondays (Mean)
1 Magnesium Sulfate22.5
2 Nifedipine21.7
3 Indomethacin22.7

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The Primary Outcome Measure of This Research is to Compare the Efficacy of the Three Clinically Used Tocolytic Agents in a Prospective Study That Will Allow Direct Comparison of Outcomes in Women With Confirmed Preterm Labor.

Gestational age at delivery in weeks. (NCT00811057)
Timeframe: 3-5 days after delivery

Interventionweeks (Mean)
1 Magnesium Sulfate31.2
2 Nifedipine31.8
3 Indomethacin31.8

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Percentage of Patients With Acute Neuropathy Associated With Oxaliplatin

This is the percent of patients who scored >=50 in all sequences of all cycles by arm for side effect Q1: Sensitivity to touching cold. This is a> repeated measurement of CIPN with possibly variable cycles for every patient. The CIPN subscale will be calculated by standard scoring algorithm and converted to 0-100 scale. Where 0 is no sensitivity and 100 is as bad as it can be. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

,,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Cycle 1Cycle 2Cycle 3Cycle 4Cycle 5Cycle 6Cycle 7Cycle 8Cycle 9Cycle 10Cycle 11Cycle 12
Arm I102432343431353234292827
Arm II132733373337343437393945
Arm III142832363933343332303332

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Sensory Area Under the Curve(AUC) Score. Oxaliplatin-induced Sensory Neuropathy as Repeatedly Measured by the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 Sensory Subscale During Chemotherapy

The oxaliplatin-induced sensory neuropathy as repeatedly measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) sensory subscale during the chemotherapy. This is a multivariate repeated measurement of CIPN with possibly variable cycles for every patient. The CIPN sensory subscale will be calculated by standard scoring algorithm and converted to 0-100 scale, where higher scores represent a higher quality of life. Rather than choosing the CIPN20 sensory subscale at a fixed cycle of chemotherapy, we will adopt a summary measure, area under the curve (AUC) of CIPN20 sensory subscale as the primary endpoint. This AUC will be prorated by the number of chemotherapy cycles patients received. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)89.2
Placebo (Pre and Post)88.3
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)87.1

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Time to Onset of Grade 2+ and Grade 3+ Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity and the Duration of the Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity During and After Chemotherapy

Time to onset of grade 2+ and grade 3+ chronic cumulative neurotoxicity, the duration of the chronic cumulative neurotoxicity during and after the adjuvant oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Grades are determined by the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE version 4.0) and oxaliplatin-specific neurotoxicity scale, during and after chemotherapy. Higher grades symbolize greater severity of the adverse event. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

,,
InterventionDays (Median)
Time to Grade 2 NeuropathyTime to Grade 3 Neuropathy
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)171NA
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)171NA
Placebo (Pre and Post)173208

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Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Patient-reported Quality of Life (QOL) as Measured by the Supplemental QOL Questionnaire

This is a multivariate repeated measurement of CIPN with possibly variable cycles for every patient. The supplemental quality of life (QOL) subscale will be calculated by standard scoring algorithm and converted to 0-100 scale, where higher scores represent a higher quality of life. Rather than choosing the subscale at a fixed cycle of chemotherapy, we will adopt a summary measure, area under the curve (AUC) . This AUC will be prorated by the number of chemotherapy cycles patients received. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
DiarrheaConstipationStomach CrampingBowel ProblemsSwallowingNumbness in finger and toesTingling in finger and toes
Arm I86.790.192.889.191.283.478.9
Arm II86.288.890.688.587.681.876.5
Arm III84.588.089.484.686.780.076.3

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Percentage of Patients Experiencing Grade 2+ and Grade 3+ Chronic Cumulative Neurotoxicity.

Grades are determined by the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE version 4.0) and oxaliplatin-specific neurotoxicity scale, during and after chemotherapy. Higher grades symbolize greater severity of the adverse event. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

,,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
grade 2+grade 3+
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)42.77.7
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)46.17.8
Placebo (Pre and Post)44.87.8

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Area Under the Curve (AUC) of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) Motor Neuropathy Subscale Scores

The oxaliplatin-induced motor neuropathy as repeatedly measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) motor neuropathy subscale during the chemotherapy. This is a multivariate repeated measurement of CIPN with possibly variable cycles for every patient. The CIPN motor neuropathy subscale will be calculated by standard scoring algorithm and converted to 0-100 scale, where higher scores represent a higher quality of life. Rather than choosing the CIPN20 motor neuropathy subscale at a fixed cycle of chemotherapy, we will adopt a summary measure, area under the curve (AUC) of CIPN20 motor neuropathy subscale as the endpoint. This AUC will be prorated by the number of chemotherapy cycles patients received. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 Months

InterventionAUC QLQ-CIPN20 Motor Neuropathy Score (Mean)
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)94.1
Placebo (Pre and Post)93.3
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)91.6

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Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) Autonomic Neuropathy Subscale Scores

The oxaliplatin-induced autonomic neuropathy as repeatedly measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire of Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (EORTC QLQ-CIPN20) autonomic subscale during the chemotherapy. This is a multivariate repeated measurement of CIPN with possibly variable cycles for every patient. The CIPN autonomic subscale will be calculated by standard scoring algorithm and converted to 0-100 scale, where higher scores represent a higher quality of life. Rather than choosing the CIPN20 autonomic subscale at a fixed cycle of chemotherapy, we will adopt a summary measure, area under the curve (AUC) of CIPN20 autonomic subscale as the endpoint. This AUC will be prorated by the number of chemotherapy cycles patients received. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)89.8
Placebo (Pre and Post)86.7
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)84.5

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Cumulative Oxaliplatin Doses That Can be Administered Without Dose-limiting Chronic Neurotoxicity

A patient has a dose-limiting chronic neurotoxicity when they discontinue oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy because of neurotoxicity. (NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

InterventionDoses (Mean)
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)8.1
Placebo (Pre and Post)8.4
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)8.0

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Incidence of Calcium Gluconate and Magnesium Sulfate-induced Adverse Events as Measured by CTCAE Version 4.0

(NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

InterventionNumber of reported Adverse Events (Number)
Arm I290
Arm II259
Arm III296

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Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Oxaliplatin-based Chemotherapy Because of Neurotoxicity

(NCT01099449)
Timeframe: Up to 18 months

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre and Post)34.7
Placebo (Pre and Post)27.7
Calcium Gluconate + Magnesium Sulfate (Pre), Placebo (Post)30.5

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Warm Sensation Associated With Study Drug Infusion

Patient spontaneously reported feelings of warmth during any study drug infusion. (NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Patient-reported warm sensation upon infusion will be monitored every 8 hours, concurrent with each infusion, and for 20-30 minutes after infusion completion, until discharge, up to 2 days post enrollment

InterventionParticipant (Number)
Magnesium Group26
Placebo Group2

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Number of Morphine Equivalents Per Kilogram of Body Weight Used During Hospitalization

(NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Total morphine equivalents used during the hospitalization will be recorded on the day of discharge, up to 10 days post enrollment

Interventionmg Morphine/kg (Median)
Magnesium Group1.46
Placebo Group1.28

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Hypotension Associated With Infusion

For each study drug infusion, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured just prior to the start of the infusion and again every 10 minutes until 30 minutes until the end of the infusion. Hypotension was defined as a greater than 20% reduction in SBP relative to corresponding baseline measurement for any study drug infusion. (NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Blood pressure will be monitored every 8 hours, concurrent with each infusion, and for 20-30 minutes after infusion completion, until discharge, up to 2 days post enrollment

InterventionParticipant (Number)
Magnesium Group4
Placebo Group1

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Hospital Length of Stay (Hours)

(NCT01197417)
Timeframe: From the time of the start of first study med infusion until hospital discharge or 12 hours after the last IV opioid, whichever occurs first, up to 10 days post enrollment

Interventionhours (Median)
Magnesium Group56
Placebo Group47

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Hospital Length of Stay

(NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Start of first study drug infusion to actual hospital discharge

InterventionHours (Median)
Magnesium Group74.5
Placebo Group60.5

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Development of Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS)

(NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Patients will be monitored daily, on average, during their length of stay until discharge, up to 10 days post enrollment

InterventionParicipants (Number)
Magnesium Group16
Placebo Group14

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Rehospitalization

(NCT01197417)
Timeframe: Rehospitalization will be measured at 7 days post discharge and at the follow-up visit (on average, 30 days post discharge)

InterventionParticipant (Number)
Magnesium Group12
Placebo Group7

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GOS

GOS score (NCT01333488)
Timeframe: 12 months after injury

InterventionGOS score (Mean)
Conventional Therapy5
Hypothermia5
Hypothermia Plus Supplemental Magnesium Sulfate Infusion4

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GOS (Glasgow Outcome Score)

"GOS=5 (Good Recovery) - Capacity to resume normal occupational and social activities, although some there may be some minor physical or mental deficits or symptoms.~GOS=4 (Moderate Disability) - Independent and can resume almost all activities of daily living.~GOS=3 (Severe Disability) - No longer capable of engaging in most previous personal, social or work activities. Typically are partially or totally dependent on assistance from others in daily living.~GOS=2 ( Persistent Vegetative State ) GOS=1 (Dead)" (NCT01333488)
Timeframe: Discharge from Hospital - Within 2 months from Injury

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Conventional Therapy3
Hypothermia3
Hypothermia Plus Supplemental Magnesium Sulfate Infusion3

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Vasospasm

as measured by TCD (Transcranial Doppler) (NCT01333488)
Timeframe: up to 3 months

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Conventional Therapy100
Hypothermia0
Hypothermia Plus Supplemental Magnesium Sulfate Infusion66.6

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Number of Patients With Pain Associated With Injection of Propofol.

"Ten seconds following injection of propofol, subjects were asked Are you having pain at your IV site? Any behavioral signs were noted. Injection pain was assessed using the following four point scale: 0 = no pain; 1 = mild pain (pain reported only in response to questioning and without behavioral signs); 2 = moderate pain (pain reported in response to questioning and accompanied by a behavioral sign, or pain reported spontaneously without questioning); and 3 = severe pain (strong vocal response or response accompanied by facial grimacing, arm withdrawal, or tears)." (NCT01342510)
Timeframe: < 1 minute.

Interventionparticipants reporting pain (Number)
Lidocaine11
Magnesium25
Lidocaine/Magnesium15
Control18

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Percentage of Participants Reporting Pain With Injection of Propofol

Following injection of the study drug, 50 mg of propofol will be injected. Ten seconds after propofol, subjects will be asked a standard question about pain. Behavioral signs will be noted. Pain will be assessed using a four point scale: 0=no pain, 1=mild pain (pain reported only in response to questioning and without behavioral signs), 2=moderate pain (pain reported in response to questioning and a behavioral sign, or pain reported without questioning), 3=severe pain (strong vocal response or behavioral response). (NCT01342510)
Timeframe: Approximately 10 seconds following administration of propofol.

Interventionpercentage of patients reporting pain (Number)
Lidocaine29
Magnesium57
Lidocaine/Magnesium41
Control46

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Opioid Consumption

Opioid consumption after discharge (NCT01433081)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionmiligram morphine equivalents (Median)
Magnesium Sulfate Infusion10
Placebo30

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Quality of Recovery Scores Post Operative

Quality of recovery scores post operative. Scored on a scale of 40 (poor recovery) to 200 (good recovery). (NCT01433081)
Timeframe: 24 hours post operative

Interventionunits on scale 40 (low) - 200 (high) (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate Infusion183
Placebo159

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Magnesium Concentration in Region of Cerebral Ischemia

Peripheral Magnesium Levels, meq/L will be obtained through the femoral sheath at the beginning (baseline) and end (post-treatment) of each case. These will be averaged to obtain a femoral Magnesium level. Magnesium levels distal to the occlusion will be measured at the first pass of the clot retrieving device. (NCT01502761)
Timeframe: Mg level: 1) Peripheral: Baseline and post-treatment (averaged); 2) Distal: after first pass of the clot retriever

Interventionmeq/L (Mean)
Distal Mg levelPeripheral Mg level
Regional Intra-arterial Magnesium 0.75g1.4751.513

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Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1) %

Change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) as measured by bedside spirometry before and after study intervention. (NCT01515995)
Timeframe: Baseline and one hour after treatment

InterventionPercentage of FEV1 (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate Group3.6
Normal Saline Group5

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Number of Participants With Successful Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm

Successful cardioversion involves conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and maintenance of sinus rhythm for one hour (NCT01597557)
Timeframe: One hour after cardioversion

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium Sulfate114
Placebo111

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Number of Participants Who Experienced Severe Hypotensive Episodes After Infusion of Magnesium Sulfate or Placebo

Severe hypotensive episode with a Systolic BP < 90mm hg with > 20 mm Hg drop after infusion of the study drug or placebo (NCT01597557)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium Sulfate0
Placebo0

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Total Amount of Energy Required for Successful Cardioversion of the Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm

(NCT01597557)
Timeframe: One hour

InterventionJoules (Mean)
Magnesium Sulfate123.3
Placebo129.5

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Intra- and Post-operative Pain Relief

To prospectively compare the effects of intra-operative methadone and magnesium on postoperative opioid requirements. Total amount of hydromorphone administered in OR, recovery room (PACU), and on the inpatient ward 24 hours post-operatively. (NCT01795495)
Timeframe: Intra-operative and 24 hours post-operatively

Interventionmg/kg (Mean)
Remifentanil0.34
Remifentanil Plus Methadone0.26
Remifentanil Plus Magnesium0.38

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Post-operative Pain Scores

VAS pain score - 0 being no pain and 10 being worst pain. (NCT01795495)
Timeframe: Post-operatively to 24 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Remifentanil4.6
Remifentanil Plus Methadone5.1
Remifentanil Plus Magnesium5.1

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TOF 0.9 Achieving Time

(NCT01972659)
Timeframe: end of the surgery

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Sugammadex and Placebo1.6
Sugammadex and Magnesium Sulphate2.1

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Error in the Total Volume Dispensed and Flow Rate

This is the error value for the volume dispensed by the AutoSyp device relative to the volume intended to be dispensed. Preeclamptic subjects received an initial loading dose followed by a maintenance dose. The loading dose had a flow rate of 60 mL/hr and delivered 20 mL in a single 20 mL syringe. The maintenance dose was 5 mL/hr and dispensed 120 mL total through two 60 mL syringes. The healthy subjects experienced variable flow rates and dispensed volumes, so they do not have the same variables as the pre-eclamptic pregnant women in the outcome data tables below. Because of these differences in dosing the two arms of the study, healthy women and preeclamptic women have different outcome measure data. (NCT02296931)
Timeframe: 1 day visit

,
Interventionpercentage of error (Mean)
Total Volume Dispensed-Loading DoseFlow Rate-Loading DoseTotal Volume Dispensed-Maintenance DoseFlow Rate-Maintenance DoseFlow Rate-VariableTotal Volume Dispensed-Variable
Healthy AdultsNANANANA-0.21-1.07
Pre-eclamptic Pregnant Women-1.48-1.75-1.13-1.11NANA

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HR - M3 (Heart Rate in the Moment 3)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution). This time point was named as moment '3'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution)

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M72.94
Group ML74.19
Group C75.40

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MAP - M5 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 5)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '5'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before the tracheal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M62.50
Group ML61.50
Group C67.00

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MAP - M6 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 6)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as one minute after the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '6'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed one minute after the tracheal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M64.50
Group ML64.00
Group C69.00

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MAP - M7a (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7a)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7a'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M66.00
Group ML61.50
Group C69.00

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Spontaneous Recovery (T4/T1=90%)

"Spontaneous recovery is the elapsed time for the recovery of the TOF (T4 / T1) response to 90% of the original after infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome measure was presented in minutes." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: The participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group M120.20
Group ML126.70
Group C90.03

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Recovery Index

"The recovery index is the elapsed time between the T1 recovery =25% (Dur25%) and T1 =75% (Dur75%) after the infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome meansure was presented in minutes." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group M20.08
Group ML20.26
Group C14.53

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MAP - M7f (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7f)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7f'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M64.00
Group ML64.50
Group C72.00

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Total Duration (Dur95%)

"The total duration is the elapsed time for T1 recovery of the response to reach 95% of the initial after the infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome measure was presented in minutes." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group M113.20
Group ML120.10
Group C88.19

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MAP - M7e (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7e)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7e'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M68.00
Group ML66.00
Group C69.00

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MAP - M7d (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7d)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7d'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M68.00
Group ML62.00
Group C66.00

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MAP - M7c (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7c)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7c'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group M69.25
Group ML63.00
Group C69.00

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Clinical Duration

"The clinical duration is the elapsed time for T1 recovery = 25% (Dur25%) of the original value of T1 after the infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome meansure was presented in minutes." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes

Interventionminutes (Median)
Group M82.68
Group ML86.33
Group C64.8

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Final Recovery Index

"The final recovery index is the elapsed time between the T1 recovery = 25% (Dur25%) and T4 / T1 = 80% (TOF = 80%) after the infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome measure was presented in minutes." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group M27.97
Group ML33.81
Group C21.51

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HR - M1 (Heart Rate in the Moment 1)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The measure of heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the arrival of the patient in the operating room. This time point was named as moment '1'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed when the patient arrived in the operating room

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M79.94
Group ML77.25
Group C73.66

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HR - M2 (Heart Rate in the Moment 2)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the moment immediately before the anesthesia induction. This time point was named as moment '2'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before induction of anesthesia

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M74.69
Group ML73.69
Group C75.40

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MAP - M7b (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 7b)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7b'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M66.50
Group ML63.50
Group C68.00

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HR - M4 (Heart Rate in the Moment 4)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the end of the study solutions infusion. This time point was named as moment '4'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed five minutes after M3 (in the end of the X and Y solutions infusion)

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M71.94
Group ML72.25
Group C65.07

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HR - M5 (Heart Rate in the Moment 5)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '5'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed immediately before the tracheal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M67.56
Group ML69.31
Group C64.27

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HR - M6 (Heart Rate in the Moment 6)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as one minute after the tracheal intubation. This time point was named as moment '6'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed one minute after the tracheal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M66.50
Group ML68.19
Group C65.13

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HR - M7a (Heart Rate in the Moment 7a)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation.This time point was named as moment '7a'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 15 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M68.94
Group ML68.19
Group C67.13

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HR - M7b (Heart Rate in the Moment 7b)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7b'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 30 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M67.44
Group ML68.38
Group C64.00

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HR - M7c (Heart Rate in the Moment 7c)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7c'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 45 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M65.75
Group ML65.75
Group C62.33

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HR - M7d (Heart Rate in the Moment 7d)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7d'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 60 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Group M66.19
Group ML65.31
Group C61.93

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HR - M7e (Heart Rate in the Moment 7e)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7e'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 75 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Median)
Group M66.50
Group ML63.00
Group C58.00

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HR - M7f (Heart Rate in the Moment 7f)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The heart rate was recorded and annotated at various times such as 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation. This time point was named as moment '7f'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of heart rate was performed 90 minutes after the traqueal intubation

Interventionbeats/min (Median)
Group M66.00
Group ML61.00
Group C61.00

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Latency

"The latency is computed as the elapsed time to reduce the response of T1 to 5% of the initial contraction force after the infusion of cisatracurium.~This outcome meansure was presented in seconds." (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: Participants were followed during the anesthetic - surgical procedure, an average of 90 minutes

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Group M139.70
Group ML151.30
Group C147.80

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MAP - M1 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 1)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the arrival of the patient in the operating room. This time point was named as moment '1'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed when the patient arrived in the operating room

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group M94.63
Group ML88.75
Group C100.10

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MAP - M2 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 2)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the moment immediately before the anesthesia induction. This time point was named as moment '2'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before induction of anesthesia

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group M87.63
Group ML84.69
Group C92.47

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MAP - M3 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 3)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution). This time point was named as moment '3'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed immediately before the start of the infusion of the solution X (magnesium sulfate or isotonic solution) and Y solution (lidocaine or isotonic solution)

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group M75.88
Group ML73.88
Group C76.73

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MAP - M4 (Mean Arterial Pressure in the Moment 4)

In the operating room, patients were cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature monitored through the Dixtal 2020. The mean blood pressure was recorded and annotated at various times such as in the end of the study solutions infusion.This time point was named as moment '4'. (NCT02483611)
Timeframe: This measure of average blood pressure was performed five minutes after M3 (in the end of the X and Y solutions infusion)

InterventionmmHg (Median)
Group M69.00
Group ML63.00
Group C74.00

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Participants With a ≥0.5 Log Reduction in the Number of EBV-infected B Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1

Participants with a ≥ 0.5 log decrease in the absolute number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B-cells by flow cytometric Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay after 12 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation compared to 12 weeks of placebo. (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks of each intervention

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium0
Placebo0

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Participants With 2-fold or Greater Increase in NKG2D Expression in CD8 T+ Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1

Participants with difference of a 2-fold or greater increase in NKG2D expression in cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cells after 12 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation versus 12 weeks of placebo. (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks of each intervention

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium0
Placebo0
Magnesium0
Placebo0

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Participants With 2-fold or Greater Increase in NKG2D Expression in CD8 T+ Cells Before and After Magnesium Supplementation - Phase 2

Participants with a 2-fold or greater increase in NKG2D expression in CD8+ T cells before and after magnesium supplementation for 24 weeks in phase 2 of study (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: 24 weeks, during phase 2 of study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium0

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Participants With Adverse Events by Grade

"Participants with adverse events by grade using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 4) grading criteria.~Grade 1 Mild; asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; no intervention indicated~Grade 2 Moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting age-appropriate instrumental activities of daily living (ADL)~Grade 3 Severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care ADL~Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated~Grade 5 Death related to adverse event (AE)" (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: 1 year

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5
Phase 1 - Oral Magnesium41000
Phase 1 - Placebo43200
Phase 2 - IV MgSO411100
Phase 2 - Oral Magnesium23000

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Participants With Severe Adverse Events

Participants with severe adverse events using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 4) to evaluate severity. (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase 1 - Oral Magnesium0
Phase 1 - Placebo0
Phase 2 - IV MgSO40
Phase 2 - Oral Magnesium0

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Participants With a Decrease in the Absolute Number of EBV Infected B Cells Before and After Magnesium Supplementation - Phase 2

Participants with a ≥ 0.5 log decrease in the absolute number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B-cells by flow cytometric Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay before and after 24 weeks of magnesium supplementation (NCT02496676)
Timeframe: 24 weeks, during phase 2 of study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Magnesium0

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Duration of Motor Blockade

assessed with modified bromage scale. (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: every 5 minute intervals for initial 30 min , then every 30 minute intervals for first 6-8 hrs after completion of surgery.

Interventiontime in minutes (Mean)
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)265
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)223

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Duration of Postoperative Analgesia

pain is assessed using visual analogue scale every hour after completion of surgery until first 12 postoperative hours. (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: first 12 hours after completion of surgery.

Interventiontime in minutes (Mean)
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)334
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)280

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Duration of Sensory Blockade

the duration of sensory blockade was assessed with pinprick . (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: every 2- 3 minutes for initial 20 minutes ,then every 30 min intervals for first 6 -8 hrs after completion of surgery..

Interventiontime in minutes (Mean)
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)295
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)245

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Onset of Motor Blockade

assessed with modified bromage scale. (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: every 5 minute intervals for initial 30 min , then every 30 minute intervals for first 6-8 hrs after completion of surgery.

Interventiontime in minutes (Mean)
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)12.5
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)7.68

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Onset of Sensory Blockade

the onset time of sensory blockade was assessed with pinprick . (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: every 2- 3 minutes for initial 20 minutes ,then every 30 min intervals for first 6 -8 hrs after completion of surgery..

Interventiontime in minutes (Mean)
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)9.86
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)7.93

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Perioperative Side Effects

through out the intraoperative period and initial 12 hours postoperatively parturients were assessed for PONV,sedation,respiratory depression hypotension ,bradycardia and shivering. (NCT02619799)
Timeframe: through out the intraoperative period and first 12 postoperative hours.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Nausea and vomitingshivering
GROUP A(MAGNESIUM GROUP)21
GROUP B(MIDAZOLAM GROUP)33

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Maternal Side Effects

Presence or absence of the following: flushing, lethargy, palpitations, pain at IV site, respiratory depression (NCT02835339)
Timeframe: 4 hours

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NauseaFlushingLethargyPalpitationsPain at IV siteRespiratory depression
MgSO4 4g Load, 1g/hr Infusion5.500000
MgSO4 6g Load, 2g/hr Infusion10.55.20000

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Maternal Serum Magnesium Level at 4 Hours After Administration

magnesium level in mg/dL (NCT02835339)
Timeframe: 4 hours

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
MgSO4 4g Load, 1g/hr Infusion3.53
MgSO4 6g Load, 2g/hr Infusion4.41

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Maternal Serum Magnesium Level at Time of Delivery

magnesium level in mg/dL (NCT02835339)
Timeframe: Within 20 minutes of delivery

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
MgSO4 4g Load, 1g/hr Infusion3.73
MgSO4 6g Load, 2g/hr Infusion5.44

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Number of Participants With Complications Due to Intraarticular Injection

post-injection complications due to intraarticular injection will be noted. (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Precedex0
Magnesium Sulfate0

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Rescue Analgesic Time

Time to first analgesic demand at the orthopedics ward (from intraarticular injection to first analgesic requirement) (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Precedex477.33
Magnesium Sulfate498.46

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Postoperative Pain

postoperative pain scores (rest and movement) (ward) Pain scores were assessed with a 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (with 0 = no pain and 10 = the worst imaginable pain) (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
VAS 2 RVAS2 MVAS4 RVAS4 MVAS6 RVAS6 MVAS8 RVAS8 MVAS12 RVAS12 MVAS18 RVAS18 M
Magnesium Sulfate0.040.230.121.191.313.311.774.081.153.190.271.69
Precedex00.190.812.041.503.461.233.080.732.620.231.62

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Postoperative Opioid/NSAID Consumption

nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) or opioid drugs that are applied to patients will be noted. (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,
Interventionvials (Number)
NSAIDopioid
Magnesium Sulfate141
Precedex170

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Time to the End of Spinal Anesthesia

time from the start of spinal anesthesia (total block = Bromage 3) to the end of spinal anesthesia (Bromage 0) (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Precedex148.1
Magnesium Sulfate147.5

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Surgery Time

time from skin incision to closure (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Precedex24.23
Magnesium Sulfate25.58

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Mobilization

First mobilization time after surgery (NCT03479216)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Precedex143.27
Magnesium Sulfate139.42

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Percentage of Participants Requiring Opiates for Additional Pain Control

We analyzed how many patients required additional pain control with opiates between the two treatment groups. (NCT03617289)
Timeframe: Any opiate administration required after re-evaluation of pain score after initial treatment with either placebo or study drug

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Treatment16.7
Placebo47.4

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Pain Score Change

We asked the patient's pain score on a scale of 0-10 with 10 being the highest amount of pain and 0 no pain, before and after treatment (approximately 1 hour). Primary Outcome was the change in score before and after treatment. (NCT03617289)
Timeframe: 1 hour after the completion of treatment medication (Placebo or Study Drug)

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Treatment-3.4
Placebo-3.6

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Pentazocine Use as Rescue Analgesia

Whether or not pentazocine was used as rescue analgesia (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pentazocine used as rescue analgesiaPentazocine NOT used as rescue analgesia
Magnesium Sulphate464
Pentazocine050

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Post-operative Pentazocine Use

Whether or not Pentazocine was used post-operatively (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pentazocine usedPentazocine NOT used
Magnesium Sulphate464
Pentazocine500

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Apgar Scores of the Neonates

Apgar scores of the neonates delivered by the women who had caesarean section under the study, taken at first and fifth minutes after birth. Apgar score has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a better outcome (0-3= low Apgar score, 4-6= moderately abnormal Apgar score and 7-10= reassuring Apgar score (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: At first and fifth minutes after birth

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Apgar score at the 1st minute72410061Apgar score at the 1st minute72410060Apgar score at the 5th minute72410061Apgar score at the 5th minute72410060
4-6Less than 47-10
Pentazocine0
Magnesium Sulphate2
Pentazocine6
Magnesium Sulphate48
Pentazocine44
Magnesium Sulphate0
Pentazocine1
Magnesium Sulphate50
Pentazocine49

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Number of Participants With Peri-operative Adverse Events

Number of participants with peri-operative adverse events including hypersensitivity reaction, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, lightheadedness, presyncope, and any other adverse event recorded from the time of first administration of peri-operative analgesia to 2 hours postoperative (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: Time of first administration of peri-operative analgesia to 2 hours postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Bradycardia72410060Bradycardia72410061Systolic hypotension72410060Systolic hypotension72410061Severe (Symptomatic) systolic hypotension72410060Severe (Symptomatic) systolic hypotension72410061Diastolic hypotension72410060Diastolic hypotension72410061Severe (Symptomatic) diastolic hypotension72410060Severe (Symptomatic) diastolic hypotension72410061Vomiting72410060Vomiting72410061Lightheadedness72410060Lightheadedness72410061Presyncope72410060Presyncope72410061
AbsentPresent
Magnesium Sulphate0
Pentazocine2
Magnesium Sulphate50
Pentazocine48
Magnesium Sulphate14
Pentazocine5
Magnesium Sulphate36
Pentazocine45
Magnesium Sulphate13
Magnesium Sulphate24
Pentazocine18
Magnesium Sulphate26
Pentazocine32
Magnesium Sulphate23
Magnesium Sulphate1
Magnesium Sulphate49
Pentazocine50
Pentazocine0

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Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 8 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 8 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-operative

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Magnesium Sulphate2.58
Pentazocine2.68

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Mean Dose of Pentazocine Used

Mean dose of Pentazocine used in each arm of the study (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

InterventionMilligrams (Mean)
Magnesium Sulphate52.83
Pentazocine164.40

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Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 24 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 24 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Magnesium Sulphate2.06
Pentazocine2.37

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Post-operative Pain Scores Following Caesarean Section at 4 Hours Post-operative

Post-operative pain scores following caesarean section at 4 hours post-operative using the Numerical Rating Scale for pain. The Numerical Rating Scale for pain has a minimum score of 0, a maximum score of 10 and a range of 0-10, where higher scores mean a worse outcome (0= No pain at all, 5= Moderate pain and 10= Worst pain imaginable) (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 4 hours post-operative

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Magnesium Sulphate2.98
Pentazocine3.16

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Frequency and Nature of Pentazocine Use

Frequency of Pentazocine use per participant in each arm of the study and whether it was used as indicated in the protocol and/or for rescue analgesia (NCT04539249)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operative

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
More than 4 times (per protocol + as rescue analgesia)Four times (per protocol)Four times (as rescue analgesia)Three times (as rescue analgesia)Two times (as rescue analgesia)Once (as rescue analgesia)Not used at all
Magnesium Sulphate000011354
Pentazocine05000000

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(ICDSC)Delirium After Stop Sedation by Using Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist

delirium in the direct postoperative phase, by using the ICDSC (Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist) score. The ICDSC is score-based (range 0-8) where the ICDSC is positive when any four (or more) symptoms of delirium are present (i.e., altered level of consciousness, inattention, disorientation, hallucinations or delusions, psychomotor activity, inappropriate speech or mood, sleep disturbance or fluctuation of symptoms) (NCT04987372)
Timeframe: At 48 h after surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Classical Protocol0.0
Multimodal Protocol0.0

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Postoperative Pain After Cardiac Surgery

By using a NRS scale postoperative pain (at rest) at 48hours after cardiac surgery In a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), patients are asked to circle the number between 0 and 10 . Zero usually represents 'no pain at all' whereas 10 represents 'the worst pain ever possible'. (NCT04987372)
Timeframe: At 48 hours after cardiac surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Classical Protocol2.28
Multimodal Protocol2.17

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-phosphoglyceric acid : A monophosphoglyceric acid having the phospho group at the 2-position.		1.9610monophosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		5.77110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.38204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9410hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		3.5480monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.3520ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate
acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.		1.9710acyl monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		2.35206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.7571azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.6330acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.6430amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.0450halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.1310fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.5220amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		7.8840carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.1310monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		7.3620amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.520alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		4.6750cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		9.7237tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		5.71840halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		8.9130chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		1.9310coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		1.9710monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		8.3110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.0510(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
phosphoglycolate
phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.		1.9610carboxyalkyl phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.3820catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		1.9410glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		1.9410aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.761222-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		5.480sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		4.88110aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.68100alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		6.92250alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		6.43340carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		11.16123aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acid
thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.		2.3110hydracid;
one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		10.5692elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		1.9410diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.2510dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		1.9410aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		1.9410dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.2460alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.6530cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.7962acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		3.0410N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		5.05101metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		4.6100pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.1650pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		7.82322monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.3820monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		11.5282gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.3520pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.6830alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		3.0510dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
parathion
[no description available]		1.9910C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		2.1110ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		2.3520carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9510propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pteridines
[no description available]		1.9410azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
putrescine
[no description available]		2.3920alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.3520methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		5.4980hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.96402-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.3820pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.3370divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		2.0510selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		5.15111divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.6630polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.1310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.9540sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		1.9710sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		2.730amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		6.01140primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		1.9510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.6630uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		6.8201isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		5.8670non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.6930non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.1510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.1510phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.3720aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		7.4120methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9810dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.8640alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
tramiprosate
tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.		210amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0110aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		1.9610guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		11.995210imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		3.820quinolines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.3820indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		1.9810organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		3.820
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		6.9274acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.6330monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		4.3322acridines
albendazole
[no description available]		210aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		16.135829phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.15101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.4311adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		1.9610N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.5190dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		9.121441-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		1.9810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.5280carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		7.0510dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		1.9910anthroic acid
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		16.01321benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.6830benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		1.9410aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		4.1110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.8440barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.9240(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.1510benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate
spatozoate: structure in first source		2.0510benzyl ester
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		1.9410aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		1.9710carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		8.96127diarylmethane
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.610amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		15.895337aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0210azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
caffeine
[no description available]		7.3981purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.33255aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.2110dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810benzenes
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.4122organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		3.820benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		6.14430aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.3420benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		4.1450benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		8.58281organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		1.9510isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9610aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		1.9610aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0110benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.46202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.52201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		10132clonidine;
imidazoline
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cystamine
[no description available]		1.9510organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		4.9870hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		3.0810substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.0210acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.7330primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		13.1858111,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		7.78121benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.8455amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		7.4620alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		1.9610oxazolidinone
dimetridazole
Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.		210C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.1150ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.3520piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		1.9310organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		5.9371branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.110benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		9.1850aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.6430phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		1.9610trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		1.9710ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		1.96101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.420
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.4520aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		4.360ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.0410alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		1.96101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		1.9810aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		1.9810carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		210aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		8.96146resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		19.583930anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		1.9410N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		7.7773nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		1.9510fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		8.3911carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		1.9410nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		12.25121chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.3730gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		9.3360
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		1.9410piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.1710monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.3420methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		1.9510azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.0610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		9.1850aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		6.75111haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
heptachlor
Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.		1.9510cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		1.9510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		2.0410quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.3420barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		4.9620
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		11.6503azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.8740benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.8630aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.3130one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.6430hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		15.318130benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.6430dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		13.79479aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		1.9810benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		7.7285organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.3720carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		12.17171catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		4.8160alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		7.4120benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		14.334312cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		10.591511amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9310furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		4.4950monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		12.14324benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		7.78301,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		2.3820diarylmethane
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.5220benzodiazepine
lorglumide
lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.		210benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
dichlorobenzene;
glutamic acid derivative
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0810chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		210aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0610diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		210aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		1.9410primary aliphatic amine
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		1.9410monocarboxylic acid
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		9.18212ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		1.9410aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.3520organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		1.9910amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.3920benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		1.9810methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		8.7721beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		8.51105benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.4820aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		11.191C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		8.2494imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		10.0531bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.6530maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		1.9710catecholamine
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		6.0951purine nucleoside
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		1.96101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		8.11234quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		8.3112benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		1.9510benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		16.218119C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		7.0710aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		9.351452-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		9.76125nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		1.9810isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.4120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		1.9710alkylbenzene
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		7.4203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0210carbazoles
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.5720benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.6690benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		1.9910aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.76320barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.3820oxopurine
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.6620hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		1.9410acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		7.43153barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.9740aromatic amine
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		1.9310pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		7.0310organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0710pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		1.9710indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		13.7914610inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.7330isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.4320aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		6.7881benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		7.2181benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		10.4541N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		210benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		1.9410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		11.18140phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		14.163025phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.47173naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.4420aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		8.5320benzothiazoles
rofecoxib
[no description available]		8.411butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
s-methylisothiopseudouronium
S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source		2.1310
sennoside a&b
[no description available]		6.3695
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		9.831311ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.0850fluoride saltmutagen
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		5.9981ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
streptonigrin
[no description available]		1.9710pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		10.28258quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		1.9410sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		1.9510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.4120benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		13.855310phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		1.9610benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		7.3320quaternary ammonium ion
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		1.9510dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.6630phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.1510monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		6.9710imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0210imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.3811aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		7.1310amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		9.2841N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.3520organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		1.9610oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0310piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.8640carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.9340inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.382011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.653011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.381116alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		5.97150alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		6.0784imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		5.05101glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.6330pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		1.9510nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		1.9410benzodioxolespesticide synergist
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		9.66502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		1.94101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.6430ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		1.94103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.075011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		6.216111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		3.041017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		6.9410indoles
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		8.5790penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		8.5890organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.42202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.7721chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.0950alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.0650L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.360C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		6.71181aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2660amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.3420aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.8640pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.3420carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		10.19500glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.171017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		3.0650bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.3920aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.3420pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.3670adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		2.3520uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		3.5620pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.3620kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.3720D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1510monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.2360phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.7330amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.59400ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.6930amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		1.9410aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.3720aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		1.9410amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		4.4551adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.940organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		1.9410benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.8740amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.821quaternary ammonium salt
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.0650lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.4580aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.260amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.362020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		1.9410alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		1.9410
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.6430antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.3770diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		1.9310barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		8.3470chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.0610organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.67304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.0382beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		8.3302mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		1.9510beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		3.260amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.6630amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.6530L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3520amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.260erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		1.9710aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.68100arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		8.85110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		1.9310alcohol;
organobromine compound
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		1.9910alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.3520monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.3720benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.0810benzenes
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.0410alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3620primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		3.0310stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.0310acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.3920alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		3.8340pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.1710bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		1.9510amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		13.851366-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexyl phthalate
[no description available]		2.0510diester;
phthalate ester
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		1.9810organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		210iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		4.8342glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.110penicillanic acids
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		7.3620
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		1.9510pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-phenylphenol
2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.		2.1710hydroxybiphenylsantifungal agrochemical;
environmental food contaminant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		1.9810mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9510
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.1710benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
thioglycerol
thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.		1.9610propane-1,2-diols;
thiol		reducing agent;
vulnerary
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9610butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.51205-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.9340trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		1.9610aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.3620pyridinium salt
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		7.0810fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		1.9910alkane
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.1110furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		2.1310alkaneplant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.1510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.4720ergoline alkaloid
obidoxime chloride
Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.		3.411
oxyphenisatin acetate
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.		1.9510benzoate ester;
phenols
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		5.3541aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.0510diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.110acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		210cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		1.9510hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		2.0510acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		3.991120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		2.3420organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		3.3511acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		3.820indazole
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.4220cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		1.96101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.02101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.0731diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0210organic cation
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		10.71375calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		5.1531phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		5.7722nitrile
dexamethasone 21-phosphate
dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.8940organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		9.53152mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.3920ergoline alkaloid
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		7.421111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		1.9510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-pentyl nitrite
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.		3.4420nitrite estersvasodilator agent
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		4.05150calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.8740
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0510hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		4.6161phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		1.9510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		7.940dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		1.9910carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		1.9610
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		3.9421thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		1.9710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8230ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		1.9710organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		4.4751gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		6.25202organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		1.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		6.0691thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.0310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		6.73211dialdehydebiomarker
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.1110long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		3.7821carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		1.9710organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
violacein
[no description available]		2.0510
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		1.9610organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.6830carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		1.9610arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.8840diester;
organosulfonic acid
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		3.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
triphenylphosphine
triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0310benzenes;
tertiary phosphine		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reducing agent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		5.5960acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
bendazole
bendazole: also an NSAID; Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610benzimidazoles
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.3520
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.5751cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		4.8681potassium saltdiuretic
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		1.9710lithium salt
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.8421pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		2.0110nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.3520ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		4.0731alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone
3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone: shortens action potential duration of cardiac cells. 3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone : A dihydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone carrying hydroxy groups at positions 3' and 4'.		1.9810acetophenones;
catechols;
dihydroxyacetophenone		metabolite
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.1110zinc molecular entity
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		8.0950hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		8.8621glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.8740alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		1.9810diarylmethane
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.6530organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.3920aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.39202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.3110organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
alpha-methyldopamine
[no description available]		1.9710amphetamines
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		1.9410fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.1310pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		1.9810sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9410D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.66301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclazocine
Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.		1.9410
denatonium benzoate
[no description available]		2.1510
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.0450antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.89130carbon oxoanion
calcium propionate
[no description available]		3.8621dicarboxylic acid
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		1.9510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
st 91
ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710substituted aniline
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.0810dioxolane
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		7.1310cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		7162amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		1.9610sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
hepes
[no description available]		2.0710HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.4620f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.6430f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		4.59270elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		1.9410elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.8740chromium group element atommicronutrient
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		3.320elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.0310manganese group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.7230copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.9240titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.0110chromium group element atommicronutrient
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		3.3110monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		1.9910cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.7130f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.8840chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.4620f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.7630copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		5.5550monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.0750elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		3.7120monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		1.9710aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.0310copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		1.9610D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		6.491sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.7130inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.7530inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.420iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		3.7721nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		3.79110iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		6.32114barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		7.49222metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		3.0850inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		12.343910inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.4720inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		1.9710calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		1.9710calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.3620calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.0510chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.1350metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		10.45151calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		9.04166inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.3520dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		1.9410diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.3720diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
magnesium fluoride
[no description available]		2.0510
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		4.2941metal sulfateallergen
beryllium fluoride
beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.		1.9710beryllium molecular entity;
fluoride salt
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		3.0910deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		1.9610calcium phosphate
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.6430
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		9.86142
barium nitrate
barium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt of barium.		2.0610inorganic barium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.8621elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.2510iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
magnesium perchlorate
magnesium perchlorate: structure		2.4520alkaline earth salt
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.730aluminium sulfate
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		1.9910cadmium salt
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.3920calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
magnesium chlorate
magnesium chlorate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.4320barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
magnesium nitrate
magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.		2.110inorganic nitrate salt;
magnesium salt		fertilizer
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		11.03281ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.4420titanium oxidesfood colouring
beryllium sulfate
beryllium sulfate: used as a diagnostic aid for allergic reactions in patients with fungal infection; RN given refers to (Be sulfate[1:1]). beryllium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the metal is beryllium (in the +2 oxidation state) and the ratio of beryllium to sulfate is 1:1.		1.9710metal sulfateallergen
calcium chromate(vi)
calcium chromate(VI): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9510
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.01106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		3.8230organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		4.3322glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9810acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		4.03150halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		2.6930aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		2.2110chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
iodine
[no description available]		1.9310halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		1.9610aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide
[no description available]		5.95142
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0210L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		1.9610indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.25190benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		4.1110chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
paraldehyde
Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		4.5480trioxanesedative
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		2.1310
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		4.0331
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		14.037313benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		1.9610
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		12.15152glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		1.9610adenosine 5'-phosphate
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		8.981292-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.1510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.0110polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		1.9810carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
clanobutin
clanobutin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910benzamides
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		6.9610amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.4311taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.0410catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
enilconazole
enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.		2.1710dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		6.9610alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.0210butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		9.66152L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.3110
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		5.97525-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		2.6930organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		7.57208organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		4.11150alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		210chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.4322anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		6.2543organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		3.110conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		12.34104alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		14.0198diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pipecuronium
Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.		3.4311steroid ester
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		1.9610fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.9833monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		4.0331aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.6930delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		1.9710delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		2.110N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		6.05413-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.3811aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.0110tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.0410organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		6.6154benzenes;
organic amino compound
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		10.191512alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		2.1310organoiodine compound
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		2.2110
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		7.0110L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.4411carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		9.8171adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9510ammonium saltpoison
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.9240trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		5.31210inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
carbogen
carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2		3.3911
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		11.132diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.6930hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination
caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination: RN given refers to an equal mixture of caffeine and benzoate; Merck, 9th ed, #1628 reference for caffeine sodium benzoate		1.9610
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.9240D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		4.4222
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0210organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
baicalin
[no description available]		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		1.9710iodine oxoacid
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine		2.1310
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate: substrate for demonstration of activity of alkaline phosphatase; structure given in first source. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate that is indoxyl phopshate in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, which cleaves the phosphate group to give 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.		2.0810aryl phosphate;
indoles;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound		chromogenic compound
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9910cephalosporinfungal metabolite
azetirelin
azetirelin: TRH analog; has more potent effect than TRH on central nervous system; structure given in first source; RN from Toxline		1.9810
methacycline
[no description available]		2101,2-diglyceride
lithium sulfate
lithium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.		2.6730metal sulfateantidepressant
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.1150phenanthroline
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		3.4420anthocyanidin chloride
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		8.576aryl sulfate;
pyridines
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ryodipine
ryodipine: structure given in first source; an antianginal agent		1.9710
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		2.5120
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
asparkam
Asparkam: Asparkam tablets contain potassium & magnesium aspartate		1.9710
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		1.9710nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
penicillin n
penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887		1.9910penicillin
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		1.9410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
corilagin
corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.		2.0810ellagitannin;
gallate ester		antihypertensive agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		3.1510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
glutamic acid diethyl ester
glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9710
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.0710cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.110monocarboxylic acid
ribose-5-phosphate
ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610D-ribose 5-phosphate
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.0210MES;
organosulfonic acid;
zwitterion
piperazine-n,n'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)
piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid): RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.		1.9910PIPES
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		3.3811organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.3510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt		2.0210
coenzyme a
[no description available]		3.0550adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.22603-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.6530iditolfungal metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.6730amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fosthiazate
fosthiazate: structure in first source		2.1110organic phosphonate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		14.21981-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		1.97101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.8940
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1110D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.		2.0210aromatic carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenazines		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nitrophenylgalactosides
Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		1.9610beta-D-galactoside;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		210
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.68100cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		210
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.0210chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		2.1110corticosteroid hormone
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		2.4120
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.		3.4411aromatic primary alcohol;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		drug metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.4110hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		1.98102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate
trisodium 3-hydroxy-4-((2Z)-2-(2-oxo-4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-ylidene)hydrazinyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate: a metal indicator for calcium and a colorimetric reagent for alkaline earth metal ions used for a colorimetric assay of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction reaction		2.1110
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		1.9610short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
t 61
T 61: for euthanasia of animals; each milliliter contains 200 mg of N-(2-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-ethylbutyl)-gamma- hydroxybutyramide, 50 mg of 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyltrimethylammonium iodide), 5 mg of tetracaine HCl, with 0.6 ml dimethylformamide in distilled water		1.9610
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.4120
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		1.9810disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
lithospermate b
lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure		2.1110
4,5-dioxovaleric acid
4,5-dioxopentanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid consisting of a valeric acid core with the two oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions.		1.9610dioxo monocarboxylic acid
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.4420aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
alphaprodine
Alphaprodine: An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)		1.9510piperidines
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.0610carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
trehalose-6-phosphate
[no description available]		1.9910trehalose phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
heliox
heliox: mixture of above cpds		5.5550
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.0810dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sulbactam
[no description available]		3.3611penicillanic acids
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		210amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		2.6620aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
ganglerone
ganglerone: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9610
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.6430D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6530amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.2931secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.05109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
threonic acid
threonic acid: RN given refers to (R*,S*)-isomer		2.2110threonic acid
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.1710dihydropyridine
cyanopindolol
[no description available]		1.9710indoles
deacetoxycephalosporin c
deacetoxycephalosporin C: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R*)))-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9910cephalosporin
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.0510
didesmethylcitalopram
didesmethylcitalopram: metabolite of citalopram; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810benzenes;
organic amino compound
gamma-aminobutyrylcholine
[no description available]		1.9510
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		1.9810heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.1610corticosteroid hormone
chloropent
chloropent: RN given refers to sulfuric acid magnesium salt combination of sodium pentobarbital & chloral hydrate		4.18170
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.8840biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		5.09140amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		8.14183
solpadeine
solpadeine: liquid analgesic combination of paracetamol, codeine phosphate, & caffeine in effervescent base with sorbitol		4.3511
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.730
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		12.81107piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		1.9410divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
he 11
nibentan: MF: C22-H29-N3-O3 HCl; MF does not agree with chemical name in text		2.0310
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		9.1431very long-chain fatty acid
carbostimulin
[no description available]		2.3620
chlorite
[no description available]		2.0110chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		3.0810acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cymarine
Cymarine: A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside found in STROPHANTHUS. The aglycone is STROPHANTHIN.		1.9510
cortisone
[no description available]		1.941011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.3110
hydroxydione
5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone : A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid formed from 11-deoxycorticosterone by reduction across the C4-C5 double bond.		1.931020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human xenobiotic metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		1.9810
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		1.9510
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.3110chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.3770inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		4.360
arabinose
[no description available]		2.3820L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.9440oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.3620D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.6930raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		1.96102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		11.37505heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		7.0110myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		8.8212011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		2.3520puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		1.9810tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.7430guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		1.9410
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		2.0210
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.7130cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.1960monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		10.26100cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.4220cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		1.9310cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.3620benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		5.0352acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		14.5237273alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.110homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		3.3311beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		1.9310arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		4.4940ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.1310alkaloidgeroprotector
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		3.3611penicillanic acid ester
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		1.9810cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		1.9510acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0210icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.5220retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.4320macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		1.9410D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		3.2560benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.330
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.6520macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
eptifibatide
[no description available]		7.0110homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.6430actinomycinmutagen
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.9140flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.3110organic sodium salt
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		1.9610potassium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0110
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		8.93294one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		1.9610organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
potassium acetate
Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions		2.0510potassium saltfood acidity regulator
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.4620organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.2110acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
forsterite
[no description available]		2.0510
vanadium trioxide
[no description available]		2.1710
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		4.661organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.3110inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.0110fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
glycosides
[no description available]		3.7430
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3820isomethyleugenol
ricinoleic acid
ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..		1.9610(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.3420flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
cocaethylene
cocaethylene: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; cocaine metabolite produced in vivo when cocaine and ethanol are taken together; as potent as cocaine in blocking uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine synapses		2.4520benzoate ester
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		5.2431morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.6630vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.6430diphosphate ion
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.1310benzamides
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		8.8421inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone
10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source		2.0610anthracenes
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.6620pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		1.9710
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		8.4111ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9410aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		1.9410pyrimidone
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		1.9410thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		1.9410epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.3611diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.9540capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.3720one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.5890cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		1.9710
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		1.9710
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		10.49161cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		1.9910diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		3.0450
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		1.9510carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		6.24111barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.420C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		2.2110
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		3.9130alkali metal atom
thiamylal
Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.		210barbiturates;
organosulfur compound		sedative
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.5520cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
quinine
[no description available]		7.8840cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.4420
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source		210
cystine
[no description available]		2.8640
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.0810L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0650
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.0450organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		1.9910quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		1.9810quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9410
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.0510
icodextrin
Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.		2.4110
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.0550biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		7.35133prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.6530monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0210trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.150D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.1510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		5.8871epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		5.6873prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.1510hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		1.9910D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		4.7671prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		1.9810linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		6.9710antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.883011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.3911isoquinolines
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		1.9610hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.5311alpha-humulene
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.1710C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.0810catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.0210endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		5.453aliphatic alcohol
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		1.9710stilbenoid
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.4311retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		13.7101
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.		1.9610ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		metabolite
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		1.9610cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.0950thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		6.9163morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0810morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.5920pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		1.9810morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.6280morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0710cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		18.229049morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
atosiban
[no description available]		9.8132oligopeptide
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		2.420heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		10.63126medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		1.9710carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.6630cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		3.3511prostanoid
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.6330carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.6830
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		3.2360alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.9840alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.6830alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		3.3470boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		3.260alkaline earth metal atom
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		1.9410morphinane alkaloid
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3520boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9310metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		1.9810cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.06106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		2.420morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.3920morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		6.46141chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		210dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
deoxyribose
[no description available]		210deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		1.9410butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		2.3720alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.4580cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		1.9910carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		9422monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		1.9710morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		1.9810aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		210
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9510
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		13.1462gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
3,4-dichlorophenyl propenylisobutylamide
3,4-dichlorophenyl propenylisobutylamide: structure given in first source		2.0110
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		4.98400ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		8.4976magnesium saltlaxative
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		1.9410
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		210
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		1.9710
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		1.9610oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.8740azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.6630chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		2.0310
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.8740
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		5.59170maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
clazosentan
clazosentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist used for cerebral vasospasm; structure in first source;		3.5920
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		3.7921dicarboxylic acid
cgp 39653
CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.0910
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		1.9910gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.110diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		1.9810ammonium ion derivative
bufalin
bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.		1.951014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.9440phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.1710magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.3920oligopeptide
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.7530aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
bpc 157
BPC 157: amino acid sequence given in first source; a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide, BPC, with hepatoprotective effects		2.1510
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.110xanthene dye
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin
heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I		1.9810
2-amino-5-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid
2-amino-5-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid: isolated from Streptomyces		1.9810
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		2.0710hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		1.9810
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		1.9410D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.6430alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		4.8581
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.6430nystatins
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		6.2970
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0210benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.0110
marinobufagenin
marinobufagenin: an endogenous digitalis-like factor; a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and cardiotonic agent; structure given in first source. marinobufagenin : A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.		7.0810epoxy steroid;
steroid hormone		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		7.9982
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		2.3620
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9410
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.8740
ammonium citrate
[no description available]		2.0310ammonium salt;
citrate salt		buffer;
food emulsifier
jaw
[no description available]		1.9410indolecarboxamide
alcaligin
alcaligin: a siderophore produced by Bordetella & Alcaligenes sp.; structure given in first source		1.9810cyclic hydroxamic acid
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		3.260organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0410
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		5.3180
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		1.9510oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.3820polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		4.3160
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.7430peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.6730
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.7530
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.4220
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.4220
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		3.4880glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.4110
ferrous gluconate
ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd		3.7921
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		5.0191
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.01101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9810
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.191021-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		3.0850chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
aluminum lactate
aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms		2.0410aluminium coordination entity;
lactate salt
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		3.0610organic molecular entity
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		1.9810organic lithium saltfluorochrome
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		1.9710
chitosan
[no description available]		2.0410
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		1.9610
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		1.9610lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
merocyanine dye
merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure		2.0110
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.3510
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		1.9610organic molecular entity
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		3.9521
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		1.9410organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		1.9710
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		6.6191
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		1.9710peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
mannans
[no description available]		2.0510
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		3.5790
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.4520
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		10.151611
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.8371
potassium titanate
potassium titanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-TiO3		1.9810
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer		1.9610
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.420
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		3.8721polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9610
leukotoxin
leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate		1.9910
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		8.46242ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.5580
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		7.3620
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.3520
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.3230
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		4.7271monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		1.9410hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.4511benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.64111,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.4520benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate
ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.		2.1110aldonolactone phosphate
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.0310
ethyl biscoumacetate
Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)		3.0310hydroxycoumarin
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		3.4511heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside
ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid		2.1110glycoside
omadacycline
omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source		2.610tetracyclines
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.4220
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.2560aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.6830
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		3.4480
olivine
olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1		2.0210
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		1.9910
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.0550
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.3520
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		2.3920
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		1.9410
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis		1.9810
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.3420
eldeline
eldeline: Aconitum alkaloid; structure in first source		210
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		1.9710
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		6.14101
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		210
benzylpenicilloic acid
benzylpenicilloic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzylpenicilloic acid : A penicilloic acid where the side-chain N-acyl group is specified as phenylacetyl.		1.9610
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		1.9810
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		940
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		1.9810
jarosite
[no description available]		2.0210
asbestos, amosite
Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		1.9810
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		1.9510
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		1.9410
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.3370
lutetium lu 177 dotatate
177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist		2.1510
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		1.9510
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0410
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.07102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.15102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		6.36535-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		4.71903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.940guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.5790guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.38202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.6161folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		1.9710nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.4420
5'-guanylylmethylenebisphosphonate
guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-methylene]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is guanosine substituted at position 5' by a (beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate group.		1.9910nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.4311dacarbazine
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		10.4453pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.1960nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		1.9710nucleoside triphosphate analogue
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		4.3711citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.2510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		2.2510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
guanosine 5'-(alpha,beta-methylene)triphosphate
guanosine 5'-(alpha,beta-methylene)triphosphate: enhances microtubule nucleation		1.9910
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.0810
eye
[no description available]		2.3720
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		2.0210oligosaccharide
potassium magnesium aspartate
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.		5.1631
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		2.1310
aridanin
aridanin: from aridan (tetrapleura tetraptera); RN given from CAS Index Guide		1.9710
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.0210
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.4320
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.1110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.5220
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.6620
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		06.25240
Drop Attack
[description not available]		03.8840
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		09.32421
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.6620
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		011.25240
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		03.8840
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.5220
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.54172
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		07.63125
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.54172
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		023.78719121
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		125.78719121
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		031.382,995319
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		06.87151
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		021.5346561
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		011.87151
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		022.0725193
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		021.3121385
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		124.0725193
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		013.26636
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		011.331151
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		016.488127
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		018.26636
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		016.488127
Anoxemia
[description not available]		07.52301
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.52301
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.5105
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		015.578535
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.5105
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		010.58504
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		020.578535
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		025.27392256
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		025.27392256
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		012.65434
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		012.65434
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.3110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.8671
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		014.491608
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.8671
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		014.491608
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.3110
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		027.851,20726
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		019.2618944
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		019.2618944
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		027.851,20726
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		07.3762
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.6930
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		08.8681
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		08.8681
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		06.4143
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		06.4143
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		015.0810214
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		07.4982
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		07.4982
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		013.829422
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		016.8716623
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		013.829422
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		016.8716623
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		07.4110
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		010.59333
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		012.062113
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		012.062113
Ache
[description not available]		0146127
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		04.8721
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		0146127
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		04.8721
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		05.5592
Emesis
[description not available]		025.631,0353
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		08.0284
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		025.631,0353
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		012.36494
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		09.12214
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		09.12214
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		010.88312
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		015.88312
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		031.71,07410
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		06.42141
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		06.42141
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		019.0220847
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		019.0220847
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.4110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		013.664014
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		011.923411
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		011.923411
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		010.0531
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		013.664014
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.9261
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.0262
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.0262
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		014.66835
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		014.66835
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		022.7340295
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
[description not available]		03.3310
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		014.635714
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		014.635714
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		012.77359
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		013.223321
Breathlessness
[description not available]		07.974
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		07.974
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		013.223321
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		012.54574
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.4110
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		03.8721
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		03.8721
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		03.811
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		03.811
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		05.7271
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0950
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		012.943510
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		05.7271
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.0950
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		017.943510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		011.03326
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		113.03326
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		017.734210
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		09.5422
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		04.5422
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		07.5362
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.5362
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		011.53461
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		011.53461
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		04.7632
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		03.811
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		04.7632
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		026.091,0455
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		026.091,0455
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		011.63509
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.3920
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.4110
Cervix Incompetence
[description not available]		02.4120
Pregnancy, Prolonged
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.		02.4220
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		05.33131
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.33131
Allodynia
[description not available]		011.22309
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		09.94331
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.8581
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.8581
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		09.94331
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.2260
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		03.2260
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		04.8110
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		04.8110
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		06.9991
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		06.9991
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		09.69116
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		09.69116
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.6320
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		07.4480
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		07.4480
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		08.3776
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		013.3776
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		05140
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.2960
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.5320
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.2960
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.5320
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.610
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.610
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		010.86163
Suffocation
[description not available]		04.3770
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.610
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		04.3770
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		05.83160
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		05.8271
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		05.8271
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.6920
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.6920
Disseminated Trichosporonosis
[description not available]		02.610
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		06.2472
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.610
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		011.2472
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		06.31121
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		06.31121
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		016.196139
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		014.981028
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		012.233411
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		012.233411
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.5353
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.5353
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		08.97143
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		08.97143
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		08.66155
Maternal Death
The death of the female parent.		03.8230
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		04.0331
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		04.0631
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		16.0631
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.57270
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.57270
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.55104
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		08.55104
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		08.3984
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		06.5633
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.		06.5633
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		07.4463
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.7730
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		014.965223
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
[description not available]		02.2110
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		011.31199
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		011.31199
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.7730
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		014.965223
HbS Disease
[description not available]		07.6481
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		07.6481
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia
[description not available]		013.66145
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage
[description not available]		03.1240
Leukomalacia, Periventricular
Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)		08.66145
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		012.032512
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		07.88173
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.88173
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.921311
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		03.6411
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		03.6411
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		015.921311
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.45101
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.45101
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		09.22115
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		09.22115
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.3670
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		03.320
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.2110
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.6930
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.3670
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		03.320
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.6930
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		03.0850
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.2360
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.4320
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.4320
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		05.4882
Amnionitis
[description not available]		09.05245
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		0651
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		09.05245
Asystole
[description not available]		09.96355
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		015.59731
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		09.96355
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		015.59731
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		04.3441
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		06.2981
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.4220
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.2510
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		05.4220
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.6411
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.7821
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.7821
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		013.02123
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.9430
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.8440
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.68100
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.9430
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.8440
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.9430
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		03.6411
Forearm Injuries
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.		03.6411
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		03.6411
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		08.33222
Maternal Obesity
[description not available]		03.5720
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.5990
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		09.93296
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.5190
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		09.91553
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.5220
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		013.83725
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.5990
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.93296
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.5190
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		09.91553
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		08.87217
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.5220
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		05.4360
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.4580
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.5380
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.3302
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		09.95367
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		03.5380
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		09.95367
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		04.44220
Postoperative Cognitive Complications
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.		04.0421
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.6251
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		012.094310
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		010.21108
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.6411
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		08.99153
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		08.99153
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		05.0330
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.8940
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		04.9790
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		05.0760
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.2881
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		08.52184
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		012.863710
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		04.71110
Day Blindness
[description not available]		04.871
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		04.9790
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		05.0760
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.2881
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		08.52184
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		07.3171
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		012.863710
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		04.71110
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.1350
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		03.1350
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		03.3220
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		0450
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		03.3220
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		07.52171
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		07.52171
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		013.4488
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		013.4488
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.693918
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		02.5920
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.693918
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		03.9721
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.9721
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		03.1710
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		03.1710
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		011.7173
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		05.5961
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		05.5961
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.0931
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.0931
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.2510
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		08.2310
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		03.2310
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.3110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.3110
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		07.8164
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		011.19169
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		011.19169
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		03.6730
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.5720
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		03.6730
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		02.3110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.9821
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		03.4270
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		03.4270
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		03.360
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.5120
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.7930
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		07.7930
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		011.36384
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		011.36384
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.4380
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.3110
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.730
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5790
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		03.6230
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.730
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		03.5790
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		03.6230
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		02.3110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.2962
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		03.8321
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		04.1131
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.3110
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.3110
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.4620
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.66102
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		05.1952
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8940
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		08.5611
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		05.54120
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		04.732
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		05.54120
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		04.732
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.4120
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.4120
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.1510
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		013.28126
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		08.28126
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.5420
Absence Status
[description not available]		04.7970
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.5420
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		04.7970
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		018.121172
Acrania
[description not available]		02.1710
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		018.121172
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.1710
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.0610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.0610
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.5311
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		03.5311
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.1510
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.1510
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia
[description not available]		02.7730
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		02.1510
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.1510
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		03.0610
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		03.7530
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		03.0610
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		03.7530
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		03.6230
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		03.6230
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		08.37161
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		03.7190
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.1710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		08.67162
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.4920
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		06.883
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.580
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.4920
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.8221
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.4920
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.8221
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		02.1710
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		010.4269
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		06.26190
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		06.26190
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		06.0962
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		0340
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		0340
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		011.34207
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		011.34207
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		06.3761
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		06.351
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		04.2131
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		06.351
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2131
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.1710
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.5220
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		06.6942
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		06.6942
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		04.8370
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		04.8370
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.0910
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.0910
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.2110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.9121
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.9121
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		09.8721
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		08.28144
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		08.28144
Anesthesia Awareness
[description not available]		03.5611
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		010.6290
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.1710
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.0910
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		03.4720
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		03.4720
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		05.3340
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.0910
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.4620
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		03.9521
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		03.9521
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		09.84322
Recrudescence
[description not available]		011.633212
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		04.7732
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.9521
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		05.2262
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.9521
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.7732
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.3820
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.3820
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		04.550
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		016.976726
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		03.6630
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.5990
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.1710
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		04.4811
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.6190
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		07.99100
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		07.99100
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		04.7570
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.1760
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		06.7881
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		06.7881
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		03.8921
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		04.341
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		04.341
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		07.75153
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		012.75153
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.6260
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.6260
Sore Throat
[description not available]		06.0752
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		06.0752
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.8780
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.8780
Abortion, Threatened
UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.		04.8780
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		04.7140
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		04.7140
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		08.37203
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		03.6490
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		03.6490
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		04.5122
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		09.5122
Aura
[description not available]		05.7750
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		05.7750
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		05.0831
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		0310
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		05.0831
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		020.2511716
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		05.842
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.0931
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		08.2476
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		03.8221
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.0931
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		08.2476
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		08.8221
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.6830
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.07111
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)		03.3820
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.07111
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		06.67302
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.88140
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.88140
Abortion, Incomplete
Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.		02.0810
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4711
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		03.4711
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		03.4711
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		02.3820
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		03.8421
Anton Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7430
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		03.8421
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		06.15230
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.0810
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		06.15230
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.0810
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.730
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.730
Embryopathies
[description not available]		07.72200
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		02.0810
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.0810
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		02.7330
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.110
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		02.7330
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		02.110
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		05.44240
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		05.52260
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		05.52260
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.0810
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		03.4880
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		03.4880
Capillary Leak Syndrome
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.		02.110
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.6330
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.6330
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.110
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		02.110
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		06.2581
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		06.2581
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.520
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.520
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		04.9791
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		03.3820
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		03.4780
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.6954
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		07.24167
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		012.24167
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		04.4111
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6930
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.6930
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		04.131
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia
[description not available]		03.0110
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		05.1252
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		05.1252
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		07.3693
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		06.91103
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		09.93129
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		05.6132
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		012.3693
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		06.91103
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		09.93129
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		04.4141
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.7530
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.7530
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.79232
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		07.79232
Hyperlactatemia
Increase in blood LACTATE concentration often associated with SEPTIC SHOCK; LUNG INJURY; SEPSIS; and DRUG TOXICITY. When hyperlactatemia is associated with low body pH (acidosis) it is LACTIC ACIDOSIS.		03.0310
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.7230
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		03.4811
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		03.4811
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.6354
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.6354
Bleeding
[description not available]		06.3482
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		06.3482
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.4651
Ectopic Junctional Tachycardia
[description not available]		05.2621
Fasciculation
Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)		06.4386
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		02.7930
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		08.8621
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.1110
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.1110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		08.4305
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.4820
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.1110
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.8840
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.8840
Alarm Clock Headache
[description not available]		02.1110
Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.1110
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.4980
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		04.8881
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		04.8881
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.4420
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.4420
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		04.0150
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		04.0150
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.1110
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.1110
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.03101
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.0650
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.1310
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.1110
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		02.1110
Infant Death
The death of a live-born INFANT within its first year of life.		06.9240
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		03.5311
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		03.5311
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.4520
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.4520
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.4520
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.4520
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.320
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		03.0410
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.0410
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		03.0410
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		03.320
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		03.0410
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.		03.0410
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.3920
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.3920
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		06.0461
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		011.99111
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		06.99111
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		06.0461
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8221
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.8221
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		03.320
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		03.320
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.9240
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		04.7240
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		04.7240
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.1310
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.1310
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		010.9331
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.1310
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.62180
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.62180
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.1310
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3920
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3920
Tachypnea
Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.		02.1310
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.4311
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.4311
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		03.5311
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		03.5311
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		03.5311
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		03.5311
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		04.0531
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.1510
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.7830
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		07.7830
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		03.6730
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.1510
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.520
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.520
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		03.4311
MELAS
[description not available]		02.0410
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		02.0410
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.0410
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		02.0410
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.6330
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.6330
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		04.2970
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.9240
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.3820
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.3820
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.9631
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.9631
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.0510
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.0510
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.0410
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		03.0750
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.0410
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.0750
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		08.2395
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		013.2395
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		02.0510
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		03.4311
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		03.4311
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		02.6930
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.0510
Bites
[description not available]		04.7871
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.0510
Complete Breech
[description not available]		04.6240
Breech Presentation
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.		04.6240
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.4220
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		04.7721
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		04.7721
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		03.7621
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.4320
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		04.1431
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.4320
Alogia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.4620
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		02.0510
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.0510
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.4620
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		08.87357
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		03.4311
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0510
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.0510
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.8121
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		08.8121
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.2462
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		05.2462
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.8740
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.420
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		04.8542
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		09.8542
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I
[description not available]		02.0510
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)		02.0510
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		02.4420
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.3320
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.5961
Great Pox
[description not available]		01.9210
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		01.9210
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		02.0610
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.0510
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		03.4411
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		03.4411
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		05.8651
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.730
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.4411
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.73132
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		07.73132
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		04.8481
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		04.8481
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		01.9210
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		01.9210
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9210
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		05.3951
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.6630
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.6630
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		03.8740
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		03.8740
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		04.7470
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		04.7470
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0610
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0610
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		02.0610
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.4320
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.4320
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		07.0610
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.0610
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8840
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.2160
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.0610
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		03.4611
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		04.8581
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		04.5150
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.6530
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		04.6932
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		04.6932
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4320
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		02.9910
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		03.1350
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		03.1350
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.0710
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.3820
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		02.0710
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.7230
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		04.2841
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		04.2841
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		03.2820
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		03.2820
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.4420
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.3520
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0710
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		02.0710
Envenomation, Scorpion
[description not available]		02.0710
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0710
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		010.4944
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		09.799
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		09.799
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		04.6532
Common Migraine
[description not available]		03.3911
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.6532
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.3911
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.0110
Galactorrhea
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.		07.0110
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		04.0931
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		04.0931
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		03.7821
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		03.3911
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		03.7821
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		03.3911
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		03.8121
Shingles
[description not available]		04.3111
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3111
Angiomatosis Retinae
[description not available]		02.0110
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.		02.0110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		07113
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.420
Infection
[description not available]		02.3720
Uterine Perforation
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.		03.7821
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.3720
Blood Clot
[description not available]		03.66100
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		08.66100
Boils
[description not available]		02.0110
Hematomyelia
[description not available]		02.0110
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		05.63130
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		05.63130
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		02.0110
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		02.0110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		07.3314
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.3720
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		07.3314
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3720
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0110
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.0110
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		03.1960
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.1960
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		01.9310
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		03.4480
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		03.0350
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		03.0350
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		01.9310
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.3420
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		06.9310
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		07.6330
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		07.3420
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		01.9310
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.6230
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		02.8540
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.6230
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		05.7481
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		02.8540
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.2620
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.2620
Narcosis
A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.		07.8540
Palsy
[description not available]		03.66100
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.2360
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		08.66100
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		03.2360
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.8440
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.8440
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.1160
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.1160
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.3520
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.3520
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.6230
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.3520
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.6330
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9310
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.1960
Arthropathies
[description not available]		01.9310
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		01.9310
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		06.05113
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		011.05113
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		01.9310
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		06.9310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		010.6371
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		01.9310
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		03.2720
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		03.2720
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		01.9310
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		01.9310
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.3420
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9310
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		01.9310
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		02.8540
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		07.8540
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.1160
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		04.1160
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.3720
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.6330
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		03.4580
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.6330
Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9310
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		01.9310
Rigor Mortis
Muscular rigidity which develops in the cadaver usually from 4 to 10 hours after death and lasts 3 or 4 days.		06.9310
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		01.9310
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.8840
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		03.2820
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		01.9410
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.8840
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		03.2820
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9310
Candida Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		04.74120
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		01.9310
Trichocephaliasis
[description not available]		01.9310
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		04.74120
Trichuriasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.		01.9310
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		01.9310
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		06.78132
Adam-Stokes Attacks
[description not available]		03.2820
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9410
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		01.9410
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		01.9410
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		01.9410
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9410
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		01.9410
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		04.6161
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		02.3320
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		01.9410
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		04.6161
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		02.3320
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		07.6630
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		06.9410
Hyaline Membrane Disease
A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).		03.3270
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		01.9410
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		01.9410
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		02.6430
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.3420
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.6330
Familial Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.6330
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9410
Bed Sores
[description not available]		01.9410
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		01.9410
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		01.9410
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		01.9310
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.6330
Icterus
[description not available]		02.6230
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.6230
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		01.9310
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		01.9310
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		07.3420
Black Death
[description not available]		01.9310
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		06.9310
Endarteritis
Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.		01.9310
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		010.1741
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0110
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		03.411
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		03.411
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		06.9210
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.8540
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.8540
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.0831
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		02.6730
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.6730
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.0210
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.420
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.420
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.420
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.420
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		05.96101
Hand Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand.		02.0210
Milk Fever, Animal
[description not available]		02.0210
Acetonemia
[description not available]		01.9210
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		05.7781
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).		04.7321
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		05.58171
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.0210
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.3820
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0210
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.0210
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.0210
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.0210
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4120
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		03.7820
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		03.7820
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.0210
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		03.6130
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		03.6130
Alpha-Aminoadipic Semialdehyde Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		03.821
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.4111
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		03.821
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		03.7621
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.0210
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.0210
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.9410
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)		02.0310
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		05.1862
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		010.1862
Paraparesis
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.		02.0310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.9410
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		04.721
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		04.721
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.9410
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		07.4544
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0310
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		07.0310
Morning Sickness
Symptoms of NAUSEA and VOMITING in pregnant women that usually occur in the morning during the first 2 to 3 months of PREGNANCY. Severe persistent vomiting during pregnancy is called HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM.		02.9410
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		07.2682
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		07.5891
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		07.2682
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.4420
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.4420
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.0310
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.		03.6430
Cranial Airocele
[description not available]		02.0310
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.0310
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		02.3720
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		02.3720
Cavernitis, Fibrous
[description not available]		03.8221
Penile Induration
A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.		03.8221
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		07.7130
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		02.7130
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.0310
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9510
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9410
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		07.9410
Autosomal Dominant Myotubular Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.0310
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.420
Infections, Serratia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.420
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.420
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.5930
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.0310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.5930
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0410
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.0410
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.0310
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.0310
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		04.6532
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		07.3420
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		03.3420
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		03.3420
Analgesic Overuse Headache
[description not available]		02.9610
Post-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0410
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.0410
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		07.0410
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		07.0410
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		02.0410
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0410
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.0410
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6530
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		01.9410
Cramp
[description not available]		04.4650
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		04.4650
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		01.9610
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		01.9510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.6630
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		04.2841
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.8840
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		07.8840
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		04.2541
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		01.9610
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		01.9610
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		01.9610
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.5630
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		03.9650
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.5630
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		05.372
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		05.372
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.3720
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9610
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.6530
Abortion, Missed
The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.		01.9610
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.6530
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		03.2720
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		01.9610
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		03.2720
Thalassemias
[description not available]		01.9510
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		01.9510
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.6630
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.9850
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.8710
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.8710
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		02.8710
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		02.8710
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.8710
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		03.2720
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.7421
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.7421
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.3620
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		01.9610
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		01.9610
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9610
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9610
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		01.9610
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		02.3620
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.8740
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.8740
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		04.0631
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		04.0631
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		05.9374
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.3711
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		05.1962
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		05.1962
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.7721
Placenta Praevia
[description not available]		04.2841
Placenta Previa
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.		09.2841
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		01.9810
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		01.9810
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6771
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		05.6771
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.6730
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.7721
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.7721
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.3820
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.3820
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.910
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.910
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		01.9810
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0750
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		01.9810
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		01.9810
Cot Death
[description not available]		02.420
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative
[description not available]		01.9810
Albinism, Oculocutaneous
Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.		01.9810
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		05.5461
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		05.5461
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		01.9810
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		01.9810
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		01.9810
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		01.9810
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Atresia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9910
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.6630
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.3820
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.6630
Bordetella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.		01.9910
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9910
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.3711
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.7521
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		03.3711
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.420
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		02.420
Cyst
[description not available]		08.7921
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		01.9710
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		01.9710
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9910
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		01.9910
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		01.9910
Diphyllobothriasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.		01.9910
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.3720
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		01.9910
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.420
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.420
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		01.9910
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		02.3620
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		02.3620
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		0210
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.3811
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.7921
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.7921
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		03.3811
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		0210
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.9210
Paraphimosis
A condition in which the FORESKIN, once retracted, cannot return to its original position. If this condition persists, it can lead to painful constriction of GLANS PENIS, swelling, and impaired blood flow to the penis.		0210
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.940
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.940
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		0210
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		0210
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		0210
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.3720
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		0210
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease
[description not available]		0210
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.		0210
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.3120
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3911
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		03.3911
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.3911
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		03.3911
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		03.3911
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		0210
Dizzyness
[description not available]		0210
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		0210
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		0210
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		0210
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		0210
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		0210
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		0210
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		09.4550
Luft Disease
[description not available]		0210
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		0210
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.4120
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		0210
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.4120
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		0210
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.0110
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		02.0110
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.3720
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0110
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		02.0110
MEA 2a
[description not available]		02.0110
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		02.9210
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		02.9210
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		03.3411
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		03.3411
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		01.9510
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		01.9510
Acne
[description not available]		01.9510
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9510
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		03.9750
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		01.9510
Hymenolepiasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.		01.9510
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.3720
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.8740
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.3720
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.8740
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.6430
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9510
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.6430
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.3520
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.3620
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.3620
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		01.9510
Cerebromalacia
[description not available]		01.9510
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.4351
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		01.9510
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.4351
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.3620
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.3520
Metastase
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		01.9510
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.3620
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.3520
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.3520
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		01.9510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		01.9810
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.3820
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		01.9810
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3820
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		01.9810
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.8910
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.8910
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.0431
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.0431
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9710
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		03.3611
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.3820
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		01.9710
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		01.9710
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		01.9710
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9710
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		01.9710
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9710
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9710
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9710
Carditis
[description not available]		01.9710
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		01.9710
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		02.3620
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		01.9710
Pericementitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		01.9710
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		01.9710
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		01.9710
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		01.9710
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)		01.9710
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.3620
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		01.9710
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		01.9710
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		01.9710
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		01.9710
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9710
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		01.9710
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		01.9710
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		01.9710
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		01.9710
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.3620
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		01.9710
Hives
[description not available]		01.9710
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9710
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		01.9710
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		01.9610
Electric Injuries
Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.		01.9610
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9610
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.3620
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		01.9710
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		01.9610
Epulides
[description not available]		01.9610
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		01.9610
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9710
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		01.9710
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		02.3720
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		02.8810
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.8810
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.8810
Alactasia
[description not available]		01.9710
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		01.9710
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		01.9710
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.3620
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.3620
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		01.9710
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		01.9710
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		01.9710
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Nails, Ingrown
Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.		01.9610
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		01.9610
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9610
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		01.9610
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		01.9610
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.8810
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.8810
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9610
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9610
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9610
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.2720
Cattle Plague
[description not available]		01.9610
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		01.9410
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		01.9410
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		01.9410
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3420
Encephalitis, Japanese B
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalitis, Japanese
A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)		01.9410
Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9410
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		01.9410
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		01.9410
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		01.9410
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		01.9510
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		01.9510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		01.9510
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		01.9510
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		01.9510
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		01.9510
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9510
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		01.9510
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)		01.9510
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9510
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		01.9510
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9510
Verruca
[description not available]		02.3520
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		02.3520
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		01.9410
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		01.9510
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.3520
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		01.9410
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		01.9410
Bleb
[description not available]		01.9410
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		01.9410
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9410
Trichostrongyloidiasis
Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.		01.9410
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9510
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		04.2441
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.3520
Infections, Spirochaetales
[description not available]		01.9510
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		01.9510
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.3520
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		01.9410
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9410
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9410
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.8610
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.8610
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.8610
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.8610
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.8610
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.8610
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		02.8610
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.8610
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.8610
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.8610
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.5530
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		03.5530
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9410
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		01.9410
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		01.9410
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		01.9410
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		01.9410
Grippe
[description not available]		01.9410
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		01.9410
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		01.9410
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		01.9410
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		01.9410
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.3520
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		01.9410
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		01.9410
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		01.9410
Encephalitis, Saint Louis
[description not available]		01.9410
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		01.9410
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.3420
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.3420
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		01.9410
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9410
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		01.9410
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		01.9410
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9410
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		01.9410
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9410
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		01.9410
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		01.9410
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9410
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		01.9410
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		01.9410
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		01.9410
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		01.9410
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		01.9410
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		01.9410
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		01.9410