Compounds > cefquinome
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

cefquinome

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Description

cefquinome: broad spectrum antibiotic; RN given refers to (6R(6alpha,7beta(Z)-isomer); structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5464355
CHEMBL ID1631107
SCHEMBL ID149896
MeSH IDM0186653

Synonyms (25)

Synonym
cobactan [veterinary] (tn)
cefquinome (inn)
D07652
84957-30-2
cefquinome
(6r,7r)-7-[[(2z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate
1-[[(6r,7r)-7-[[(2z)-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolinium inner salt
hr111v
cobactan
CHEMBL1631107
cefquinomum
cefquinoma
unii-z74s078cwp
cefquinome [inn:ban]
z74s078cwp ,
cefquinomum [inn-latin]
1-(((6r,7r)-7-(2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-3-yl)methyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinium hydroxide, inner salt, 7(sup 2)-(z)-(o-methyloxime)
cefquinoma [inn-spanish]
quinolinium, 1-((7-(((2-amino-4-thiazolyl)(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-3-yl)methyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-, hydroxide, inner salt, (6r-(6.alpha.,7.beta.(z)))-
1-(((6r,7r)-7-(2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)glyoxylamido)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-en-3-yl)methyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinium hydroxide, inner salt, 72-(z)-(o-methyloxime)
cefquinome [inn]
cefquinome [mi]
SCHEMBL149896
AKOS025402360
DTXSID00894103

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cefquinome (CEQ) is a novel β-lactam antibiotic that exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Cephalosporin (CFQ) has been widely used for treating porcine or bovine respiratory infection, Bovine mastitis and other diseases.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin developed specifically for veterinary use."( RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of a cefquinome-treated, highly resistant, and virulent MRSA strain.
Aqib, AI; Hao, H; Hussain, HI; Ihsan, A; Iqbal, Z; Kuang, X; Sattar, A; Seleem, MN; Shabbir, MAB, 2021)		1.61
"Cefquinome (CEQ) is a novel β-lactam antibiotic that exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. "( Antibacterial pathway of cefquinome against Staphylococcus aureus based on label-free quantitative proteomics analysis.
Chen, Y; Gao, L; Yang, Y; Zhu, H, 2021)		2.37
"Cefquinome is a new generation cephalosporin that is effective in the treatment of mastitis in animals. "( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefquinome against Streptococcus agalactiae in a murine mastitis model.
Chen, L; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Lv, Q; Yang, Q; Yong, K; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhong, P, 2023)		2.61
"Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is used empirically in goats. "( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of cefquinome in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration.
Himelfarb, MA; Litterio, NJ; Lorenzutti, AM; San Andrés-Larrea, MI; Serrano-Rodríguez, JM; Zarazaga, MDP, 2021)		2.27
"Cefquinome (CFQ), which is a fourth-generation cephalosporin approved for veterinary use only, has been widely used for treating porcine or bovine respiratory infection, bovine mastitis and other diseases. "( Selection of DNA aptamers and establishment of an effective aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of cefquinome residues in milk.
Li, H; Wang, C; Wang, L, 2018)		2.14
"Cefquinome sulfate (CS) is an animal-specific antibacterial agent for S."( Preparation of cefquinome sulfate cationic proliposome and evaluation of its efficacy on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm.
Chen, S; Dou, H; Fu, H; Li, D; Lin, J; Liu, Q; Peng, G; Shen, Y; Shu, G; Wu, W; Yin, L; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhong, Z, 2019)		1.59
"Cefquinome is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against Staphylococcus aureus. "( Pharmacodynamics of cefquinome in a neutropenic mouse thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Ding, H; Liang, C; Shan, Q; Wang, J; Zeng, Z, 2014)		2.17
"Cefquinome is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against enteric Gram-negative bacilli such as Escherichia coli. "( In vivo activity of cefquinome against Escherichia coli in the thighs of neutropenic mice.
Li, J; Liang, C; Shan, Q; Wang, J; Zeng, Z, 2014)		2.17
"Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against enteric gram-negative bacilli such as Riemerella anatipestifer. "( In vivo activity of cefquinome against Riemerella anatipestifer using the pericarditis model in the duck.
Cao, C; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Qu, Y; Sun, M; Zeng, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhong, J, 2016)		2.2
"Cefquinome is a fourth generation cephalosporin, which preserves susceptibility and antibacterial activity against S."( In Vivo Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Cefquinome in an Experimental Mouse Model of Staphylococcus Aureus Mastitis following Intramammary Infusion.
Chen, MR; Li, X; Liao, XP; Liu, YH; Qiao, GL; Sun, J; Yu, Y; Zhou, YF, 2016)		1.42
"Cefquinome was shown to be a time dependent bactericidal antibiotic against the target pathogens, killing occurring at a concentration close to the MIC."( Antibacterial activity of cefquinome against equine bacterial pathogens.
Thomas, E; Thomas, V; Wilhelm, C, 2006)		1.36
"Cefquinome is a new injectable aminothiazolyl cephalosporin derivative. "( Antibacterial activities in vitro and in vivo and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (HR 111V), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
Isert, D; Klesel, N; Limbert, M; Markus, A; Schrinner, E; Seeger, K; Seibert, G, 1991)		1.96

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefquinome has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and was developed especially for use in animals. "( Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Altan, F; Elmas, M; Uney, K, 2011)		2.03
"Cefquinome has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and was developed especially for use in animals. "( Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Altan, F; Elmas, M; Uney, K, 2011)		2.03

Pharmacokinetics

This work aims to study the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling following intramammary administration of cefquinome against S. After IV injection, mean distribution half-life was longer in goslings.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We studied the pharmacokinetic properties of cefquinome in mice, dogs, pigs, and calves."( Antibacterial activities in vitro and in vivo and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (HR 111V), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
Isert, D; Klesel, N; Limbert, M; Markus, A; Schrinner, E; Seeger, K; Seibert, G, 1991)		0.77
" This method can be very useful and an alternate to performing pharmacokinetic studies in the determination of cefquinome for clinical use."( Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Altan, F; Elmas, M; Uney, K, 2011)		0.8
"Both foal age groups had comparable pharmacokinetic data except for the volume of distribution at a steady-state (Vss), total body clearance (ClB) and mean residence time (MRT)."( Comparing the pharmacokinetics of a fourth generation cephalosporin in three different age groups of New Forest ponies.
Fink-Gremmels, J; Haritova, A; Heil, BA; Smiet, E; Wijnberg, ID, 2012)		0.38
" The pharmacokinetic parameters following IV injection were distribution half-life 0·43 ± 0·19 h, elimination half-life 1·29 ± 0·10 h, total body clearance 0·35 ± 0·04 l/kg/h, area under curve 5·33 ± 0·55 µg/h/ml and volume of distribution at steady state 0·49 ± 0·05 l/kg."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of cefquinome in healthy chickens.
Du, S; Wang, T; Xie, W; Zhang, X, 2013)		0.68
" The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of cefquinome in serum, inflamed tissue-cage fluid (exudate), and noninflamed tissue-cage fluid (transudate) were studied using a tissue-cage model."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of cefquinome against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue-cage model in yellow cattle.
Ding, H; He, L; Shan, Q; Wang, J; Yang, F; Zeng, Z, 2014)		0.93
" Following flubendiamide exposure, most of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefquinome were significantly altered in buffalo calves."( Pharmacokinetic profile of cefquinome after oral subchronic flubendiamide exposure and in vitro plasma protein binding in buffalo calves.
Dumka, VK; Venkatachalam, D, 2015)		0.94
" We investigated the effect of varied inoculum sizes (10(6) to 10(8) CFU/thigh) on the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices and magnitudes of a particular PK/PD index or dose required for efficacy."( In Vivo Pharmacodynamics of Cefquinome in a Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 at Varied Initial Inoculum Sizes.
Guo, C; Liao, X; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Wang, F; Wang, M; Xiao, X; Yan, C, 2016)		0.73
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated following intramuscular administration of CEF-GMS or Cefquinome sulfate injection (CEF-Inj) in pigs at a dosage of 4 mg CEF/kg body weight."( Preparation and evaluation of cefquinome-loaded gelatin microspheres and the pharmacokinetics in pigs.
Cao, J; Dai, W; He, B; Lei, Z; Lu, Z; Yang, B; Zhang, S; Zhou, H, 2018)		0.99
" multocida infection caused significant changes in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefquinome in rabbits."( Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in healthy and Pasteurella multocida-infected rabbits.
Amer, MS; Dell'Anna, G; El-Nabtity, SM; Elazab, ST; Elsayed, MG; Ensley, SM; Griffith, RW; Hsu, WH; Mullin, K; Schrunk, DE, 2018)		1.02
"Values for pharmacokinetic variables are usually obtained in healthy animals, whereas drugs are frequently administered to diseased animals."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramammary cefquinome in lactating goats with and without experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.
Amer, AMM; Constable, PD; El Badawy, SA; Eldeib, KM; Kamel, GM, 2019)		0.76
" A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic model was used to fit the time-concentration curve and estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters."( A pilot study on the pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of cefquinome in Arabian camel calves.
Al-Nazawi, M; Altayban, A; Kandeel, M; Kitade, Y, 2020)		0.79
" Different physiologic factors like pregnancy or lactation could determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the organism."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of cefquinome in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration.
Himelfarb, MA; Litterio, NJ; Lorenzutti, AM; San Andrés-Larrea, MI; Serrano-Rodríguez, JM; Zarazaga, MDP, 2021)		0.83
" Plasma cefquinome concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with a 2-compartment model method."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular cefquinome sulfate administration in ducklings and goslings.
Chen, H; Cheng, F; Cheng, P; Feng, T; Fu, G; He, X; Li, X; Tian, L; Wu, J; Zeng, Y; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L, 2020)		1.23
"After IV injection, mean distribution half-life of cefquinome was longer in goslings (0."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular cefquinome sulfate administration in ducklings and goslings.
Chen, H; Cheng, F; Cheng, P; Feng, T; Fu, G; He, X; Li, X; Tian, L; Wu, J; Zeng, Y; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L, 2020)		1.05
" In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was calibrated based on the published data and a microdialysis experiment to assess the dosage efficiency and food safety."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to optimize the dosage regimen and withdrawal time of cefquinome in pigs.
Cai, X; Hou, Y; Huang, L; Liu, Z; Ma, W; Mi, K; Pan, Y; Sun, L; Xu, X; Zhou, K, 2023)		1.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The purpose of the present clinical studies was to determine the clinical efficacy of a combined parenteral and oral treatment with Bisolvon in combination with antibiotics in bovines suffering from acute respiratory disease."( [Treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases in cattle with Bisolvon in combination with either enrofloxacin, cefquinome, ceftiofur or florfenicol].
Hamel, U; Philipp, H; Quirke, JF; Schmidt, H, 1998)		0.51
"The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of cefquinome in animal plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS)."( Determination of cefquinome in pig plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Croubels, S; De Backer, P; Maes, A; Maes, D; Meyns, T; Sustronck, B, 2007)		0.9

Bioavailability

A study on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in piglets was conducted after intravenous (i.i. IV, IM, or PO) injection. After IM administration of injectable cefquinome sulfate, bioavailability of the drug was higher in goslings (113.5 mg/kg)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A study on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in piglets was conducted after intravenous (i."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in healthy piglets.
Jiang, HY; Li, XB; Shen, JZ; Su, D; Wang, ZJ; Wu, WX, 2008)		0.87
"To determine pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome administered IV, IM, or PO to healthy ducks."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in healthy ducks.
Fang, B; Liu, Y; Luo, X; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, R; Yuan, L; Zhu, L, 2011)		0.89
"61 μg/mL, and absolute mean ± SD bioavailability was 93."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in healthy ducks.
Fang, B; Liu, Y; Luo, X; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, R; Yuan, L; Zhu, L, 2011)		0.64
"Results indicated that cefquinome was absorbed quickly and had excellent bioavailability after IM administration, but absorption after PO administration was poor."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in healthy ducks.
Fang, B; Liu, Y; Luo, X; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, R; Yuan, L; Zhu, L, 2011)		0.95
" The pharmacokinetic parameters after IM administration were absorption half-life 0·07 ± 0·02 h, distribution half-life 0·58 ± 0·27 h, elimination half-life 1·35 ± 0·20 h, peak concentration 3·04 ± 0·71 µg/ml and bioavailability 95·81 ± 5·81%."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of cefquinome in healthy chickens.
Du, S; Wang, T; Xie, W; Zhang, X, 2013)		0.68
"53 μg/mL and the bioavailability was 89."( Pharmacokinetics and ex-vivo pharmacodynamics of cefquinome against Klebsiella pneumonia in healthy dogs.
Ding, H; Gu, M; Gu, X; Li, X; Li, Y; Shen, X; Zhang, B; Zhang, N, 2014)		0.66
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome in Beagle dogs were determined by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection at a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (BW)."( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and PK/PD relationship of cefquinome for Escherichia coli in Beagle dogs.
Liu, YH; Peng, YB; Shi, W; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhao, DH; Zhou, YF, 2015)		0.92
"Analysis of such drugs, whether used for the treatment of human or animal illness, is essential in understanding the bioavailability and therapeutic control which will ensure their activity and safety."( Review on the Characteristic, Properties and Analytical Methods of Cefquinomesulphate: ß-lactam Veterinary Drug.
Shantier, SW, 2020)		0.79
" After IM administration of injectable cefquinome sulfate, bioavailability of the drug was higher in goslings (113."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular cefquinome sulfate administration in ducklings and goslings.
Chen, H; Cheng, F; Cheng, P; Feng, T; Fu, G; He, X; Li, X; Tian, L; Wu, J; Zeng, Y; Zhang, Y; Zheng, L, 2020)		1.07
" The main objective of this work is to develop a new oily nanosuspension to improve bioavailability and stability of CS formulations."( Cefquinome Sulfate Oily Nanosuspension Designed for Improving its Bioavailability in the Treatment of Veterinary Infections.
Chen, W; Chen, X; Chen, Y; He, X; Liu, C; Ma, S; Mao, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, H; Zheng, Y, 2022)		2.16
" Moreover, a rapid release and high bioavailability of CS-NSP have also been verified in the study."( Cefquinome Sulfate Oily Nanosuspension Designed for Improving its Bioavailability in the Treatment of Veterinary Infections.
Chen, W; Chen, X; Chen, Y; He, X; Liu, C; Ma, S; Mao, Y; Shen, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, H; Zheng, Y, 2022)		2.16

Dosage Studied

Pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated following intramuscular administration of CEF-GMS or Cefquinome sulfate injection (CEF-Inj) in pigs at a dosage of 4 mg CEF/kg body weight. In conjunction with the data on MIC, MBC values and the ex vivo bactericidal activity in serum, the present results allowed prediction that a single cefquinomes dosage of 2 mg/kg may be effective in dogs against K. Escherichia coli.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Drug resistance was determined by using break-points, which consider the dosage regimen and pharmacokinetics of the veterinary antimicrobials investigated."( In vitro efficacy of cefquinome (INN) and other anti-infective drugs against bovine bacterial isolates from Belgium, France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
Böttner, A; Humke, R; Schmid, P, 1995)		0.61
" Based on AUC values, total cefquinome concentrations in PELF were one-third of total plasma concentrations after intravenous administration together with shorter time above Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (T > MIC) in PELF, thus twice daily dosing may be required when treating lower airway infections in horses."( Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, part III. cefquinome.
Baptiste, KE; Friis, C; Winther, L, 2011)		0.89
"To compare the pharmacokinetics of the fourth generation cephalosporin, cefquinome, in neonatal foals, 6-week-old foals and mature New Forest ponies in order to recommend appropriate dosage regimens for use of this drug."( Comparing the pharmacokinetics of a fourth generation cephalosporin in three different age groups of New Forest ponies.
Fink-Gremmels, J; Haritova, A; Heil, BA; Smiet, E; Wijnberg, ID, 2012)		0.61
"Commonly used dosing regimens should be critically evaluated in neonatal foals due to the higher volume of distribution of less lipophilic drugs in this age group."( Comparing the pharmacokinetics of a fourth generation cephalosporin in three different age groups of New Forest ponies.
Fink-Gremmels, J; Haritova, A; Heil, BA; Smiet, E; Wijnberg, ID, 2012)		0.38
" These data may be used as a rational basis for setting dosing schedules, which optimize clinical efficacy and minimize the opportunities for emergence of resistant organisms."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of cefquinome against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue-cage model in yellow cattle.
Ding, H; He, L; Shan, Q; Wang, J; Yang, F; Zeng, Z, 2014)		0.66
"In order to provide some basis for effective dosage regimens that optimize efficacy with respect to bacteriological and clinical cures, the in vivo activity of cefquinome against a clinical Escherichia coli (E."( Response of a clinical Escherichia coli strain to repeated cefquinome exposure in a piglet tissue-cage model.
Ding, H; Gu, M; Gu, X; Shen, X; Xiong, M; Yang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, N, 2015)		0.86
" The percentage of a 24-h dosing interval that the unbound serum cefquinome concentrations exceeded the MIC (fT > MIC) were the pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter that best correlated with efficacy (R(2) 86."( In vivo activity of cefquinome against Riemerella anatipestifer using the pericarditis model in the duck.
Cao, C; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Qu, Y; Sun, M; Zeng, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhong, J, 2016)		1
" The PK/PD studies demonstrated that the percentage of time that serum drug levels were above the MIC of free drug (%ƒT>MIC) in a 24-h dosing interval was the primary index driving the efficacy of both inoculum sizes (R(2) = 91% and R(2) = 63%)."( In Vivo Pharmacodynamics of Cefquinome in a Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 at Varied Initial Inoculum Sizes.
Guo, C; Liao, X; Liu, Y; Sun, J; Wang, F; Wang, M; Xiao, X; Yan, C, 2016)		0.73
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated following intramuscular administration of CEF-GMS or Cefquinome sulfate injection (CEF-Inj) in pigs at a dosage of 4 mg CEF/kg body weight."( Preparation and evaluation of cefquinome-loaded gelatin microspheres and the pharmacokinetics in pigs.
Cao, J; Dai, W; He, B; Lei, Z; Lu, Z; Yang, B; Zhang, S; Zhou, H, 2018)		0.99
" In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was calibrated based on the published data and a microdialysis experiment to assess the dosage efficiency and food safety."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to optimize the dosage regimen and withdrawal time of cefquinome in pigs.
Cai, X; Hou, Y; Huang, L; Liu, Z; Ma, W; Mi, K; Pan, Y; Sun, L; Xu, X; Zhou, K, 2023)		1.13
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.35487.935539.8107AID624170
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (25)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID70951Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TEM1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542766Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli PA11 expressing aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qepA genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID209892Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542770Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transformed with pHND2 carrying qnrB6 and CTX-M-9G genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID542769Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transformed with pHND1 carrying DHA-1 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID542768Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID68060Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542773Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transformed with pHNPA1 carrying qnrB6 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID68010Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae 265A1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542737Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae D24 expressing aac(6')-Ib-cr and CTX-M-9G genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID542742Antimicrobial activity against Citrobacter freundii D26 expressing qnrB6 and CTX-M-9G genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID210248Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542759Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli Du19 expressing qnrB6 and CTX-M-9G genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID68012Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae EB51990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID95918Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae X261990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID542735Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae D10 expressing aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB4, CTX-M-1G and DHA-1 genes by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID542772Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transformed with pHNDU1 carrying qnrB6 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID542771Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transformed with pHND3 carrying qnrB6 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 53, Issue:2
High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from companion and food-producing animals.
AID164241Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PS181990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID205379Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens SE31990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID69605Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli EC141990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID164246Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa X5281990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID206865Antibacterial activity against penicillin G resistance Staphylococcus aureus1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID95913Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 1082E1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
AID206866Antibacterial activity against penicillin G susceptible Staphylococcus aureus1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (100)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's10 (10.00)18.2507
2000's12 (12.00)29.6817
2010's63 (63.00)24.3611
2020's15 (15.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.55

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index48.55 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.84 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.19 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index74.20 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (48.55)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials21 (20.19%)5.53%
Reviews2 (1.92%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.96%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other80 (76.92%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.15102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		3.3811organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.11103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.2510
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.45201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0510isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.3922monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		9.7332penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		8.8921beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.1310amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0610aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		8.4111cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		3.8221monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		7.4220penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0510alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		3.9221quinolines
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		16.749721cephalosporinfungal metabolite
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		8.8221cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
danofloxacin
[no description available]		2.1110quinolines
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		8.8221organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.3110penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.05109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9710cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.420cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.71301,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0510
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
flubendiamide
flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source		7.1110organofluorine insecticideryanodine receptor modulator
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		4.8671
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.21101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1710
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.2510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		05.0231
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		05.0231
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		06.0293
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		06.0293
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		04.331
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.1331
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.1331
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		08.18186
E coli Infections
[description not available]		06.16111
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		06.16111
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9840
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.0221
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		03.9221
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1710
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.1710
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.8430
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.3860
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.8430
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.8430
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.8430
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.7830
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		03.8320
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		03.8320
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.8320
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		03.8320
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.2110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.2110
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		03.5911
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.0810
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		03.2860
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.1110
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.830
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Flavobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.		03.5111
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		03.5111
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		03.5111
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		08.5111
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.8821
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.8821
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.8464
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		04.0931
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		09.0931
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.6930
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.1350
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		08.1350
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.0510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.6930
Asymptomatic Colonization
[description not available]		03.4511
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.0610
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0710
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		03.4111
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.3811
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		0210
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		0210
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		0210
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		0710
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		01.9810
Ozena
[description not available]		01.9810
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		06.9810
Rhinitis, Atrophic
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).		01.9810