artesunic acid profile

Artesunic acid is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the plant Artemisia annua. It is the active ingredient in the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Artesunic acid is synthesized from artemisinin through a multi-step process involving oxidation, esterification, and deprotection. Artesunic acid has potent antimalarial activity, particularly against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly species of malaria parasite. It acts by producing reactive oxygen species that damage the parasite. Artesunic acid is important because it is highly effective against drug-resistant malaria parasites and is considered a key component in the fight against this deadly disease. Research on artesunic acid is ongoing to improve its efficacy, reduce side effects, and develop new drug formulations. '
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ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	105031
CHEMBL ID	1967249
SCHEMBL ID	12922911
MeSH ID	M0289338

Synonym
LS-14742
NCI60_039350
88495-63-0
artesunate ,
dihydroqinghaosusuccinate
nsc712571
182824-33-5
SCHEMBL12922911
CHEMBL1967249
4-oxo-4-[(1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-yl)oxy]butanoic acid
4-oxo-4-[[(1s,4s,5r,8s,9r,10s,12r,13r)-1,5,9-trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.04,13.08,13]hexadecan-10-yl]oxy]butanoic acid

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There was no difference in the incidence of possible adverse effects between the two drugs, and no evidence that either derivative caused allergic reactions, neurologic or psychiatric reactions, or cardiovascular or dermatologic toxicity."	( Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phaipun, L; Price, R; Simpson, J; ter Kuile, F; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" Both regimens were safe and well tolerated and there were no adverse experiences attributed to the combination."	( A randomized safety and tolerability trial of artesunate plus sulfadoxine--pyrimethamine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children. Alloueche, A; Bayo, L; Doherty, JF; Milligan, P; Olliaro, P; Pinder, M; Sadiq, AD; von Seidlein, L, )	0.13
" There were no adverse effects experienced by the patients."	( A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P falciparum malaria. Faizal, HM; Fernando, WP; Galappaththy, G; Weerasinghe, KL; Wickremasinghe, AR; Wickremasinghe, DR, 2002)	0.31
"The combination of artesunate, S + P and primaquine was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated P falciparum malaria."	( A safety and efficacy trial of artesunate, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and primaquine in P falciparum malaria. Faizal, HM; Fernando, WP; Galappaththy, G; Weerasinghe, KL; Wickremasinghe, AR; Wickremasinghe, DR, 2002)	0.31
" Severe malaria in rural areas of Sudan, where facilities for the safe and effective use of parenteral quinine are lacking, is a frequent problem."	( Descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate suppository in combination with other antimalarials in the treatment of severe malaria in Sudan. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2003)	0.32
" There were no adverse events (AEs) reported during the study."	( Randomised efficacy and safety study of two 3-day artesunate rectal capsule/mefloquine regimens versus artesunate alone for uncomplicated malaria in Ecuadorian children. Cambon, N; Gomez, EA; Jurado, MH, 2003)	0.32
" The no or low adverse effect levels were in the range of 5 to 7 mg/kg/day artesunate."	( Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an artesunate combination in the rat and rabbit. A Clode, S; Clark, RL; Gaunt, I; Ward, SA; White, TE; Winstanley, P, 2004)	0.32
" There was rapid relief of symptoms the median time of fever clearance was one day and the most common drug related adverse events were headache dizziness and asthenia."	( Efficacy and safety of an artesunate/mefloquine combination, (artequin) in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Kenya. Bhatt, KM; Bhatt, SM; Samia, BM; Wasunna, KM, 2006)	0.33
"Artesunate-mefloquine combination given simultaneously was found to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria."	( Efficacy and safety of an artesunate/mefloquine combination, (artequin) in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Kenya. Bhatt, KM; Bhatt, SM; Samia, BM; Wasunna, KM, 2006)	0.33
"9%) withdrew because of drug-related adverse events; seven had gastrointestinal complaints of whom two were hospitalized for vomiting."	( Efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine in routine use for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Casamance, southern Sénégal. Agnamey, P; Brasseur, P; Gaye, O; Olliaro, PL; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2007)	0.34
" The safety was evaluated by incidence of adverse events."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" The main adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (2."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" No drug-related serious adverse events and no deaths occurred."	( Safety and efficacy of methylene blue combined with artesunate or amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Coulibaly, B; Klose, C; Kouyaté, B; Mansmann, U; Meissner, P; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Schirmer, RH; Sié, A; Walter-Sack, I; Zoungrana, A, 2008)	0.35
" No significant adverse event attributable to any of the study drugs was found."	( Efficacy, safety, and selection of molecular markers of drug resistance by two ACTs in Mali. Dama, S; Dembele, D; Dicko, A; Djimdé, AA; Doumbo, OK; Fofana, B; Ouologuem, D; Sagara, I; Sidibe, B; Toure, S, 2008)	0.35
" Participants were actively monitored for adverse events for the first 14 days after each treatment, and then passively followed until their next study medication treatment, or withdrawal from study."	( Safety and tolerability of combination antimalarial therapies for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children. Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Jagannathan, P; Kamya, MR; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C; Njama-Meya, D; Nzarubara, B; Rosenthal, PJ; Staedke, SG; Talisuna, AO; Yau, VM, 2008)	0.35
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four geographic zones of Nigeria. Agomo, PU; Aina, OO; Ezeiru, VI; Meremikwu, MM; Odey, FA; Oguche, S; Omalu, IJ; Watila, IM, 2008)	0.35
"This co-packaged formulation of artesunate + mefloquine (Artequin) is highly efficacious, safe and well-tolerated."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four geographic zones of Nigeria. Agomo, PU; Aina, OO; Ezeiru, VI; Meremikwu, MM; Odey, FA; Oguche, S; Omalu, IJ; Watila, IM, 2008)	0.35
" Most common drug-related adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms (such as vomiting and diarrhea) which were slightly higher in the AS-SMP 24-hour group."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed dose artesunate-sulphamethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine compared to artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria across Africa: a randomized multi-centre trial. Adam, I; Dara, N; Dicko, A; Dicko, YT; Djimdé, A; Doumbo, OK; Jansen, FH; Maiga, H; Mbacham, W; Rulisa, S; Sagara, I; Sissoko, K; Traore, OB, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events were monitored and laboratory parameters on study Days 0, 2, 5, and 7 post drug administrations were analyzed."	( Comparative study of dihydroartemisinin and artesunate safety in healthy Thai volunteers. Atipas, S; Chatsiricharoenkul, S; Kaewkungwal, J; Khuhapinant, A; Kongpatanakul, S, 2009)	0.35
" All adverse events were mild."	( Comparative study of dihydroartemisinin and artesunate safety in healthy Thai volunteers. Atipas, S; Chatsiricharoenkul, S; Kaewkungwal, J; Khuhapinant, A; Kongpatanakul, S, 2009)	0.35
" Large clinical studies and meta-analyses did not show serious side effects, although proper monitoring of adverse effects in developing countries might not be a trivial task."	( Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives. Efferth, T; Kaina, B, 2010)	0.36
" Abdominal pain was the most frequent adverse event, with a higher incidence among children treated with mefloquine (89%), mefloquine-artesunate (83%), and artesunate (60%) than among children treated with praziquantel (46%)."	( Efficacy and safety of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, and praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium: randomized, exploratory open-label trial. Adoubryn, KD; Hatz, C; Keiser, J; N'Goran, EK; N'Guessan, NA; Silué, KD; Utzinger, J; Vounatsou, P, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent adverse events were vomiting (17%), abdominal pain (11%) and headache (17%)."	( Efficacy and safety of a new pediatric artesunate-mefloquine drug formulation for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. Agnandji, ST; Bélard, S; Bouyou-Akotet, MK; Heidecker, JL; Issifou, S; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, F; Mamfoumbi, MM; Mihindou, MP; Missinou, MA; Ngoungou, EB; Ramharter, M; Trapp, S, 2010)	0.36
"0%) adverse events in 849 patients assigned to pyronaridine-artesunate and 241 (57."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose oral combination of pyronaridine-artesunate compared with artemether-lumefantrine in children and adults with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Bedu-Addo, G; Bhatt, KM; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Bustos, DG; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Gaye, O; Kayentao, K; Sesay, SS; Shin, CS; Thompson, R; Tjitra, E; Tshefu, AK, 2010)	0.36
" Clinical laboratory electrocardiogram (ECG), adverse events (AEs), efficacy, and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed over 28 days."	( New fixed-dose artesunate-mefloquine formulation against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in adults: a comparative phase IIb safety and pharmacokinetic study with standard-dose nonfixed artesunate plus mefloquine. Chalermrut, K; Kiechel, JR; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Phumratanaprapin, W; Ramanathan, S; Tangpukdee, N; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wilairatana, P, 2010)	0.36
" 50 neurological and neuropsychiatric adverse events occurred in 28 patients."	( Artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in young children: a field study regarding neurological and neuropsychiatric safety. Chelo, D; Djoukoue, F; Frey, SG; Hatz, C; Kinkela, MN; Tietche, F; Weber, P, 2010)	0.36
"African children showed a low percentage of self-limited neurological and neuropsychiatric adverse events, confirming studies on neurological safety in Asian children treated with artesunate and mefloquine."	( Artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in young children: a field study regarding neurological and neuropsychiatric safety. Chelo, D; Djoukoue, F; Frey, SG; Hatz, C; Kinkela, MN; Tietche, F; Weber, P, 2010)	0.36
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate and affected all treatment groups; serious adverse events--vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety--were reported only by patients taking mefloquine or mefloquine-artesunate."	( Efficacy and safety of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, tribendimidine, and praziquantel in patients with Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomised, exploratory, open-label, phase 2 trial. Akkhavong, K; Hatz, C; Keiser, J; Odermatt, P; Sayasone, S; Soukhathammavong, P; Vonghachack, Y; Vounatsou, P, 2011)	0.37
" The high correlation between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia further supports the assertion that therapeutic dosage regimens of artemisinins that cause decreases in reticulocyte count in pregnant women during the putative critical period (approximately postconception wk 3 to 9) are at risk of also causing adverse effects on the embryo."	( Artesunate and artelinic acid: association of embryotoxicity, reticulocytopenia, and delayed stimulation of hematopoiesis in pregnant rats. Brannen, KC; Clark, RL; Hoberman, AM; Sanders, JE, 2011)	0.37
" The results support the continued safe and efficacious use of artemether-lumefantrine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Randomized, prospective, three-arm study to confirm the auditory safety and efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine in Colombian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Barón, C; Carrasquilla, G; Cousin, M; Fisher, LM; Lefèvre, G; Monsell, EM; Sander, O; Walter, V, 2012)	0.38
" Both DP and A + M were well tolerated, with the majority of adverse events of mild or moderate severity."	( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artesunate-mefloquine in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Bacchieri, A; Bhattacharyya, PC; Corsi, M; Dev, V; Dubashi, N; Gargano, N; Ghosh, SK; Kumar, A; Rao, BH; Srivastava, B; Tommasini, S; Ubben, D; Valecha, N, 2012)	0.38
" Mefloquine (80 mg/kg bwt/day) was maternally toxic and enhanced fetal variations."	( Study on the developmental toxicity of combined artesunate and mefloquine antimalarial drugs on rats. Boareto, AC; Dalsenter, PR; de Araujo, SL; Gomes, C; Lombardi, N; Lourenço, AC; Lourenço, EL; Minatovicz, B; Müller, JC; Paumgartten, FR, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events occurred in 57."	( Safety and efficacy of pyronaridine-artesunate in uncomplicated acute malaria: an integrated analysis of individual patient data from six randomized clinical trials. Arbe-Barnes, S; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Craft, CJ; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Miller, RM; Shin, CS, 2013)	0.39
" No neurological or cardiac toxicity was observed and seven dogs exhibited no adverse effects at all."	( Safety and efficacy field study of artesunate for dogs with non-resectable tumours. Efferth, T; Erich, SA; Fleckenstein, L; Grinwis, GC; London, CA; Mol, JA; Rutteman, GR; Spee, B, 2013)	0.39
" As secondary endpoint, the proportion of any adverse event was assessed."	( Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe imported malaria: comparative analysis of adverse events focussing on delayed haemolysis. Burchard, GD; Cramer, JP; Kluge, S; Rolling, T; Schmiedel, S; Wichmann, D, 2013)	0.39
"While adverse events observed in patients treated with artesunate were limited to delayed haemolysis (three patients, 60%) and temporary deterioration in renal function (three patients, 60%), patients treated with quinine showed a more diverse picture of side effects with 22 patients (71%) experiencing at least one adverse event."	( Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe imported malaria: comparative analysis of adverse events focussing on delayed haemolysis. Burchard, GD; Cramer, JP; Kluge, S; Rolling, T; Schmiedel, S; Wichmann, D, 2013)	0.39
" Artesunate, extracted from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has proven to be effective and safe as an anti-malarial drug that possesses anticancer potential."	( Synergism of cytotoxicity effects of triptolide and artesunate combination treatment in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cui, YF; Liu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" ASMQ was well-tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported."	( Safety, efficacy and population pharmacokinetics of fixed-dose combination of artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India. Anvikar, AR; Dash, AP; Dubhashi, NG; Ghosh, SK; Jullien, V; Kiechel, JR; Kumar, A; Rao, BH; Sharma, B; Singh, JP; Srivastava, B; Taylor, WR; Valecha, N, 2013)	0.39
"Methylene blue (MB) has been shown to be safe and effective against falciparum malaria in Africa and to have pronounced gametocytocidal properties."	( Efficacy and safety of triple combination therapy with artesunate-amodiaquine-methylene blue for falciparum malaria in children: a randomized controlled trial in Burkina Faso. Berens-Riha, N; Bountogo, M; Bousema, T; Breitkreutz, J; Coulibaly, B; Drakeley, C; Kieser, M; Klose, C; Meissner, PE; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Nebié, E; Pritsch, M; Schirmer, RH; Sié, A; Sirima, SB; Wieser, A, 2015)	0.42
" No evidence was found that pyronaridine-artesunate re-treatment increased safety risk based on laboratory values, reported adverse event frequencies, or electrocardiograph findings."	( Safety and efficacy of re-treatments with pyronaridine-artesunate in African patients with malaria: a substudy of the WANECAM randomised trial. Beavogui, AH; Bjorkman, A; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Borrmann, S; Camara, D; Compaore, YD; Coulibaly, AS; Dara, N; Diallo, MS; Dicko, A; Djimdé, AA; Doumbo, OK; Duparc, S; Fofana, B; Gil, JP; Kabore, MJ; Miller, RM; Nikiema, F; Ouedraogo, JB; Sagara, I; Shin, J; Sirima, SB; Somé, AF; Soulama, I; Sylla, MM; Thera, I; Traore, OB; Zongo, I, 2016)	0.43
" During the test phase, four patients had adverse events (AEs) of the auditory system possibly related to the intake of ART."	( Investigation of ototoxicity of artesunate as add-on therapy in patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer: new audiological results from a prospective, open, uncontrolled, monocentric phase I study. Baumann, I; Edler, L; Hoth, S; König, M; Sertel, S; von Hagens, C; Walter-Sack, I, 2016)	0.43
" Here we present the side effect profile of MQ for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria on the Thai-Myanmar/Cambodia borders."	( Adverse effects of mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Thailand: A pooled analysis of 19, 850 individual patients. Lee, SJ; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, RN; Ter Kuile, FO, 2017)	0.46
" However, despite solid evidence that AS is safe and more effective than quinine in endemic areas, its deployment in non-endemic areas has been slow, due in part to the absence of a full good manufacturing practice (GMP) qualification (although prequalification has been granted in 2010)."	( Artesunate to treat severe malaria in travellers: review of efficacy and safety and practical implications. Buffet, PA; Caumes, E; Jauréguiberry, S; Ndour, PA; Roussel, C; Thellier, M, 2017)	0.46
" Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache and asthenia as adverse events (AEs) were more common in MQAS than in AL or DHAPQ (p < 0."	( Artemisinin-based combination therapy in pregnant women in Zambia: efficacy, safety and risk of recurrent malaria. Buyze, J; D'Alessandro, U; Hachizovu, S; Kabuya, JB; Kasongo, W; Mulenga, J; Mulenga, M; Mwakazanga, D; Nambozi, M; Van Geertruyden, JP, 2017)	0.46
" In this study, we sought to assess the incidence of common adverse events (AEs) following the intake of Inj AS in real-life settings."	( Safety Experience During Real-World Use of Injectable Artesunate in Public Health Facilities in Ghana and Uganda: Outcomes of a Modified Cohort Event Monitoring Study (CEMISA). Akakpo, S; Ampadu, HH; Asante, KP; Bosomprah, S; Dodoo, ANO; Gardarsdottir, H; Hugo, P; Kajungu, D; Leufkens, HGM, 2018)	0.48
"0%) patients experienced at least one drug-related adverse event (AE)."	( Safety and tolerability of artesunate-amodiaquine, artemether-lumefantrine and quinine plus clindamycin in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fungula, B; Inocencio da Luz, R; Kalabuanga, M; Lula Ntamba, Y; Lutumba, P; Muhindo Mavoko, H; Ntamabyaliro Nsengi, PM; Tona Lutete, G; Van Geertruyden, JP, 2019)	0.51
" A total of 36 adverse events were reported in the pilot study and 277 in the comparative study."	( Safety and parasite clearance of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection: A pilot and a randomised volunteer infection study in Australia. Abd-Rahman, AN; Cascales, L; Chalon, S; Chen, N; Collins, KA; Marquart, L; McCarthy, JS; Möhrle, JJ; Odedra, A; Pasay, C; Pava, Z; Peatey, CL; Rebelo, M; Watts, RE; Webb, L, 2020)	0.56
" The proportions of non-clinical hepatic adverse events (AEs) following first and repeated treatments with PA and AL were compared within study arms."	( Hepatic safety of repeated treatment with pyronaridine-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine in patients with uncomplicated malaria: a secondary analysis of the WANECAM 1 data from Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Barry, N; Compaoré, YD; Djimdé, A; Kaboré, TN; Kabré, Z; Nikiéma, F; Ouattara, A; Ouédraogo, JB; Sagara, I; Somé, AF; Wermi, K; Yerbanga, RS; Zongo, I; Zongo, M, 2021)	0.62
" Main reported adverse events (AEs) were anemia (136 cases), cardiac events (24, including 20 episodes of conduction disorders and/or arrhythmia), and liver enzyme elevation (23)."	( Intravenous Artesunate for the Treatment of Severe Imported Malaria: Implementation, Efficacy, and Safety in 1391 Patients. Angoulvant, A; Argy, N; Bouchaud, O; Bruneel, F; Buffet, P; Caumes, E; Chambrion, C; Courtin, D; Danis, M; Delacour, H; Gay, F; Henry, B; Houzé, S; Jauréguiberry, S; Kendjo, E; Larréché, S; Lebrun-Vignes, B; Mouri, O; Ndour, PA; Piarroux, R; Roussel, C; Siriez, JY; Taieb, A; Thellier, M, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse event frequency was similar between the 3-day (51."	( Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Pyronaridine-artesunate in Asymptomatic Malaria-infected Individuals: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Achan, J; Arbe-Barnes, S; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Conteh, B; D'Alessandro, U; Dabira, ED; Duparc, S; Hachizovu, S; Lawal, B; Manyando, C; Mendy, A; Miller, R; Mulenga, JM; Mwanza, S; Ndiath, MO; Nyang, H; Shin, J, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events of any cause occurred in 20."	( Pyronaridine-artesunate real-world safety, tolerability, and effectiveness in malaria patients in 5 African countries: A single-arm, open-label, cohort event monitoring study. Agnandji, ST; Allen, SJ; Arbe-Barnes, S; Assi, SB; Bigoga, JD; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Groger, M; Koukouikila-Koussounda, F; Kremsner, PG; Miller, R; Mombo-Ngoma, G; Ntamabyaliro, NY; Ntoumi, F; Ramharter, M; Shin, J; Tona Lutete, G, 2021)	0.62
" Demographic, clinical, laboratory, adverse event, and outcome information were collected."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States-April 2019 Through December 2020. Abanyie, F; Acharya, SD; Bowe, M; Leavy, I; Tan, KR, 2021)	0.62
"IVAS is a safe and effective drug for the treatment of severe malaria in the United States; timely administration can be lifesaving."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States-April 2019 Through December 2020. Abanyie, F; Acharya, SD; Bowe, M; Leavy, I; Tan, KR, 2021)	0.62
" In this work, we report a stable, safe and potent alternative artemisinin-based injectable nanocomplex consisting of dimeric artesunate-choline conjugate (dACC) micelles coated with hyaluronic acid (HA)."	( Dimeric artesunate-choline conjugate micelles coated with hyaluronic acid as a stable, safe and potent alternative anti-malarial injection of artesunate. Dogovski, C; Du, Y; He, W; Hu, R; Li, C; Li, X; Tao, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Yao, C, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events both solicited and unsolicited are recorded all through the study post-randomization."	( Efficacy and safety of dual intravenous artesunate plus quinine compared to intravenous artesunate for cerebral malaria in a triple blinded parallel multisite randomized controlled trial in Nigerian children: DUAL PAQ TRIAL Protocol. Alao, MA; Asinobi, AO; Gbadero, DA; Ibrahim, OR; Nna, EO; Okoye, IJ; Orimadegun, AE; Oyenuga, AO, 2021)	0.62
" Safety was based on assessment of adverse events (AEs) and severe adverse events (SAEs) from day 1 to day 28."	( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial. Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)	0.72
" Expected mild to moderate adverse events were reported in both arms [AS-AQ = 83 (84."	( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial. Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)	0.72
"This study demonstrated that AS-AQ and AL are effective and safe for home management of malaria in Yaoundé."	( Effectiveness and safety of artesunate-amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for home-based treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children 6-120 months in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a randomized trial. Aboh, PM; Adzemye, LM; Akam, LF; Ali, IM; Alifrangis, M; Ambani, MCE; Ango, Z; Bigoga, JD; Chedjou, JPK; Dinza, G; Dongmo, CH; Douanla, A; Ewane, MS; Fomboh, CT; Fosah, DA; Kotcholi, GB; Ludovic, AJ; Mbacham, WF; Moyeh, MN; Nana, WD; Ndikum, VN; Ngu, JA; Niba, PTN; Nji, AM; Nna, DRA; Oben, OLA; Omgba, PAM; Selly-Ngaloumo, AA; Tatah, FM; Ticha, JT, 2022)	0.72
" Patients spontaneous reported any clinical adverse events (AEs) occurring within 28 days following the treatment."	( Prospective observational study to evaluate the clinical and biological safety profile of pyronaridine-artesunate in a rural health district in Burkina Faso. Baiden, R; Binka, F; Compaore, A; Diande, NA; Hien, FS; Rouamba, T; Sondo, P; Tahita, MC; Tinto, H; Traore-Coulibaly, M; Valea, I; Yerbanga, IW, 2022)	0.72
" Separate network meta-analyses in the frequentist framework, using a random effects model, with quinine as reference, were conducted for adults and children, and rankings were produced using p-scores to assess mortality, parasite clearance, coma recovery, fever clearance, neurological sequela and adverse events."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of the artemisinin derivatives compared to quinine for treating severe malaria in children and adults: A systematic update of literature and network meta-analysis. Amoh, G; Amuzu, DSY; Andoh, NE; Ansong, M; Hirst, J; Nyaaba, N; Ordóñez-Mena, JM, 2022)	0.72
" The real-life safety was assessed by related adverse events (AE) and monitoring of biological blood parameters during the hospital stay and follow-up period."	( Use of artesunate in the treatment of severe imported malaria in France: review of the effectiveness and real-life safety in two French university hospitals. Bertault-Peres, P; Bonsergent, M; Flet, L; Honoré, S; Lepelletier, A; Perez, T; Tching-Sin, M, 2023)	0.91
"This study aimed at determining whether intravenous artesunate is safe and effective in reducing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in trauma patients with major hemorrhage."	( Safety and efficacy of artesunate treatment in severely injured patients with traumatic hemorrhage. The TOP-ART randomized clinical trial. Anton, L; Brentnall, AR; Brohi, K; Ross, J; Rourke, C; Shepherd, JM; Tarning, J; Thiemermann, C; White, NJ, 2023)	0.91
" The safety outcome was the 28-day serious adverse event (SAE) rate."	( Safety and efficacy of artesunate treatment in severely injured patients with traumatic hemorrhage. The TOP-ART randomized clinical trial. Anton, L; Brentnall, AR; Brohi, K; Ross, J; Rourke, C; Shepherd, JM; Tarning, J; Thiemermann, C; White, NJ, 2023)	0.91
" Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artesunate-amodiaquine were associated with a small number of mild adverse events, and there were no treatment-related serious adverse events or deaths."	( Effectiveness and safety of intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artesunate-amodiaquine for reducing malaria and related morbidities in schoolchildren in Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial. Baraka, V; Francis, F; Geertruyden, JV; Gesase, S; Kyaruzi, E; Lusingu, JPA; Madebe, R; Makenga, G; Minja, DTR; Mtove, G; Nakato, S, 2023)	0.91
"IPTsc with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artesunate-amodiaquine is a safe and effective approach to reducing malaria parasitaemia, clinical malaria, and related morbidities, and is feasible to implement through programmes delivered by schoolteachers."	( Effectiveness and safety of intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artesunate-amodiaquine for reducing malaria and related morbidities in schoolchildren in Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial. Baraka, V; Francis, F; Geertruyden, JV; Gesase, S; Kyaruzi, E; Lusingu, JPA; Madebe, R; Makenga, G; Minja, DTR; Mtove, G; Nakato, S, 2023)	0.91
" Mild and moderate adverse events, including gastrointestinal and/or nervous disorders, were reported in 11."	( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether + lumefantrine in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar. Carn, G; Harimanana, AN; Hotahiene, R; Irinantenaina, J; Ralemary, N; Randriamiarinjatovo, DNAL; Randrianarivelojosia, M; Randriarison, M; Razafinjato, C; Razanatsiorimalala, S, 2023)	0.91
" Clinical assessments were completed prior to each dose cycle and included exam and review of adverse event (AE) diary cards."	( Safety and efficacy of topical artesunate for the treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3. AlHilli, M; Beffa, L; Belinson, JL; Brainard, J; Debernardo, R; Michener, CM; Plesa, M; Ricci, S; Trimble, CL; Waggoner, SE, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, artesunate was shown to have a very short half-life when given iv in animals as well as in human beings."	( [The pharmacokinetics of a transdermal preparation of artesunate in mice and rabbits]. Song, ZY; Xuan, WY; Zhao, KC; Zhao, Y, 1989)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of oral artesunate (3 mg/kg) were determined in 10 Vietnamese children, aged from 6 to 15 years, with acute falciparum malaria of moderate severity."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral artesunate in children with moderately severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bethell, DB; Cao, XT; Day, NP; Kyle, D; Nguyen, TT; Pham, TP; Pham, TT; Ta, TT; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Tran, TN; White, NJ, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous vs oral artesunate in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Kim, NV; Mai, TX; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT; Tien, NP, 1998)	0.3
" bolus, ARTS had a peak concentration of 29."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous vs oral artesunate in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Batty, KT; Binh, TQ; Davis, TM; Hung, NC; Ilett, KF; Kim, NV; Mai, TX; Powell, SM; Thien, HV; Thu, LT; Tien, NP, 1998)	0.3
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate (ARTS) and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in Plasmodium vivax infections, 12 male Vietnamese adults with slide-positive vivax malaria received either intravenous ARTS (120 mg; group 1) or oral ARTS (100 mg; group 2) with the alternative preparation given 8 hr later in a randomized, open, cross-over study."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of artesunate for vivax malaria. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Huynh, VT; Ilett, KF; Le, AT; Nguyen, CH; Nguyen, PT; Nguyen, VM; Powell, SM; Tran, QB; Truong, XM; Vuong, VC, 1998)	0.3
"To construct a population pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine in the treatment of falciparum malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" The factors that influence the pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine in acute malaria are not well characterized."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine were evaluated in 257 patients with acute falciparum malaria by use of nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of mefloquine in malaria were relatively unaffected by demographic variables (other than body weight) or disease severity."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of the new antimalarial agent tafenoquine in Thai soldiers. Brewer, TG; Charles, BG; Eamsila, C; Edstein, MD; Kocisko, DA; Walsh, DS, 2001)	0.31
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of atovaquone, proguanil, and the triazine metabolite cycloguanil in women with recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy treated by artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil."	( The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Edstein, MD; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2003)	0.32
" Using conventional and population pharmacokinetic analyses, Cl/F and Vd/F estimates for both drugs were approximately twice, and plasma concentrations less than half those reported previously in healthy subjects and patients with acute malaria."	( The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Edstein, MD; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2003)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of 200 mg oral and rectal artesunate in healthy volunteers, and to suggest a rational dosage regimen for rectal administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
"The first-dose pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular (i."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Agus, C; Chiswell, GM; Chuong, LV; Davis, TM; Farrar, J; Hien, TT; Ilett, KF; Phu, NH; Sinh, DX; White, NJ, 2004)	0.32
"To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) following oral artesunate treatment in women with recrudescent multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; Ward, SA; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Conventional non-compartmental modelling and a population one-compartment pharmacokinetic model were applied to the data."	( Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cho, T; Gilveray, G; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Stepniewska, K; Ward, SA; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" The DHART levels are somewhat higher than those of ART (a peak concentration after 6 h starting medication of 151 microg/ml ART as compared to 276 microg/ml DHART)."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics findings after repeated administration of ARTESUNATE thermostable suppositories (RECTOCAPS) in Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated malaria. Benakis, A; Binh, TQ; Keundjian, A; Scheiwe, MW, )	0.13
" This study was designed to construct a population pharmacokinetic model describing this new dosage regimen of mefloquine given as loose tablets together with artesunate."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic properties of DHA were determined using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic properties of DHA were affected only by gender and body weight."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
"Paediatric drug formulations of artemisinin combination therapies and pharmacokinetic data supporting their use in African children are urgently needed for the effective treatment of young children suffering from falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa."	( Pharmacokinetics of two paediatric artesunate mefloquine drug formulations in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. Adegnika, AA; Agnandji, ST; Bélard, S; Bouyou-Akotet, MK; Cambon, N; Heidecker, JL; Issifou, S; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, FM; Mamfoumbi, MM; Missinou, MA; Ramharter, M, 2007)	0.34
"In this study, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of a novel paediatric granule formulation of artesunate-mefloquine therapy were evaluated in comparison to the standard tablet formulation in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in paediatric patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of two paediatric artesunate mefloquine drug formulations in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. Adegnika, AA; Agnandji, ST; Bélard, S; Bouyou-Akotet, MK; Cambon, N; Heidecker, JL; Issifou, S; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, FM; Mamfoumbi, MM; Missinou, MA; Ramharter, M, 2007)	0.34
" As no pharmacokinetic data on this combination have been published to date, we investigated its pharmacokinetic interactions and tolerability in healthy volunteers in Africa."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of artesunate and amodiaquine alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. Barnes, KI; Folb, P; Little, F; Olliaro, P; Orrell, C; Smith, P; Taylor, W, 2008)	0.35
"Thirteen volunteers completed the study, and pharmacokinetic parameters could be determined for twelve volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of artesunate and amodiaquine alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. Barnes, KI; Folb, P; Little, F; Olliaro, P; Orrell, C; Smith, P; Taylor, W, 2008)	0.35
"The aim was to study the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in a pig model."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate in the domestic pig. Aglioni, C; Bressolle, FM; Mosnier, J; Parzy, D; Sinou, V; Taudon, N, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate and DHA in pigs were similar to those reported in humans, suggesting that the swine model is suitable for determining the preclinical pharmacokinetics of artemisinin derivatives."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate in the domestic pig. Aglioni, C; Bressolle, FM; Mosnier, J; Parzy, D; Sinou, V; Taudon, N, 2008)	0.35
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses were evaluated after intramuscular (i."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of intramuscular artesunate in healthy beagle dogs. Bennett, K; Li, Q; Si, Y; Steinbach, T; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of artesunate, recently discovered to possess promising trematocidal activity, and its main metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were determined in rats infected with hepatic and biliary stages of Fasciola hepatica and compared with uninfected rats after single intragastric and intravenous (iv) doses."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica. Decosterd, L; Gruyer, MS; Keiser, J; Mercier, T; Perrottet, N; Zanolari, B, 2009)	0.35
" This study examines the in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic parameters through Day 56 of three commercial formulations of MQ (Lariam, Mephaquin, and Mefloquina-AC Farma) given in combination with artesunate."	( Mefloquine pharmacokinetics and mefloquine-artesunate effectiveness in Peruvian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bacon, DJ; Durand, S; Ganguly, B; Green, M; Gutman, J; Quezada, WM; Rojas, OV; Ruebush, TK; Slutsker, L; Utz, GC, 2009)	0.35
"Whole blood mefloquine concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis of concentration versus time data."	( Mefloquine pharmacokinetics and mefloquine-artesunate effectiveness in Peruvian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bacon, DJ; Durand, S; Ganguly, B; Green, M; Gutman, J; Quezada, WM; Rojas, OV; Ruebush, TK; Slutsker, L; Utz, GC, 2009)	0.35
" All three MQ formulations had a terminal half-life of 14-15 days and time to maximum plasma concentration of 45-52 hours."	( Mefloquine pharmacokinetics and mefloquine-artesunate effectiveness in Peruvian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bacon, DJ; Durand, S; Ganguly, B; Green, M; Gutman, J; Quezada, WM; Rojas, OV; Ruebush, TK; Slutsker, L; Utz, GC, 2009)	0.35
"There is limited pharmacokinetic data available for the combination artesunate + amodiaquine, which is used widely to treat uncomplicated malaria."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in Malaysian healthy normal volunteers. Kiechel, JR; Mansor, SM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Ramanathan, S; Siew Hua, G; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wahab, MS, 2009)	0.35
"Both combinations were well tolerated and had comparable pharmacokinetic profiles; differences are unlikely to be clinically relevant."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in Malaysian healthy normal volunteers. Kiechel, JR; Mansor, SM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Ramanathan, S; Siew Hua, G; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wahab, MS, 2009)	0.35
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected up to 24 h post-first dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate and their major metabolites in patients during treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bandyopadhyay, N; Duparc, S; Kirby, PL; Miller, AK; Ward, SA; Winstanley, PA; Wootton, DG, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic analysis included 115 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate and their major metabolites in patients during treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bandyopadhyay, N; Duparc, S; Kirby, PL; Miller, AK; Ward, SA; Winstanley, PA; Wootton, DG, 2009)	0.35
"A prospective population pharmacokinetic study of AS and AQ was conducted in children aged six months to five years."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine in African children. Gansané, A; Kiechel, JR; Morgan, CC; Ouedraogo, A; Ouedraogo, EB; Simpson, JA; Sirima, SB; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, W; White, NJ, 2009)	0.35
" Amodiaquine was converted rapidly to DeAq, which was then eliminated with an estimated median (range) elimination half-life of 9 (7 to 12) days."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine in African children. Gansané, A; Kiechel, JR; Morgan, CC; Ouedraogo, A; Ouedraogo, EB; Simpson, JA; Sirima, SB; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, W; White, NJ, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic model-dependent analysis is suitable for AS, whereas DHA fits both model-dependent and -independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of artesunate after single intravenous doses at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg in healthy volunteers: a phase I study. Cantilena, LR; Leary, KJ; Li, Q; Melendez, V; Miller, RS; Saviolakis, GA; Weina, PJ, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data informing the optimum dosing of these drug regimens is limited, especially in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda. Annerberg, A; Aweeka, F; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Drysdale, T; German, P; Kalyango, JN; Kamya, MR; Lindegardh, N; McGee, B; Mwesigwa, J; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2010)	0.36
" A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of AS following the IM administrations."	( Severe embryolethality of artesunate related to pharmacokinetics following intravenous and intramuscular doses in pregnant rats. Li, Q; Si, Y; Weina, P; Xie, L; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
" Nonlinear mixed-effect modelling was used to obtain the pharmacokinetic and variability (inter-individual and residual variability) parameter estimates."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following single- and multiple-dosing of oral artesunate in healthy subjects. Craft, JC; Fleckenstein, L; Jang, IJ; Kirsch, LE; Naik, H; Shin, CS; Tan, B; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
"A novel parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model consisting of a dosing compartment, a central compartment for AS, a central compartment and a peripheral compartment for DHA was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following single- and multiple-dosing of oral artesunate in healthy subjects. Craft, JC; Fleckenstein, L; Jang, IJ; Kirsch, LE; Naik, H; Shin, CS; Tan, B; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
"A novel simultaneous parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model with good predictive power was developed to study the population pharmacokinetics of AS and DHA in healthy subjects following single- and multiple-dosing of AS with or without the presence of food."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following single- and multiple-dosing of oral artesunate in healthy subjects. Craft, JC; Fleckenstein, L; Jang, IJ; Kirsch, LE; Naik, H; Shin, CS; Tan, B; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
" The main disposition parameters to AS+AQ were: for DHA, AUC = 632 +/- 475 ng h/ml and Cmax = 432 +/- 325 ng/ml, and for MdAQ = 14268 +/- 4114 ng h/ml and Cmax = 336 +/- 225 ng/ml (mean +/- standard deviation)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new ACT formulation: Artesunate/Amodiaquine (TRIMALACT) following oral administration in African malaria patients. Alegre, SS; Benakis, A; Bertaux, L; Lwango, R; Malaika, LT; Parzy, D; Sinou, V; Sugnaux, F; Taudon, N, )	0.13
" Clinical laboratory electrocardiogram (ECG), adverse events (AEs), efficacy, and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed over 28 days."	( New fixed-dose artesunate-mefloquine formulation against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in adults: a comparative phase IIb safety and pharmacokinetic study with standard-dose nonfixed artesunate plus mefloquine. Chalermrut, K; Kiechel, JR; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Phumratanaprapin, W; Ramanathan, S; Tangpukdee, N; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wilairatana, P, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic and safety data supporting the use of artemisinin derivatives in pregnancy are urgently needed."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following oral treatment in pregnant women with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kinshasa DRC. Atibu, J; Bose, C; Capparelli, EV; Douoguih, M; Fleckenstein, L; Hemingway-Foday, J; Koch, MA; Lokomba, V; Meshnick, SR; Onyamboko, MA; Ryder, RW; Tshefu, AK; Wesche, D; Wright, LL, 2011)	0.37
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using standard methods."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following oral treatment in pregnant women with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kinshasa DRC. Atibu, J; Bose, C; Capparelli, EV; Douoguih, M; Fleckenstein, L; Hemingway-Foday, J; Koch, MA; Lokomba, V; Meshnick, SR; Onyamboko, MA; Ryder, RW; Tshefu, AK; Wesche, D; Wright, LL, 2011)	0.37
" Estimates for pharmacokinetic and variability parameters were obtained through nonlinear mixed effects modelling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant and non-pregnant women with malaria. Atibu, J; Bose, C; Capparelli, E; Douoguih, M; Fleckenstein, L; Hemingway-Foday, J; Koch, MA; Lokomba, V; Meshnick, S; Morris, CA; Onyamboko, MA; Ryder, RW; Tshefu, AK; Wesche, D; Wright, L, 2011)	0.37
"In this analysis, pharmacokinetic modelling suggests that pregnant women have accelerated DHA clearance compared to non-pregnant women receiving orally administered AS."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant and non-pregnant women with malaria. Atibu, J; Bose, C; Capparelli, E; Douoguih, M; Fleckenstein, L; Hemingway-Foday, J; Koch, MA; Lokomba, V; Meshnick, S; Morris, CA; Onyamboko, MA; Ryder, RW; Tshefu, AK; Wesche, D; Wright, L, 2011)	0.37
"Currently, population pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of anti-malarial drugs are designed primarily by the logistical and ethical constraints of taking blood samples from patients, and the statistical models that are fitted to the data are not formally considered."	( Optimal designs for population pharmacokinetic studies of oral artesunate in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Duffull, SB; Jamsen, KM; Lindegardh, N; Simpson, JA; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate-azithromycin given in combination are comparable to those of the drugs given alone."	( Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo antimalarial activity of artesunate-azithromycin in healthy volunteers. Anh, CX; Birrell, GW; Chavchich, M; Chinh, NT; Dai, B; Edstein, MD; Quang, NN; Thanh, NX, 2011)	0.37
" Intravenous AS is associated with high initial AS concentrations which subsequently decline rapidly, with typical AS half-life estimates of less than 15 minutes."	( Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration. Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Jung, D; Morris, CA; Shin, CS, 2011)	0.37
" Yet, limited data is available on pharmacokinetic interactions between these drugs."	( Effects of amodiaquine and artesunate on sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetic parameters in children under five in Mali. Barnes, KI; Beavogui, AH; Djimde, AA; Doumbo, OK; Evans, A; Fredericks, A; Maiga, H; Sangare, CP; Smith, P; Tekete, MM; Toure, S; Traore, ZI, 2011)	0.37
" Exactly 100 μl of capillary blood was collected onto filter paper before drug administration at day 0 and at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after drug administration for analysis of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effects of amodiaquine and artesunate on sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetic parameters in children under five in Mali. Barnes, KI; Beavogui, AH; Djimde, AA; Doumbo, OK; Evans, A; Fredericks, A; Maiga, H; Sangare, CP; Smith, P; Tekete, MM; Toure, S; Traore, ZI, 2011)	0.37
"001) and thus elimination half-life (3."	( Effects of amodiaquine and artesunate on sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetic parameters in children under five in Mali. Barnes, KI; Beavogui, AH; Djimde, AA; Doumbo, OK; Evans, A; Fredericks, A; Maiga, H; Sangare, CP; Smith, P; Tekete, MM; Toure, S; Traore, ZI, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide (DHA-glucuronide) were determined in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Cringoli, G; Duthaler, U; Huwyler, J; Keiser, J; Rinaldi, L, 2012)	0.38
" No significant dose-effect or concentration-effect relationships between pharmacokinetic (PK) and parasite clearance parameters were observed, though baseline parasitemia was modestly correlated with increased parasite clearance times."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral artesunate monotherapy in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Cambodia. Bethell, D; Chanthap, L; Fukuda, M; Khemawoot, P; Lin, J; Noedl, H; Ringwald, P; Rutvisuttinunt, W; Saunders, D; Se, Y; Siripokasupkul, R; Smith, B; Socheat, D; Sriwichai, S; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Timmermans, A; Tyner, S; Vanachayangkul, P, 2012)	0.38
"Artemisinin resistance, a long parasite clearance half-life in response to artemisinin, has been described in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southeast Asia."	( Plasmodium falciparum clearance rates in response to artesunate in Malian children with malaria: effect of acquired immunity. Anderson, JM; Chiang, S; Diakite, M; Diakite, SA; Doumbia, S; Doumbouya, M; Fairhurst, RM; Fay, MP; Keita, AS; Konate, DS; Long, CA; Lopera-Mesa, TM; Ndiaye, D; Sa, JM; Stepniewska, K; Traore, K; Zeituni, AE, 2013)	0.39
" We estimated half-life by measuring parasite density every 6 hours until undetectable and evaluated the effects of age, sex, ethnicity, and red blood cell (RBC) polymorphisms on half-life."	( Plasmodium falciparum clearance rates in response to artesunate in Malian children with malaria: effect of acquired immunity. Anderson, JM; Chiang, S; Diakite, M; Diakite, SA; Doumbia, S; Doumbouya, M; Fairhurst, RM; Fay, MP; Keita, AS; Konate, DS; Long, CA; Lopera-Mesa, TM; Ndiaye, D; Sa, JM; Stepniewska, K; Traore, K; Zeituni, AE, 2013)	0.39
" IgG responses to parasitized RBCs shorten half-life and may influence this parameter in areas where age is not an adequate surrogate of immunity and correlates of parasite-clearing immunity have not been identified."	( Plasmodium falciparum clearance rates in response to artesunate in Malian children with malaria: effect of acquired immunity. Anderson, JM; Chiang, S; Diakite, M; Diakite, SA; Doumbia, S; Doumbouya, M; Fairhurst, RM; Fay, MP; Keita, AS; Konate, DS; Long, CA; Lopera-Mesa, TM; Ndiaye, D; Sa, JM; Stepniewska, K; Traore, K; Zeituni, AE, 2013)	0.39
" A population pharmacokinetic study of ARS and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was conducted from sparse sampling in 70 Tanzanian children of ages 6 months to 11 years."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate in African children with severe malaria: implications for a practical dosing regimen. Day, NP; Dondorp, AM; Gesase, S; Hendriksen, IC; Kent, A; Lemnge, MM; Lindegardh, N; Mtove, G; Reyburn, H; Tarning, J; von Seidlein, L; White, NJ, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a population approach."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, administered as a fixed-dose combination of artesunate-mefloquine in Indian patients for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Jullien, V; Kiechel, JR; Sharma, B; Srivastava, B; Valecha, N, 2014)	0.4
" These values were consistent with the pharmacokinetic results described in Thai patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, administered as a fixed-dose combination of artesunate-mefloquine in Indian patients for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Jullien, V; Kiechel, JR; Sharma, B; Srivastava, B; Valecha, N, 2014)	0.4
" However, limited data are available on the effect of pregnancy on its pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetics of co-formulated mefloquine and artesunate in pregnant and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkina Faso. D'Alessandro, U; Davies, GR; Lindegardh, N; Tarning, J; Tinto, H; Toe, LC; Traore-Coulibaly, M; Valea, I; Van Geertruyden, JP; Ward, SA, 2014)	0.4
" Frequent blood samples were collected before treatment and at scheduled times post-dose for the drug measurements and pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics of co-formulated mefloquine and artesunate in pregnant and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkina Faso. D'Alessandro, U; Davies, GR; Lindegardh, N; Tarning, J; Tinto, H; Toe, LC; Traore-Coulibaly, M; Valea, I; Van Geertruyden, JP; Ward, SA, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this study is to show the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of intravenous artesunate (AS), which was manufactured under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous artesunate in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya: a phase II study. Hickman, MR; Li, Q; Melendez, V; Miller, SR; Ogutu, B; Otieno, W; Polhemus, M; Remich, S; Smith, B; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Weina, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic data were analysed with a compartmental analysis for AS and DHA."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous artesunate in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya: a phase II study. Hickman, MR; Li, Q; Melendez, V; Miller, SR; Ogutu, B; Otieno, W; Polhemus, M; Remich, S; Smith, B; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Weina, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" The high mean peak concentration (Cmax) of AS was shown to be 28,558 ng/mL while the Cmax of DHA was determined to be 2,932 ng/mL."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous artesunate in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya: a phase II study. Hickman, MR; Li, Q; Melendez, V; Miller, SR; Ogutu, B; Otieno, W; Polhemus, M; Remich, S; Smith, B; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Weina, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" Given the much longer half-life of DHA compared to the short half-life of AS, DHA also plays a significant role in treatment of severe malaria."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous artesunate in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kenya: a phase II study. Hickman, MR; Li, Q; Melendez, V; Miller, SR; Ogutu, B; Otieno, W; Polhemus, M; Remich, S; Smith, B; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Weina, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were computed for metoprolol, its metabolite alpha-hydroxymetoprolol, and pyronaridine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between pyronaridine-artesunate and metoprolol. Arbe-Barnes, S; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Lopez-Lazaro, L; Miller, RM; Morris, CA; Pokorny, R; Shin, JS, 2014)	0.4
" A combined drug-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics of ARS and DHA in plasma."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin during long-term oral administration of artesunate to patients with metastatic breast cancer. Äbelö, A; Ashton, M; Blank, A; Ericsson, T; von Hagens, C, 2014)	0.4
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was conducted using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evans, AM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL; Reuter, SE; Upton, RN, 2015)	0.42
" Monte Carlo simulations predict that falciparum malaria infection is associated with a shorter elimination half-life (407 versus 566 h) and T>MIC (766 versus 893 h)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evans, AM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL; Reuter, SE; Upton, RN, 2015)	0.42
"This is the first known population pharmacokinetic study to show falciparum malaria to influence mefloquine disposition."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evans, AM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL; Reuter, SE; Upton, RN, 2015)	0.42
" A single-dose, randomized, three-sequence crossover study was conducted in healthy Thai volunteers to characterize potential pharmacokinetic interactions between these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between primaquine and pyronaridine-artesunate in healthy adult Thai subjects. Ashley, EA; Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NP; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Jittamala, P; Lee, SJ; Nosten, F; Panapipat, S; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; Thana, P; White, NJ, 2015)	0.42
" Malaria and pregnancy had no effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of artesunate or dihydroartemisinin after intravenous artesunate administration."	( Opposite malaria and pregnancy effect on oral bioavailability of artesunate - a population pharmacokinetic evaluation. Day, NP; Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Kloprogge, F; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2015)	0.42
"The population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated opposite effects of malaria and pregnancy on the bioavailability of orally administered artesunate."	( Opposite malaria and pregnancy effect on oral bioavailability of artesunate - a population pharmacokinetic evaluation. Day, NP; Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Kloprogge, F; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2015)	0.42
" In summary, the LC-MS/MS metho described herein was fully successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of artesunate nanoemulsion after intramuscular delivery to sheep."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic studies of artesunate and its metabolite in sheep plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Li, B; Li, JS; Li, JY; Liu, XW; Niu, JR; Wei, XJ; Yang, YJ; Zhang, J; Zhang, JY; Zhou, XZ, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between the anti-malarial drugs, artesunate-mefloquine and the antiretroviral drug, lopinavir boosted with ritonavir (LPV/r)."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between artesunate-mefloquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in healthy Thai adults. Cressey, TR; Kongjam, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Rattanapunya, S; Rueangweerayut, R; Tawon, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The study was an open-label, three-way, sequential, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study in healthy Thai adults."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between artesunate-mefloquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in healthy Thai adults. Cressey, TR; Kongjam, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Rattanapunya, S; Rueangweerayut, R; Tawon, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling using NONMEM software was used to obtain the pharmacokinetic and inter- and intraindividual variability parameter estimates."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Pyronaridine in Pediatric Malaria Patients. Ayyoub, A; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Djimde, AA; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Methaneethorn, J; Ramharter, M; Shin, JS; Tekete, M, 2015)	0.42
" Blood samples were obtained after the first dose within 6 h for pharmacokinetic (PK) and ex vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation by simultaneously measuring plasma drug concentration and anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous artelinate versus artesunate in uncomplicated Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkey model. Chanarat, N; Gettayacamin, M; Komcharoen, N; Limsalakpeth, A; Rasameesoraj, M; Saunders, DL; Scott Miller, R; Siriyanonda, D; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Weina, PJ, 2016)	0.43
" This work aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate and its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, in patients with sensitive and resistant falciparum infections in Southern Myanmar."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate in patients with artemisinin sensitive and resistant infections in Southern Myanmar. Aye, KH; Aye, MM; Bergstrand, M; Chit, K; Karlsson, MO; Kyaw, MP; Lohy Das, JP; Nyunt, MH; Tarning, J, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic studies indicated ARS-TPGS-Lipo had higher AUC, longer circulation time and better liver targeting."	( The characterization, pharmacokinetic, and tissue distribution studies of TPGS-modified artesunate liposome in rats. An, R; Hu, C; Liang, K; Wang, X; You, L, 2018)	0.48
"Characterization of the pharmacokinetic properties of the enantiomers of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine following administration of racemic primaquine given alone and in combination with commonly used antimalarial drugs."	( Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of primaquine and blood-stage antimalarial drugs. Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NPJ; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2018)	0.48
"Population pharmacokinetic models characterizing the enantiospecific properties of primaquine were developed successfully."	( Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of primaquine and blood-stage antimalarial drugs. Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NPJ; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2018)	0.48
" In untreated mice, pRBCs were removed from circulation with a half-life of 15."	( Quantification of host-mediated parasite clearance during blood-stage Plasmodium infection and anti-malarial drug treatment in mice. Akter, J; Aogo, RA; Cromer, D; Davenport, MP; Elliott, T; Fogg, LG; Haque, A; Khoury, DS; Laohamonthonkul, P; Liligeto, UN; Nair, AS; Pernold, CPS; Romanczuk, AS; Soon, MSF; Thomas, BS, 2018)	0.48
" The present study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine based on whole blood concentration-time profiles of this target population for further dose optimization."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine given as a 3-day artesunate-mefloquine in patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a multidrug-resistant area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Hoglund, RM; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R, 2018)	0.48
" A non-linear mixed-effect modelling approach was applied for population pharmacokinetic analysis using the NONMEM v7."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine given as a 3-day artesunate-mefloquine in patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a multidrug-resistant area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Hoglund, RM; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R, 2018)	0.48
"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mefloquine was performed in all patients with a total of 653 samples."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine given as a 3-day artesunate-mefloquine in patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a multidrug-resistant area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Hoglund, RM; Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R, 2018)	0.48
" Study endpoints were; parasite clearance half-life (the time required for parasitaemia to decrease by 50% based on the linear portion of the parasite clearance slope) and parasite clearance time (time required for complete clearance of initial parasitaemia)."	( Assessment of parasite clearance following treatment of severe malaria with intravenous artesunate in Ugandan children enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Byakika-Kibwika, P; Kiragga, AN; Lamorde, M; Nyakato, P, 2018)	0.48
" A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of AS will be conducive to the further development of new pharmacological actions and clinical application of AS."	( [Research progress on pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activities of artesunate]. Cen, YY; Li, P; Li, XL; Zao, YB; Zeng, XX; Zhou, H, 2018)	0.48
"The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends combinations of an artemisinin derivative plus an anti-malarial drug of longer half-life as treatment options for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the artesunate-mefloquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Aouri, M; Carn, G; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Guidi, M; Kiechel, JR; Mercier, T; Ogutu, B, 2019)	0.51
"The population pharmacokinetic models developed for both AS/DHA and MQ showed a large variability in drug exposure in the investigated African paediatric population."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the artesunate-mefloquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Aouri, M; Carn, G; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Guidi, M; Kiechel, JR; Mercier, T; Ogutu, B, 2019)	0.51
" Regression analyses assessed the effects of antibody seropositivity on the parasite clearance half-life (PC½), having a PC½ of ≥5 hours, and having parasitemia 3 days after treatment."	( Contribution of Functional Antimalarial Immunity to Measures of Parasite Clearance in Therapeutic Efficacy Studies of Artemisinin Derivatives. Amaratunga, C; Ashley, EA; Ataíde, R; Beeson, JG; Day, NP; Dhorda, M; Dondorp, AM; Fairhurst, RM; Faiz, MA; Feng, G; Fowkes, FJI; Hien, TT; Htut, Y; Lim, P; Mayxay, M; Nosten, F; O'Flaherty, K; Powell, R; Pukrittayakamee, S; Reiling, L; Simpson, JA; White, NJ; Zaloumis, SG, 2019)	0.51
" All studies on ART and DHA pharmacokinetic post-administration of artesunate in human patients or volunteers were included."	( Systematic review of artesunate pharmacokinetics: Implication for treatment of resistant malaria. Bienvenu, AL; Bonnot, G; Kouakou, YI; Lavoignat, A; Leboucher, G; Picot, S; Tod, M, 2019)	0.51
" Parasitemia slope half-life was calculated after microscopy."	( Different Plasmodium falciparum clearance times in two Malian villages following artesunate monotherapy. Beshir, KB; Coulibaly, A; Dembele, D; Diallo, N; Djimde, AA; Doumbo, OK; Fofana, B; Gil, JP; Haidara, AS; Haidara, K; Kone, A; Sagara, I; Sangare, CO; Sanogo, K; Sissoko, S; Toure, S; Traore, A, 2020)	0.56
" We calculated the parasite clearance (CL) half-life using the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) online parasite clearance estimator (PCE)."	( Slow parasite clearance, absent K13-propeller gene polymorphisms and adequate artesunate levels among patients with malaria: A pilot study from southern India. Bhattacharjee, S; Jayaseelan, V; Kumar, S; Mammen, JJ; Mathew, BS; Miraclin, TA; Prabhakar Abhilash, KP; Ramachandran, SV; Rupali, P; Sathyendra, S; Sudarsanam, TD, )	0.13
" To optimally apply these drugs, information about their tissue-specific disposition is required, and one approach to predict these pharmacokinetic characteristics is physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Predicting the Disposition of the Antimalarial Drug Artesunate and Its Active Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Arey, R; Reisfeld, B, 2021)	0.62
"We developed a population pharmacokinetic model of dolutegravir with data from 26 healthy volunteers in two Phase 2 studies with a total of 403 dolutegravir plasma concentrations at steady state."	( Dolutegravir pharmacokinetics during co-administration with either artemether/lumefantrine or artesunate/amodiaquine. Denti, P; Kawuma, AN; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Pillai, GC; Walimbwa, SI; Wasmann, RE, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A randomized comparative trial of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral doses of mefloquine and of mefloquine in combination with artesunate was carried out on 20 Thai male patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine alone or in combination with artesunate. Back, DJ; Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1994)	0.29
"A randomized comparative trial of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral doses of mefloquine and of mefloquine in combination with artesunate was carried out on 20 Thai male patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine alone or in combination with artesunate. Back, DJ; Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Na Bangchang, K; Thanavibul, A, 1994)	0.29
"To compare the therapeutic efficacy of oral artesunate and artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug resistant malaria, a trial was conducted in 540 adults and children on the Thai-Myanmar border."	( Artesunate versus artemether in combination with mefloquine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Brockman, A; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Kham, A; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, RN; White, NJ, )	0.13
" Early disappearance of fever and parasitemia, and absence of important side effects suggest that artesunate, isolated or administrated in combination with mefloquine, constitutes an able therapeutical procedure to constitutes and able therapeutical procedure to contribute for disease control in that region."	( [An efficacy and tolerance study of oral artesunate alone and in combination with mefloquine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Pará, Brazil]. Amoras, WW; Baena, J; Cardoso, Bda S; Crescente, JA; Dourado, HV; Pinheiro, Mda C; Saraty, S, )	0.13
"A randomized pilot study to compare the safety and efficacy of artesunate suppositories (15 mg/kg/day for three days) versus oral artesunate (6 mg/kg/day for three days), both in combination with mefloquine (25 mg/kg), was conducted in 52 Thai children with uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria."	( Comparative clinical trial of artesunate suppositories and oral artesunate in combination with mefloquine in the treatment of children with acute falciparum malaria. Attanath, P; Brewer, TG; Chanthavanich, P; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Mookmanee, D; Phanuaksook, P; Poonpanich, Y; Prarinyanupharb, V; Sabchareon, A; Teja-Isavadharm, P, 1998)	0.3
" In combination with artesunate, mefloquine administration should be delayed until the second or third day after presentation."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; Than, MM; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
"A cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Myanmar to identify malaria patients' acceptance of artesunate plus mefloquine drug combination and to determine the cost borne by patients."	( Acceptance of short course artesunate plus mefloquine drug combination by malaria patients in rural Myanmar. Aung, S; Lwin, M; Mar, KK; Shwe, T; Win, LL; Zaw, AK, 1999)	0.3
" From September to December 1998, 598 children with uncomplicated malaria were treated; 135 received chloroquine (CQ) alone, 276 received pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine (Fansidar, PSD) alone, 113 received PSD with a single dose of artesunate (PSD + 1ART) and 74 received PSD combined with three doses of artesunate (PSD + 3ART)."	( Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria. Coleman, R; Doherty, T; Jawara, M; Targett, G; von Seidlein, L; Walraven, G, 2001)	0.31
" Overall 14,017 (85%) individuals living in the study area were treated with either placebo or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) combined with a single dose of artesunate (AS)."	( The effect of mass administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combined with artesunate on malaria incidence: a double-blind, community-randomized, placebo-controlled trial in The Gambia. Alexander, N; Bennett, S; Coleman, R; De Martin, S; Deen, JL; Doherty, JF; Drakeley, C; Greenwood, BM; Jawara, M; Lindsay, SW; Manneh, F; McAdam, KP; Milligan, PJ; Okunoye, K; Olliaro, P; Pinder, M; Schim van der Loeff, M; Targett, GA; von Seidlein, L; Walraven, G, )	0.13
"The effectiveness of chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine administered with artesunate for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria was assessed in 2 Vietnamese provinces where the sensitivity of parasites in vitro to conventional therapies had increased with the removal of drug pressure."	( Treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Vietnam: can chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine be reintroduced in combination with artesunate? Cox-Singh, J; Davis, TM; Doan, HN; Hewitt, S; Le, DC; Nguyen, MH; Nguyen, TH; Tran, BK; Tran, QT; Vo, NP, 2003)	0.32
"We investigated the safety and efficacy of amodiaquine alone (AQ) and combined with artesunate (AQ + AS) in 308 Rwandan children 6-59 months old with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria attending three sentinel sites."	( Is amodiaquine failing in Rwanda? Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with artesunate in children with uncomplicated malaria. D'Alessandro, U; Dujardin, JC; Erhart, A; Karema, C; Mugisha, V; Ringwald, P; Rwagacondo, CE; Van Overmeir, C, 2004)	0.32
" Further studies are now required to determine whether DDS, CPG or an as-yet unidentified metabolite of CPG interact with ASN, and whether a simple double combination of ASN with one or other of these would be as protective, against the selection of resistance, as CDA."	( The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Peters, W; Robinson, BL; Stewart, LB, 2005)	0.33
" We conclude that atovaquone-proguanil shows no evidence of cardiotoxicity either alone or when combined with artesunate."	( Short report: no evidence of cardiotoxicity of atovaquone-proguanil alone or in combination with artesunate. Gupta, RK; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Paiphun, L; Slight, T; Van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2005)	0.33
" We therefore evaluated three-day treatment with artesunate combined with either 2 or 3 days of mefloquine co-administered once a day with artesunate."	( An open, randomized trial of three-day treatment with artesunate combined with a standard dose of mefloquine divided over either two or three days, for acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Chalermrut, K; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; Silachamroon, U; Srivilairit, S; Tangpukdee, N; Thanachartwet, W; Thimasarn, K; Wilaiaratana, P, 2005)	0.33
" This study was designed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of artesunate combined with NP (a chemotherapy regimen of vinorelbine and cisplatin) and NP alone in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( [Artesunate combined with vinorelbine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial]. Huang, XY; Li, DQ; Miao, LY; Xia, XH; Yu, SQ; Zhang, XP; Zhang, ZY; Zhu, YP, 2008)	0.35
" Artesunate combined with NP can elevate the short-term survival rate and prolong the TTP of patients with advanced NSCLC without extra side effects."	( [Artesunate combined with vinorelbine plus cisplatin in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial]. Huang, XY; Li, DQ; Miao, LY; Xia, XH; Yu, SQ; Zhang, XP; Zhang, ZY; Zhu, YP, 2008)	0.35
"MB-AQ is a promising alternative drug combination against malaria in Africa."	( Safety and efficacy of methylene blue combined with artesunate or amodiaquine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial from Burkina Faso. Coulibaly, B; Klose, C; Kouyaté, B; Mansmann, U; Meissner, P; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Schirmer, RH; Sié, A; Walter-Sack, I; Zoungrana, A, 2008)	0.35
"The purpose of the study is to explore the efficacy of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple doses, or in combination with artesuante, artemether, or praziquantel in mouse--Schistosoma japonicum model."	( Effect of mefloquine administered orally at single, multiple, or combined with artemether, artesunate, or praziquantel in treatment of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Jiao, PY; Mei, JY; Xiao, SH, 2011)	0.37
" In the present study, we firstly found that artesunate in combination with oxacillin was capable of protecting mice challenged with live MRSA WHO-2 (WHO-2) and the protection was related to the reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels and decreased bacterial load."	( Artesunate in combination with oxacillin protect sepsis model mice challenged with lethal live methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) via its inhibition on proinflammatory cytokines release and enhancement on antibacterial activity of oxacilli Cao, H; Cen, Y; Jiang, W; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, X; Pan, X; Zheng, J; Zheng, X; Zhou, H, 2011)	0.37
"Forty-six patients in a remote health post of Amazonas, Venezuela, accidentally received artesunate in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day combined with mefloquine."	( High dose artesunate in combination with mefloquine: pharmacovigilance in the Venezuelan Amazon. Brooms, JD; Cruz, L; España, R; Giron, A; Magris, M; Metzger, WG; Peña Pimentel, FN; Perez, L; Villalobos, N; Vivas-Martínez, S, 2012)	0.38
"A multiple dose, parallel group study was conducted to assess for a drug-drug interaction between the pyronaridine/artesunate (PA) combination antimalarial and ritonavir."	( Drug-drug interaction analysis of pyronaridine/artesunate and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Jung, D; Lopez-Lazaro, L; Methaneethorn, J; Morris, CA; Pokorny, R; Shin, CS, 2012)	0.38
" Participants were randomized to receive chloroquine alone or combined with artesunate, azithromycin or atovaquone-proguanil for all episodes of uncomplicated malaria for one year."	( A longitudinal trial comparing chloroquine as monotherapy or in combination with artesunate, azithromycin or atovaquone-proguanil to treat malaria. Dzinjalamala, FK; Laufer, MK; Laurens, MB; Masonga, R; Nyirenda, OM; Plowe, CV; Stokes-Riner, A; Taylor, TE; Thesing, PC, 2012)	0.38
" This object of this report was to document synergistic effects of artesunate combined with allicin on osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo."	( The synergistic anticancer effect of artesunate combined with allicin in osteosarcoma cell line in vitro and in vivo. Huang, Y; Jiang, W; Wang, JP; Yu, XY; Zhang, LY, 2013)	0.39
"Artesunate (AS) in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) is the first-line therapy for management of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate alone and in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Awad, AI; Elamin, SB; Matar, KM, 2014)	0.4
"05) were reduced in mice treated with VACV combined with ART versus VACV alone."	( Valacyclovir combined with artesunate or rapamycin improves the outcome of herpes simplex virus encephalitis in mice compared to antiviral therapy alone. Boivin, G; Canivet, C; Menasria, R; Piret, J; Rhéaume, C, 2015)	0.42
" alata leaf extracts, administered alone or in combination with Artesunate (ART) in malaria treatment."	( Efficacy of Lophira alata Leaf Extract and its Combination with Artesunate in Mice Prior Exposed to Plasmodium berghei. Falade, MO; Komoni, F; Nwuba, RI, 2018)	0.48
"Characterization of the pharmacokinetic properties of the enantiomers of primaquine and carboxyprimaquine following administration of racemic primaquine given alone and in combination with commonly used antimalarial drugs."	( Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of primaquine and blood-stage antimalarial drugs. Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NPJ; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2018)	0.48
"Enantiomeric pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 49 healthy adult volunteers enrolled in three randomized cross-over studies in which a single dose of primaquine was given alone and then, after a suitable washout period, in combination with chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine or pyronaridine/artesunate."	( Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of primaquine and blood-stage antimalarial drugs. Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NPJ; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2018)	0.48
" No drug-drug interaction effects were seen on the pharmacokinetics of either carboxyprimaquine enantiomer."	( Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of primaquine and blood-stage antimalarial drugs. Blessborn, D; Chairat, K; Day, NPJ; Hanboonkunupakarn, B; Hanpithakpong, W; Jittamala, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Tarning, J; White, NJ, 2018)	0.48
" We undertook two pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers, using standard adult doses of artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine given with 50 mg once daily dolutegravir (DTG) to investigate the drug-drug interaction between artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-amodiaquine and dolutegravir."	( Drug Interactions between Dolutegravir and Artemether-Lumefantrine or Artesunate-Amodiaquine. Amara, A; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Chiong, J; Else, L; Gini, J; Kaboggoza, J; Khoo, SH; Lamorde, M; Tarning, J; Waitt, C; Walimbwa, SI; Winterberg, M, 2019)	0.51
" Primaquine (PQ) and methylene blue (MB) are gametocytocidal drugs that can be combined with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to reduce malaria transmission, including resistant strains."	( Safety and efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine combined with either methylene blue or primaquine in children with falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso: A randomized controlled trial. Compaoré, G; Coulibaly, B; D Alessandro, U; Jahn, A; Kieser, M; Klose, C; Krisam, J; Lu, G; Meissner, P; Mendes Jorge, M; Mockenhaupt, FP; Müller, O; Nebie, E; Ouermi, L; Sié, A, 2019)	0.51
"Artesunate combined with fractional CO2 laser is effective in hypertrophic scarring in this rabbit model."	( Effectiveness of artesunate combined with fractional CO2 laser in a hypertrophic scar model with underlying mechanism. Cheng, X; Luo, W; Peng, Z; Xia, Z; Yang, R; Zhang, J; Zhou, S, 2022)	0.72
"Artesunate combined with arsenous acid inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of tumor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and is superior to the effect of two drugs alone."	( [Effects of Artesunate Combined with Arsenious Acid on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Multiple Myeloma Cells via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway]. Dong, JF; Dong, K; Gao, W; Hu, GF; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Although the clinical importance remains unclear to date, clinicians should be aware of potential drug-drug interactions and monitor patients on ACT closely."	( Drug-Drug Interactions of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies in Malaria Treatment: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Grundmann, O; Hernandez Maldonado, J, 2022)	0.72
" A revisiting on mefloquine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) could assist in finding new appropriate dosage regimens in combination with artesunate as a three-day course treatment."	( Prediction of improved antimalarial chemotherapy of artesunate-mefloquine in combination with mefloquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Na-Bangchang, K; Saeheng, T, 2023)	0.91
" Therefore, this study investigated the effects of MET combined with ART combination therapy on autophagy and apoptosis in GBM cells."	( Lower dose of metformin combined with artesunate induced autophagy-dependent apoptosis of glioblastoma by activating ROS-AMPK-mTOR axis. Ding, W; Liao, L; Liao, Y; Liu, J; Tang, Q; Zhao, J, 2023)	0.91
" Ethanolic extracts of Atractylodes lancea (a dose of 400 mg/kg) and Prabchompoothaweep remedy (a dose of 600 mg/kg) were evaluated as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy combined with artesunate at the onset of signs of cerebral malaria and continued for 7 consecutive days."	( Efficacy of artesunate combined with Atractylodes lancea or Prabchompoothaweep remedy extracts as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of cerebral malaria. Chaniad, P; Konyanee, A; Phuwajaroanpong, A; Plirat, W; Punsawad, C; Septama, AW; Viriyavejakul, P, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Moderate oral bioavailability has been suggested as a possible cause."	( Transport of artemisinin and sodium artesunate in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Augustijns, P; D'Hulst, A; Kinget, R; Van Daele, J, 1996)	0.29
" Delaying administration of mefloquine until day 2 was associated with a mean (95% confidence interval) increase in estimated oral bioavailability of 72% (36 to 109%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Heppner, DG; Luxemburger, C; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; Than, MM; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" If it is assumed that apparent clearance and volume of distribution are unaffected by dose regimen, then splitting the 25 mg/kg mefloquine dose improves oral bioavailability and the therapeutic response in the treatment of acute falciparum malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Aarons, L; Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Nosten, F; Price, R; Simpson, JA; Teja-Isavatharm, P; ter Kuile, F; White, NJ, 1999)	0.3
" The mean absolute oral bioavailability of the antimalarial agent in patients with acute malaria was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52 to 70%)."	( Antimalarial bioavailability and disposition of artesunate in acute falciparum malaria. Bates, I; Navaratnam, V; Newton, P; Pukrittayakamee, S; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, N, 2000)	0.31
" The aim of this study was to examine the relative oral antimalarial bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the two derivatives."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
" The mean (95% CI) oral antimalarial bioavailability of artemether, relative to oral artesunate, corrected for molar dose was 58 (40-76)%."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
"The oral antimalarial bioavailability following artemether was significantly lower than that after artesunate."	( A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, B; Keeratithakul, D; Newton, PN; Pukrittayakamee, S; Rasameesoraj, M; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teja-Isavadharm, P; White, NJ, 2001)	0.31
"34 hr, and the bioavailability over 12 hr (area under the curve [AUC](0-12)) was 253+/-185 nmol hr/L."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brewer, TG; Eamsila, C; Jongsakul, K; Keeratithakul, G; Kyle, DE; Li, Q; Luesutthiviboon, L; Sirisopana, N; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Watt, G, 2001)	0.31
" The mean antimalarial activity in terms of the bioavailability of DHA relative to that of artesunate did not differ significantly from 1, suggesting that DHA can be formulated to be an acceptable oral alternative to artesunate."	( Comparison of oral artesunate and dihydroartemisinin antimalarial bioavailabilities in acute falciparum malaria. Looareesuwan, S; Newton, PN; Nosten, F; Rasameesoroj, M; Ruangveerayuth, R; Siriyanonda, D; Slight, T; Suputtamongkol, Y; Teerapong, P; Teja-Isavadharm, P; van Vugt, M; White, NJ, 2002)	0.31
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of artesunate (ARTS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA)."	( Relative bioavailability of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin: investigations in the isolated perfused rat liver and in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Iletr, KE; Martin, J; Powell, SM, 2002)	0.31
" We studied the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ARS given by the intramuscular (i."	( Intramuscular bioavailability and clinical efficacy of artesunate in gabonese children with severe malaria. Dzeing, A; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Krishna, S; Müller-Römer, U; Nealon, C; Parzy, D; Planche, T; Sinou, V, 2002)	0.31
" The relative bioavailability of rectal artesunate was [mean (coefficient of variation %) 54."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
" The mean common volumes of distribution for ARTS and DHA relative to bioavailability were 42."	( Disposition of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin after administration of artesunate suppositories in children from Papua New Guinea with uncomplicated malaria. Alpers, MP; Barrett, PH; Bockarie, M; Davis, TM; Dufall, K; Ilett, KF; Karunajeewa, HA; Kemiki, A; Vicini, P, 2004)	0.32
"Food has been reported to increase the bioavailability of mefloquine in healthy volunteers, but its role in increasing blood mefloquine concentrations in malaria patients treated with mefloquine is unclear."	( Fatty food does not alter blood mefloquine concentrations in the treatment of falciparum malaria. Binh, VQ; Dai, B; Dao, NV; Edstein, MD; Ngoa, ND; Quoc, NP; Rieckmann, KH; The, ND; Thuy, le T, 2005)	0.33
" Splitting the 25 mg/kg dose of mefloquine into three doses of 8 mg/kg each resulted in improved oral bioavailability compared to the conventional split-dose regimen results."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Patients with the lowest area under the DHA concentration curve did not have slower parasite clearance, suggesting that rectal artesunate is well absorbed in most patients with moderately severe malaria."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra-rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. Agbenyega, T; Barnes, KI; Di Perri, G; Folb, P; Gomes, M; Krishna, S; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Mansor, S; McIlleron, H; Miller, R; Molyneux, M; Mwenechanya, J; Navaratnam, V; Nosten, F; Olliaro, P; Pang, L; Ribeiro, I; Simpson, JA; Tembo, M; van Vugt, M; Ward, S; Weerasuriya, K; White, NJ; Win, K, 2006)	0.33
" This thermolability coupled with the poor physicochemical properties and relative oral bioavailability of DHA suggests that it is inferior to artesunate in application as an antimalarial drug."	( Artesunate and dihydroartemisinin (DHA): unusual decomposition products formed under mild conditions and comments on the fitness of DHA as an antimalarial drug. Cartwright, A; Chan, HW; Gomes, MF; Haynes, RK; Lung, CM; Ng, NC; Shek, LY; Williams, ID; Wong, HN, 2007)	0.34
" Improvement can be made in terms of rectal bioavailability and stability of current formulations."	( In vitro release and stability of an artesunate rectal gel suitable for pediatric use. Barbaud, A; Boyer, C; Dubost, JP; Fawaz, F; Gaudin, K; Lagueny, AM; Langlois, MH; Millet, P, 2008)	0.35
"79 L/kg); the bioavailability was 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate in the domestic pig. Aglioni, C; Bressolle, FM; Mosnier, J; Parzy, D; Sinou, V; Taudon, N, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase in the maximum plasma/blood concentration and the area under the curve, as well as comparable relative bioavailability for the granule coformulation."	( Fixed-dose pyronaridine-artesunate combination for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in pediatric patients in Gabon. Bélard, S; Cisse, B; Fleckenstein, L; Glasenapp, Iv; Issifou, S; Kammer, J; Koumba, PK; Kremsner, PG; Kurth, F; Lell, B; Mordmüller, B; Nemeth, J; Oeuvray, C; Ramharter, M; Schlie, M; Schreier, AC, 2008)	0.35
" The method is sensitive, selective, accurate, reproducible and suited particularly for pharmacokinetic study of AS-AQ drug combination and can also be used to compare the bioavailability of different formulations, including a fixed-dose AS-AQ co-formulation."	( Validation of high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection methods with simultaneous extraction procedure for the determination of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in human plasma for application in c Lai, CS; Mansor, SM; Muniandy, A; Nair, NK; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL, 2009)	0.35
" This study examines the bioavailability and tolerability of a fixed (200 mg artesunate + 540 mg amodiaquine) and loose (200 mg + 612 mg) combination with a 2x2 cross-over design in 24 healthy volunteers."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in Malaysian healthy normal volunteers. Kiechel, JR; Mansor, SM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Ramanathan, S; Siew Hua, G; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wahab, MS, 2009)	0.35
" Relative bioavailability between products was compared by estimating the ratios (and 95% CI) between the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine in African children. Gansané, A; Kiechel, JR; Morgan, CC; Ouedraogo, A; Ouedraogo, EB; Simpson, JA; Sirima, SB; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, W; White, NJ, 2009)	0.35
"The bioavailability of the co-formulated AS-AQ FDC was similar to that of the separate tablets for desethylamodiaquine, DHA and the total anti-malarial activity."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine in African children. Gansané, A; Kiechel, JR; Morgan, CC; Ouedraogo, A; Ouedraogo, EB; Simpson, JA; Sirima, SB; Stepniewska, K; Taylor, W; White, NJ, 2009)	0.35
" A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of AS following the IM administrations."	( Severe embryolethality of artesunate related to pharmacokinetics following intravenous and intramuscular doses in pregnant rats. Li, Q; Si, Y; Weina, P; Xie, L; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties, bioavailability and tolerability of artesunate (AS) and amodiaquine (AQ) administered as a fixed-dose combination (Amonate FDC tablets; Dafra Pharma, Turnhout, Belgium) or as a non-fixed dose combination of separate AS tablets (Arsuamoon; Guilin Pharmaceutical Co, Shanghai, China) and AQ tablets (Flavoquine; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France)."	( Comparative oral bioavailability of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in healthy Indian male volunteers. Fortin, A; Jansen, FH; Verbeeck, RK, 2011)	0.37
" The proposed method provides a new route to prepare monodisperse nanocapsules to increase bioavailability of hydrophobic solutes."	( Firstborn microcrystallization method to prepare nanocapsules containing artesunate. Hong, ZG; Xiao, XC, 2010)	0.36
"The efficacy of anti-malarial drugs is determined by the level of parasite susceptibility, anti-malarial drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, and host factors including immunity."	( Modulating effects of plasma containing anti-malarial antibodies on in vitro anti-malarial drug susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum. Chotivanich, K; Dondorp, AM; Krudsood, S; Monatrakul, P; Mungthin, M; Udomsangpetch, R; White, NJ; Wilairatana, P, 2010)	0.36
" Similarly high bioavailability of DHA (> 80%) is associated with oral administration."	( Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration. Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Jung, D; Morris, CA; Shin, CS, 2011)	0.37
" The corresponding median absolute oral bioavailability (F%) was 21."	( Artesunate/dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetics in acute falciparum malaria in pregnancy: absorption, bioavailability, disposition and disease effects. Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Singhasivanon, P; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2012)	0.38
"Artesunate (AST), the most widely used artemisnin derivative, has poor aqueous solubility and suffers from low oral bioavailability (~40%)."	( Artesunate-loaded chitosan/lecithin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vivo studies. Chadha, R; Gupta, S; Pathak, N, 2012)	0.38
" The model incorporated population parameter variability for clearance (CL/F), central volume of distribution (VC/F) and absorption rate constant (KA) and identified, in addition to body weight, malaria infection as a covariate for VC/F (but not CL/F)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evans, AM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL; Reuter, SE; Upton, RN, 2015)	0.42
" Malaria increased the absolute oral bioavailability of artesunate by 87%, presumably by inhibiting first pass effect, whereas pregnancy decreased oral bioavailability by 23%."	( Opposite malaria and pregnancy effect on oral bioavailability of artesunate - a population pharmacokinetic evaluation. Day, NP; Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Kloprogge, F; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2015)	0.42
"The population pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated opposite effects of malaria and pregnancy on the bioavailability of orally administered artesunate."	( Opposite malaria and pregnancy effect on oral bioavailability of artesunate - a population pharmacokinetic evaluation. Day, NP; Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Kloprogge, F; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2015)	0.42
" The broad antiinfective drug artesunate (ART) offers additional therapeutic options such as oral bioavailability and low levels of toxic side-effects."	( The broad-spectrum antiinfective drug artesunate interferes with the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by targeting RelA/p65. Bahsi, H; Efferth, T; Einsiedel, J; Fröhlich, T; Gmeiner, P; Godl, K; Hutterer, C; Kadioglu, O; Marschall, M; Milbradt, J; Niemann, I; Reiter, C; Stamminger, T; Tsogoeva, SB; Vogel, N; Wagner, S; Wandinger, S; Zeitträger, I, 2015)	0.42
" The final parameter estimates of PYR apparent clearance (CL/F), central volume of distribution (V2/F), peripheral volume of distribution (V3/F), intercompartmental clearance (Q/F), and absorption rate constant (Ka) were 377 liters/day, 2,230 liters, 3,230 liters, 804 liters/day and 17."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Pyronaridine in Pediatric Malaria Patients. Ayyoub, A; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Djimde, AA; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Methaneethorn, J; Ramharter, M; Shin, JS; Tekete, M, 2015)	0.42
" Herein, we report that among the artimisinins, artesunate (ARTS), an orally bioavailable compound has the most potent antileukemic activity in AML models and primary patients' blasts."	( Antileukemic activity and cellular effects of the antimalarial agent artesunate in acute myeloid leukemia. Chen, CC; Chu, S; Forman, SJ; Kalvala, A; Kumar, B; Marcucci, G; Pullarkat, V; Rosen, S, 2017)	0.46
" However, their clinical applications face challenges because of short half-life, poor bioavailability and growing drug resistance."	( Liposomes of dimeric artesunate phospholipid: A combination of dimerization and self-assembly to combat malaria. Du, Y; Ismail, M; Li, X; Ling, L; Yao, C, 2018)	0.48
"Artesunate is one of artemisinin derivatives with anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activities though its water solubility and bioavailability are low."	( [Preparation of liposomal artesunate dry powder inhalers and the effect on the acute lung injury of rats]. Hu, YZ; Jin, YG; Li, M; Zhang, TT, 2016)	0.43
" Artesunate (ART), one of the classical antimalarial drugs, has recently been shown to exert significant cytotoxicity in various cancers, but its bioavailability is low."	( Mitochondria-targeted artesunate conjugated cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as potent anti-HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma agents. Chen, BC; Chen, XQ; Jiang, N; Li, RT; Mao, ZW; Peng, W; Ye, RR, 2020)	0.56
"Artesunate (ART) has potent anticancer activity but it suffers from poor stability and low bioavailability in vivo due to the special endoperoxide moiety in the molecules."	( Artesunate carriers induced ferroptosis to overcome biological barriers for anti-cancer. Chen, XL; Huang, QF; Huang, ZJ; Jun, M; Li, YH; Wang, GH; Wang, W, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Further studies of artesunate and artemether should be carried out to find the optimum dosage regimen and to clarify the hematological effects."	( Clinical trial of artesunate and artemether on multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. A preliminary report. Bunnag, D; Harinasuta, T; Karbwang, J; Looareesuwan, S; Viravan, C, 1991)	0.28
"5 micrograms/ml of DHA was reached at about 3 minutes after dosing and the AUC was 82 mg/L."	( [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of artesunate in cows]. Huo, JZ; Xia, WJ; Xue, M; Zhou, ZT, 1991)	0.28
" If some azone was added in the artesunate transdermal preparation at the dosage of 5 mg/kg, bid, for 3 days, the parasitemia of Plasmodium cynomolgi could be cleared and recrudescence prevented, thus, the antimalarial effects was enhanced."	( [Effect of artesunate transdermal preparation on Plasmodium cynomolgi]. Li, AY; Liu, X; Xie, PS; Xuan, WY; Zhao, Y, 1990)	0.28
" A transdermal dosage form of artesunic acid had been prepared and was reported to have reliable suppressing and killing effects on plasmobium berghei in mice."	( [The pharmacokinetics of a transdermal preparation of artesunate in mice and rabbits]. Song, ZY; Xuan, WY; Zhao, KC; Zhao, Y, 1989)	0.57
" The rapidity of effect, availability of an intravenous and intramuscular formulation and convenient dosage regimen make artesunate an ideal candidate for the treatment of severe malaria, including cerebral disease."	( Artesunate. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malaria. Barradell, LB; Fitton, A, 1995)	0.29
" A significant therapeutic problem is a high, late recrudescence rate, probably due to short half-lives of both artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin relative to conventional dosing intervals."	( Chemical stability of artesunate injection and proposal for its administration by intravenous infusion. Batty, KT; Davis, ME; Davis, T; Ilett, KF, 1996)	0.29
" The rapidity of effect, availability and convenient dosage regimen make artesunate in suppository form a promising treatment for severe falciparum malaria, particularly in rural areas where parenteral formulations are unavailable."	( Artesunate suppositories: an effective treatment for severe falciparum malaria in rural areas. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T; Looareesuwan, S; Viriyavejakul, P; Wilairatana, P, 1997)	0.3
" Reasons for compliance included the desire to be cured and to follow the advice of malaria staff/employer, and the simple dosing regimen."	( Compliance with artesunate and quinine + tetracycline treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Thailand. Fungladda, W; Honrado, ER; Kamolratanakul, P; Karbwang, J; Kitayaporn, D; Masngammueng, R; Thimasarn, K, 1998)	0.3
" Due to its fast efficacy, its absence of undesirable effects, its presentation in tablets, its quite simple dosage (one box for a treatment), Arsumax positioned itself as an accurate second line antimalaric treatment."	( Positioning, labelling and control of medical information: artesunate strategy and Arsumax development story. Ducret, JP; Moneton, P, 1998)	0.3
"Single doses (250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 units/kg) of an ovine polyclonal-specific Fab fragment directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were given to 17 adult patients with severe falciparum malaria immediately before treatment with artesunate in a pilot study to assess safety and optimal dosage with a view to future studies."	( Polyclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha Fab used as an ancillary treatment for severe malaria. Hills, F; Krudsood, S; Looareesuwan, S; Porter, RS; Sjostrom, L; Warrell, DA; Wilairatana, P, 1999)	0.3
" While most patients with tertian malaria were cured with the standard chloroquine and primaquine regimen, a higher dosage was required for one case acquired in Papua New Guinea."	( Imported malaria: successful treatment of 31 patients in the era of chloroquine resistance. Chang, HL; Chang, SC; Chen, YC; Fang, CT; Hsieh, WC; Hsueh, PR; Hung, CC, 1999)	0.3
" At this stage, the parasite cycle is halted, making them unsusceptible to further dosing until wakening."	( Mathematical modelling of the chemotherapy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with artesunate: postulation of 'dormancy', a partial cytostatic effect of the drug, and its implication for treatment regimens. Ginsburg, H; Hoshen, MB; Na-Bangchang, K; Stein, WD, 2000)	0.31
" In order to characterize the in vivo dose-response relationship for artesunate and thus rationalize dosing, 47 adult patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria and parasitemia > or = 1% were randomized to receive a single oral dose of artesunate varying between 0 and 250 mg together with a curative dose of oral mefloquine."	( Oral artesunate dose-response relationship in acute falciparum malaria. Angus, BJ; Chanthapadith, K; Suputtamongkol, Y; Thaiaporn, I; White, NJ, 2002)	0.31
" Thus, the use of conventional oral dosage regimens of ARTS appears preferable to oral administration of DHA."	( Relative bioavailability of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin: investigations in the isolated perfused rat liver and in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Batty, KT; Davis, TM; Iletr, KE; Martin, J; Powell, SM, 2002)	0.31
" Group II received the same dosage of placebo at the corresponding times."	( [Field application of oral artesunate for preventing Schistosoma japonicum infection]. Chen, J; Fang, G; Li, J; Li, S; Ou, N; Wang, Q; Wang, T; Xu, M; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 1999)	0.3
" Patients were randomized to receive simultaneous dosing (artesunate 200 mg/d plus mefloquine 250 mg/d from the first to the third day [investigational group]) or sequential dosing (artesunate 200 mg/d for 3 d plus mefloquine 250 mg on the second and 500 mg on the third day [reference group])."	( A randomized, double-blind study on the efficacy and safety of a practical three-day regimen with artesunate and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. Cambon, N; Kinde-Gazard, D; Kone, M; Massougbodji, A; Mueller, EA; Same-Ekobo, A, )	0.13
" The dosage schedule led to a rapid clinical response and reduced parasite clearance and fever subsidence times of (31."	( Descriptive study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate suppository in combination with other antimalarials in the treatment of severe malaria in Sudan. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2003)	0.32
" When the cultures were exposed to serial dilutions of anti-malarial drugs, a distinct inhibition of HRP2 production was seen with increasing concentrations of drugs, resulting in sigmoid dose-response curves, similar to those obtained from conventional drug sensitivity assays."	( Plasmodium falciparum: effect of anti-malarial drugs on the production and secretion characteristics of histidine-rich protein II. Kollaritsch, H; Looareesuwan, S; Miller, RS; Myint, KS; Noedl, H; Sukthana, Y; Wernsdorfer, WH; Wiedermann, G; Wongchotigul, V; Wongsrichanalai, C, )	0.13
" Three NAC dosage regimens were used: an intravenous loading dose of 140 mg/kg followed by 70 mg/kg every four hours intravenously for up to 18 doses (Group 1); a single intravenous loading dose followed by oral NAC in the same amount as for Group 1 (Group 2); a regimen identical to Group 1 except that oral NAC was administered after the first 24 hours (Group 3)."	( N-acetylcysteine in severe falciparum malaria in Thailand. Brittenham, G; Carroll, J; Krudsood, S; Kuhn, WF; Looareesuwan, S; Maek-A-Nantawat, W; Saengnetswang, T; Tosukhowong, T; Treeprasertsuk, S; Vannaphan, S, 2003)	0.32
" In the naphtoquine group, thirty patients were prescribed single daily dosage of 1,000 mg for one day."	( [A randomized comparative study of naphtoquine, mefloquine and artsunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Chen, RJ; Fu, LC; Guo, WZ; Guo, XB; Ou, FZ; Tan, B; Zheng, QJ, 2003)	0.32
"Although the average fever-subsidence time and the parasite-clearance time of naphtoquine at single 24-hour dosage of 1,000 mg were longer than those of mefloquine and artesunate, the 28-day curative ratio of naphtoquine was higher than that of mefloquine and artesunate."	( [A randomized comparative study of naphtoquine, mefloquine and artsunate in the treatment of falciparum malaria]. Chen, RJ; Fu, LC; Guo, WZ; Guo, XB; Ou, FZ; Tan, B; Zheng, QJ, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response curves for a Plasmodium falciparum clone (clone W2) and DHA were used as a standard for each assay."	( Plasmodium falciparum-based bioassay for measurement of artemisinin derivatives in plasma or serum. Brewer, TG; Kyle, DE; Peggins, JO; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Webster, HK; White, NJ, 2004)	0.32
" Forty patients demonstrated RI type of response, 37 were cured after being retreated with the same dosage and another 3 patients were cured after the third course of treatment."	( Six-years monitoring the efficacy of the combination of artesunate and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Bunnag, D; Chittamas, S; Kanda, T; Looareesuwan, S; Pornkulprasit, V; Rojanawatsirivej, C; Thimasarn, K; Wattanakoon, Y, 2003)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of 200 mg oral and rectal artesunate in healthy volunteers, and to suggest a rational dosage regimen for rectal administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of artesunate following oral and rectal administration in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Alkadru, AM; Awad, MI; Baraka, OZ; Behrens, RH; Eltayeb, IB, 2004)	0.32
"The optimal dosage of artesunate to prevent murine schistosomiasis was 300 mg/kg."	( [Prophylactic effect of artesunate against experimental infection of Schistosoma mansoni]. Kumagai, T; Li, SW; Liu, X; Lou, LJ; Lu, SH; Ohta, N; Shi, JF; Wen, LY; Wu, LJ; Yan, XH; Yan, XL; Yang, MJ, 2004)	0.32
"The current dosage of DP (6."	( Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Ashley, EA; Brockman, A; Hutagalung, R; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phaiphun, L; Srivilairit, S; White, NJ; Wilairatana, P, 2004)	0.32
" Using the '4-day test', a low level of synergism or a simple additional action between CPG and DDS was observed with multiple dosing of these two compounds in a combination."	( The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. LXIII. Drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 6: the potential value of chlorproguanil and dapsone in combination, and with the addition of artesunate. Peters, W; Robinson, BL; Stewart, LB, 2005)	0.33
" All dosing regimens were well tolerated."	( Short-course regimens of artesunate-fosmidomycin in treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Adegnika, AA; Borrmann, S; Esser, G; Hutchinson, D; Issifou, S; Jomaa, H; Kombila, M; Kremsner, PG; Lundgren, I; Matsiegui, PB; Moussavou, F; Oyakhirome, S; Ramharter, M; Wiesner, J, 2005)	0.33
" The doses and dosing regimens of artesunate and mefloquine varied across trials."	( Artesunate plus mefloquine versus mefloquine for treating uncomplicated malaria. Bukirwa, H; Orton, L, 2005)	0.33
" mansoni experimentally infected mice were treated at 9th week of infection with ART, PZQ or OX at an oral dosage of 300 mg kg(-1), 600 mg kg(-1) and 100 mg kg(-1), respectively."	( Comparative studies on the pathological findings and mortality in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice after treatment with artesunate and the current antischistosomal drugs. Chaiworaporn, R; Janecharut, T; Kitikoon, V; Maneerat, Y; Matsuda, H; Ramasoota, P; Rojekittikhun, W, 2005)	0.33
" Comparative studies to assess the therapeutic indices of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were conducted in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats following daily intragastric dosing for three consecutive days."	( New potential antimalarial agents: therapeutic-index evaluation of pyrroloquinazolinediamine and its prodrugs in a rat model of severe malaria. Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Skillman, DS; Smith, K; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.33
" The fever clearance and the parasitemia reduction rates were found to be effective according to this dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics findings after repeated administration of ARTESUNATE thermostable suppositories (RECTOCAPS) in Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated malaria. Benakis, A; Binh, TQ; Keundjian, A; Scheiwe, MW, )	0.13
" This study was designed to construct a population pharmacokinetic model describing this new dosage regimen of mefloquine given as loose tablets together with artesunate."	( Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ashley, EA; Hae, R; Hutagalung, R; Lindegårdh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Singhasivanon, P; Stepniewska, K; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" Insufficient numbers of tablets and inadequate package inserts result in sub-optimal dosing and possible treatment failure."	( Malaria treatment failures after artemisinin-based therapy in three expatriates: could improved manufacturer information help to decrease the risk of treatment failure? Chappuis, F; Jackson, Y; Loutan, L; Taylor, W, 2006)	0.33
" To inform dosage recommendations we assessed the pharmacokinetics of intravenous artesunate after the first dose."	( The pharmacokinetics of intravenous artesunate in adults with severe falciparum malaria. Barnes, KI; Chierakul, W; Evans, AC; Newton, PN; Ruangveerayuth, R; Smith, PJ; White, NJ, 2006)	0.33
" There are no clear data on whether a higher dosage of rectal artesunate results in a better clinical response."	( Comparative study of the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of two rectal artesunate/oral mefloquine combination regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood falciparum malaria. Chaivisuth, A; Chanthavanich, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Pengsaa, K; Pojjaroen-Anant, C; Sabchareon, A; Sirivichayakul, C; Thaiarporn, I; Wisetsing, P, 2007)	0.34
" There was no definite benefit from increasing the dosage of rectal artesunate from 10 to 20 mg/kg/day."	( Comparative study of the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of two rectal artesunate/oral mefloquine combination regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood falciparum malaria. Chaivisuth, A; Chanthavanich, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Pengsaa, K; Pojjaroen-Anant, C; Sabchareon, A; Sirivichayakul, C; Thaiarporn, I; Wisetsing, P, 2007)	0.34
" A weight-based dosing regimen was used for the loose tablets during 2000-2003 (n = 731) and a commercially available co-blister was used during 2004-2005 (n = 235)."	( Efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine in routine use for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Casamance, southern Sénégal. Agnamey, P; Brasseur, P; Gaye, O; Olliaro, PL; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2007)	0.34
" Patients were randomly allocated into one of the two regimens, with dosage according to bodyweight range."	( Randomized, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine, administered as a single daily intake versus two daily intakes in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Diouf, AM; Faye, B; Gaye, O; Kuété, T; Lameyre, V; Ndiaye, JL; Same-Ekobo, A; Seck, PA, 2008)	0.35
" Single oral doses produced embryolethality and similar cardiovascular and skeletal malformations as previously reported in longer term dosing experiments."	( Sensitive periods for developmental toxicity of orally administered artesunate in the rat. Clark, RL; White, TE, 2008)	0.35
"Groups of up to 15 pregnant females were dosed on Gestation Days (GD) 20-50 or for 3-7-day intervals."	( Artesunate: developmental toxicity and toxicokinetics in monkeys. Arima, A; Bernard, F; Clark, RL; Gristwood, W; Harrell, A; Makori, N; Nakata, Y; White, TE; Wier, PJ, 2008)	0.35
"Artesunate was embryolethal at > or =12 mg/kg/day when dosed for at least 12 days at the beginning of organogenesis, but not when dosed for 3 or 7 days, indicating that developmental toxicity of artesunate is dependent upon duration of dosing in cynomologus monkeys."	( Artesunate: developmental toxicity and toxicokinetics in monkeys. Arima, A; Bernard, F; Clark, RL; Gristwood, W; Harrell, A; Makori, N; Nakata, Y; White, TE; Wier, PJ, 2008)	0.35
" The nonlinear clearance of DEAQ and the wide variability in kinetic parameters have safety implications for weight-based dosing of higher-body-weight children with AQ."	( Effect of concomitant artesunate administration and cytochrome P4502C8 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of amodiaquine in Ghanaian children with uncomplicated malaria. Adjei, GO; Alifrangis, M; Goka, BQ; Hoegberg, LC; Kristensen, K; Kurtzhals, JA; Rodrigues, OP, 2008)	0.35
"Several products of artesunate plus amodiaquine (AS + AQ) are being deployed in malaria-endemic countries for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria but dosing accuracy and consequential effects on efficacy and tolerability have not been examined."	( Dosing accuracy of artesunate and amodiaquine as treatment for falciparum malaria in Casamance, Senegal. Agnamey, P; Badiane, M; Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Gaye, O; Olliaro, P; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2009)	0.35
" AS + AQ was given as: (i) loose combination (AS 50 mg, AQ 200 mg), dosed on body weight, or (ii) co-blistered product (AS 50 mg, AQ 153 mg) dosed by weight or age."	( Dosing accuracy of artesunate and amodiaquine as treatment for falciparum malaria in Casamance, Senegal. Agnamey, P; Badiane, M; Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Gaye, O; Olliaro, P; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2009)	0.35
" AS was dosed correctly in >99% with all regimens."	( Dosing accuracy of artesunate and amodiaquine as treatment for falciparum malaria in Casamance, Senegal. Agnamey, P; Badiane, M; Brasseur, P; Cisse, M; Gaye, O; Olliaro, P; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M, 2009)	0.35
"Oral administration of artesunate with a total dosage of 1000 mg in 6 days inhibits the infectivity of PFG."	( [Artesunate in interrupting the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum]. Chen, D; Chen, PQ; Fu, CW; Fu, LC; He, KR; Li, GQ; Ou, FZ; Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Whilst administration of tribendimidine at smaller but multiple doses given within 2-3 days at the same total dosage resulted in a slightly higher worm reduction (77."	( [Effect of tribendimidine, artesunate, artemether and praziquantel, administered intragastrically at single, multiple or combined doses, to rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis]. Keiser, J; Liu, XY; Qiang, HQ; Tanner, M; Utzinger, J; Xiao, SH; Xue, J; Zhang, YN, 2008)	0.35
" C(max) and AUC of artesunate and DHA following iv dosing were 5784 +/- 3718 and 140 938 +/- 128 783 ng."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in rats infected with Fasciola hepatica. Decosterd, L; Gruyer, MS; Keiser, J; Mercier, T; Perrottet, N; Zanolari, B, 2009)	0.35
" For CCG and MADDS, small to moderate increases in exposure with artesunate dosing were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate and their major metabolites in patients during treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bandyopadhyay, N; Duparc, S; Kirby, PL; Miller, AK; Ward, SA; Winstanley, PA; Wootton, DG, 2009)	0.35
" Data from previous experiments were included, and negative binomial regression analyses were carried out to determine dose-response relationships and to study the effect of drug combination."	( Combination chemotherapy against Clonorchis sinensis: experiments with artemether, artesunate, OZ78, praziquantel, and tribendimidine in a rat model. Keiser, J; Smith, TA; Utzinger, J; Xiao, SH, 2009)	0.35
"A single-center, randomized, single-blind, cross-over clinical study was conducted in 18 healthy volunteers with a dosage of 300 mg daily for 2 days."	( Comparative study of dihydroartemisinin and artesunate safety in healthy Thai volunteers. Atipas, S; Chatsiricharoenkul, S; Kaewkungwal, J; Khuhapinant, A; Kongpatanakul, S, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data informing the optimum dosing of these drug regimens is limited, especially in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda. Annerberg, A; Aweeka, F; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Drysdale, T; German, P; Kalyango, JN; Kamya, MR; Lindegardh, N; McGee, B; Mwesigwa, J; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2010)	0.36
" In the present study, pregnant rats were selected and dosed with AS (GMP product) intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) at varied doses daily for 13 days from gestation day (GD) 6 to 18."	( Severe embryolethality of artesunate related to pharmacokinetics following intravenous and intramuscular doses in pregnant rats. Li, Q; Si, Y; Weina, P; Xie, L; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
"A novel parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model consisting of a dosing compartment, a central compartment for AS, a central compartment and a peripheral compartment for DHA was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following single- and multiple-dosing of oral artesunate in healthy subjects. Craft, JC; Fleckenstein, L; Jang, IJ; Kirsch, LE; Naik, H; Shin, CS; Tan, B; Yu, KS, 2009)	0.35
" sinensis, dosed orally with single agents or combination treatments and flukes recovered at 3 or 5 days post-treatment."	( Effect of artemether, artesunate, OZ78, praziquantel, and tribendimidine alone or in combination chemotherapy on the tegument of Clonorchis sinensis. Keiser, J; Vargas, M, 2010)	0.36
" The patients (n = 25/arm) were treated with (i) two fixed-dose tablets (AS-MQ arm; 100 mg AS-200 mg MQ/tablet) daily for 3 days (days 0, 1, and 2) or (ii) nonfixed AS (AS-plus-MQ arm; 4 mg/kg of body weight/day for 3 days) plus MQ (15 mg/kg on day 1 and 10 mg/kg on day 2), dosed by weight."	( New fixed-dose artesunate-mefloquine formulation against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in adults: a comparative phase IIb safety and pharmacokinetic study with standard-dose nonfixed artesunate plus mefloquine. Chalermrut, K; Kiechel, JR; Krudsood, S; Leowattana, W; Looareesuwan, S; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, P; Phumratanaprapin, W; Ramanathan, S; Tangpukdee, N; Taylor, WR; Vaillant, M; Wilairatana, P, 2010)	0.36
"5% in the Administration I group, whose dosage schedule was identical to schedules used in previous studies."	( The sensitivity of artesunate against Schistosoma japonicum decreased after 10 years of use in China. Guo, HX; Hua, HY; Liang, YS; Wei, JF; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"Rats were dosed orally with chlorproguanil/dapsone/artesunate (including 11."	( Localization of artesunate and its derivatives in the pregnant rat and fetus following oral administration and relationship to developmental toxicity. Clark, RL; Gristwood, WE; Harrell, AW; Lewsley, R; Wilson, R, 2010)	0.36
" Negative binomial regressions of worm and egg counts were used to analyze dose-response relationships and whether the effects of drug combinations were synergistic or antagonistic."	( In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Fasciola hepatica to triclabendazole combined with artesunate, artemether, or OZ78. Duthaler, U; Keiser, J; Smith, TA, 2010)	0.36
" Recipients of the 6 mg/kg/day dosage had significantly lower geometric mean absolute neutrophil counts than did recipients of the 2 and 4 mg/kg/day dosages at 6 and 14 days (P < ."	( Dose-dependent risk of neutropenia after 7-day courses of artesunate monotherapy in Cambodian patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bethell, D; Darapiseth, S; Fukuda, MM; Khemawoot, P; Kuntawungin, W; Lee, SJ; Lin, J; Lon, C; Sarim, S; Saunders, D; Se, Y; Smith, B; Socheat, D; Sriwichai, S; Surasri, S; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Tyner, S, 2010)	0.36
"Artesunate remains a crucial drug for the treatment of malaria, and determining optimal dosing regimens is vital to overcome emerging resistant parasite strains along the Thai-Cambodian border."	( Dose-dependent risk of neutropenia after 7-day courses of artesunate monotherapy in Cambodian patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Bethell, D; Darapiseth, S; Fukuda, MM; Khemawoot, P; Kuntawungin, W; Lee, SJ; Lin, J; Lon, C; Sarim, S; Saunders, D; Se, Y; Smith, B; Socheat, D; Sriwichai, S; Surasri, S; Teja-Isavadharm, P; Tyner, S, 2010)	0.36
" This result supports the hypothesis that artemisinin resistance mainly reflects reduced ring-stage susceptibility and predicts that doubling the frequency of dosing will accelerate clearance of artemisinin-resistant parasites."	( Intrahost modeling of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Chotivanich, K; Day, NP; Dondorp, AM; Lee, SJ; Lindegårdh, N; Maude, RJ; Nosten, F; Pan-Ngum, W; Saralamba, S; Socheat, D; Tarning, J; White, LJ; White, NJ, 2011)	0.37
" The high correlation between embryotoxicity and reticulocytopenia further supports the assertion that therapeutic dosage regimens of artemisinins that cause decreases in reticulocyte count in pregnant women during the putative critical period (approximately postconception wk 3 to 9) are at risk of also causing adverse effects on the embryo."	( Artesunate and artelinic acid: association of embryotoxicity, reticulocytopenia, and delayed stimulation of hematopoiesis in pregnant rats. Brannen, KC; Clark, RL; Hoberman, AM; Sanders, JE, 2011)	0.37
"The study objectives to investigate the distribution of the antimalarial drug mefloquine (MQ) in cellular and fluid blood compartments when given at therapeutic dosage with artesunate and to investigate an eventual association with the occurrence of treatment-related adverse events in Thai patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria."	( Distribution of mefloquine in the blood of Thai patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria following administration of therapeutic doses of artesunate. Na-Bangchang, K; Ruengweerayut, R; Wernsdorfer, WH, 2011)	0.37
" No electroactive interferences from the excipients and endogenous substance could be observed in the pharmaceutical dosage forms and in biological samples."	( Voltammetric behaviour of antimalarial drug artesunate in solubilized systems. Jain, R, 2011)	0.37
" Simultaneously, the feared development of parasite drug resistance might drive dosing increases."	( The pharmacogenetics of antimalaria artemisinin combination therapy. Gil, JP; Piedade, R, 2011)	0.37
" The data are reassuring regarding current dosing recommendations."	( Artesunate/dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetics in acute falciparum malaria in pregnancy: absorption, bioavailability, disposition and disease effects. Hanpithakpon, W; Hlaing, N; Lindegardh, N; McGready, R; Nosten, F; Phyo, AP; Rijken, MJ; Singhasivanon, P; Tarning, J; Than, HH; White, NJ; Zin, NT, 2012)	0.38
" From the day of arthritis onset, rats were treated daily by gavage with leflunomide (Lef) or ART at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/d or 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, for 16 days."	( Inhibitory effect of the antimalarial agent artesunate on collagen-induced arthritis in rats through nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Chen, G; Huang, H; Li, C; Li, Y; Lin, S; Lin, W; Liu, P; Shen, W; Shen, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhou, C, 2013)	0.39
" The study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of this novel alternative to existing artesunate dosage forms."	( Intravenous β-artemether formulation (ARM NLC) as a superior alternative to commercial artesunate formulation. Joshi, M; Pathak, S; Patil, S; Patravale, V; Sharma, S, 2012)	0.38
" Other interventions such as measures to increase nitric oxide, manage acute renal failure or optimize artesunate dosing are discussed."	( Adjunctive management of malaria. Krishna, S, 2012)	0.38
"Mechanistic within-host models relating blood anti-malarial drug concentrations with the parasite-time profile help in assessing dosing schedules and partner drugs for new anti-malarial treatments."	( Assessing the utility of an anti-malarial pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for aiding drug clinical development. Charman, SA; Gamo-Benito, J; Humberstone, A; Jamsen, KM; McCaw, J; Moehrle, J; Price, RN; Simpson, JA; Smith, K; Zaloumis, S, 2012)	0.38
" Patients were randomized (2:1) to pyronaridine-artesunate granules (60/20 mg) once daily or artemether-lumefantrine crushed tablets (20/120 mg) twice daily, both dosed by bodyweight, orally (liquid suspension) for three days."	( Pyronaridine-artesunate granules versus artemether-lumefantrine crushed tablets in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomized controlled trial. Bhatt, KM; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Bustos, MD; de Salazar, PM; Doumbo, OK; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Kayentao, K; Kimani, J; Kokolomami, JH; Offianan, AT; Ouédraogo, A; Pénali, LK; Quicho, F; Ramharter, M; Shin, CS; Tiono, AB; Tshefu, AK, 2012)	0.38
" An adapted dosing regimen including a practical dosing table per weight band is proposed for young children based on the pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate in African children with severe malaria: implications for a practical dosing regimen. Day, NP; Dondorp, AM; Gesase, S; Hendriksen, IC; Kent, A; Lemnge, MM; Lindegardh, N; Mtove, G; Reyburn, H; Tarning, J; von Seidlein, L; White, NJ, 2013)	0.39
" The procedure was applied to the assay of the drug in dosage form, human serum, plasma and urine without matrix interference."	( Graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite based biosensor for detection of antimalarial drug artesunate in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids. Das, MR; Khan, R; Kotoky, P; Radhapyari, K, 2013)	0.39
" Pre-clinical studies in dogs indicated morbidity at high dosage levels."	( Safety and efficacy field study of artesunate for dogs with non-resectable tumours. Efferth, T; Erich, SA; Fleckenstein, L; Grinwis, GC; London, CA; Mol, JA; Rutteman, GR; Spee, B, 2013)	0.39
" Daily administered FDC ASMQ for three days was dosed by age."	( Therapeutic efficacy of fixed dose artesunate-mefloquine for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kampong Speu, Cambodia. Ariey, F; Duong, S; Kiechel, JR; Leang, R; Lim, P; Ménard, D; Navaratnam, V; Ros, S; Taylor, WR, 2013)	0.39
" However, they have short half life, low solubility, and poor oral bioavailability, hence the need to formulate sustained release lipid particulate dosage form of these drugs."	( Formulation development and evaluation of the anti-malaria properties of sustained release artesunate-loaded solid lipid microparticles based on phytolipids. Attama, AA; Chime, SA; Chinaeke, EE; Okore, VC; Onyishi, VI, 2015)	0.42
" Following dosing with PA, some subjects experienced rises in liver function tests above the upper limit of normal during the first few days following PA administration."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between pyronaridine-artesunate and metoprolol. Arbe-Barnes, S; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Lopez-Lazaro, L; Miller, RM; Morris, CA; Pokorny, R; Shin, JS, 2014)	0.4
"The determination of dosing regimens for the treatment of malaria is largely empirical and thus a better understanding of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial agents is required to assess the adequacy of current treatment regimens and identify sources of suboptimal dosing that could select for drug-resistant parasites."	( Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Evans, AM; Navaratnam, V; Olliaro, PL; Reuter, SE; Upton, RN, 2015)	0.42
" Rats infected with the triclabendazole-resistant Oberon isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-treatment (pt)."	( Ultrastructural changes in the tegument and gut of adult Fasciola hepatica following in vivo treatment with artesunate. Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Johnston, RC; O'Neill, JF, 2015)	0.42
" Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (pt)."	( A comparative study on the impact of two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, on the female reproductive system of Fasciola hepatica. Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Hanna, RE; Johnston, RC; O'Neill, JF, 2015)	0.42
" In particular, the malaria community may be missing the opportunity to dramatically increase ACT effectiveness through regimen changes, particularly through a switch to twice-daily regimens and/or increases in artemisinin dosing levels."	( How Robust Are Malaria Parasite Clearance Rates as Indicators of Drug Effectiveness and Resistance? Hastings, IM; Hodel, EM; Kay, K, 2015)	0.42
" The aims of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetics of PYR using a total of 1,085 blood PYR concentrations available from 349 malaria patients younger than 16 years of age with mild to moderate uncomplicated malaria and to confirm the dosing regimen for the pediatric granule formulation."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Pyronaridine in Pediatric Malaria Patients. Ayyoub, A; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Djimde, AA; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Methaneethorn, J; Ramharter, M; Shin, JS; Tekete, M, 2015)	0.42
" Patients received pyronaridine-artesunate once daily for 3 days, dosed according to body weight."	( Efficacy and Safety of Pyronaridine-Artesunate for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Western Cambodia. Borghini Fuhrer, I; Canavati, SE; Denis, MB; Dondorp, AM; Duparc, S; Heng, P; Huy, R; Khim, N; Kim, S; Leang, R; Menard, D; Ringwald, P; Tol, B; Vestergaard, LS, 2016)	0.43
" Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt)."	( Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate. Brennan, GP; Fairweather, I; Halferty, L; Hanna, RE; Johnston, RC; O'Neill, JF, 2017)	0.46
" The safety profiles of artesunate-mefloquine and artemether-lumefantrine were similar, with low rates of early vomiting (71 [15·3%] of 463 patients in the artesunate-mefloquine group vs 79 [16·8%] of 471 patients in the artemether-lumefantrine group in any of the three dosing days), few neurological adverse events (ten [2·1%] of 468 vs five [1·1%] of 465), and no detectable psychiatric adverse events."	( Comparison of artesunate-mefloquine and artemether-lumefantrine fixed-dose combinations for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a randomised, multicentre, phase 4 trial. Ackermann, I; Aubin, F; Carn, G; Gesase, S; Lusingu, JPA; Mnkande, E; Mrango, Z; Mtoro, A; Ngocho, JS; Ogutu, B; Onyango, KO; Ouedraogo, A; Sirima, SB; Strub, N; Vanraes, J; Yaro, JB, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed formulation design can significantly help in reduction of dose and dosing frequency, which ultimately enhance patient compliance with decreased drug toxicity."	( Artesunate-quercetin/luteolin dual drug nanofacilitated synergistic treatment for malaria: A plausible approach to overcome artemisinin combination therapy resistance. Kumar, RS; Puttappa, N; Yamjala, K, 2017)	0.46
"As part of its development, the new synthetic trioxolane antimalarial artefenomel (OZ439) was tested in rat whole embryo culture and in rat embryo-fetal toxicity studies with dosing throughout organogenesis or with a single dose on Gestational Day (GD) 12."	( Improved safety margin for embryotoxicity in rats for the new endoperoxide artefenomel (OZ439) as compared to artesunate. Andenmatten, N; Clark, RL; Clode, SA; Edwards, TL; Huber, AC; Kinney, J; Longo, M; Rhodes, J; Rückle, T; Walker, DK; Wells, T, 2018)	0.48
" Its tissue distribution in rats may change with different dosage forms, which therefore shall be studied after ARS-TPGS-Lipo was injected."	( [Tissue distribution of TPGS modified artesunate liposome and its metabolites in rats]. An, R; Hu, C; Liang, K; Wang, XH; You, LS, 2018)	0.48
" All treatments were once-daily or twice-daily tablets or granules given orally and dosed by bodyweight over 3 days at the study centre."	( Pyronaridine-artesunate or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus current first-line therapies for repeated treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, longitudinal, controlled, phase 3b/4 trial. , 2018)	0.48
" falciparum malaria were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to orally receive pyronaridine-artesunate or artemether-lumefantrine, dosed according to bodyweight, for 3 days."	( Pyronaridine-artesunate and artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Choy, F; Makio, N; Mens, P; Okach, S; Omweri, G; Osoti, V; Roth, JM; Sawa, P; Schallig, HDFH, 2018)	0.48
" The beneficial effects associated with artemisinin treatment include improving symptoms, reducing level of antibodies and proteinuria, ameliorating renal damage, and diminishing the dosage of prednisone use."	( Artemisinins-a Promising New Treatment for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Descriptive Review. Mu, X; Wang, C, 2018)	0.48
" falciparum to artemisinin, chloroquine and piperaquine by both a standard dose-response analysis and a piperaquine survival assay."	( Overexpression of plasmepsin II and plasmepsin III does not directly cause reduction in Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to artesunate, chloroquine and piperaquine. Ansbro, MR; Chookajorn, T; Chotivanich, K; de Cozar, C; Gamo, FJ; Kochakarn, T; Kotanan, N; Kümpornsin, K; Lee, MCS; Loesbanluechai, D; Sanz, LM; White, NJ; Wilairat, P, 2019)	0.51
" In this large clinical study, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a fixed dose combination of ASMQ was investigated in an African paediatric population to support dosing recommendations used in Southeast Asia and South America."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the artesunate-mefloquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Aouri, M; Carn, G; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Guidi, M; Kiechel, JR; Mercier, T; Ogutu, B, 2019)	0.51
" The largest contributor to this variability was body weight, which is accommodated for by the ASMQ fixed dose combination (FDC) dosing recommendation."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the artesunate-mefloquine fixed dose combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. Aouri, M; Carn, G; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Guidi, M; Kiechel, JR; Mercier, T; Ogutu, B, 2019)	0.51
" The relationship between mg/kg dosage and treatment failures will be assessed using a Cox regression model with study sites considered as a shared frailty term."	( The effect of dose on the antimalarial efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine against Ashley, EA; Dahal, P; Guerin, P; Humphreys, GS; Mansoor, R; Stepniewska, K, 2019)	0.51
" The positive synergy of Art on inhibiting HCC growth contributes 48% dosage of Sor to reduce tumor cell viability in vitro and tumor size in vivo."	( Artesunate promotes sensitivity to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dong, H; Jing, W; Jun, X; Min, M; Runpeng, Z; Shuo, L; Yingru, X, 2019)	0.51
"Considering the low day 7 concentrations of piperaquine reported in the patients studied here, we suggest to adopt the recently recommended higher dose of DP in young children or a prolonged 5-day dosing in children living in malaria endemic areas who have suffered an initial episode of severe malaria in order to achieve adequate drug exposures for effective post-treatment prophylactic effects."	( Piperaquine concentration and malaria treatment outcomes in Ugandan children treated for severe malaria with intravenous Artesunate or quinine plus Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine. Blessborn, D; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Lamorde, M; Ssenyonga, R; Tarning, J, 2019)	0.51
" Tolerability was assessed as the percentage of subjects able to complete their designated dosing regimen."	( A first-in-human proof-of-concept trial of intravaginal artesunate to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3). Clark, KT; Donovan, MJ; Frantz, PS; Fu, J; Levinson, K; Maldonado, L; Plesa, M; Sanders, SA; Sauter, ME; Shay, ME; Trimble, CL, 2020)	0.56
"9%), a third knew all dosing intervals (33."	( Predictors of health workers' knowledge about artesunate-based severe malaria treatment recommendations in government and faith-based hospitals in Kenya. Achia, TNO; Amboko, B; Kipruto, H; Machini, B; Malla, L; Snow, RW; Zurovac, D, 2020)	0.56
" It is expected that such a tool will be useful in characterizing the disposition of these chemicals and ultimately improve dosing regimens by enabling a quantitative assessment of the tissue-specific drug levels critical in the evaluation of efficacy and toxicity."	( Predicting the Disposition of the Antimalarial Drug Artesunate and Its Active Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Arey, R; Reisfeld, B, 2021)	0.62
" An 80 mg/kg dosage was optimal."	( Artesunate Provides Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway in Rats. Chen, Y; Tian, J; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Yang, G; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, these models are able to identify patient characteristics that cause alterations in the expected PK/PD profiles and through simulations can recommend changes to dosing which compensate for the differences."	( Malaria PK/PD and the Role Pharmacometrics Can Play in the Global Health Arena: Malaria Treatment Regimens for Vulnerable Populations. Hughes, E; Jagannathan, P; Mohamed Ali, A; Savic, RM; Wallender, E, 2021)	0.62
" falciparum infection were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a 3-day, 2-day, or 1-day treatment regimen of PA (180:60 mg), dosed according to bodyweight."	( Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Pyronaridine-artesunate in Asymptomatic Malaria-infected Individuals: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Achan, J; Arbe-Barnes, S; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Conteh, B; D'Alessandro, U; Dabira, ED; Duparc, S; Hachizovu, S; Lawal, B; Manyando, C; Mendy, A; Miller, R; Mulenga, JM; Mwanza, S; Ndiath, MO; Nyang, H; Shin, J, 2022)	0.72
" Patients received fixed-dose pyronaridine-artesunate once daily for 3 days, dosed by body weight, without regard to food intake."	( Pyronaridine-artesunate real-world safety, tolerability, and effectiveness in malaria patients in 5 African countries: A single-arm, open-label, cohort event monitoring study. Agnandji, ST; Allen, SJ; Arbe-Barnes, S; Assi, SB; Bigoga, JD; Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Groger, M; Koukouikila-Koussounda, F; Kremsner, PG; Miller, R; Mombo-Ngoma, G; Ntamabyaliro, NY; Ntoumi, F; Ramharter, M; Shin, J; Tona Lutete, G, 2021)	0.62
"A third of the health workers had high knowledge levels on artesunate treatment policy; almost three-quarters had high knowledge levels on artesunate dosing and preparation."	( Cross-sectional study to predict subnational levels of health workers' knowledge about severe malaria treatment in Kenya. Achia, TN; Amboko, B; Chesang, J; Kipruto, H; Machini, B; Mwaniki, P, 2022)	0.72
" For the quantitative test, we established a standard curve that resulted from a dose-response curve and evaluated its performances using controls samples."	( Assessment of quantitative and semi-quantitative biological test methods of artesunate in vitro. Bienvenu, AL; Bonnot, G; Kouakou, YI; Lavoignat, A; Omorou, R; Picot, S; Said, IB, 2022)	0.72
" Nous avons ainsi développé un test biologique quantitatif et un test semi-quantitatif pour le dosage de l’artésunate dans des échantillons liquides."	( Assessment of quantitative and semi-quantitative biological test methods of artesunate in vitro. Bienvenu, AL; Bonnot, G; Kouakou, YI; Lavoignat, A; Omorou, R; Picot, S; Said, IB, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, by lowering the effective dosage of TMZ, the combination liposomes reduced systemic TMZ-induced toxicity, highlighting the preclinical potential of this novel integrative strategy to deliver combination therapies to brain tumors."	( Targeted liposomes for combined delivery of artesunate and temozolomide to resistant glioblastoma. Chai, T; Du, Q; Hanif, S; Ismail, M; Li, Y; Muhammad, P; Shi, B; Yang, W; Zhang, D; Zheng, M, 2022)	0.72
"4% at equivalent artesunate dosage in breast cancer orthotopic implanted mice."	( Development of artesunate intelligent prodrug liposomes based on mitochondrial targeting strategy. Chen, J; Du, M; Gu, L; Liu, D; Liu, S; Peng, Q; Shen, S; Tian, Y; Wang, J; Xiao, W; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" Then, after 12 hours, mice in the five other groups received intraperitoneal injection of the assigned drugs and dosage once a day."	( [Therapeutic Effect of Artesunate on Influenza A Viral Pneumonia]. Bie, MJ; Li, Z; Wu, B; Wu, J; Zhang, J; Zhou, YJ, 2022)	0.72
" RHF data of 7,983 children was analysed for appropriateness of antimalarials; a subsample of 3,449 children was assessed additionally for dosage and method of ACT provision (treatment compliance)."	( Health worker compliance with severe malaria treatment guidelines in the context of implementing pre-referral rectal artesunate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Uganda: An operational study. Akano, BK; Angiro, I; Athieno, P; Awor, P; Ayodeji, K; Brunner, NC; Buj, V; Burri, C; Cereghetti, N; Delvento, G; Hetzel, MW; Kalenga, JC; Kimera, J; Lambiris, MJ; Lee, TT; Lengeler, C; Napier, HG; Okitawutshu, J; Okon, C; Okuma, J; Omoluabi, E; Signorell, A; Tshefu, A; Tumukunde, G; Visser, T; Yusuf, O, 2023)	0.91
" A revisiting on mefloquine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) could assist in finding new appropriate dosage regimens in combination with artesunate as a three-day course treatment."	( Prediction of improved antimalarial chemotherapy of artesunate-mefloquine in combination with mefloquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Na-Bangchang, K; Saeheng, T, 2023)	0.91
" A simple concentration-effect pharmacometric model does not explain why dosing more frequently than once daily fails to augment parasite clearance and improve therapeutic responses in vivo."	( An artesunate pharmacometric model to explain therapeutic responses in falciparum malaria. Choosri, N; Dondorp, AM; Pan-Ngum, W; Saralamba, S; Simpson, JA; White, L; White, NJ, 2023)	0.91
"To propose a revised model of antimalarial pharmacodynamics that incorporates reversible asexual parasite injury and temporary drug refractoriness in order to explain the failure of frequent dosing to augment therapeutic efficacy in falciparum malaria."	( An artesunate pharmacometric model to explain therapeutic responses in falciparum malaria. Choosri, N; Dondorp, AM; Pan-Ngum, W; Saralamba, S; Simpson, JA; White, L; White, NJ, 2023)	0.91
"AML cell lines resistant to AraC were first constructed by repeated dosing for 5 months."	( Artesunate reverses cytarabine resistance in acute myeloid leukemia by blocking the JAK/STAT3 signaling. Chen, Y; Huang, P; Li, H; Luo, X; Su, Q; Zhang, P, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	38 (1.90)	18.7374
1990's	124 (6.21)	18.2507
2000's	562 (28.14)	29.6817
2010's	903 (45.22)	24.3611
2020's	370 (18.53)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	443 (21.21%)	5.53%
Reviews	130 (6.22%)	6.00%
Case Studies	144 (6.89%)	4.05%
Observational	15 (0.72%)	0.25%
Other	1,357 (64.96%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.58	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.15	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.31	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.13	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.25	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
carbamates [no description available]	2.61	2	0	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	2.31	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.08	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	4.91	2	1	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.73	6	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.41	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.6	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
croton oil [no description available]	1.98	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.84	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.71	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.99	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.03	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.58	2	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	5.91	2	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	19.27	184	84	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.17	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.87	3	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
berberine [no description available]	3.15	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.25	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.6	1	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.06	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.01	4	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
celecoxib [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	17.86	157	36	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.06	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
dapsone [no description available]	13.1	25	12	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	4.65	3	2	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.11	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
disulfiram [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.11	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.41	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.6	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	2.11	1	0	1-benzopyran
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.11	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.33	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	4.36	1	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.13	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.08	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lomustine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
edaravone [no description available]	2.17	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.6	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	3.48	1	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.41	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	3.51	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.08	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.48	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.64	3	2	oxopurine
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	11.39	34	12	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	15.18	52	26	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	20.02	179	94	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	3.31	1	0
temozolomide [no description available]	4.76	8	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.06	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.41	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.15	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.39	1	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.15	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.49	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.19	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.52	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.15	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.41	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	8.33	8	4	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
cytidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.48	2	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.28	5	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.58	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.17	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	2.01	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.13	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	3.39	1	1	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.13	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.1	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
4,7-dichloroquinoline [no description available]	2.15	1	0
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2.41	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.41	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.74	3	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.41	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
sulfalene Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.	8.87	11	9	pyrazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.02	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.75	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.17	5	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.08	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.25	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.55	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.23	4	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.41	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
rhein [no description available]	3.14	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.13	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	aminoquinoline
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.13	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.93	3	0
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.34	6	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	9.45	18	5
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.17	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
fluoromethane fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.	2.01	1	0	fluorohydrocarbon; fluoromethanes; methyl halides	refrigerant
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	5.25	6	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4-hydroxypyridine 4-pyridone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxypyridine : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.. 4-pyridone : The simplest member of the class of pyridin-4-ones, that is 1,4-dihydropyridine in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.	2.05	1	0	4-pyridones; monohydroxypyridine
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.03	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.01	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.1	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.69	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.91	3	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.11	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.98	4	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.11	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	19.78	166	86	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.11	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.25	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.41	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.31	1	0	manganese group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.31	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.25	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.66	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.61	2	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.06	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.01	1	0	diatomic bromine
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.02	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.06	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	2.41	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	2.08	1	0
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.13	1	0
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.81	3	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.15	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.44	1	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.76	3	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.31	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.13	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.6	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.1	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.94	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	4.64	6	1	phenanthrenes
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.61	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.55	2	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.1	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.1	1	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
triclabendazole [no description available]	4.13	3	1	aromatic ether
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.48	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.21	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.52	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	2.41	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	2.82	2	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.06	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.03	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adamantanine adamantanine: inhibitor of amino acid transport; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.31	1	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.82	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	3.64	1	1
allicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.15	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	19.21	142	77
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
quassin quassin: article discusses quassinoid principle; structure	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.11	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.58	2	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	18.53	184	29	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	18.57	171	45	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.	2.05	1	0
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.58	2	0	tocol
neoquassin neoquassin: a CYP1A1 inhibitor isolated from Picrasma excelsa; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	10.58	22	8	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.6	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	6.19	4	3
s 53482 flumioxazin : A benzoxazine that is N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one which is substituted at position 6 by a 1,3-dioxo-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl group and at position 7 by a fluorine. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used for the control of weeds in soya, peanuts, and a variety of vegetable and fruit crops.	2.17	1	0	benzoxazine; dicarboximide; organofluorine compound; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide; teratogenic agent
lopinavir [no description available]	2.52	2	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
fast red ta Fast Red TA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
quinidine gluconate quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]	3.55	2	0	D-gluconate adduct
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	2.13	1	0	aminoquinoline
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.06	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	15.81	55	21	aminoquinoline
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.6	1	0	proanthocyanidin
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	8.39	6	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	7.27	8	5
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	16.24	66	28	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.11	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.9	5	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.03	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
8-(3-carboxy-1-methylpropylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline 8-(3-carboxy-1-methylpropylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline: primaquine metabolite in rats; structure given in first source	4.41	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.47	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
hydroxypiperaquine hydroxypiperaquine: more effective than chloroquine; RN given refers to tetraphosphate salt; structure in first source	2.37	2	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.72	2	0	organic sulfate salt
mefloquine carboxylic acid Ro 21-5104: structure given in first source; main metabolite of mefloquine	2.25	1	0	quinolines
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.56	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
cassine cassine: RN given for (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	2.31	1	0	citraconoyl group
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	3.46	1	1	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sorafenib [no description available]	3.47	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.13	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.25	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.25	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.04	3	3
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.61	5	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
carboplatin [no description available]	3.95	3	0
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.25	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.41	1	1
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.08	4	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.52	2	0	cyclodextrin
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.08	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.21	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.08	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.21	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	6.18	9	1
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	4.91	2	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	10.86	15	9	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	2.49	2	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	2.31	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
artemisin [no description available]	4.68	6	1
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.31	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.11	1	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.08	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.11	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.13	1	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	22.17	573	199
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.63	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.41	1	0	diarylmethane
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.99	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.59	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.42	15	0	artemisinin derivative
quinine [no description available]	17.91	144	38	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
tribendimidine tribendimidine: structure given in first source	6.04	8	1
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.02	4	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.53	2	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
clopidogrel carboxylic acid clopidogrel carboxylic acid: InChIKey: DCASRSISIKYPDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N. clopidogrel carboxylic acid : A thienopyridine that is 6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-ylacetic acid substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug clopidogrel.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound; thienopyridine	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	7.39	8	5
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.06	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.93	2	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.37	6	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
luteolin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
scopoletin [no description available]	3.27	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.11	1	0
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.69	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.99	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	2.11	1	0	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
baicalein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	3.15	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.06	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.25	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.11	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
licochalcone b licochalcone B: isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata; inhibits phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathway; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	chalcones
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.41	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.1	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.23	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.58	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.15	1	0
bafilomycin a [no description available]	3.51	1	0
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.1	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.5	2	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	14.67	43	20	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.08	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.04	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.06	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
lumefantrine Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	16.27	68	30	fluorenes; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; tertiary amine	antimalarial
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	16.23	65	28
beta-escin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
arteannuin b [no description available]	2.31	1	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.13	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.41	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	3.44	1	1
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	10.91	14	6	dichlorobenzene
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.21	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	19.35	203	62
artelinic acid artelinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; benzyl ether of artemether	3.28	6	0
artemisitene artemisitene: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,12beta,12aR*))-isomer; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
arterolane arterolane: a trioxolane with antimalarial activity; structure in first source. arterolane : An oxaspiro compound that is dispiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-[1,2,4]trioxolane-5',2''-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane] substituted by a 2-[(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group at position 4s. Its maleic acid salt is used as an antimalarial drug in combination with piperaquine.	2.97	4	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.41	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.63	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.98	4	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.89	4	0
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	2.6	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.08	3	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.15	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	5.41	4	3
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.06	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	20.92	277	108
protectin d1 protectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress; structure in first source. protectin D1 : A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17S-stereoisomer). Protectin D1 is one of the specialised proresolving mediators. When produced in neural tissues, it is called neuroprotectin D1	2.31	1	0	dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; protectin; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; neuroprotective agent; PPARgamma agonist; specialised pro-resolving mediator
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	1.99	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.31	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.54	2	0
1,2,4-trioxane 1,2,4-trioxane: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.8	3	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	3.23	5	0
chlorotonil a chlorotonil A: from Sorangium cellulosum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	3.15	1	0
oz 439 artefenomel: an antimalarial ozonide; structure in first source	5.15	3	1
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.31	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.03	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.31	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.94	4	0
rka 182 RKA 182: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
lgk974 LGK974: a potent and specific small-molecule inhibitor of Porcupine (PORCN) acyltransferase. LGK974 : A carboxamide, the structure of which is that of acetamide substituted on carbon by a 2',3-dimethyl-2,4'-bipyridin-5-yl group and on nitrogen by a 5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl group. It is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Porcupine inhibitor (a Wnt signalling inhibitor).	2.41	1	0	bipyridines; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	Wnt signalling inhibitor
gyy 4137 GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
epoxyazadiradione epoxyazadiradione: limonoid from neem tree Azadirachta indica; RN given for (5alpha,7alpha,13alpha,14beta,15beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. epoxyazadiradione : A limonoid that is azadiradione with an epoxy group across positions 14 and 15. Isolated from Azadirachta indica it exhibits insecticidal activitry against mosquitoes.	2.25	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; epoxide; furans; limonoid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; insecticide; plant metabolite
spautin-1 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.59	1	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.56	8	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	1.97	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.32	7	6
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.11	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dolutegravir [no description available]	4.06	4	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.06	1	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.08	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.11	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	3.22	5	0
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid: isolated from pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
beta-aminoarteether maleate beta-aminoarteether maleate: an immunosuppressive agent; structure in first source. beta-aminoarteether maleate : The maleate salt of beta-aminoarteether. Synthetic artemisinin derivative with potent immunosuppressive activity.	3.27	1	0	maleate salt	allergen
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.15	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.06	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.13	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	7.57	11	3
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
hypoxanthine [no description available]	8.55	6	6	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.51	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.52	2	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.58	7	0	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.98	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.59	2	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.64	1	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.54	2	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.17	1	0
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	7.03	4	3
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.94	4	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.78	7	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	9.41	37	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	9.41	37	1
Pyrexia [description not available]	12.06	31	18
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	26.05	924	420
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	13.43	43	27
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	12.06	31	18
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	26.05	924	420
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	6.82	9	2
Breast Cancer [description not available]	8.76	20	4
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	8.76	20	4
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	18.82	163	63
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	23.02	469	102
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	23.02	469	102
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.55	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	20.37	170	62
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	20.37	170	62
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	10.1	83	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.4	18	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.4	18	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	12.53	65	12
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	4.46	4	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	13.03	46	12
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	13.03	46	12
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.04	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.76	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.04	3	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	10.15	16	4
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.71	6	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.71	6	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	10.15	16	4
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.41	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.31	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	4.66	5	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	4.66	5	1
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	4.12	3	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	16.66	80	21
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.31	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.72	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.36	6	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.86	3	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.41	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.49	13	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	5.95	22	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	5.49	13	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	5.95	22	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.98	3	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	4.93	12	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	4.93	12	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.33	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	3.08	4	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	3.42	6	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.42	6	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.85	3	0
Emesis [description not available]	8.15	9	5
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	8.15	9	5
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.09	11	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.09	11	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	8.19	21	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.63	6	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.25	4	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.22	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.25	4	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.22	3	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.72	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.53	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.11	3	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.11	3	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	3.91	2	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.21	3	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.65	8	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.65	8	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.87	10	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.87	10	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.07	4	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.07	4	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.41	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.54	8	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.04	4	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	4.54	8	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	4.04	4	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	6.94	9	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	13.25	48	6
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	6.94	9	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	13.25	48	6
Travel Sickness [description not available]	4.22	5	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	6.03	9	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	6.03	9	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.76	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	17.01	95	72
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	2.89	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.41	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.41	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	4.22	15	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	4.28	16	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	4.22	15	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	4.28	16	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	3.43	6	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.05	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	3.43	6	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.51	7	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	6.43	14	1
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	6.43	14	1
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	10.35	12	9
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	10.35	12	9
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.71	9	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.36	13	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.36	13	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	4.21	9	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.17	12	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.17	12	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.54	5	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.54	5	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	4.51	6	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.82	10	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	3.82	10	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.6	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	2.6	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	10.08	26	2
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	10.08	26	2
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.6	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.6	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.6	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.6	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.13	4	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.6	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.01	2	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.6	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.6	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	6.17	10	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.6	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	6.17	10	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.6	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.6	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.6	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.59	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.6	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.6	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.59	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	4.4	2	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	4.4	2	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.6	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.66	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.52	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	3.66	8	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.35	5	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.6	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.35	5	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	3.66	8	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.72	2	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.99	1	1
Co-infection [description not available]	4.45	7	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.6	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.9	2	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.9	2	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	6.5	5	2
HPV Infection [description not available]	4.15	2	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.6	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.6	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	4.15	2	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.71	3	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	7.56	10	2
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	8.17	13	5
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	4.15	2	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	7.56	10	2
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	8.17	13	5
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.21	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3	4	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3	4	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	4.75	3	2
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.21	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.58	2	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.21	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	11.36	31	17
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.53	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.5	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.85	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.21	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.21	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.25	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.94	3	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.6	5	1
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	3.64	1	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.6	5	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.25	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.25	1	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.87	3	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	4.99	2	1
Neonatal Death The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.	2.25	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.42	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	11.83	18	2
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	4.99	2	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.57	2	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	12.78	25	14
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	3.69	3	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.31	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.57	2	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.57	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	4.42	2	2
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	4.42	2	2
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	6.65	5	4
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.31	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2.25	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	4.6	5	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	4.6	5	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.79	3	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.49	2	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	3.23	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	3.64	1	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.01	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	7.4	21	6
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.31	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.8	3	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.55	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.6	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.42	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.57	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.31	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	3.23	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	5.3	4	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	5.3	4	1
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	3.23	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctionalis, Disentis Type [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.51	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.41	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.31	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	7.15	7	2
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	7.15	7	2
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	3.06	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.19	5	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.53	2	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.15	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.15	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.79	3	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.15	1	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.15	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.46	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.6	9	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.15	1	0
Black Water Fever [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	2.15	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.49	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.17	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.32	6	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.83	3	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.86	4	2
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.17	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.05	4	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.17	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.86	4	2
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.17	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.17	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	5.9	8	1
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.47	2	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.17	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.82	2	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.17	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.17	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.17	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.17	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.99	4	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	2.81	3	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.96	4	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.96	4	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.17	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.84	3	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.09	1	0
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.55	2	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.17	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.21	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.21	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.21	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.57	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.21	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	5.7	3	2
Spasmophilia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.08	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.08	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.47	2	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	3.47	1	1
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	4.97	4	2
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.08	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.5	2	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.08	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.51	2	0
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	2.1	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.5	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.48	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.49	2	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	8.29	14	3
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	2.76	3	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.08	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.46	2	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	2.1	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.46	2	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.77	3	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.81	3	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.1	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.1	1	0
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Scrub Typhus An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.	2.52	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.1	1	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.1	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.1	1	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	2.1	1	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	2.1	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	13.12	19	15
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	13.12	19	15
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.1	1	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	2.1	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.15	17	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.1	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.72	3	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.72	3	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.41	1	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.92	5	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.46	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.11	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.11	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.11	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.11	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.11	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.49	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.11	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.11	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.13	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	5.3	2	2
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	5.3	2	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.15	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.13	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.13	1	0
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	4.94	8	1
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	4.94	8	1
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.48	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.11	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.13	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.68	3	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.13	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	2.13	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	4.79	2	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.13	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.15	1	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	2.15	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.15	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.79	2	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.15	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.15	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.17	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	4.34	1	1
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.74	3	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.04	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.04	1	0
Purpura Fulminans A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.45	2	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	3.82	2	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.04	1	0
Clonorchiasis Infection of the biliary passages with CLONORCHIS SINENSIS, also called Opisthorchis sinensis. It may lead to inflammation of the biliary tract, proliferation of biliary epithelium, progressive portal fibrosis, and sometimes bile duct carcinoma. Extension to the liver may lead to fatty changes and cirrhosis. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.35	7	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	4.76	2	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.47	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.05	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.05	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.44	1	1
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.4	2	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	3.43	1	1
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.05	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.05	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.05	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.05	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.05	1	0
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	3.44	1	1
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.05	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.05	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.85	2	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.97	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.05	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.05	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.05	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.06	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.06	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	3.44	1	1
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.05	1	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	3.45	1	1
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.75	3	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.74	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.06	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.07	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.11	3	1
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.06	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.07	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.07	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.07	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.07	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.42	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.84	4	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Aura [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.08	1	0
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.81	2	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.4	2	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.01	1	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	3.8	2	1
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	3.8	2	1
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.02	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.41	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.41	1	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.03	1	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.03	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.03	1	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.02	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.03	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.03	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.03	1	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.42	1	1
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	3.42	1	1
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	3.42	1	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	4.39	2	2
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.42	1	1
Itching [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.43	1	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.04	1	0
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	4.34	1	1
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	1.98	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.99	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	1.99	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	3.39	1	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	3.36	1	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	1.96	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.96	1	0

artesunic acid

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