fibrinogen profile

Fibrinogen is a protein synthesized by the liver. It is a key component of the blood clotting cascade, and its primary function is to form fibrin clots. When activated by thrombin, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which polymerizes to form a mesh-like structure that traps blood cells and platelets, thereby sealing off a wound and preventing further blood loss. Fibrinogen levels are tightly regulated in the body. Elevated levels can increase the risk of blood clots, while low levels can lead to excessive bleeding. Fibrinogen is studied extensively for its role in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Research areas include investigating the mechanisms of fibrinogen activation, its interaction with other clotting factors, and its potential as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease and other conditions.'

Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	90540
CHEBI ID	17459
SCHEMBL ID	16549
MeSH ID	M0008430

Synonym
(2r,3s,4s,5r)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
d-idit
CHEBI:17459
iditol, d-
d-iditol
C01489
9001-32-5
25878-23-3
fibrinogen
I0724
HMS3264A12
24557-79-7
iditol, dl-
bp8kw73wmg ,
einecs 246-314-3
unii-bp8kw73wmg
pharmakon1600-01300043
nsc755896
nsc-755896
fibrinogens
SCHEMBL16549
mfcd09951922
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-ZXXMMSQZSA-N
W-202093
CCG-230932
AKOS027250777
SBI-0206685.P002
dl-iditol
Q5989072
82FOM4R7CD ,
unii-82fom4r7cd
nsc 227898
CS-0214576
DTXSID401336595
DTXSID701336594
HY-W145584

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fibrinogen is a key coagulation protein that is necessary for the formation of stable clots. "	( Fibrinogen Replacement in Haemostatic Resuscitation: Dose, Laboratory Targets and Product Choice. Curry, N, 2021)	3.51
"Fibrinogen concentration is a major determinant of both clotting and bleeding risk. "	( Paper-Based Lateral Flow Device for the Sustainable Measurement of Human Plasma Fibrinogen in Low-Resource Settings. Cinti, S; Killard, AJ; May, JE; Saidykhan, J; Selevic, L, 2021)	2.29
"Fibrinogen is an important biomarker of inflammation, but findings from longitudinal studies that correlated fibrinogen with lung function in older adults are inconsistent."	( Are elevated plasma fibrinogen associated with lung function? An 8-year follow-up of the ELSA study. Adam, CT; de Oliveira, C; Schmidt, TP; Schneider, IJC; Vieira, DSR; Wehrmeister, FC, 2021)	2.39
"Fibrinogen is a convenient and practical biomarker to identify active IBD."	( Predictive value of fibrinogen in identifying inflammatory bowel disease in active stage. Chen, XF; Guo, Y; Huang, XL; Huang, ZM; Zhao, Y, 2021)	2.39
"Fibrinogen is a moderately heritable blood protein showing different genetic effects by sex, race, smoking status, pollution exposure, and disease status. "	( Quantile-specific heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Williams, PT, 2022)	2.43
"Fibrinogen is a complex protein that plays a key role in the blood clotting process. "	( Mutations Accounting for Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders: An Update. Celeny, D; Neerman-Arbez, M; Richard, M, 2022)	2.44
"Fibrinogen is an abundant plasma protein with an essential role in blood coagulation and haemostasis thus receiving significant research interest. "	( Affinity purification of fibrinogen using an Affimer column. Ajjan, RA; Ault, JR; Cheah, R; Kearney, KJ; McPherson, MJ; Pechlivani, N; Phoenix, F; Ponnambalam, S; Tiede, C; Tomlinson, DC, 2022)	2.47
"Fibrinogen is a renowned factor of progressive atherosclerotic lesions and a predictor of cardiovascular events."	( Estimation of Serum Fibrinogen in Males with Type 2 Diabetes. Akter, QS; Haque, S; Karim, F; Khanom, A; Rashid, MS, 2022)	1.77
"Fibrinogen is a mediator in the development of coronary artery thrombi and future cardiac events and has been reported to be independently associated with a poor functional outcome."	( Fibrinogen as a Predictor of Early Neurological Deterioration and Poor Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Jyoti, D; Kumar, R; Mehta, V; Prabhakar, R; Sharma, CB, 2022)	2.89
"Fibrinogen is a large molecule synthesized in the liver and released in the blood. "	( Fibrin(ogen) Is Constitutively Expressed by Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Mediates Wound Healing. Beaulieu, JF; Cloutier, G; Khalfaoui, T; Perreault, N; Reyes Nicolas, V; Seltana, A; Teller, IC, 2022)	2.16
"Afibrinogenemia is a coagulation disorder that occurs with a frequency of 1-2 cases/1,000,000 population and is characterized by a lack of capacity to synthesize fibrinogen. "	( Transfusion of fibrinogen concentrate before dental extractions in patients with afibrinogenemia: a narrative review supported by a case report with a proposed treatment protocol. Brzezińska, J; Czajkowska, S; Gil, L; Rupa-Matysek, J; Surdacka, A, 2023)	2.17
"Fibrinogen is a key pro-coagulant factor that is essential for stable clot formation."	( The CRYOSTAT2 trial: The rationale and study protocol for a multi-Centre, randomised, controlled trial evaluating the effects of early high-dose cryoprecipitate in adult patients with major trauma haemorrhage requiring major haemorrhage protocol activatio Benger, J; Brohi, K; Curry, N; Davenport, R; Deary, A; Edwards, A; Evans, A; Foley, C; Green, L; Lucas, J; Morris, S; Stanworth, SJ; Thomas, H, 2023)	1.63
"Low fibrinogen is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with AKI. "	( Fibrinogen and antithrombin III are associated with in-hospital mortality among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Chen, M; Chen, S; Jiang, T; Si, S; Xia, Y; Yao, C; Zhang, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.72
"Fibrinogen is a soluble, multisubunit, and multidomain dimeric protein, which, upon its proteolytic cleavage by thrombin, is converted to insoluble fibrin, initiating polymerization that substantially contributes to clot growth. "	( Systematic mapping of the conformational landscape and dynamism of soluble fibrinogen. Hudson, NE; Iavarone, AT; Manandhar, P; Nguyen, Q; Offenbacher, AR; Pinelo, JEE; Popovic, G; Ray, K; Sen, M; Tasdelen, MF, 2023)	2.58
"Fibrinogen is a polypeptide that is converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin. "	( Etiology and management of hypofibrinogenemia in trauma. Blaine, KP; Nathwani, R; Proumen, A, 2023)	2.64
"Hypofibrinogenemia is an important cause of nonanatomic bleeding in trauma. "	( Etiology and management of hypofibrinogenemia in trauma. Blaine, KP; Nathwani, R; Proumen, A, 2023)	1.75
"Fibrinogen is an independent preoperative predictor of both the LOS and the postoperative renal impairment that occurs after CABG. "	( Fibrinogen is an independent preoperative predictor of hospital length of stay among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Chen, X; Huang, C; Pan, Z; Qiu, J; Xu, X; Zhang, W, 2023)	3.8
"Hypofibrinogenemia is an important risk factor for poor outcomes in children with severe bleeding. "	( Cryoprecipitate for the treatment of life-threatening hemorrhage in children. Horst, JA; Josephson, CD; Leeper, CM; Leonard, JC; Spinella, PC, 2023)	1.47
"The fibrinogen level is a widely available and easy-to-measure biochemical indicator, and it could be used as a suitable indicator for the prognosis and prophylaxis of prolonged LOS in patients with LEAD during hospitalization."	( Association between fibrinogen level and length of stay in patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease: a retrospective cohort study. Li, C; Pang, C; Sun, W; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Yu, L; Zang, S, 2023)	1.71
"Fibrinogen is an extraordinary molecule by any estimation. "	( Fibrinogen and fibrin: synthesis, structure, and function in health and disease. Wolberg, AS, 2023)	3.8
"The fibrinogen level is a useful tool in predicting severity including mortality of TBI."	( Fibrinogen; a predictor of injury severity and mortality among patients with traumatic brain injury in Sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional observational study. Galukande, M; Joel, K; John Baptist, S; Kaddumukasa, M; Kasereka Kamabu, L; Michael, D; Sajatovic, M; Timothy Kabanda, M, 2023)	2.83
"Fibrinogen is an important coagulation factor that plays a key role in thrombus formation. "	( Association of Plasma Fibrinogen Level with Insulin Resistance in Angiographically Confirmed Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Alama, MN; Jabir, NR; Shakil, S; Tabrez, S, 2019)	2.27
"Fibrinogen is a substrate for PAD2 and PAD4, and citrullinated fibrinogen (cFBG) has been detected in patients with inflammatory diseases."	( Citrullination of fibrinogen by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 impairs fibrin clot structure. Damgaard, D; Damiana, T; de Maat, MPM; Münster, AB; Nielsen, CH; Palarasah, Y; Sidelmann, JJ, 2020)	1.61
"Fibrinogen is a complex glycoprotein with regulatory roles in hemostasis, tumor development, wound healing, and atherogenesis."	( Fibrinogen Is a Specific Trigger for Cytolytic Eosinophil Degranulation. Abdala-Valencia, H; Berdnikovs, S; Bochner, BS; Coden, ME; Jeong, BM; Loffredo, LF; Nam, K; Walker, MT, 2020)	2.72
"Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of death/nonfatal reinfarction in patients with NSTE-ACS undergoing PCI, and its accuracy is similar to that of the GRACE system."	( Comparison of prognostic significance between serum fibrinogen and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score for prognosis of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. He, D; Li, Z; Song, J; Sun, Z; Yu, T, 2020)	2.25
"Fibrinogen (Fg) is a pro-inflammatory protein with pro-healing properties. "	( Osteoclasts degrade fibrinogen scaffolds and induce mesenchymal stem/stromal osteogenic differentiation. Almeida, AR; Barbosa, MA; Bessa-Gonçalves, M; Santos, SG; Vasconcelos, DM, 2020)	2.32
"γ' fibrinogen is an alternatively-spliced fibrinogen variant that displays different coagulation parameters in vitro than the major form of fibrinogen. "	( γ' fibrinogen levels are associated with blood clot strength in traumatic brain injury patients. Dewey, EN; Farrell, DH; Rick, EA; Rowell, SE; Schreiber, MA, 2020)	1.8
"Fibrinogen is an abundant protein synthesized in the liver, present in human blood plasma at concentrations ranging from 1.5-4 g/L in healthy individuals with a normal half-life of 3-5 days. "	( Fibrin(ogen) in human disease: both friend and foe. Casini, A; Fish, RJ; Neerman-Arbez, M; Vilar, R, 2020)	2
"Fibrinogen concentrate is a pathogen inactivated, pooled product that offers a highly purified single factor concentrate."	( Which is the preferred blood product for fibrinogen replacement in the bleeding patient with acquired hypofibrinogenemia-cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen concentrate? Callum, J; Cushing, MM; Haas, T; Karkouti, K, 2020)	1.55
"Fibrinogen is a hexameric plasmatic glycoprotein composed of pairs of three chains (Aα, Bβ, and γ), which play an essential role in hemostasis. "	( Genetic Variants in the Asselta, R; Brunclikova, M; Caccia, S; Hudecek, J; Kolkova, Z; Kubisz, P; Lasabova, Z; Loderer, D; Simurda, T; Skornova, I; Stasko, J; Zolkova, J, 2020)	2
"Fibrinogen is a central protein of hemostasis and a major determinant of plasma viscosity and key factor for platelet activation. "	( Elevated plasma fibrinogen indicates short-term poor outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke after intravenous thrombolysis. Li, D; Li, Y; Xing, C; Zhu, X, 2020)	2.35
"Fibrinogen is a valuable diagnostic predictor for patients with suspected COVID-19. "	( Analysis of prediction and early warning indexes of patients with COVID-19. Dong, Y; Guo, W; Li, Y; Ma, X; Shi, D; Song, L; Xu, M; Zhang, X, 2020)	2
"Fibrinogen is an acute-phase reactant and has a major role in homeostasis, tissue repair, and wound healing."	( The Relationship Between Blood Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α, Fetuin-A, Fibrinogen, Homocysteine, and Amputation Level. Akcay, YY; Cetinkalp, S; Sengoz Coskun, NS; Simsir, IY, 2022)	1.68
"Dysfibrinogenemia is a qualitative fibrinogen disorder in which functional fibrinogen level is reduced with normal antigenic level."	( Congenital dysfibrinogenemia as a rare cause of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Kenig, J; Lebowa, W; Zdziarska, J, 2020)	1.43
"Fibrinogen concentrate is a safe potential therapeutic option to restore fibrinogen levels in acute ischemic stroke patients with thrombolysis-associated hemorrhage."	( Fibrinogen Concentrate for the Treatment of Thrombolysis-Associated Hemorrhage in Adult Ischemic Stroke Patients. Barra, ME; Culbreth, SE; Feske, SK; Henderson, GV; Krause, P; Ong, C; Rybak, E; Sylvester, KW, )	2.3
"Fibrinogen is an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcomes in TBI patients. "	( Impact of fibrinogen level on the prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury: a single-center analysis of 2570 patients. Du, Z; Fu, P; Hu, J; Li, Z; Lv, K; Wu, G; Wu, X; Yu, J; Yuan, Q, 2020)	2.4
"Fibrinogen is a major blood glycoprotein and a coagulation factor which decreases postoperative bleeding."	( The role of exogenous Fibrinogen in cardiac surgery: stop bleeding or induce cardiovascular disease. Bahadori, H; Mohammadtaghizadeh, M; Rezaeeyan, H; Saki, N; Zadeh, FJ, 2020)	1.59
"Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa plasma glycoprotein constituted by two sets of symmetrical trimers, each formed by the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains (respectively coded by the "	( Hereditary Hypofibrinogenemia with Hepatic Storage. Asselta, R; Duga, S; Paraboschi, EM, 2020)	2.35
"Hypofibrinogenemia is a crucial factor for bleeding in this setting and may be rapidly detected using point-of-care viscoelastic tests (POC-VET)."	( Detection of hypofibrinogenemia during cardiac surgery: a comparison of resonance-based thrombelastography with the traditional Clauss method. Azizy, E; Krautter, L; Magunia, H; Rosenberger, P; Straub, A, 2020)	1.38
"Fibrinogen is a large glycoprotein, synthesized primarily in the liver. "	( Fibrinogen and Fibrin. de Lange-Loots, Z; Litvinov, RI; Pieters, M; Weisel, JW, 2021)	3.51
"Fibrinogen is a reliable biomarker that could characterise acute ischaemic stroke."	( The role of fibrinogen in acute ischaemic stroke. Deneva, T; Peycheva, M; Zahariev, Z, 2021)	2.44
"Fibrinogen is a key component of the coagulation cascade, and variation in its circulating levels may contribute to thrombotic diseases, such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) and ischemic stroke. "	( A Mendelian randomization of γ' and total fibrinogen levels in relation to venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke. Boerwinkle, E; de Maat, MPM; de Vries, PS; Debette, S; Dehghan, A; Dichgans, M; Fornage, M; Gill, D; Laffan, MA; Ligthart, S; Maners, J; McKnight, B; Morrison, AC; Pankratz, N; Smith, NL; Tang, W; Ward-Caviness, CK; Wolberg, AS, 2020)	2.27
"Fibrinogen/albumin ratio is an independent marker for predicting spontaneous abortion."	( Does the fibrinogen/albumin ratio predict the prognosis of pregnancies with abortus imminens? Adali, E; Atik, TK; Bulbul, CB; Camili, FE; Ozcaglayan, R; Usta, CS, 2021)	1.76
"Fibrinogen is an early diagnostic maker for complete VICC."	( Coagulopathy after snake envenomation in South Korea. Ahn, JS; Cho, YS; Chun, BJ; Kim, DK; Kim, JC; Koo, YJ; Lee, SD; Moon, JM; Park, KH; Ryu, SJ, 2021)	1.34
"Fibrinogen is a well-known risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. "	( Thrombin-Fibrin(ogen) Interactions, Host Defense and Risk of Thrombosis. Hemker, HC; Henskens, YMC; Hulshof, AM; Spronk, HMH; Ten Cate, H, 2021)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is a hexameric glycoprotein made of two pairs of three homologous polypeptide chains including Aα, Bβ, and γ that are encoded by three genes named FGA, FGB, and FGG."	( Identification of a novel mutation in congenital afibrinogenemia in Iranian patients. Amini, M; Masoodifard, M; Mojbafan, M; Nojehdeh, ST; Zeinali, S, 2021)	1.6
"Fibrinogen (FIB) is a sign of thrombosis and inflammation, which is associated with the prognosis of many diseases."	( Fibrinogen Level Predicts Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Heart Failure. He, Y; Meng, Z; Zhao, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Fibrinogen on POD 1 is a predictor of 2-year post-OLT survival of patients with HBV-related HCC with ascites."	( Association of Plasma Fibrinogen Levels on Postoperative Day 1 with 2-Year Survival of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for HBV-Related HCC. Guo, R; Liu, X; Tian, J, 2022)	2.48
"Fibrinogen (FIB) is an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular events in the general population. "	( Prognostic value of fibrinogen in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes following percutaneous coronary intervention: 5-year findings from a large cohort study. Gao, R; Gao, Z; Jia, S; Jiang, P; Liu, R; Liu, Y; Tang, X; Xu, B; Xu, J; Yang, Y; Yuan, D; Yuan, J; Zhang, C; Zhao, X; Zhu, P, 2021)	2.39
"Fibrinogen is a three-chain glycoprotein involved in thrombosis."	( Fibrinogen and a Triad of Thrombosis, Inflammation, and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Premature Coronary Artery Disease in Women: A New Insight into Sex-Related Differences in the Pathogenesis of the Disease. Demkow, M; Kruk, M; Kryczka, KE; Lubiszewska, B, 2021)	2.79
"Fibrinogen (FIB) is a secretory glycoprotein synthesized by hepatocytes that has a key role in blood clotting. "	( Semi-high-throughput isolation and N-glycan analysis of human fibrinogen using monolithic supports bearing monoclonal anti-human fibrinogen antibodies. Albers, M; Černigoj, U; Gašperšič, J; Lauc, G; Pučić-Baković, M; Štrancar, A; Trbojević-Akmačić, I; Vidič, J; Vidic, U, 2017)	2.14
"Fibrinogen was found to be a new valuable predictor of 5-year survival in patients with osteosarcoma for the first time."	( Three hematological indexes that may serve as prognostic indicators in patients with primary, high-grade, appendicular osteosarcoma. Hu, K; Li, B; Li, H; Lin, P; Ren, H; Sun, L; Tengwang, S; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Wen, Z; Xu, L; Ye, Z; Zhou, X, 2017)	1.18
"Afibrinogenemia is a rare congenital coagulopathy that leads to life-threatening bleeding. "	( [Hereditary afibrinogenemia: A literature review and clinical observations]. Demidova, EY; Dezhenkova, AV; Gonсharova, MV; Likhacheva, EA; Makhinya, SA; Selivanova, DS; Sergeeva, AM; Soboleva, NP; Surin, VL; Yakovleva, EV; Zozulya, NI, )	1.41
"Fibrinogen is a crucial role in coagulation cascade and inflammation."	( Association between Fibrinogen and Leukoaraiosis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation. Lin, J; Liu, JF; Liu, M; Wei, CC; Yang, TT; Zhang, SH; Zhang, ST, 2017)	1.5
"Dysfibrinogenemia is a rare coagulation disorder caused by mutations in the fibrinogen gene that results in abnormal fibrinogen function. "	( Management of dysfibrinogenemia in pregnancy: A case report. Cheng, P; Deng, D; Liao, L; Lin, F; Luo, M; Yan, J, 2018)	1.44
"Fibrinogen concentration is a primary determinant of FIBTEM maximum clot firmness (MCF), but several factors could affect the correlation between FIBTEM MCF and fibrinogen values."	( Correlation between plasma fibrinogen and FIBTEM thromboelastometry during liver transplantation: a comprehensive assessment. Beltran, J; Blasi, A; Costa, M; Reyes, R; Sabate, A; Torres, F, 2017)	1.47
"Fibrinogen is a key mediator of thrombosis and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. "	( Effect of Metformin on Plasma Fibrinogen Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Atkin, SL; Banach, M; Mikhailidis, DP; Pirro, M; Sahebkar, A; Simental-Mendia, LE, 2018)	2.21
"Fibrinogen is a protein that plays a key role in blood coagulation and thrombosis and it is involved in several inflammatory processes; in multiple sclerosis (MS) may be related with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. "	( Elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in multiple sclerosis patients during relapse. de Andrés Frutos, CD; Hidalgo de la Cruz, M; Martínez Ginés, ML; Miranda Acuña, J; Ros, AL; Tapia, SP, 2017)	2.24
"Fibrinogen is a unique protein that is converted into an insoluble fibrin in a single enzymatic event, which is a characteristic feature of fibrinogen due to its susceptibility to fibrinolytic degradation and dissolution. "	( Pathophysiological significance of protein hydrophobic interactions: An emerging hypothesis. Kieliszek, M; Lipinski, B, 2018)	1.92
"Fibrinogen concentrate is an ABO-universal blood product with an excellent safety profile."	( Fibrinogen Concentrate in the Special Operations Forces Environment. Beckett, A; Callum, J; Funk, C; Nascimento, B; Peng, H; Rhind, S; Rizoli, S; Sanders, S; Schmid, J; Tien, H, 2018)	2.64
"Fibrinogen concentrate is a useful adjunct to remote damage control resuscitation in the SOF environment. "	( Fibrinogen Concentrate in the Special Operations Forces Environment. Beckett, A; Callum, J; Funk, C; Nascimento, B; Peng, H; Rhind, S; Rizoli, S; Sanders, S; Schmid, J; Tien, H, 2018)	3.37
"Fibrinogen is a central player in the blood coagulation cascade and one of the most abundant plasma proteins. "	( Neonatal Fc receptor is involved in the protection of fibrinogen after its intake in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Accolla, RS; Alberio, T; Fasano, M; Forlani, G; Lualdi, M; Tosi, G, 2018)	2.17
"Fibrinogen denaturation is an important phenomenon in biology and medicine. "	( Thermal denaturation of fibrinogen visualized by single-molecule atomic force microscopy. Barinov, NA; Dubrovin, EV; Klinov, DV; Protopopova, AD, 2018)	2.23
"Fibrinogen is a soluble multi-domain glycoprotein whose major function is to form fibrin clots that prevent blood loss upon vascular injury."	( Post-translational modifications on glycated plasma fibrinogen: A physicochemical insight. Abidi, M; Faizy, AF; Perween, S, 2019)	1.49
"Fibrinogen is a very important agent for bleeding."	( Treatment of Obstetric Hemorrhage with Fibrinogen Concentrate. Ozkan, S; Sahin, AS, 2019)	1.5
"Fibrinogen is a clotting factor and a major determinant of platelet aggregation. "	( Fibrinogen Albumin Ratio and Ischemic Stroke During Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Acharya, P; Billett, HH; Chinnadurai, T; Forest, SJ; Goldstein, DJ; Jakobleff, WA; Jorde, UP; Kizer, JR; Mellas, N; Patel, SR; Saeed, O, 2020)	3.44
"Fibrinogen (FIB) is a risk factor for MACEs in coronary artery disease and often elevated in DM."	( Baseline plasma fibrinogen is associated with haemoglobin A1c and 2-year major adverse cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a single-centre, prospective cohort study. Bai, X; Li, R; Liu, J; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Xu, C; Yuan, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, J, 2019)	1.58
"Fibrinogen, which is a glycoprotein that circulates in the blood, plays various important biological roles, e.g., in blood coagulation, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. "	( Highly sensitive and wide-range nanoplasmonic detection of fibrinogen using erythrocyte membrane-blanketed nanoparticles. Jo, S; Kim, I; Kim, M; Lee, G; Lee, W; Park, J; Yoon, DS, 2019)	2.2
"Fibrinogen is an essential hemostatic factor and cardiovascular disease risk factor. "	( Mendelian randomization evaluation of causal effects of fibrinogen on incident coronary heart disease. Becker, DM; Becker, LC; Bielak, LF; Bielinski, SJ; Boerwinkle, E; Bowden, J; Brody, JA; Chasman, DI; Chen, YI; Davey Smith, G; de Maat, MPM; de Vries, PS; Dehghan, A; Delgado, G; Dörr, M; Franco, OH; Fu, YP; Giulianini, F; Groß, S; Guo, X; Hartwig, FP; Hemani, G; Huffman, JE; Johnson, AD; Jukema, JW; Kacprowski, T; Kardia, SLR; Kleber, ME; Koenig, W; März, W; Mathias, RA; McKnight, B; Meitinger, T; Morrison, AC; Müller-Nuraysid, M; O'Donnell, CJ; Pankratz, N; Peters, A; Petersman, A; Peyser, PA; Psaty, BM; Ridker, PM; Rotter, JI; Sattar, N; Smith, JA; Smith, NL; Song, C; Strauch, K; Tang, W; Taylor, KD; Tracy, R; Trompet, S; Uitterlinden, AG; Waldenberger, M; Ward-Caviness, CK; Wiggins, KL; Yanek, LR; Yao, J, 2019)	2.2
"Fibrinogen is an essential part of the blood coagulation cascade and a major component of the extracellular matrix in mammals. "	( Host-specialized fibrinogen-binding by a bacterial surface protein promotes biofilm formation and innate immune evasion. Dufrêne, YF; Fitzgerald, JR; Garcia, B; Geoghegan, JA; Höök, M; Pickering, AC; Prystopiuk, V; Schoenebeck, J; Vitry, P, 2019)	2.3
"Fibrinogen is a blood protein that is essential for clotting. "	( Rapid paper diagnostic for plasma fibrinogen concentration. Bialkower, M; Garnier, G; Manderson, CA; McLiesh, H; Tabor, RF, 2019)	2.24
"Fibrinogen is a key player in the blood coagulation system, and is upon activation with thrombin converted into fibrin that subsequently forms a fibrin clot. "	( Antimicrobial activity of fibrinogen and fibrinogen-derived peptides--a novel link between coagulation and innate immunity. Herwald, H; Kasetty, G; Mörgelin, M; Olin, AI; Påhlman, LI; Schmidtchen, A, 2013)	2.13
"Fibrinogen is a key component of the blood coagulation system and plays important, diverse roles in several relevant pathologies such as thrombosis, hemorrhage, and cancer. "	( Hydrodynamic characterization of recombinant human fibrinogen species. Cardinali, B; England, P; Grimbergen, J; Lord, ST; Profumo, A; Raynal, B; Rocco, M, 2013)	2.08
"Fibrinogen is an abundant plasma protein that, when converted to fibrin by thrombin, provides the main building blocks for the clot. "	( Fibrin(ogen) and thrombotic disease. Ariëns, RA, 2013)	1.83
"Fibrinogen is a circulating multifunctional plasma protein vital for hemostasis. "	( Functional impact of oxidative posttranslational modifications on fibrinogen and fibrin clots. Ischiropoulos, H; Martinez, M; Weisel, JW, 2013)	2.07
"Fibrinogen is a coagulation/inflammatory biomarker strongly associated with atherogenesis. "	( Combined effects of fibrinogen genetic variability on atherosclerosis in patients with or without stable angina pectoris: focus on the coagulation cascade and endothelial function. Androulakis, E; Antoniades, C; Antonopoulos, A; Bouras, G; Briasoulis, A; Charakida, M; Giolis, A; Hatzis, G; Kozanitou, M; Miliou, A; Pallantza, Z; Papageorgiou, N; Stefanadis, C; Tousoulis, D, 2013)	2.16
"Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein that is an established cardiovascular risk and it participates in the blood-clotting mechanism. "	( Effects of Mn (II) on peroxynitrite nitrifying fibrinogen. Ding, Y; Fu, J; Luo, Y, 2014)	2.1
"Fibrinogen is a novel independent prognostic biomarker in MPM. "	( Circulating fibrinogen is a prognostic and predictive biomarker in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Alimohammadi, A; Arns, M; Berger, W; Brcic, L; Dome, B; Filipits, M; Ghanim, B; Grusch, M; Hegedus, B; Hoda, MA; Jakopovic, M; Klepetko, W; Klikovits, T; Laszlo, V; Samarzija, M; Schenk, P; Winter, MP, 2014)	2.22
"Fibrinogen is a major coagulation protein associated with inflammation, and long-term elevated plasma fibrinogen is associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular diseases."	( Severity of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen in otherwise healthy patients. Amin, RS; Calvin, AD; Davison, D; Shamsuzzaman, A; Somers, VK, 2014)	1.36
"Afibrinogenaemia is an autosomal recessive disease with an estimated prevalence of approximately one in a million. "	( Bone cysts in patients with afibrinogenaemia: a literature review and two new cases. Brons, PP; de Rooy, JW; Schreuder, HW; van Meegeren, ME, 2014)	1.6
"Fibrinogen is a coagulation/inflammatory biomarker strongly associated with atherogenesis. "	( Higher fibrinogen level is independently linked with the presence and severity of new-onset coronary atherosclerosis among Han Chinese population. Dong, Q; Guo, YL; Li, JJ; Li, S; Xu, RX; Zhang, Y; Zhu, CG, 2014)	2.3
"Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein mainly synthesised by hepatocytes and circulating as a 340-kDa hexamer consisting of two sets of three different polypeptide chains (Aα, Bβ, and γ, encoded by the FGA, FGB, and FGG gene, respectively). "	( Clinical and molecular characterisation of 21 patients affected by quantitative fibrinogen deficiency. Afrasiabi, A; Asselta, R; Borhany, M; Duga, S; Guella, I; Menegatti, M; Peyvandi, F; Platè, M; Robusto, M; Shamsi, T; Soldà, G, 2015)	2.09
"Fibrinogen acts as a key coagulation factor and has previously been suggested as a biomarker for increased perioperative bleeding in other surgical areas."	( Preoperative hypofibrinogenemia is associated with increased intraoperative bleeding in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. Hedin, U; Johansson, F; Montán, C; Wahlgren, CM, 2015)	1.48
"Fibrinogen (FB) is a soluble blood plasma protein and is a key molecule involved in coagulation. "	( In vitro oxidation of fibrinogen promotes functional alterations and formation of advanced oxidation protein products, an inflammation mediator. Bochi, GV; da Silva, JE; de Almeida Vaucher, R; de Carvalho, JA; Moresco, RN; Torbitz, VD, 2015)	2.17
"Fibrinogen is a critical protein for hemostasis and clot formation. "	( How I use fibrinogen replacement therapy in acquired bleeding. Goodnough, LT; Levy, JH, 2015)	2.26
"Fibrinogen is a precursor of fibrin, which is the main component of the blood clot. "	( [The role of post-translational modification of fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of thrombosis]. Nowak, P; Tadeusiewicz, J, 2015)	2.12
"Fibrinogen is a hexameric glycoprotein consisting of two sets of three polypeptides (the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains, encoded by the three genes FGA, FGB, and FGG). "	( Molecular characterization of 7 patients affected by dys- or hypo-dysfibrinogenemia: Identification of a novel mutation in the fibrinogen Bbeta chain causing a gain of glycosylation. Asselta, R; Duga, S; Peyvandi, F; Platé, M; Robusto, M; Santoro, C, 2015)	2.09
"Fibrinogen is a complex glycoprotein that is known to play a significant role in the process of thrombus formation and evolution, and has been linked to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. "	( Fibrinogen and catheter-directed thrombolysis. Beck, AW; Ross, RL, 2014)	3.29
"Fibrinogen is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor."	( Elevated serum fibrinogen levels and risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. Celik, IE; Duran, M; Elcik, D; Kilic, A; Koseoglu, C; Kurtul, A; Murat, SN; Oksuz, F; Yarlioglues, M, 2016)	1.51
"Fibrinogen is a serum multi-chain protein which, when activated, aggregates to form fibrin, one of the main components of a blood clot. "	( The Internal Dynamics of Fibrinogen and Its Implications for Coagulation and Adsorption. Köhler, S; Schmid, F; Settanni, G, 2015)	2.16
"Fibrinogen is a large and complex glycoprotein containing two sets of each of three different chains (α, β and γ). "	( High-level expression and preparation of recombinant human fibrinogen as biopharmaceuticals. Hirashima, M; Imamura, T; Kawamura, R; Meta, A; Nakashima, T; Tokieda, Y; Yano, K, 2016)	2.12
"Hypofibrinogenemia is an important clinical consequence following envenomation by Crotalus species, usually attenuated or prevented by administration of antivenom. "	( Iron and carbon monoxide attenuate degradation of plasmatic coagulation by Crotalus atrox venom. Boyer, LV; Nielsen, VG, 2016)	0.99
"Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein and one of the principle participants in blood coagulation. "	( Interaction between Fibrinogen and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 in Human Plasma under Physiological Conditions. Gligorijević, N; Nedić, O, 2016)	2.2
"Fibrinogen is an important hemostatic factor that regulates the hemostatic pathway."	( Serum fibrinogen levels are positively correlated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy: a large cohort retrospective study. Hu, F; Li, C; Xue, Y; Yao, Q; Yu, X; Zhang, H, 2016)	1.64
"Fibrinogen is an essential endogenous component of haemostasis and the plasma level is associated with bleeding, transfusion and outcome."	( Pilot Randomized trial of Fibrinogen in Trauma Haemorrhage (PRooF-iTH): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Henriksen, HH; Johansson, PI; Lange, T; Larsen, CF; Steinmetz, J; Stensballe, J; Sørensen, AM, 2016)	1.46
"Hypofibrinogenemia is an important clinical consequence following envenomation by Lachesis muta muta, usually attenuated or prevented by administration of antivenom. "	( Effects of iron and carbon monoxide on Lachesis muta muta venom-mediated degradation of plasmatic coagulation. Matika, RW; Nielsen, VG, 2017)	1.01
"Fibrinogen (FIB) is an important source of fibrin, which plays a crucial role in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) extravasation and distant metastasis development. "	( D-dimer is an essential accompaniment of circulating tumor cells in gastric cancer. Cheng, Y; Dang, C; Diao, D; Song, Y; Zhang, H; Zhou, Z, 2017)	1.9
"Fibrinogen is an important factor for blood coagulation and inducing inflammation."	( Citrullinated fibrinogen inhibits thrombin-catalysed fibrin polymerization. Furukawa, H; Nakayama-Hamada, M; Suzuki, A; Yamada, R; Yamamoto, K, 2008)	1.43
"Fibrinogen is a key protein in the coagulation cascade and thus a potential biomarker for bleeding."	( Plasma fibrinogen level, bleeding, and transfusion after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a prospective observational study. Baghaei, F; Hyllner, M; Jeppsson, A; Karlsson, M; Nilsson, S; Ternström, L, 2008)	1.52
"Fibrinogen is an essential protein involved in several steps of hemostasis, being associated with the final steps of the blood coagulation mechanism. "	( Bothrops jararaca fibrinogen and its resistance to hydrolysis evoked by snake venoms. Morais, KB; Sano-Martins, IS; Santoro, ML; Tanaka, AS; Tanaka-Azevedo, AM; Vieira, CO, 2008)	2.12
"Fibrinogen is a recognized marker in peripheral vascular disease; increasing levels predict an increased mortality and risk of amputation."	( High levels of plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and fibrinogen have prognostic potential to predict poor outcomes in patients with diabetic foot wounds: a preliminary communication. Nayak, D; Rattan, R, 2008)	1.31
"Fibrinogen is a hepatic acute-phase protein and serves as a central molecule that maintains host homeostasis and haemostasis during an acute-phase response."	( ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus interacts with the Bbeta chain of fibrinogen resulting in decreased fibrinogen secretion from HuH-7 cells. Kar-Roy, A; Lal, SK; Ratra, R, 2009)	1.31
"Fibrinogen plasma levels are an independent prognostic parameter in patients with cervical cancer."	( Fibrinogen plasma levels are an independent prognostic parameter in patients with cervical cancer. Grimm, C; Hefler, L; Hefler-Frischmuth, K; Heinze, G; Polterauer, S; Reinthaller, A; Seebacher, V; Tempfer, C, 2009)	3.24
"Fibrinogen is an acute-phase protein and some studies showed an association with arterial stiffness."	( Genetic variation in the fibrinogen-alpha and fibrinogen-gamma genes in relation to arterial stiffness: the Rotterdam Study. de Maat, MP; Hoeks, AP; Hofman, A; Isaacs, A; Kardys, I; Mattace-Raso, FU; Reneman, RS; Sie, MP; Uitterlinden, AG; van Duijn, CM; Witteman, JC, 2009)	1.38
"Fibrinogen is a pleiotropic blood protein that regulates coagulation, inflammation and tissue repair. "	( Fibrinogen signal transduction in the nervous system. Akassoglou, K; Davalos, D; Ryu, JK, 2009)	3.24
"Fibrinogen amyloidosis is a systemic amyloid disease with visceral, vascular, cardiac, and neurologic involvement."	( Hereditary fibrinogen A alpha-chain amyloidosis: phenotypic characterization of a systemic disease and the role of liver transplantation. Banner, NR; Benson, MD; Buxton-Thomas, M; Heaton, ND; Hendry, BM; Liepnieks, JJ; Maccarthy, P; Mathias, CJ; Monaghan, M; O'Grady, J; Portmann, B; Rela, M; Stangou, AJ; Wendon, J, 2010)	1.47
"Fibrinogen (Fg) is a high molecular weight plasma adhesion protein and a biomarker of inflammation. "	( Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease. Dean, WL; Lominadze, D; Roberts, AM; Tyagi, SC, 2010)	2.16
"Fibrinogen is a positive acute-phase protein and its hepatic synthesis is enhanced following inflammation and injury. "	( Feeding acutely stimulates fibrinogen synthesis in healthy young and elderly adults. Ahn, H; Caso, G; Gelato, MC; Kelly, P; McNurlan, MA; Mileva, I, 2009)	2.09
"Afibrinogenemia is a rare bleeding disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:1,000,000. "	( Treatment of congenital fibrinogen deficiency: overview and recent findings. Garipidou, V; Perifanis, V; Tziomalos, K; Vakalopoulou, S, 2009)	1.57
"Fibrinogen is a multifunctional circulating glycoprotein involved in wound healing, thrombosis, platelet aggregation, and inflammation, and elevated levels predict vascular disease. "	( Novel loci, including those related to Crohn disease, psoriasis, and inflammation, identified in a genome-wide association study of fibrinogen in 17 686 women: the Women's Genome Health Study. Chasman, DI; Danik, JS; Kwiatkowski, DJ; Miletich, JP; Paré, G; Parker, A; Ridker, PM; Zee, RY, 2009)	2
"Fibrinogen is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor and is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke. "	( Development of a point of care lateral flow device for measuring human plasma fibrinogen. Dudek, MM; Killard, AJ; Lindahl, TL, 2010)	2.03
"Fibrinogen is a natural protein involved in the coagulation cascade. "	( Development of novel fibrinogen nanoparticles by two-step co-acervation method. Chennazhi, KP; Deepa, N; Jayakumar, R; Muthunarayanan, M; Nair, SV; Rejinold, NS, 2010)	2.12
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a predictor of cardiovascular events in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. "	( Ipact of bezafibrate treatment in patients with hyperfibrinogenemia and ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial. Almeida-Gutiérrez, E; Borrayo-Sánchez, G; Jáuregui-Aguilar, R; Madrid-Miller, A; Martínez-Gómez, DF; Moreno-Ruiz, LA, )	0.89
"Fibrinogen assays are an important screening tool for blood coagulation disorders. "	( Comparison of the fibrinogen Clauss assay and the fibrinogen PT derived method in patients with dysfibrinogenemia. Alesci, S; Lindhoff-Last, E; Miesbach, W; Schenk, J, 2010)	2.14
"Fibrinogen is a key protein in the coagulation cascade, and thus a potential biomarker for bleeding risk."	( Preoperative fibrinogen plasma concentration is associated with perioperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery. Baghaei, F; Brisby, H; Carling, MS; Henriksson, A; Jeppsson, A; Wessberg, P, 2011)	1.46
"Fibrinogen γ' (γ') is a natural isoform of fibrinogen, and alters the rate of formation and the properties of clots. "	( γ'/total fibrinogen ratio is associated with short-term outcome in ischaemic stroke. Cheung, EY; de Lau, LM; de Maat, MP; den Hertog, HM; Dippel, DW; Koudstaal, PJ; Leebeek, FW; van den Herik, EG, 2011)	2.23
"Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein that forms a three-dimensional fibrin gel upon being activated by thrombin. "	( A novel fibrin gel derived from hyaluronic acid-grafted fibrinogen. Chen, HW; Wang, TC; Wang, YJ; Yang, CL, 2011)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is a provisional matrix protein of the coagulation system that following proteolytic cleavage by the protease thrombin polymerizes to form fibrin, the structural basis of the blood clot. "	( Targeting the coagulation factor fibrinogen for arthritis therapy. Flick, MJ; Raghu, H, 2011)	2.09
"BMZ fibrinogen is a normal component of the conjunctiva and its morphological features rather than its mere presence should be assessed as a diagnostic tool."	( Immunohistochemical differences between normal and chronically inflamed conjunctiva: diagnostic features. Foster, CS; Gonzalez-Gonzalez, LA; Mehta, M; Siddique, SS, 2011)	0.93
"Fibrinogen is a multifunctional plasma protein that plays a crucial role in several biological processes. "	( Integrin-associated protein (CD47) is a putative mediator for soluble fibrinogen interaction with human red blood cells membrane. Calado, A; De Oliveira, S; Rosário, HS; Saldanha, C; Vitorino de Almeida, V, 2012)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is a major constituent of the edema fluid that accumulates in tissues when MCs degranulate."	( Mast cell restricted mouse and human tryptase·heparin complexes hinder thrombin-induced coagulation of plasma and the generation of fibrin by proteolytically destroying fibrinogen. Adachi, R; Anderson, P; Castells, M; Chung, K; Hansbro, PM; Lane, WS; Prieto-García, A; Stevens, RL; Xing, W; Zheng, D, 2012)	1.29
"Fibrinogen is a target of autoimmune reactions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). "	( Fibrinogen and factor XIII A-subunit genotypes interactively influence C-reactive protein levels during inflammation. Burmester, GR; Dörner, T; Häupl, T; Hoppe, B; Salama, A; Schulze-Koops, H; Skapenko, A; Tauber, R; Ziemer, S, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen is a marker of systemic inflammation and may be important in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Fibrinogen, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and outcomes in two United States cohorts. Mannino, DM; Müllerova, H; Tal-Singer, R; Valvi, D, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen (FBG) is a high-molecular-weight protein and precursor to the enzymatically formed fibrin. "	( Novel pathway of iron‑induced blood coagulation: implications for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Lipinski, B; Pretorius, E, 2012)	1.82
"Fibrinogen is a marker of systemic inflammation and may represent an important biomarker for the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Fibrinogen, COPD and mortality in a nationally representative U.S. cohort. Mannino, DM; Mullerova, H; Tal-Singer, R; Valvi, D, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen/LDL apheresis is a promising rescue therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss even after unsuccessful other therapies."	( Fibrinogen/LDL apheresis is a promising rescue therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Canis, M; Heigl, F; Suckfuell, M, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein that participates in the hemostasis system. "	( Investigation of the mechanism(s) involved in decreasing increased fibrinogen activity in hyperglycemic conditions using L-lysine supplementation. Bathaie, SZ; Kebriaeezadeh, A; Khaghani, S; Mirmiranpour, H; Nakhjavani, M, 2012)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is an acute phase plasma protein that has emerged as a promising biomarker in COPD."	( Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dickens, J; Duvoix, A; Haq, I; Lomas, DA; Mannino, D; Miller, B; Tal-Singer, R, 2013)	1.59
"Fibrinogen is likely to be a useful biomarker to stratify individuals with COPD into those with a high or low risk of future exacerbations and may identify those with a higher risk of mortality."	( Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dickens, J; Duvoix, A; Haq, I; Lomas, DA; Mannino, D; Miller, B; Tal-Singer, R, 2013)	2.31
"Fibrinogen is a key protein involved in coagulation and its deposition on blood vessel walls plays an important role in the pathology of atherosclerosis. "	( Reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) cause aggregation and dysfunction of fibrinogen. He, RQ; Liu, Y; Qiang, M; Xu, YJ; Zhang, JL, 2012)	2.05
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a common problem associated with various carcinomas, and is accompanied by hypercoagulablity. "	( Tumor response and survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the predictive value of chemotherapy-induced changes in fibrinogen. Hu, X; Jin, B; Li, H; Liu, Y; Luo, Y; Qu, X; Teng, Y; Yu, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, J; Zhao, M; Zheng, S; Zhou, Q, 2012)	1.1
"γ' Fibrinogen is an isoform of fibrinogen that normally constitutes about 7% of total plasma fibrinogen, and arises from an alternative processing event in the γ chain mRNA. "	( γ' Fibrinogen as a novel marker of thrombotic disease. Farrell, DH, 2012)	1.62
"Fibrinogen (Fb) is a well-documented risk factor of cardiovascular disease."	( Is there an effect of folic acid supplementation on the coagulation factors and C-reactive protein concentrations in subjects with atherosclerosis risk factors? Chełstowski, K; Honczarenko, K; Jastrzębska, M; Kozłowska-Wojciechowska, M; Kłoda, K; Mierzecki, A; Naruszewicz, M, 2012)	1.1
"Fibrinogen is a ligand for leukocyte integrin alpha(M)beta2 (CD11b/CD18, Mac-1) and mediates adhesion and migration of leukocytes during the immune-inflammatory responses. "	( Regulated unmasking of the cryptic binding site for integrin alpha M beta 2 in the gamma C-domain of fibrinogen. Kudryk, B; Lishko, VK; Ugarova, TP; Yakubenko, VP; Yee, VC, 2002)	1.97
"Fibrinogen is an important risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (1) and an elevated fibrinogen level has been reported in younger patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection (2, 3). "	( Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on fibrinogen level in elderly patients with ischaemic heart disease. Mishra, RM; Yusuf, SW, 2002)	2.02
"Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa plasma protein that is composed of two identical molecular halves, each consisting of three non-identical subunit polypeptides designated as A alpha, B beta- and gamma-chains held together by multiple disulfide bonds. "	( Structure and function of human fibrinogen inferred from dysfibrinogens. Matsuda, M; Sugo, T, 2002)	2.04
"Fibrinogen is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. "	( Impact of albumin synthesis rate and the acute phase response in the dual regulation of fibrinogen levels in hemodialysis patients. Dubin, JA; Kaysen, GA; Levin, NW; Mitch, WE; Müller, HG; Rosales, L, 2003)	1.98
"Fibrinogen is reported to be an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and is correlated with the interleukin 6 level in the plasma."	( POEMS syndrome associated with ischemic stroke. Chu, K; Jeong, SW; Kang, K; Kim, DE; Lee, JW; Roh, JK, 2003)	1.04
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a marker of vascular damage and could be an important factor contributing to the evolution of the complications."	( Elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with essential hypertension are related to vascular complications. Arcaro, G; Faccini, G; Fasson, R; Gaino, S; Lechi, A; Lechi, C; Minuz, P; Tommasoli, RM; Zuliani, V, 2003)	1.18
"Fibrinogen is an acute-phase reactant and an independent cardiovascular risk factor. "	( Insulin acutely increases fibrinogen production in individuals with type 2 diabetes but not in individuals without diabetes. Barazzoni, R; Cristini, M; Kiwanuka, E; Tessari, P; Vettore, M; Zanetti, M, 2003)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is an established predictor of cardiovascular events in the general population but the relationship between fibrinogen, mortality and incident cardiovascular complications has been very little investigated in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)."	( Fibrinogen, mortality and incident cardiovascular complications in end-stage renal failure. Bonanno, G; Buemi, M; Cutrupi, S; Fatuzzo, P; Malatino, LS; Mallamaci, F; Nicocia, G; Parlongo, S; Rapisarda, F; Seminara, G; Stancanelli, B; Tripepi, G; Zoccali, C, 2003)	3.2
"Fibrinogen is a protein synthesised by the liver. "	( [From fibrinogen to fibrin and its dissolution]. Hans, M; Juhan-Vague, I, 2003)	2.24
"Fibrinogen is a major determinant of plasma viscosity. "	( The viscosity of fibrinogen subfractions and of EDTA denatured fibrinogen do not differ from that of native fibrinogen. Godal, HC; Halvorsen, S; Jensen, T; Sandset, PM; Skjønsberg, OH, 2004)	2.11
"Fibrinogen Lima is an abnormal fibrinogen with an Aalpha Arg141-->Ser substitution resulting in an extra N-glycosylation at Aalpha Asn139, which seems to be responsible for the impairment of fibrin polymerization. "	( The effects of additional carbohydrate in the coiled-coil region of fibrinogen on polymerization and clot structure and properties: characterization of the homozygous and heterozygous forms of fibrinogen Lima (Aalpha Arg141-->Ser with extra glycosylation) Arocha-Piñango, CL; Marchi, R; Matsuda, M; Nagy, H; Weisel, JW, 2004)	2
"Fibrinogen Caracas I is a dysfibrinogenemia with a mild bleeding tendency; a novel nonsense mutation, in the gene coding the Aalpha-chain, identified in this study as G4731T, giving rise to a new stop codon at Aalpha-Glu 467. "	( Biophysical characterization of fibrinogen Caracas I with an Aalpha-chain truncation at Aalpha-466 Ser: identification of the mutation and biophysical characterization of properties of clots from plasma and purified fibrinogen. Arocha-Piñango, CL; de Bosch, N; Marchi, R; Meyer, M; Soria, J; Weisel, JW, 2004)	2.05
"Fibrinogen is an acute-phase inflammatory reactant as well as a clotting factor."	( Plasma fibrinogen and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Fujii, C; Naito, M; Sakakibara, H, 2004)	1.5
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for coronary events in population-based studies and in patients with coronary heart disease, but there is uncertainty about prediction of stroke, particularly in secondary prevention."	( Fibrinogen concentration and risk of ischemic stroke and acute coronary events in 5113 patients with transient ischemic attack and minor ischemic stroke. Algra, A; Clark, TG; Gutnikov, SA; Howard, SC; Murphy, MF; Power, DA; Rothwell, PM; van Gijn, J; Warlow, CP, 2004)	3.21
"Fibrinogen-420 is a minor subclass of human fibrinogen that is so named because of its higher molecular weight compared to fibrinogen-340, the predominant form of circulating fibrinogen. "	( The ultrastructure of fibrinogen-420 and the fibrin-420 clot. DiOrio, JP; Grieninger, G; Hainfeld, JF; Hernandez, I; Mosesson, MW; Wall, JS, 2004)	2.08
"Fibrinogen is a classical positive acute-phase reactant protein and is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease events."	( Plasma fibrinogen. Lowe, GD; Mackie, IJ; Rumley, A, 2004)	1.5
"Fibrinogen levels are a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the extent of the genetic component is unknown."	( A genome search for genetic determinants that influence plasma fibrinogen levels. Almasy, L; Blangero, J; Buil, A; Fontcuberta, J; Lathrop, M; Soria, JM; Souto, JC, 2005)	2.01
"Fibrinogen is a large, complex, fibrous glycoprotein with three pairs of polypeptide chains linked together by 29 disulfide bonds. "	( Fibrinogen and fibrin. Weisel, JW, 2005)	3.21
"Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein. "	( In situ conformational analysis of fibrinogen adsorbed on Si surfaces. Maitz, MF; Pham, MT; Salzer, R; Steiner, G; Tunc, S; Vázquez, L, 2005)	2.05
"Fibrinogen is a key factor in the coagulation cascade, it exhibits proinflammatory properties, and it is suggested to play a pivotal role in atherogenesis. "	( Prognostic impact of fibrinogen in carotid atherosclerosis: nonspecific indicator of inflammation or independent predictor of disease progression? Amighi, J; Exner, M; Maurer, G; Minar, E; Mlekusch, W; Quehenberger, P; Rumpold, H; Sabeti, S; Schillinger, M; Wagner, O, 2005)	2.09
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein synthesized by the liver. "	( The gene encoding fibrinogen-beta is a target for retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha. Bernard, MA; Bois-Joyeux, B; Chauvet, C; Danan, JL; Fontaine, C; Gervois, P; Staels, B, 2005)	2.1
"Fibrinogen (Fg) is a precursor of fibrin, which is one of the main components of blood clots generated during the hemostatic response. "	( Maternal fibrinogen is necessary for embryonic development. Castellino, FJ; Iwaki, T, 2005)	2.19
"Fibrinogen is an acute phase protein and may reflect disease activity in ulcerative colitis."	( Plasma fibrinogen in ulcerative colitis: the effect of disease activity and nicotine therapy in a randomised controlled trial. Collins, PW; Ingram, JR; Newcombe, RG; Rhodes, J; Thomas, GA; Williams, GT, 2005)	1.5
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein involved in many aspects of wound healing, such as inflammation, fibrosis and thrombosis."	( Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC/osteonectin/BM-40) binds to fibrinogen fragments D and E, but not to native fibrinogen. Barker, TH; Chen, S; Jiang, S; Ratner, BD; Sage, EH; Wang, H; Workman, G, 2006)	1.28
"Fibrinogen is a blood plasma protein that plays a crucial role in hemostasis. "	( Fibrinogen-beta-estradiol binding studied by fluorescence spectroscopy: denaturation and pH effects. Gonçalves, S; Martins-Silva, J; Saldanha, C; Santos, NC, 2006)	3.22
"Fibrinogen is a potential tumor marker in pancreatic cancer."	( Fibrinogen gamma overexpression in pancreatic cancer identified by large-scale proteomic analysis of serum samples. Bloomston, M; Frankel, W; Muro-Cacho, CA; Rosemurgy, AS; Yeatman, TJ; Zhou, JX, 2006)	2.5
"Fibrinogen is a major determinant in the formation of aggregated red blood cells."	( Gender differences in the expression of erythrocyte aggregation in relation to B beta-fibrinogen gene polymorphisms in apparently healthy individuals. Ben Assayag, E; Berliner, S; Bornstein, NM; Bova, I; Peretz, H; Shapira, I; Usher, S, 2006)	1.28
"Fibrinogen is an intravascular protein that does not pass through intact vessels."	( Effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound on the mouse submandibular gland. Ichimiya, I; Shuto, J; Suzuki, M, 2006)	1.06
"Hypofibrinogenemia is a rare inherited disorder characterized by low levels of circulating fibrinogen, caused by mutations within 1 of the 3 fibrinogen genes. "	( Fibrinogen gamma375 arg-->trp mutation (fibrinogen aguadilla) causes hereditary hypofibrinogenemia, hepatic endoplasmic reticulum storage disease and cirrhosis. Malé, PJ; Neerman-Arbez, M; Rougemont, AL; Rubbia-Brandt, L; Spahr, L, 2006)	2.33
"Fibrinogen seems to be a relatively stronger risk factor for women than for men, but men are more endangered by higher hematocrit (Hct) and WBV than women are."	( Gender differences in hemorheological parameters of coronary artery disease patients. Bogar, L; Feher, G; Juricskay, I; Kenyeres, P; Kesmarky, G; Toth, K, 2006)	1.06
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a known cardiovascular risk factor, but its role as a risk factor for ischemic stroke remains controversial. "	( [Comparison of plasma concentrations of fibrinogen in patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel disease and small vessel disease]. Adamski, M; Pułyk, R; Szczudlik, A; Słowik, A; Turaj, W, )	0.91
"Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein (350 kDa) that induces proliferative signals by serving as a scaffold to support the binding of growth factors and to promote the cellular responses of adhesion, proliferation, and migration during wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. "	( The COOH-terminal globular domain of fibrinogen gamma chain suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth. Akakura, N; Cheung, AT; Hoogland, C; Liu, FT; Saegusa, J; Takada, Y; Takada, YK; Ye, X, 2006)	2.05
"Dysfibrinogenemia is a disorder of fibrinogen structure and is associated with a functional abnormality. "	( Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin's disease in a patient with dysfibrinogenemia and thrombosis. Ganti, AK; Haire, WD; Vose, JM, 2007)	1.19
"Fibrinogen is a blood plasma protein that, after activation by thrombin, assembles into fibrin fibers that form the elastic network of blood clots. "	( Forced unfolding of coiled-coils in fibrinogen by single-molecule AFM. Brown, AE; Discher, DE; Litvinov, RI; Weisel, JW, 2007)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is a complex glycoprotein involved in the final step of the coagulation cascade as the precursor of fibrin monomers that participate in the formation of the haemostatic plug. "	( Molecular genetics of quantitative fibrinogen disorders. Asselta, R; Duga, S; Spena, S; Tenchini, ML, 2007)	2.06
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein that has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of atherothrombotic diseases and venous thrombosis. "	( Frequency distribution of the G/A alleles of the beta-fibrinogen gene in the Lebanese population. Mahfouz, RA; Sabbagh, AS; Shammaa, DM; Taher, AT; Zaatari, GS, 2008)	2.04
"Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor and a marker of the acute phase response (inflammation), a platelet activator, a major determinant of plasma viscosity and a component of the atherosclerotic plaque."	( The role of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in peripheral arterial disease. Baker, DM; Mikhailidis, DP; Paraskevas, KI; Vrentzos, GE, 2008)	1.45
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for coronary events in population-based studies and inpatients with coronary heart disease, but there is an uncertainty about its prediction for stroke, particularly in secondary prevention. "	( Role of serum fibrinogen in patients of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Azfar, SF; Beg, M; Gupta, A; Mohammed, J; Nizami, A; Singhal, KC, 2007)	2.14
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for acute vascular events, but there is uncertainty as to whether it is causal. "	( Effect of age and glycaemic control on the association between fibrinogen and risk of acute coronary events after transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Algra, A; Howard, SC; Rothwell, PM, 2008)	2.03
"Fibrinogen deficiency is a cause for massive haemorrhage whose management in emergency situations is the subject of debate. "	( Efficacy and tolerability of human fibrinogen concentrate administration to patients with acquired fibrinogen deficiency and active or in high-risk severe bleeding. Bueno, SR; Cuenca, LG; Danés, AF; Mendarte Barrenechea, L; Ronsano, JBM, 2008)	2.07
"As fibrinogen is a component of the extracellular matrix, the change in fibrinogen gene expression suggested the potential involvement of structural changes in the effects of substance P."	( Changes in gene expression and integrin-mediated structural changes are associated with long-term plasticity of a spinal cord locomotor network. Bevan, S; Parker, D; Vakharia, V, 2008)	0.86
"Fibrinogen is an inflammatory factor associated with atherosclerosis."	( Association of antiretroviral therapy with fibrinogen levels in HIV-infection. Bacchetti, P; Grunfeld, C; Heymsfield, S; Kotler, DP; Lee, G; Lewis, CE; Madden, E; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Tracy, R; Wanke, C, 2008)	1.33
"Fibrinogen is a large plasma glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 340kDa that plays a critical role in the final stage of blood coagulation. "	( Recombinant human fibrinogen expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris was assembled and biologically active. Miura, M; Miyagi, I; Ohi, H; Tojo, N, 2008)	2.12
"Free fibrinogen, which is an activator of TPA, has been included in the standard assay mixture."	( Current status of activity assays for tissue plasminogen activator. Li, S; McGray, P; Tang, JC; Vecchio, A, 1984)	0.72
"Fibrinogen Bern II is a hereditary fibrinogen variant with impaired release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and a markedly prolonged coagulation time."	( [Fibrinogen Bern II: hereditary fibrinogen variant with amino acid substitution of arginine replaced by histidine in position 16 of the A alpha chain]. Beck, EA; Furlan, M; Rupp, C; Sievi, R, 1983)	1.9
"Fibrinogen Manchester is an abnormal fibrinogen with an impaired release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and a polymerization abnormality. "	( Delayed release of an abnormal fibrinopeptide A from fibrinogen Manchester: effect of the A alpha 16 Arg leads to His substitution upon fibrin monomer polymerization and the immunological crossreactivity of the peptide. Henschen, A; Ireland, H; Kehl, M; Lane, DA; Southan, C; Thompson, E, 1983)	1.96
"Fibrinogen is a complex molecule consisting of three different polypeptide chains A alpha, B beta, and gamma."	( Fibrinogen gamma chain locus is on chromosome 4 in man. Gedde-Dahl, T; Olaisen, B; Teisberg, P, 1982)	2.43
"Fibrinogen is a globulin of hepatic synthesis necessary for the coagulative process and is considered a risk factor of atherosclerosis disease. "	( [Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor]. Ferrari, S; Galetta, F; Giannasi, G, 1995)	2.64
"Fibrinogen (340 kDa) is a plasma protein that plays an important role in the final stages of blood clotting. "	( Secretion of biologically active recombinant fibrinogen by yeast. Kudryk, B; Redman, CM; Roy, SN, 1995)	1.99
"Fibrinogen is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is related to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. "	( Fibrinogen after coronary angioplasty as a risk factor for restenosis. Ankri, A; Drobinski, G; Grosgogeat, Y; Montalescot, G; Thomas, D; Vicaut, E, 1995)	3.18
"Fibrinogen is a large heterogeneous family of closely related molecules consisting of three pairs of non-identical polypeptide chains: two A alpha-, two B beta- and two gamma-chains, held together by disulphide bridges. "	( Biochemistry and measurement of fibrinogen. Nieuwenhuizen, W, 1995)	2.02
"Fibrinogen is a useful marker for detecting early ischemic cell damage."	( Fibrinogen: a diagnostic marker for early ischemia. Raza-Ahmad, A, 1994)	2.45
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and both D-Dimer and Thrombin-Antithrombin complexes may be suitable as laboratory markers of deep venous thrombosis and are becoming more widespread in clinical practice. "	( Fibrinogen, D-dimer and thrombin-antithrombin complexes in a random population sample: relationships with other cardiovascular risk factors. Calabrese, S; Cattin, L; Da Col, PG; Fiotti, N; Giansante, C, 1994)	3.17
"As fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for arterial thrombosis we were interested in analysing the mechanism controlling fibrinogen biosynthesis. "	( Potent activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in inducing hepatocyte stimulating factor and urokinase in monocytes. Borg, JY; Mirshahi, M; Mirshahi, SS; Monconduit, M; Soria, C; Soria, J; Vasse, M, 1993)	0.91
"Fibrinogen Dusart is a congenital fibrinogen variant in which A alpha 554 Arg is replaced by Cys; albumin is disulphide linked to these fibrinogen molecules, possibly at A alpha 554 Cys."	( The polymerization of fibrinogen Dusart (A alpha 554 Arg-->Cys) after removal of carboxy terminal regions of the A alpha-chains. Caen, JP; DiOrio, JP; Mosesson, MW; Siebenlist, KR; Soria, C; Soria, J, 1993)	1.32
"Cryofibrinogen is a plasma protein complex whose presence in the peripheral blood is generally asymptomatic, but may sometimes cause multiple thromboembolism in the skin, lung and myocardium. "	( A case of cryofibrinogenaemia responsive to stanozolol. Andreassi, L; Fimiani, M; Flori, ML; Rubegni, P, 1996)	1.21
"Fibrinogen Caracas II is an abnormal fibrinogen involving the mutation of A alpha serine 434 to N-glycosylated asparagine. "	( The ultrastructure of fibrinogen Caracas II molecules, fibers, and clots. Arocha-Piñango, CL; Matsuda, M; Nagaswami, C; Weisel, JW; Woodhead, JL, 1996)	2.05
"Fibrinogen is a dimer with each half-molecule composed of three different chains (A alpha, B beta, gamma). "	( Assembly and secretion of fibrinogen. Involvement of amino-terminal domains in dimer formation. Redman, CM; Zhang, JZ, 1996)	2.04
"beta-fibrinogen G/G genotype is a genetic risk factor for predisposition to CAD and its thrombotic complications."	( A variant of beta fibrinogen is a genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Marian, AJ; Roberts, R; Safavi, F; Yu, Q, 1996)	1.14
"Fibrinogen is a ligand for Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and enhances monocyte-endothelial cell interaction by coupling Mac-1 on monocytes to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells. "	( Fibrinogen binding to ICAM-1 on EA.hy 926 endothelial cells is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton. de Witte, T; Hage, WJ; Jacobs, N; Nováková, IR; Tertoolen, L; van de Stolpe, A; van Kooyk, Y, 1996)	3.18
"Fibrinogen Matsumoto I is a novel hereditary dysfibrinogen identified in a 1-year-old boy with Down's syndrome. "	( Fibrinogen Matsumoto I: a gamma 364 Asp-->His (GAT-->CAT) substitution associated with defective fibrin polymerization. Furihata, K; Katsuyama, T; Nakagoshi, R; Okumura, N; Terasawa, F; Ueno, I, 1996)	3.18
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein consisting of six polypeptide chains which are linked by disulfide bonds. "	( The assembly of human fibrinogen. The role of the amino-terminal and coiled-coil regions of the three chains in the formation of the alphagamma and betagamma heterodimers and alphabetagamma half-molecules. Chung, DW; Davie, EW; Xu, Wf, 1996)	2.05
"Fibrinogen is a 340-kDa multi-subunit glycoprotein present in plasma and tissues of all classes of vertebrates. "	( The structure-function relationship of hereditary dysfibrinogens. Matsuda, M, 1996)	1.99
"Fibrinogen is a 340 kDa glycoprotein composed of six polypeptide chains, (alphabetagamma)2, held together by 29 disulfide bonds."	( Crystal structure of a 30 kDa C-terminal fragment from the gamma chain of human fibrinogen. Chung, DW; Côté, HC; Davie, EW; Pratt, KP; Stenkamp, RE; Teller, DC; Trong, IL; Yee, VC, 1997)	1.25
"Fibrinogen is an established risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction and high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity were predictive of a recurrent myocardial infarction."	( Elevated fibrinogen levels decrease following treatment of acromegaly. Bengtsson, BA; Landin-Wilhelmsen, K; Tengborn, L; Wilhelmsen, L, 1997)	1.44
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for the development of stroke. "	( Gender-specific associations of the fibrinogen B beta 448 polymorphism, fibrinogen levels, and acute cerebrovascular disease. Bamford, JM; Carter, AM; Catto, AJ; Grant, PJ, 1997)	2.01
"Fibrinogen is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, stroke and cardiovascular heart disease (CHD). "	( Dietary pectin influences fibrin network structure in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Jerling, JC; Nair, CH; Oosthuizen, W; Veldman, FJ; Venter, CS; Vermaak, WJ; Vorster, HH, 1997)	1.74
"Fibrinogen is a complex multifunctional protein comprised of three major domains (two outer D and one central E) which contains constitutive binding sites (e.g. "	( Fibrinogen and fibrin polymerization: appraisal of the binding events that accompany fibrin generation and fibrin clot assembly. Mosesson, MW, 1997)	3.18
"Fibrinogen is a major component of the coagulation system and a powerful independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. "	( Plasma fibrinogen levels in healthy postmenopausal women: physical activity and hormone replacement status. Davy, KP; DeSouza, CA; Jones, PP; Seals, DR; Stevenson, ET, 1997)	2.19
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a common feature of the nephrotic syndrome, and contributes to increased tendency for thrombosis and atherosclerosis. "	( Proportionate increase of fibrinogen and albumin synthesis in nephrotic patients: measurements with stable isotopes. de Meer, K; de Sain-van der Velden, MG; Kaysen, GA; Koomans, HA; Rabelink, TJ; Reijngoud, DJ; Stellaard, F; Voorbij, HA, 1998)	1.11
"The fibrinogen level is an independent risk factor for coronary events and stroke, but no detailed data are available concerning fibrinogen and atherosclerotic disease of the thoracic aorta. "	( Fibrinogen is an independent marker for thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. Colas, L; Ganry, O; Lesbre, JP; Peltier, M; Rey, JL; Senni, M; Tribouilloy, C, 1998)	2.3
"Fibrinogen was found to be an important risk factor for coronary heart disease in men and women, with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease."	( Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged men and women. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Lowe, GD; Rumley, A; Tunstall-Pedoe, H; Woodward, M, 1998)	2.46
"Fibrinogen is a strong predictor of coronary heart disease, fatal or non-fatal, new or recurrent, and of death from an unspecified cause, for both men and women. "	( Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and mortality in middle-aged men and women. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Lowe, GD; Rumley, A; Tunstall-Pedoe, H; Woodward, M, 1998)	3.19
"As fibrinogen is an acute-phase protein, HepG2 cells exposed to interleukin 6 were also analysed."	( Bezafibrate down-regulates fibrinogen biosynthesis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Binsack, R; Dörge, L; Stegmeier, K; Völkl, A, 1998)	1.11
"Fibrinogen is a complex multifunctional protein, which contains constitutive association sites (gammaXL, D:D, Da, Db) as well as cryptic sites that become exposed as a result of fibrinogen proteolysis by thrombin (EA, EB). "	( Fibrinogen structure and fibrin clot assembly. Mosesson, MW, 1998)	3.19
"Fibrinogen is a complex plasma protein composed of two each of three different polypeptide chains. "	( High-level expression of recombinant human fibrinogen in the milk of transgenic mice. Bishop, P; Bruce, S; Cottingham, I; Dalrymple, M; Foster, D; Garner, I; Lasser, G; Prunkard, D, 1996)	2
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein that interacts with integrin alphaIIb beta3 to mediate a variety of platelet responses including adhesion, aggregation, and clot retraction. "	( The contribution of the three hypothesized integrin-binding sites in fibrinogen to platelet-mediated clot retraction. de Groot, PG; Farrell, DH; Lord, ST; Rooney, MM; van Hemel, BM, 1998)	1.98
"Fibrinogen is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. "	( Role of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and tyrosine phosphorylation in adhesion of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells to fibrinogen. Clunn, GF; Hughes, AD; Lymn, JS; Xie, L, 1998)	1.95
"Fibrinogen is an acute phase reactant, and therefore its plasma levels increase after severe injury. "	( Association between polymorphisms in the fibrinogen alpha- and beta-genes on the post-trauma fibrinogen increase. de Maat, MP; Fernandes, V; Ferrer-Antunes, C; Palmeiro, A; Pimentel, J, 1998)	2.01
"Fibrinogen is a 340 kDa glycoprotein found in the blood plasma of all vertebrates. "	( Three-dimensional structural studies on fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin. Doolittle, RF; Everse, SJ; Spraggon, G, 1998)	1.99
"If fibrinogen is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it may be 1 of the variables that explain the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease."	( Fibrinogen: a possible link between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease? DESIR Study Group. Balkau, B; Cacès, E; Eschwège, E; Mennen, LI; Vol, S, 1999)	2.26
"As fibrinogen is an important risk factor for ischemic heart disease, the increased concentration of fibrinogen among persons exposed to swine dust may increase the risk for this disease."	( Increase in interleukin-6 and fibrinogen in peripheral blood after swine dust inhalation. Larsson, BM; Larsson, K; Larsson, PH; Sjörgren, B; Wang, Z; Westerholm, P, 1999)	1.21
"Fibrinogen is a blood-borne glycoprotein comprised of three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. "	( Fibrinogen. Blanc-Brude, O; Gray, A; Herrick, S; Laurent, G, 1999)	3.19
"Fibrinogen is an important determinant of blood haemostasis and viscosity. "	( [Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor--marker or causal factor?]. Halvorsen, S, 1999)	2.66
"Fibrinogen is a central protein in blood coagulation. "	( On the identification of beneficial and detrimental molecular forms of fibrinogen. Henschen-Edman, AH, 1999)	1.98
"Fibrinogen Cedar Rapids is a heterozygous dysfibrinogenemia (gammaR275C) that was associated with thromboembolism during and following pregnancy in three second-generation family members who also were heterozygotic for factor V Leiden (V R506Q). "	( Coexisting dysfibrinogenemia (gammaR275C) and factor V Leiden deficiency associated with thromboembolic disease (fibrinogen Cedar Rapids). Albrecht, RM; DiOrio, JP; Meh, DA; Mosesson, MW; Olson, JD; Siebenlist, KR, 2000)	2.11
"Fibrinogen is a strong cardiovascular risk factor in the general population, and increased fibrinogen plasma concentrations have been reported in type 2 diabetic patients. "	( Increased fibrinogen production in type 2 diabetic patients without detectable vascular complications: correlation with plasma glucagon concentrations. Barazzoni, R; Carraro, P; Davanzo, G; Kiwanuka, E; Tessari, P; Tiengo, A; Zanetti, M, 2000)	2.15
"Fibrinogen is a multifunctional molecule, participating in processes such as wound healing, inflammation and cell proliferation. "	( Fibrinogen and detached retina with or without proliferation. Feretis, E; Mangouritsas, G; Theoharis, IP, 2000)	3.19
"Fibrinogen is a cardiovascular risk factor, but little is known about levels in ethnic groups that differ in their cardiovascular risk. "	( Ethnic differences in fibrinogen levels: the role of environmental factors and the beta-fibrinogen gene. Atkinson, RW; Cappuccio, FP; Chitolie, A; Cook, DG; Humphries, SE; Nakandakare, ER; Sagnella, GA; Wicks, PD, 2001)	2.07
"Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor and an acute phase reactant up-regulated by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). "	( Negative regulation of human fibrinogen gene expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists via inhibition of CCAAT box/enhancer-binding protein beta. Dubois, G; Fruchart, JC; Gervois, P; Kleemann, R; Kockx, M; Kooistra, T; Kosykh, V; Laine, B; Staels, B; Vu-Dac, N, 2001)	2.04
"Fibrinogen is a vascular risk factor. "	( Fibrinogen: a vascular risk factor, why? Contributing effect of oncostatin M on both fibrinogen biosynthesis by hepatocytes and participation in atherothrombotic risk related to modifications of endothelial cells. Li, H; Mirshahi, F; Pourtau, J; Soria, C; Soria, J; Trochon, V; Vannier, JP; Vasse, M; Vincent, L, 2001)	3.2
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is a risk predictor in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease. "	( A novel transgenic mouse model of hyperfibrinogenemia. Gulledge, AA; Lord, ST; Rezaee, F; Verheijen, JH, 2001)	1.09
"beta-Fibrinogenase is a typical arginine esterase which hydrolyzes esters and amides of arginine and attacks the beta-chain of fibrinogen."	( Biochemical characterization of fibrinogenolytic serine proteinases from Vipera lebetina snake venom. Samel, M; Siigur, E; Siigur, J; Subbi, J, 2002)	1.05
"Fibrinogen (FB) is an acute phase protein. "	( Fibrinogen interaction with activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes studied by chemiluminescence. Greabu, M; Olinescu, R, )	3.02
"Fibrinogen is a soluble protein produced by hepatocytes and secreted into plasma, where it functions in hemostasis. "	( The incorporation of fibrinogen into extracellular matrix is dependent on active assembly of a fibronectin matrix. Hocking, DC; Odrljin, TM; Pereira, M; Rybarczyk, BJ; Simpson-Haidaris, PJ; Sottile, J, 2002)	2.08
"Dysfibrinogenemia is a coagulation disorder caused by a variety of structural abnormalities in the fibrinogen molecule that result in abnormal fibrinogen function. "	( Laboratory diagnosis of dysfibrinogenemia. Brandt, JT; Cunningham, MT; Laposata, M; Olson, JD, 2002)	1.23
"Fibrinogen appeared to be a component of all stable and unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaques, with a significant predominance in unstable angina. "	( Fibrinogen and smooth muscle cell detection in atherosclerotic plaques from stable and unstable angina -- an immunohistochemical study. Dabrowski, M; Loukas, M; Ruzyłło, W; Wagner, T; Walczak, E; Witkowski, A, 2002)	3.2
"Fibrinogen is an acute phase protein as well as a component of the coagulation cascade. "	( Fibrinogen predicts restenosis after endovascular treatment of the iliac arteries. Ahmadi, R; Exner, M; Minar, E; Mlekusch, W; Rumpold, H; Sabeti, S; Schillinger, M; Wagner, O, 2002)	3.2
"The fibrinogen molecule is a dimer with a molecular weight of 340,000."	( [Thrombolysis: biochemical basis of fibrinolysis. Fibrinogen]. Jamet, M; Levy, G, 1978)	0.99
"Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein in intima in addition to LDL and albumin, and there are also substantial amounts of the protease inhibitors alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin."	( Molecular interactions in human atherosclerotic plaques. Smith, EB, 1977)	0.98
"Dysfibrinogenaemia appears to be a useful biological marker for the disease."	( Dysfibrinogenaemia and primary hepato-cellular carcinoma. Bagshawe, AF; Barr, RD; Ouna, N; Simpson, JG, 1976)	1.39
"(i) Fibrinogen is a polymer with some flexibility and can exist in conformations of a stretched rod 105 nm in length, a folded rod of 45 nm in length, and a banana-like conformation of 94 nm circumference."	( Fibrinogen-fibrin transformations characterized during the course of reaction by their intermediate structures. A light scattering study in dilute solution under physiological conditions. Burchard, W; Mueller, M, 1978)	2.18
"Fibrinogen is considered to be a strong predictor and independent factor of cardiovascular diseases. "	( Reference limits of plasma fibrinogen. Gueguen, R; Henny, J; Siest, G; Tarallo, P, 1992)	2.02
"Hyperfibrinogenemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in stroke survivors. "	( Fibrinogen and viscosity as risk factors for subsequent cardiovascular events in stroke survivors. Ernst, E; Matrai, A; Paulsen, HF; Resch, KL, 1992)	2.24
"Fibrinogen-NDSK complex is a model of protofibril having some features of the fibrin polymer structure. "	( [Plasminogen activation by a tissue activator and effector properties of fibrinogen-N-terminal disulfide (N-DSK) fibrin complex]. Druzhina, NN; Kolesnik, LA; Kudinov, SA; Lugovskoĭ, EV; Makogonenko, EM, )	1.81
"Fibrinogen level is an independent predisposing factor for coronary heart disease and has a prognostic significance comparable with that of cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol level and hypertension. "	( [Fibrinogen, a cardiovascular risk factor]. Cucchi, G; Ferrara, E; Sardeo, C, 1989)	2.63
"Fibrinogen is a plasma protein with a short half-life of four days and, therefore, glycated fibrinogen may be valuable as an index of short-term diabetic control. "	( Glycated fibrinogen: a new index of short-term diabetic control. Bellingham, AJ; Flynn, MD; Hammer, MR; John, PN; Leslie, RD, 1989)	2.14
"Fibrinogen is a thrombin-coagulable glycoprotein occurring in the blood of vertebrates. "	( Fibrinogen and fibrin: biochemistry and pathophysiology. Budzynski, AZ, 1986)	3.16
"This fibrinogen is a B beta-chain variant with faster than normal fibrin monomer polymerization."	( Increased binding to ADP-stimulated platelets and aggregation effect of the dysfibrinogen Oslo I as compared with normal fibrinogen. Brosstad, F; Solum, NO; Stormorken, H; Thorsen, LI, 1986)	0.95
"Fibrinogen is a cofactor in the aggregation of human platelets, and is required for ADP-induced aggregation of washed platelets; however, exogenous fibrinogen is not required for ADP-induced aggregation of washed platelets from rabbits or rats. "	( Effects of the cell adhesion peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, on responses of washed platelets from humans, rabbits, and rats. Harfenist, EJ; Mustard, JF; Packham, MA, 1988)	1.72
"Fibrinogen is a cofactor in the aggregation of human platelets and must be added to suspensions of washed human platelets for extensive aggregation to occur in response to ADP. "	( Expression of fibrinogen on the surface of ADP-stimulated platelets: comparison of human and rabbit platelets. Harfenist, EJ; Mustard, JF; Packham, MA, 1988)	2.08
"The fibrinogen level is a sensitive indicator of systemic lysis and should be maintained above 50 milligrams per cent."	( Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in peripheral vascular disease. Comerota, AJ; Rubin, RN; Sherry, S; Soulen, RL; Tyson, RR; White, JV; Williams, FF, 1987)	0.75
"Fibrinogen Aarhus is an abnormal fibrinogen for which the clotting time with thrombin is greatly prolonged both in plasma and in the isolated fibrinogen. "	( Fibrinogen Aarhus and factor XIII induced polymerization and gel formation. Adamson, L; Blombäck, B; Hessel, B; Procyk, R; Stenbjerg, S; Therkildsen, L, 1987)	3.16
"125I-fibrinogen scanning is a safe simple sensitive technique to detect thrombosis related to intravenous cannulae."	( Assessment of thromboresistance of intravenous cannulae by 125I-fibrinogen scanning. Baldini, L; Friedland, GH; Lewis, J; Salzman, EW; Sweeney, J, 1985)	0.96
"The fibrinogen uptake test is an aid to its detection."	( Fibrinogen-detectable thrombosis in the legs and pulmonary embolism. Browse, NL; Clemenson, G; Croft, DN, 1974)	2.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fibrinogen has a significant role in coagulation and bleeding."	( The role of fibrinogen in postpartum hemorrhage. Van de Velde, M; Vermeulen, T, 2022)	1.82
"Fibrinogen has an established, essential role in both coagulation and inflammatory pathways, and these processes are deeply intertwined in the development of thrombotic and atherosclerotic diseases. "	( Novel genetic regulators of fibrinogen synthesis identified by an in vitro experimental platform. de Vries, PS; Dobson, DA; Flick, MJ; Holle, LA; Huffman, JE; Lin, FC; Luyendyk, JP; Morrison, AC; Smith, NL; Wolberg, AS, 2023)	2.65
"Dysfibrinogenemia has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including asymptomatic(55%), hemorrhage (25%), and thrombosis (20%)."	( Management of dysfibrinogenemia in pregnancy: A case report. Cheng, P; Deng, D; Liao, L; Lin, F; Luo, M; Yan, J, 2018)	1.33
"Fibrinogen has an important pathophysiological role in tumor cell progression and development of metastases in different types of cancer. "	( Prognostic role of plasma fibrinogen in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma - a multicenter study. Bekos, C; Brodowicz, T; Grimm, C; Hefler, L; Koch, H; Petru, E; Polterauer, M; Polterauer, S; Reimer, D; Reinthaller, A, 2017)	2.2
"Fibrinogen has a strong, albeit preparation-dependent, mechanical effect on phospholipid monolayers, which may contribute to LS inactivation and disorders such as ARDS."	( Evolution and mechanics of mixed phospholipid fibrinogen monolayers. Squires, TM; Williams, I, 2018)	1.46
"Fibrinogen has a crucial role in both inflammation and coagulation, two processes pivotal for the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. "	( Fibrinogen plasma concentration is an independent marker of haemodynamic impairment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Baumann, HJ; Halank, M; Harbaum, L; Hennigs, JK; Heyckendorf, J; Klose, H; Lüneburg, N; Quast, G; Schulte-Hubbert, B; Sydow, K, 2014)	3.29
"Fibrinogen has a central role in coagulation. "	( Indications and Risks of Fibrinogen in Surgery and Trauma. Spahn, DR; Spahn, GH; Stein, P, 2016)	2.18
"Fibrinogen has a trinodular structure, i.e., one central E domain comprizing the amino-terminal regions of paired individual three polypeptides, and two identical outer D domains."	( Structure and function of human fibrinogen inferred from dysfibrinogens. Matsuda, M; Sugo, T, 2002)	1.32
"The fibrinogen gamma chain has a COOH-terminal globular domain (gamma C, residues 151-411 of the gamma chain, 30 kDa) to which several integrin cell adhesion receptors (e.g., platelet alpha(IIb)beta(3), endothelial alpha(v)beta(3), and leukocyte alpha(M)beta(2)) bind."	( The COOH-terminal globular domain of fibrinogen gamma chain suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth. Akakura, N; Cheung, AT; Hoogland, C; Liu, FT; Saegusa, J; Takada, Y; Takada, YK; Ye, X, 2006)	1.09
"Fibrinogen has a well-established tissue engineering track record because of its ability to induce improved cellular interaction and scaffold remodeling compared to synthetic scaffolds. "	( Electrospun fibrinogen: feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold in a rat cell culture model. Barnes, CP; Boland, ED; Bowlin, GL; McManus, MC; Simpson, DG, 2007)	2.16
"Fibrinogen has a role in inflammatory processes and participates in atherosclerotic plaque formation. "	( Fibrinogen genes and myocardial infarction: a haplotype analysis. Biele, J; Hoppmann, P; Kastrati, A; Koch, W; Mueller, JC; Schömig, A, 2008)	3.23
"Fibrinogen scanning has an unacceptably high false-positive rate; however, Doppler ultrasound will identify significant occlusive thrombus without a high false-positive rate."	( Deep venous thrombophlebitis following aortoiliac reconstructive surgery. Abbott, WM; Brewster, DC; Darling, RC; McCabe, CJ; Moncure, AC; Reidy, NC; Reilly, MK, 1982)	0.99
"This fibrinogen also has an unusual sensitivity to Ancrod proteolysis, whereby Ancrod cleaves a large carboxy-terminal segment of the alpha chain more rapidly than in normal fibrinogen."	( Fibrinogen Chapel Hill: hypodysfibrinogenemia with a tertiary polymerization defect. Blatt, PM; Carrell, NA; McDonagh, J; McDonagh, RP; Roberts, HR, 1980)	2.16
"Fibrinogen has a much weaker promoter activity than does fibrin II."	( Initial interaction between fibrin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). The Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro binding site on fibrin(ogen) is important for t-PA activity. Kaczmarek, E; Lee, MH; McDonagh, J, 1993)	1.01
"The fibrinogen molecule has a number of biological activities and some of these are shared by the larger degradation products. "	( The accelerating effect of fibrinogen and early fibrinogen degradation products on erythrocyte sedimentation. Marsh, NA, 1979)	1.11
"Fibrinogen levels have been reported to be one of the first to fall during major haemorrhage reflecting consumption, dilution and fibrinogenolysis."	( Fibrinogen Replacement in Haemostatic Resuscitation: Dose, Laboratory Targets and Product Choice. Curry, N, 2021)	2.79
"Fibrinogen concentrate has been increasingly used to treat coagulopathic bleeding in cardiac surgery, although its effectiveness and safety are unknown."	( Safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in aortic arch surgery involving moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Gong, M; Guan, X; Jiang, W; Lan, F; Li, H; Li, L; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2023)	1.94
"Fibrinogen has a significant role in coagulation and bleeding."	( The role of fibrinogen in postpartum hemorrhage. Van de Velde, M; Vermeulen, T, 2022)	1.82
"Fibrinogen has an established, essential role in both coagulation and inflammatory pathways, and these processes are deeply intertwined in the development of thrombotic and atherosclerotic diseases. "	( Novel genetic regulators of fibrinogen synthesis identified by an in vitro experimental platform. de Vries, PS; Dobson, DA; Flick, MJ; Holle, LA; Huffman, JE; Lin, FC; Luyendyk, JP; Morrison, AC; Smith, NL; Wolberg, AS, 2023)	2.65
"The fibrinogen γ-module has several functional sites and plays a role in dysfibrinogenemia, which is characterized by impaired fibrin polymerization. "	( γD318Y fibrinogen shows no fibrin polymerization due to defective "A-a" and "B-b" interactions, whereas that of γK321E fibrinogen is nearly normal. Higuchi, Y; Kamijo, T; Mukai, S; Okumura, N; Taira, C, 2019)	1.53
"Fibrinogen levels have been associated with coronary plaque vulnerability in experimental studies. "	( New Insights into the Association between Fibrinogen and Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability: An Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Study. Jia, L; Jin, S; Li, X; Liu, F; Shan, C; Wang, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2019)	2.22
"Fibrinogen levels have been shown to drop early and significantly during PPH, which is associated with worse outcomes."	( Effect of early cryoprecipitate transfusion versus standard care in women who develop severe postpartum haemorrhage (ACROBAT) in the UK: a protocol for a pilot cluster randomised trial. Daru, J; Dodds, J; Gonzalez Carreras, FJ; Green, L; Khan, KS; Lanz, D; Pardo Llorente, MDC; Pérez Pérez, T; Sweeney, L; Thangaratinam, S; Thomas, A; Zamora, J, 2020)	1.28
"Fibrinogen (FIB) has recently been used as a biomarker to diagnose periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), but its reliability is still questionable. "	( Reliability of circulating fibrinogen in the diagnosis of prosthesis-related infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, J; Deng, P; Feng, W; Li, J; Li, Y; Qi, X; Sun, X; Ye, P; Zeng, J; Zeng, Y; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2021)	2.36
"Fibrinogen has been implicated to play a role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). "	( Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on plasma fibrinogen levels in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hu, S; Lin, J; Lin, Y; Lu, F; Luo, W; Shi, Y, 2021)	2.31
"Fibrinogen heterogeneity has been observed in humans and can influence fibrinogen measurements when using the modified Clauss assay. "	( Fibrinogen heterogeneity in horses. Courtman, NF; Russell, EB; Santos, LL; Tennent-Brown, BS, 2021)	3.51
"Fibrinogen (FIB) has been found to be a promising marker in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), however, the value of FIB in predicting reinfection of PJI is unknown. "	( The role of fibrinogen in predicting reinfection after DAIR for periprosthetic joint infections. Geng, B; He, J; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Zhao, D; Zhao, X, 2021)	2.44
"Fibrinogen concentrate has multiple potential advantages including rapid reconstitution, greater dose predictability, viral inactivation during processing, and reduced transfusion-related adverse events."	( Pro-Con Debate: Fibrinogen Concentrate or Cryoprecipitate for Treatment of Acquired Hypofibrinogenemia in Cardiac Surgical Patients. Hensley, NB; Mazzeffi, MA, 2021)	1.69
"Hyperfibrinogenemia has been reported to be a predictor of poor prognosis in cancer patients, and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, survival remains uncertain and unpredictable. "	( Elevated serum plasma fibrinogen is associated with advanced tumor stage and poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Long, Q; Zhang, X, 2017)	1.28
"Fibrinogen has been reported to be involved in kidney tubulointerstitial fibrosis and podocyte injury in mouse models. "	( Urinary Fibrinogen as a Predictor of Progression of CKD. Jiang, Q; Liu, Z; Lu, Y; Wang, H; Yin, R; Zheng, C; Zhou, M; Zhu, P, 2017)	2.33
"Dysfibrinogenemia has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including asymptomatic(55%), hemorrhage (25%), and thrombosis (20%)."	( Management of dysfibrinogenemia in pregnancy: A case report. Cheng, P; Deng, D; Liao, L; Lin, F; Luo, M; Yan, J, 2018)	1.33
"γ' fibrinogen variant has been considered as a possible player in enhancing aggregation."	( Essential arterial hypertension patients present higher cell adhesion forces, contributing to fibrinogen-dependent cardiovascular risk. Carvalho, FA; Guedes, AF; Moreira, C; Nogueira, JB; Santos, NC, 2017)	1.19
"Fibrinogen (Fgn) has been identified as the key protein in the process of biomaterial-induced platelet adhesion. "	( Galloyl groups-regulated fibrinogen conformation: Understanding antiplatelet adhesion on tannic acid coating. Han, L; Jia, L; Liu, Q; Xu, Y; Yang, L, 2017)	2.2
"Fibrinogen has an important pathophysiological role in tumor cell progression and development of metastases in different types of cancer. "	( Prognostic role of plasma fibrinogen in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma - a multicenter study. Bekos, C; Brodowicz, T; Grimm, C; Hefler, L; Koch, H; Petru, E; Polterauer, M; Polterauer, S; Reimer, D; Reinthaller, A, 2017)	2.2
"Fibrinogen has prognostic role in COPD."	( Fibrinogen does not relate to cardiovascular or muscle manifestations in COPD: cross-sectional data from the ERICA study. Allinder, M; Bolton, CE; Calverley, PMA; Cheriyan, J; Cockcroft, JR; Fisk, M; Forman, JR; Fuld, J; Gale, NS; Lomas, DA; MacNee, W; Marchong, M; McEniery, CM; Miller, BE; Mohan, D; Nagarajan, S; Polkey, MI; Tal-Singer, R; Wilkinson, IB, 2018)	2.64
"Fibrinogen has a strong, albeit preparation-dependent, mechanical effect on phospholipid monolayers, which may contribute to LS inactivation and disorders such as ARDS."	( Evolution and mechanics of mixed phospholipid fibrinogen monolayers. Squires, TM; Williams, I, 2018)	1.46
"Fibrinogen has become highly attractive for tissue engineering scaffolds since it is a naturally occurring blood protein, which contains important binding sites to facilitate cell adhesion. "	( Fabrication of 3D-nanofibrous fibrinogen scaffolds using salt-induced self assembly. Brüggemann, D; Mednikova, P; Stamboroski, S; Stapelfeldt, K, 2019)	2.25
"Fibrinogen has been implicated as a cause of atherosclerosis and its complications in patients with type 2 DM. "	( The importance of measurement of plasma fibrinogen level among patients with type- 2 diabetes mellitus. Abdul Razak, MK; Sultan, AA, )	1.84
"Fibrinogen replacement has become the standard-of-care in several major surgical centers in Europe and is recommended in current European trauma treatment guidelines."	( Severe bleeding in surgical and trauma patients: the role of fibrinogen replacement therapy. Spahn, DR, 2012)	1.34
"Fibrinogen concentrate has emerged as a promising strategy to treat coagulopathy, and factor XIII (FXIII) works synergistically with fibrinogen to correct coagulopathy following haemodilution with crystalloids."	( Fibrinogen and FXIII dose response effects on albumin-induced coagulopathy. Hanna, J; Schött, U; Winstedt, D, 2013)	2.55
"Fibrinogen has a crucial role in both inflammation and coagulation, two processes pivotal for the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. "	( Fibrinogen plasma concentration is an independent marker of haemodynamic impairment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Baumann, HJ; Halank, M; Harbaum, L; Hennigs, JK; Heyckendorf, J; Klose, H; Lüneburg, N; Quast, G; Schulte-Hubbert, B; Sydow, K, 2014)	3.29
"Fibrinogen concentrate has been proposed as an alternative to cryoprecipitate (the gold standard therapy), with minimal infectious and immunologic risks."	( Hemostatic effects of fibrinogen concentrate compared with cryoprecipitate in children after cardiac surgery: a randomized pilot trial. Câmara, L; de Almeida, JP; Fukushima, JT; Galas, FR; Guimarães, VA; Hajjar, LA; Jatene, MB; Osawa, EA; Vincent, JL; Zeferino, S, 2014)	1.44
"Fibrinogen (Fg) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several fibrotic disorders by acting as a profibrotic ligand for a variety of cellular surface receptors and by modulating the provisional fibrin matrix formed after injury. "	( Pharmacological and genetic depletion of fibrinogen protects from kidney fibrosis. Ajay, AK; Bijol, V; Craciun, FL; Fabian, SL; Hoffmann, D; Humphreys, BD; Saikumar, J; Vaidya, VS, 2014)	2.11
"Fibrinogen's concentrate has the same effectiveness as a cryoprecipitate both for congenital and acquired deficit of fibrinogen."	( [Whether fibrinogen concentrates are necessary in Russia?]. Berkovskiĭ, AL; Galstian, GM; Polokhov, DM; Savchenko, VG; Zhuravlev, VV, )	1.27
"Fibrinogen has been intensively studied with transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. "	( Visualization of fibrinogen αC regions and their arrangement during fibrin network formation by high-resolution AFM. Barinov, NA; Klinov, DV; Kopylov, AM; Protopopova, AD; Sergienko, VI; Zavyalova, EG, 2015)	2.2
"Fibrinogen has been used as surgical sealant in the clinical setting for decades. "	( In vivo study of novelly formulated porcine-derived fibrinogen as an efficient sealant. Guan, L; He, H; Hou, J; Huang, W; Liu, Z; Su, L; Sun, K; Wu, X; Ye, M, 2015)	2.11
"Fibrinogen has the potential of being used as a material to harvest and grow normal mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells) or to trap cancer cells from a suspension with blood as a potential circulatory trap.Insoluble fibrinogen particles (iFP) were prepared from commercial Cohn fraction I paste (source: Kedrion). "	( Insoluble fibrinogen particles for harvesting and expanding attachment-dependent cells and for trapping suspended cancer cells in the presence of blood. Blum, G; Fahham, D; Gilon, T; Marx, G; Merquiol, E, 2015)	2.26
"Fibrinogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against Alzheimer's disease because of its dual role in altered vascular function and amyloid-β aggregation. "	( Fibrinogen-Derived γ377-395 Peptide Improves Cognitive Performance and Reduces Amyloid-β Deposition, without Altering Inflammation, in AβPP/PS1 Mice. Aso, E; Ferrer, I; Muñoz-Cánoves, P; Serrano, AL, 2015)	3.3
"Fibrinogen has a central role in coagulation. "	( Indications and Risks of Fibrinogen in Surgery and Trauma. Spahn, DR; Spahn, GH; Stein, P, 2016)	2.18
"Hypofibrinogenaemia has been identified as a major risk factor for progress towards severe PPH."	( Fibrinogen concentrate as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage-induced coagulopathy: A study protocol for a randomised multicentre controlled trial. The fibrinogen in haemorrhage of DELivery (FIDEL) trial. Ducloy-Bouthors, AS; Grouin, JM; Huissoud, C; Mercier, FJ; Mignon, A, 2016)	2.36
"High fibrinogen levels have been identified as a relevant cardiovascular risk factor, but the biological mechanisms remain unclear."	( Atomic force microscopy as a tool to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients. Carvalho, FA; Guedes, AF; Lousada, N; Malho, I; Santos, NC; Sargento, L, 2016)	0.89
"Fibrinogen has therefore been identified for the first time as a substrate for NEP wild type suggesting that the enzyme may have a role in regulating fibrin formation."	( Neprilysin Inhibits Coagulation through Proteolytic Inactivation of Fibrinogen. Burrell, M; Fowler, SB; Hansson, KM; Henderson, SJ; Ravnefjord, A; Schweikart, F; Webster, CI; Witt, S, 2016)	1.39
"Fibrinogen has been known since the mid-nineteenth century. "	( Fibrinogen: a journey into biotechnology. Bratek-Skicki, A; Ruso, JM; Żeliszewska, P, 2016)	3.32
"Fibrinogen has been implicated in atherosclerosis; in part by activating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). "	( Functional Toll-like receptor 4 mutations modulate the response to fibrinogen. Hodgkinson, CP; Patel, K; Ye, S, 2008)	2.02
"Fibrinogen in particular has been used as a model protein to demonstrate new methodologies for studying protein behavior with AFM due to its unique size, shape, and function."	( Atomic force microscope studies of fibrinogen adsorption. Averett, LE; Schoenfisch, MH, 2010)	1.36
"Fibrinogen has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and it is associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors."	( Study of fibrinogen in patients with diabetes mellitus. Kafle, DR; Shrestha, P, 2010)	1.5
"Fibrinogen concentrate has been shown to improve coagulation in dilutional coagulopathy in experimental studies, but clinical experience is still scarce. "	( Effects of fibrinogen concentrate administration during severe hemorrhage. Gudbjartsson, T; Hreinsson, K; Onundarson, PT; Sigurbjornsson, FT; Sigurdsson, GH; Thorarinsdottir, HR, 2010)	2.19
"Fibrinogen has previously been demonstrated to exist in a 'fetal' form, in cord blood of term infants, with increased sialic acid content compared to adult fibrinogen. "	( Evidence for age-related differences in human fibrinogen. Ignjatovic, V; Ilhan, A; Monagle, P, 2011)	2.07
"Fibrinogen concentrate has been demonstrated to enhance coagulation in vitro and in several clinical settings of coagulopathy. "	( The procoagulant properties of purified fibrinogen concentrate are enhanced by carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2. Machovec, KA; Nielsen, VG; Ushakumari, DS; Welsby, IJ, 2012)	2.09
"Fibrinogen concentrate has been used to supplement fibrinogen during massive hemorrhage."	( Observational study of fibrinogen concentrate in massive hemorrhage: evaluation of a multicenter register. Glaser, M; Heindl, B; Herberger, S; Huber, T; Johanning, K; Lison, S; Spannagl, M; Strasser, T; Weiss, G, 2011)	1.4
"Fibrinogen has chaperone activity which is compromised upon glycation by methylglyoxal."	( Beyond genetic factors in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: protein glycation and the loss of fibrinogen's chaperone activity. Barroso, E; Coelho, AV; Cordeiro, C; da Costa, G; Freire, AP; Gomes, RA; Guerreiro, A; Mateus, É; Monteiro, E, 2011)	1.31
"The fibrinogen γ-module has several important sites relating to fibrinogen function, which include the high affinity calcium binding site, hole 'a' that binds with knob 'A', and the D:D interface. "	( Fibrinogen residue γAla341 is necessary for calcium binding and 'A-a' interactions. Choi, JR; Choi, TY; Gorkun, OV; Hong, SY; Lord, ST; Park, R; Ping, L; Song, J, 2012)	2.38
"Fibrinogen/LDL apheresis has been proven to be effective in treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNH). "	( Fibrinogen/LDL apheresis is a promising rescue therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Canis, M; Heigl, F; Suckfuell, M, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen (Fg) has been recognized to play a central role in coagulation, inflammation and tissue regeneration. "	( Heterozygosity for fibrinogen results in efficient resolution of kidney ischemia reperfusion injury. Ajay, AK; Bijol, V; Saikumar, J; Vaidya, VS, 2012)	2.15
"Fibrinogen has been found to be related to insulin, but it has been suggested that this relationship is not independent of the accompanying inflammatory reaction."	( Obesity, haemostasis and the fibrinolytic system. Mertens, I; Van Gaal, LF, 2002)	1.04
"Fibrinogen has a trinodular structure, i.e., one central E domain comprizing the amino-terminal regions of paired individual three polypeptides, and two identical outer D domains."	( Structure and function of human fibrinogen inferred from dysfibrinogens. Matsuda, M; Sugo, T, 2002)	1.32
"Fibrinogen and CRP both have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality in patients with stable angina."	( Utility of inflammatory markers in the management of coronary artery disease. Koenig, W; Rosenson, RS, 2003)	1.04
"Fibrinogen has been found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. "	( Independent association of fibrinogen with carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic subjects. Barba, J; Beloqui, O; Benito, A; Colina, I; Diez, J; Irimia, P; Martínez-Vila, E; Monreal, I; Orbe, J; Páramo, JA; Zubieta, JL, 2003)	2.06
"Fibrinogen has been found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. "	( Validation of plasma fibrinogen as a marker of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Beloqui, O; Benito, A; Orbe, J; Páramo, JA; Roncal, C, 2004)	2.09
"Fibrinogen abnormalities have been implicated in many adverse pregnancy outcomes, mainly spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, and postpartum hemorrhage. "	( Congenital hypofibrinogenemia in pregnancy: report of two cases and review of the literature. Duksin, C; Frenkel, E; Herman, A; Sherman, DJ, 2004)	2.12
"Fibrinogen has consistently been recognized as an independent predictor of myocardial infarction (MI). "	( Contribution of haplotypes across the fibrinogen gene cluster to variation in risk of myocardial infarction. Boquist, S; Ericsson, CG; Eriksson, P; Hamsten, A; Lundman, P; Mannila, MN; Samnegård, A; Silveira, A; Tornvall, P, 2005)	2.04
"Hyperfibrinogenaemia has been reported to be associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). "	( No association between pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis and the -455G/A beta-fibrinogen gene polymorphism. Camilleri, RS; Cohen, H, 2005)	1.07
"Fibrinogen content has significant relationship with the protracted inflammation of SOM. "	( [Relationship between fibrinogen content and the protracted inflammation of secretory otitis media]. Chen, X; Huang, B; Wu, X, 2005)	2.09
"Fibrinogen also has important hemostatic properties."	( Fibrinogen is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Breteler, MM; Hofman, A; Koudstaal, PJ; van Oijen, M; Witteman, JC, 2005)	2.49
"Fibrinogen (Fg) has been considered essential for platelet aggregation. "	( Fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor-independent platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Chen, P; Freedman, J; Hynes, RO; Ni, H; Reheman, A; Wagner, DD; Yang, H; Zhu, G, 2006)	3.22
"The fibrinogen gamma chain has a COOH-terminal globular domain (gamma C, residues 151-411 of the gamma chain, 30 kDa) to which several integrin cell adhesion receptors (e.g., platelet alpha(IIb)beta(3), endothelial alpha(v)beta(3), and leukocyte alpha(M)beta(2)) bind."	( The COOH-terminal globular domain of fibrinogen gamma chain suppresses angiogenesis and tumor growth. Akakura, N; Cheung, AT; Hoogland, C; Liu, FT; Saegusa, J; Takada, Y; Takada, YK; Ye, X, 2006)	1.09
"Fibrinogen has a well-established tissue engineering track record because of its ability to induce improved cellular interaction and scaffold remodeling compared to synthetic scaffolds. "	( Electrospun fibrinogen: feasibility as a tissue engineering scaffold in a rat cell culture model. Barnes, CP; Boland, ED; Bowlin, GL; McManus, MC; Simpson, DG, 2007)	2.16
"Fibrinogen haplotypes have been associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI), independently of plasma fibrinogen concentration, and experimental data indicate that fibrinogen exerts pleiotropic effects on interleukin 6 (IL-6) production. "	( The association between fibrinogen haplotypes and myocardial infarction in men is partly mediated through pleiotropic effects on the serum IL-6 concentration. de Faire, U; Eriksson, P; Hamsten, A; Leander, K; Mannila, MN; Silveira, A; Wiman, B, 2007)	2.09
"Fibrinogen has the potential for selective drug targeting that would target its proinflammatory properties without affecting its beneficial effects in hemostasis, since it interacts with different receptors to mediate blood coagulation and inflammation."	( Fibrinogen signal transduction as a mediator and therapeutic target in inflammation: lessons from multiple sclerosis. Adams, RA; Akassoglou, K; Davalos, D; Schachtrup, C; Tsigelny, I, 2007)	2.5
"Fibrinogen has a role in inflammatory processes and participates in atherosclerotic plaque formation. "	( Fibrinogen genes and myocardial infarction: a haplotype analysis. Biele, J; Hoppmann, P; Kastrati, A; Koch, W; Mueller, JC; Schömig, A, 2008)	3.23
"Fibrinogen concentration has been measured according to Clauss method, and level of triglycerides was measured using coupled enzymatic reactions."	( Correlations in some pathogenetic factors and values of hemorheological parameters in age-related macular degeneration. Dorecka, M; Michalska-Malecka, K; Romaniuk, W; Slowinska, L, 2008)	1.07
"This fibrinogen also has the unusual formation of cross-linked fibrin; the existence of unpolymerized alpha chains was confirmed."	( Dysfibrinogenaemia associated with a defect in the aggregation of the fibrin monomers (Almeria I fibrinogen). A preliminary study. Aznar, J; Fernandez-Pavon, A; Regañon, E; Vila, V, 1984)	1.34
"Fibrinogen, which has been previously shown to bind to absorbed thrombospondin, did not inhibit the formation of the thrombospondin-histidine-rich glycoprotein complex."	( Complex formation of platelet thrombospondin with histidine-rich glycoprotein. Harpel, PC; Leung, LL; Nachman, RL, 1984)	0.99
"Fibrinogen has been the plasma protein most frequently studied after tissue injury. "	( Characterization of a leukocyte-derived endogenous mediator responsible for increased plasma fibrinogen. Kampschmidt, RF; Pulliam, LA; Upchurch, HF, 1982)	1.93
"Fibrinogen scanning has an unacceptably high false-positive rate; however, Doppler ultrasound will identify significant occlusive thrombus without a high false-positive rate."	( Deep venous thrombophlebitis following aortoiliac reconstructive surgery. Abbott, WM; Brewster, DC; Darling, RC; McCabe, CJ; Moncure, AC; Reidy, NC; Reilly, MK, 1982)	0.99
"This fibrinogen also has an unusual sensitivity to Ancrod proteolysis, whereby Ancrod cleaves a large carboxy-terminal segment of the alpha chain more rapidly than in normal fibrinogen."	( Fibrinogen Chapel Hill: hypodysfibrinogenemia with a tertiary polymerization defect. Blatt, PM; Carrell, NA; McDonagh, J; McDonagh, RP; Roberts, HR, 1980)	2.16
"Fibrinogen levels have been reported in cohort and case-control studies to be positively related to the development of coronary heart disease. "	( Distribution and correlates of plasma fibrinogen in middle-aged women. Initial findings of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study. Bush, TL; Howard, G; Kessler, CM; Legault, C; Lucas, DL; Stefanick, ML; Tracy, RP, 1995)	2
"Fibrinogen has recently emerged as a major risk factor for atherothrombosis. "	( Fibrinogen plasma levels as a marker of thrombin activation: new insights on the role of fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. Bartoli, E; Ceriello, A; Falleti, E; Giacomello, R; Gonano, F; Lizzio, S; Motz, E; Pirisi, M; Stel, G, 1994)	3.17
"High fibrinogen levels have been assessed in cerebrovascular disease with a direct relationship to blood rheology. "	( [Heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL precipitation (HELP). A new therapeutic possibility in cerebral multi-infarct dementia]. Kleinert, G; Lechner, H; Schied, G; Walzl, B; Walzl, M, 1993)	0.8
"Antifibrinogen antibodies have been detected in blood of 41 (82%) blood recipients."	( [Occurrence of antifibrinogen antibodies in serum of individuals diagnosed with serum sickness]. Kondera-Anasz, Z; Mertas, A, )	0.94
"High fibrinogen levels have been assessed in cerebrovascular disease with a direct relation to both plasma and whole-blood viscosity, as well as cerebral blood flow. "	( Improved neurological recovery of cerebral infarctions after plasmapheretic reduction of lipids and fibrinogen. Lechner, H; Schied, G; Walzl, B; Walzl, M, 1993)	1.02
"Fibrinogen has a much weaker promoter activity than does fibrin II."	( Initial interaction between fibrin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). The Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro binding site on fibrin(ogen) is important for t-PA activity. Kaczmarek, E; Lee, MH; McDonagh, J, 1993)	1.01
"Fibrinogen has been detected in ME-180 human uterine cervix carcinoma cells, and synthesis of fibrinogen by ME-180 cells has been measured using [35S] L-methionine incorporation. "	( Identification and biosynthesis of fibrinogen in human uterine cervix carcinoma cells. Lee, KP; Lee, SY; Lim, JW, 1996)	2.01
"Fibrinogen has emerged as a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men that equals cholesterol in importance. "	( Fibrinogen levels in women having coronary angiography. Comp, PC; Eichner, JE; McKee, PA; Moore, WE; Qi, H; Reynolds, DW; Schechter, E, 1996)	3.18
"Fibrinogen has been identified as an independent cardiovascular risk factor that is as powerful a predictor as cholesterol."	( Hemostatic factors as triggers of cardiovascular events. Rosito, GB; Tofler, GH, 1996)	1.02
"Cryofibrinogenemia has been associated with a variety of skin manifestations including purpura, livedo reticularis, and ulceration. "	( Spontaneous necrosis of the skin associated with cryofibrinogenemia, cryoglobulinemia, and homocystinuria. Cone, LA; Huard, GS; Williamson, AE, 1996)	1.1
"Fibrinogen, which has been exposed to AcH and subsequently dialyzed to remove excess AcH, also responds with a prolonged clotting time in the presence of added thrombin, signifying that sites on fibrinogen that are essential for its function/conformation are susceptible to AcH."	( Coagulation protein function. III. Effect of acetaldehyde upon the activation of prothrombin. Basista, MH; Brecher, A; Koterba, AP, )	0.85
"Fibrinogen has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. "	( Positive association of the beta fibrinogen H1/H2 gene variation to basal fibrinogen levels and to the increase in fibrinogen concentration during acute phase reaction but not to coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Eberbach, A; Gardemann, A; Haberbosch, W; Hehrlein, FW; Katz, N; Schwartz, O; Tillmanns, H; Waas, W; Weiss, T, 1997)	2.02
"Fibrinogen level has been associated as an independent risk factor in studies undertaken in the west."	( Plasma fibrinogen--an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. Jeyaseelan, L; Jose, J; Kanagasapabathy, AS; Selvakumar, D; Selvakumar, R, )	1.31
"Fibrinogen has conserved C-terminal domains in its alpha (E variant), beta, and gamma chains (designated alpha EC, beta C, and gamma C, respectively), but their function in cell adhesion is not known, except that alpha IIb beta 3, a platelet fibrinogen receptor, binds to the gamma C HHLGGAKQAGDV400-411 sequence."	( Specific binding of integrin alpha v beta 3 to the fibrinogen gamma and alpha E chain C-terminal domains. Medved, L; Takada, Y; Yokoyama, K; Zhang, XP, 1999)	1.28
"Fibrinogen has been reported to interact with phospholipid; however, the properties of this binding interaction have not been characterized. "	( Evidence of a phospholipid binding species within human fibrinogen preparations. Citron, BA; Cunningham, MT; Koerner, TA, 1999)	1.99
"Fibrinogen has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. "	( Association of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Population. D'Agostino, RB; Lipinska, I; Massaro, JM; Matheney, TH; Muller, JE; Silbershatz, H; Stec, JJ; Sutherland, P; Tofler, GH; Wilson, PF, 2000)	2.1
"Fibrinogen (FBG) has long been regarded as serving essentially a hemostatic role by its conversion from a soluble, plasma protein to an insoluble fibrin gel. "	( Fibrinogen modulates gene expression in wounded fibroblasts. Pereira, M; Simpson-Haidaris, PJ, 2001)	3.2
"Fibrinogen has been prospectively found to correlate with coronary heart disease (CHD) but a similar association has not been well established for lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). "	( Association of fibrinogen and lipoprotein(a) as a coronary heart disease risk factor in men (The Quebec Cardiovascular Study). Bergeron, J; Bogaty, P; Cantin, B; Dagenais, GR; Després, JP; Lamarche, B; Lupien, PJ; Moorjani, S, 2002)	2.11
"Fibrinogen has been purified from human platelets. "	( Platelet fibrinogen. Identity and initial observations on the mode of its degradation by plasmin. Bradford, HR; Ganguly, P; James, HL, 1975)	2.11
"The fibrinogen molecule has a number of biological activities and some of these are shared by the larger degradation products. "	( The accelerating effect of fibrinogen and early fibrinogen degradation products on erythrocyte sedimentation. Marsh, NA, 1979)	1.11
"The fibrinogen uptake test has been used to detect deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement in 90 patients. "	( The fibrinogen uptake test after hip surgery. Baylis, AC; Graham, J; Loudon, JR; McGarrity, G; Vallance, R, 1978)	1.37
"Fibrinogen has been purified from normal and dysfibrinogenemia Metz plasmas, and from normal and from the patient's platelets. "	( Human platelet fibrinogen: a protein different from plasma fibrinogen. Kling, C; Poirot, E; Samama, M; Soria, C; Soria, J, 1976)	2.05
"Rat fibrinogen has been purified and compared with bovine and human fibrinogen with respect to a number of chemical characteristics, including molecular size, charge distribution, NH2-terminal amino acids, total amino acid composition, and interspecies immunological cross-reactivity. "	( Partial chemical characterization of rat fibrinogen. Bouma, H; Fuller, FM, 1975)	1.08
"Fibrinogen half-life has varied from normal (104 hours) to markedly abbreviated (13 hours) in patients apparently fully anticoagulated, utilizing standard laboratory parameters."	( In vivo assessment of anticoagulation. Blaisdell, FW; Effeney, DJ; Graziano, CJ, 1977)	0.98
"Fibrinogen has turned out to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). "	( Fibrinogen values in patients with and without restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography. Eber, B; Gasser, R; Klein, W; Luha, O; Schumacher, M; Tiran, A; Toplak, H, 1992)	3.17
"Fibrinogen has been clearly established as an independent risk factor in the middle aged, but there are conflicting data concerning older persons."	( Thrombosis and cardiovascular risk in the elderly. Bovill, EG; Tracy, RP, 1992)	1
"Fibrinogen has been reported to be a risk factor for development of myocardial infarction in patients with ischaemic heart disease. "	( Plasma HMW fibrinogen in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Jespersen, J; Munkvad, S; Nieuwenhuizen, W, 1990)	2.11
"Fibrinogen has multiple binding sites to platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex."	( Fibrin(ogen) peptide B beta 15-42 inhibits platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to activated platelets. Chen, CS; Chou, SH; Thiagarajan, P, 1988)	1.23
"Dysfibrinogenemia has been associated with serious liver disease in adults, including tumors, chronic active hepatitis, and cirrhosis, but never with isolated obstructive jaundice."	( Dysfibrinogenemia in obstructive liver disease. Levy, J; Pettei, MJ; Weitz, JI, )	1.27

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fibrinogen plays a pathologic role in multiple diseases. "	( Suppression of fibrin(ogen)-driven pathologies in disease models through controlled knockdown by lipid nanoparticle delivery of siRNA. Bugge, TH; Cap, AP; Chun, EM; Cullis, PR; Flick, MJ; Francisco, B; Groeneveld, DJ; Hur, WS; Juang, LJ; Kastrup, CJ; La Prairie, B; Leung, J; Luyendyk, JP; Palumbo, JS; Robertson, MK; Silva, LM; Strilchuk, AW, 2022)	2.16
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in tumor progression. "	( Fibrinogen promotes gallbladder cancer cell metastasis and extravasation by inducing ICAM1 expression. Bao, R; Geng, Y; Jiang, C; Li, M; Li, Y; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Shu, Y; Wang, XA; Weng, H; Wu, W, 2022)	3.61
"Fibrinogen plays an essential role in blood coagulation and inflammation. "	( DNA methylation analysis is used to identify novel genetic loci associated with circulating fibrinogen levels in blood. Aïssi, D; Bell, JT; Boomsma, DI; Bressler, J; Brown, MR; Chen, MH; Cole, SA; Costeira, R; Cox, SR; de Geus, EJC; de Vries, PS; Dehghan, A; Delgado, GE; Dobson, DA; Domingo-Relloso, A; Elliott, P; Fornage, M; Grabe, HJ; Greinacher, A; Guo, X; Haack, K; Hahn, J; Harris, SE; Huang, J; Huffman, JE; Johnson, AD; Kardia, SLR; Kleber, ME; Liu, Y; Lorkowski, S; Marioni, RE; März, W; McCartney, DL; Morange, PE; Morrison, AC; Nauck, M; Navas-Acien, A; Ratliff, SM; Rotter, JI; Sabater-Lleal, M; Smith, JA; Smith, NL; Sotoodehnia, N; Spector, TD; Suchon, P; Swenson, BR; Taylor, KD; Tellez-Plaza, M; Teumer, A; Thibord, F; Trégouët, DA; van Dongen, J; Wiggins, KL; Willemsen, G; Wolberg, AS; Xia, Y; Yao, J; Zhao, W, 2023)	2.57
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in haemostasis during the early phase of trauma, and low fibrinogen levels after severe trauma are associated with haemostatic impairment, massive bleeding, and poor outcomes. "	( Early administration of fibrinogen concentrate is associated with improved survival among severe trauma patients: a single-centre propensity score-matched analysis. Hayakawa, M; Honma, Y; Itagaki, Y; Katabami, K; Kodate, A; Maekawa, K; Mizugaki, A; Ohyasu, T; Saito, T; Wada, T; Yoshida, T, 2020)	2.31
"Hyperfibrinogenemia plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade leading to the formation of clots. "	( Fibrinogen concentrations in ischaemic stroke patients with metabolic disorders. Baj, Z; Kaczorowska, B; Pawelczyk, M, 2020)	2.51
"Fibrinogen (FIB) plays a key role in blood coagulation and thrombosis and its concentration in blood can directly reflect health conditions, thus efficient detection of FIB would benefit the treatments of certain diseases such as liver and heart diseases. "	( An integrated platform for fibrinogen quantification on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device. Bai, M; Fang, A; Guan, Y; Guo, R; Liu, Y; Meng, X; Sun, B; Xu, F; Zhang, K, 2020)	2.3
"Fibrinogen plays a vital role in normal homeostasis by promoting platelet aggregation, clot formation and fibrinolysis. "	( Validation of an analytical method for the quantification of human fibrinogen in pharmaceutical products by size-exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). Gutiérrez-Jasso, F; Hernández-Longoria, R; Hernández-Ruiz, Y; Zarazúa, A, 2021)	2.3
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in hemostasis. "	( Use of Fibrinogen Determination Methods in Differential Diagnosis of Hypofibrinogenemia and Dysfibrinogenemia. Bolek, T; Brunclikova, M; Holly, P; Horvath, D; Kubisz, P; Samos, M; Schnierer, M; Simurda, T; Skornova, I; Slavik, L; Stasko, J; Zolkova, J, 2021)	2.52
"Fibrinogen plays an essential role in regulating thrombosis, wound healing, and other biological functions."	( Accelerated accumulation of fibrinogen peptide chains with Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice and human AD brains. Abe, K; Bian, Y; Bian, Z; Feng, T; Hu, X; Morihara, R; Omote, Y; Shi, X; Sun, H; Tadokoro, K; Takemoto, M; Yamashita, T; Yu, H, 2021)	1.64
"Fibrinogen plays a fundamental role in coagulation through its support for platelet aggregation and its conversion to fibrin. "	( Disorders of Fibrinogen and Fibrinolysis. Lim, MY; May, JE; Wolberg, AS, 2021)	2.43
"Fibrinogen plays a critical role in maintaining haemostasis in traumatic haemorrhage."	( Fibrinogen Early In Severe Trauma studY (FEISTY): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Campbell, D; Cohen, J; Dyer, W; Fraser, JF; Furyk, J; Holley, A; Hurn, C; Keijzers, G; Presneill, J; Ryan, G; Shuttleworth, M; Trout, M; Wake, E; Walsham, J; Winearls, J; Wullschleger, M, 2017)	2.62
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in hemostasis and thrombosis and is proven to have prognostic significance in patients with cardiovascular disease. "	( The relationship between fibrinogen and in-hospital mortality in patients with type A acute aortic dissection. Ji, G; Liu, J; Sun, LL; Wang, J, 2018)	2.23
"Fibrinogen plays a necessary role in blood clotting and wound healing. "	( An alternative solvent for electrospinning of fibrinogen nanofibers. Ebadi, MTK; Faridi-Majidi, R; Ghanizadeh, A; Mirzaei-Parsa, MJ, 2018)	2.18
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in mediating inflammation of bacterial infections and therefore could be a valuable biomarker for PJI."	( Fibrinogen - A Practical and Cost Efficient Biomarker for Detecting Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Amerstorfer, F; Bernhardt, GA; Glehr, M; Gruber, G; Klim, SM; Leithner, A; Leitner, L; Radl, R, 2018)	2.64
"Fibrinogen adsorption plays a key role in important biological processes, such as blood coagulation and foreign body reaction, which determine the biocompatibility of a material. "	( In Situ Single-Molecule AFM Investigation of Surface-Induced Fibrinogen Unfolding on Graphite. Barinov, NA; Dubrovin, EV; Klinov, DV; Schäffer, TE, 2019)	2.2
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in the coagulation process, and therefore maintaining adequate quantities of fibrinogen is an essential step in achieving satisfactory hemostasis in patients with acquired hypofibrinogenemia. "	( Restoring hemostasis: fibrinogen concentrate versus cryoprecipitate. Aledort, LM; Elliott, BM, 2013)	2.15
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in hemostasis and is the first coagulation factor to reach critical levels in massively bleeding trauma patients. "	( Estimation of plasma fibrinogen levels based on hemoglobin, base excess and Injury Severity Score upon emergency room admission. Inaba, K; Maegele, M; Ponschab, M; Schlimp, CJ; Schöchl, H; Voelckel, W, 2013)	2.15
"Fibrinogen plays a critical role in achieving and maintaining hemostasis and is fundamental to effective clot formation. "	( Fibrinogen as a therapeutic target for bleeding: a review of critical levels and replacement therapy. Goodnough, LT; Levy, JH; Welsby, I, 2014)	3.29
"Fibrinogen plays an essential role in clot formation and stability. "	( The role of fibrinogen in trauma-induced coagulopathy. Schlimp, CJ; Schöchl, H, 2014)	2.22
"The fibrinogen level was lower in group B than the other 3 groups (P = 0.039)."	( Intraoperative blood loss in female patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Fan, J; Li, C; Li, M; Li, Z; Sun, X; Wang, C; Xie, Y; Yang, M; Zhu, HY, 2014)	0.88
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in the pathophysiology of tumour cell invasion and metastases. "	( The association of an elevated plasma fibrinogen level with cancer-specific and overall survival in prostate cancer patients. Gerger, A; Kapp, KS; Krenn-Pilko, S; Langsenlehner, T; Langsenlehner, U; Pichler, M; Stojakovic, T; Thurner, EM, 2015)	2.13
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in hemostasis and is the first coagulation factor to reach critical levels in bleeding patients. "	( Rapid measurement of fibrinogen concentration in whole blood using a steel ball coagulometer. Hochleitner, G; Khadem, A; Klotz, A; Ponschab, M; Redl, H; Schlimp, CJ; Schöchl, H; Solomon, C, 2015)	2.18
"Fibrinogen plays a central role in coagulation and falls to critical levels early after trauma. "	( Fibrinogen concentrate administration inhibits endogenous fibrinogen synthesis in pigs after traumatic hemorrhage. Dubick, MA; Martini, WZ, 2015)	3.3
"Fibrinogen was lower in patients (cases and controls) (3.69g/L [IQR 3.31-4.26]) compared to HI (4.17 [IQR 3.69-4.65]) p=0.041."	( Clot structure and fibrinolytic potential in patients with post thrombotic syndrome. Ariëns, RAS; Bouman, AC; Cheung, YW; McPherson, H; Ten Cate, H; Ten Cate-Hoek, AJ; Ten Wolde, M, 2016)	1.16
"Fibrinogen plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of tumour cell growth, invasion and metastasis. "	( The clinical significance of fibrinogen plasma levels in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Beham-Schmid, C; Bullock, MD; Deutsch, A; Egle, A; Greil, R; Melchardt, T; Neumeister, P; Neureiter, D; Pichler, M; Reitz, D; Schlick, K; Tränkenschuh, W; Troppan, KT; Weiss, L; Wenzl, K, 2016)	2.17
"Fibrinogen not only plays a pivotal role in hemostasis but also serves key roles in antimicrobial host defense. "	( Fibrinogen Is at the Interface of Host Defense and Pathogen Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Flick, MJ; Ko, YP, 2016)	3.32
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in platelet aggregation and the establishment of the primary haemostatic plug."	( Fibrinogen concentrate improves clot strength in patients with haematological malignancies requiring platelet transfusion. Fenger-Eriksen, C; Fries, D; Larsen, OH; Munk-Andersen, H; Schenk, B, 2016)	2.6
"Fibrinogen and CRP were lower after LDL apheresis and had returned to levels comparable to baseline at week 7, statistically significant however only for fibrinogen."	( LDL apheresis activates the complement system and the cytokine network, whereas PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab induces no inflammatory response. Enebakk, T; Hovland, A; Lappegård, KT; Ludviksen, JK; Mollnes, TE; Thunhaug, H, )	0.85
"Fibrinogen plays an important role as a cardiovascular risk factor in acromegaly, irrespective of the cure of the disease. "	( The role of fibrinogen and CRP in cardiovascular risk in patients with acromegaly. Bolanowski, M; Daroszewski, J; Kałuzny, M; Szuba, A, )	1.95
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in blood coagulation but its function extends far beyond blood clotting being involved in inflammation and repair. "	( Fibrinogen, acting as a mitogen for tubulointerstitial fibroblasts, promotes renal fibrosis. Degen, JL; Haller, H; Inhester, T; Melk, A; Schmitt, R; Sörensen, I; Susnik, N, 2011)	3.25
"Fibrinogen plays several key roles in the maintenance of hemostasis. "	( Fibrinogen and hemostasis: a primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding. Levy, JH; Sniecienski, RM; Szlam, F; Tanaka, KA, 2012)	3.26
"Mean fibrinogen levels were lower across the increasing quartiles of the fiber intake after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol consumption, and total calories, percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein and fat, with a difference of 0.08 g/l fibrinogen between first and fourth quartiles (P for trend <0.001) for the whole population. "	( Relationship between plasma fibrinogen and fiber intake in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Freitas, RN; Khaw, KT; Luben, R; Wareham, NJ, 2012)	1.19
"Fibrinogen can transform fibrin through an agglutination reaction, finally forming fibrin polymer with grid structure. "	( Quantitative determination of fibrinogen of patients with coronary heart diseases through piezoelectric agglutination sensor. Cai, G; Chen, M; Chen, Q; Fu, W; Hua, X; Liu, D, 2010)	2.09
"Fibrinogen plays an important role in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. "	( Fibrinogen polymorphisms associated with sporadic cerebral hemorrhage in a Chinese population. Du, X; Hu, Z; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Ma, M; Xia, J; Xu, H; Yang, Q; Zeng, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)	3.26
"Fibrinogen plays a major role in basic coagulation tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT). "	( Preparation of a purified fibrinogen calibration material for Clauss method and turbidimetric immunoassay possessing biological activity and antigenicity. Naka, K; Okuda, M; Tatsumi, N; Uemura, Y, 2003)	2.06
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and complications of atherothrombotic disease. "	( Fibrinogen predicts mortality in high risk patients with peripheral artery disease. Budinsky, A; Doweik, L; Maca, T; Minar, E; Sabeti, S; Schillinger, M, 2003)	3.2
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in platelet aggregation, the final step of the coagulation cascade, i.e. "	( Fibrinogen--marker or mediator of vascular disease? Reinhart, WH, 2003)	3.2
"Fibrinogen level was lower in patients receiving re-infusion compared to controls."	( Activation of blood coagulation in patients undergoing postoperative blood salvage and re-infusion of unwashed whole blood after total knee arthroplasty. Agnelli, G; Biagini, D; Filippucci, E; Pagliaricci, S, 2004)	1.04
"Fibrinogen was initially lower in the estrogen group compared with the combined therapy group (p=0.014), and did not change during wash out."	( Effect of the cessation of long-term hormone replacement therapy on plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen. Jokela, H; Kalela, A; Kunnas, T; Lehtimäki, T; Nikkari, ST; Punnonen, R; Teisala, K; Uppa, H, 2006)	1.27
"Fibrinogen levels increase with the number of cigarettes smoked and quickly fall after smoking cessation."	( Overview of hemostatic factors involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Kannel, WB, 2005)	1.05
"Fibrinogen promotes the adherence of Pg to human oral epithelial cells and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases."	( [Effect of fibrinogen on the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to human oral epithelial cells]. Fei, XL; Ge, S; Liu, TJ; Wu, YF; Zhao, L, 2006)	2.17
"Fibrinogen plays a key role in coagulation and inflammation. "	( Fibrinogen-beta gene haplotype is associated with mortality in sepsis. Manocha, S; Russell, JA; Sutherland, AM; Walley, KR; Wattanathum, A, 2007)	3.23
"Fibrinogen plays an integral part in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. "	( The ability of fibrinogens, FI and FII, to support ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Mansouri, A; Perry, CA; Phillips, HM, 1983)	2.06
"Fibrinogen plays a central role in platelet aggregation and performs an essential substrate in the coagulation cascade."	( [Clinical significance of the cardiovascular risk factor fibrinogen in secondary prevention]. Baller, D; Gleichmann, U; Mannebach, H; Miche, E; Seggewiss, H, 1995)	1.26
"High fibrinogen levels also increase recurrence rates and the progression of these conditions."	( Haemostatic function and arterial disease. Meade, TW, 1994)	0.74
"Fibrinogen levels were lower in full- and preterm neonates [2.10 +/- 0.12, and 2.30 +/- 0.18 v."	( Fibrinolytic activity in preterm Nigerian babies. Famodu, AA, 1996)	1.02
"Fibrinogen levels were lower (P < 0.05) in the controls when compared to high and medium PRA group."	( Fibrinogen and the albumin-globulin ratio in essential hypertension: relations to plasma renin system activity. Allikmets, K; Parik, T; Teesalu, R, 1996)	2.46
"Fibrinogen was 10% lower in Kitavan males while 25% higher in Kitavan females."	( Haemostatic variables in Pacific Islanders apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease--the Kitava Study. Berntorp, E; Carlsson, R; Eliasson, M; Lindeberg, S; Marckmann, P, 1997)	1.02
"Fibrinogen plays a central role in surface-induced thrombosis. "	( Three dimensional structure of human fibrinogen under aqueous conditions visualized by atomic force microscopy. Barb, MD; Eppell, SJ; Marchant, RE; Shainoff, JR; Siedlecki, CA; Wilson, DL, 1997)	2.01
"Fibrinogen showed an increase in both genders at follow-up."	( Gender differences in blood thrombogenicity in hyperlipidemic patients and response to pravastatin. Ambrose, JA; Badimon, JJ; Cohen, AM; Dangas, G; Fallon, JT; Levine, D; Meraj, P; Shao, JH; Smith, DA; Unger, AH, 1999)	1.02
"Fibrinogen was lower in the patients of the group of intervention, especially in those patients that gave up smoking."	( [Efficacy of hygienic and dietary therapy in coronary patients with isolated hypoalphalipoproteinemia]. Castiñeiras, MJ; Fiol, C; Meco, JF; Pinto, X; Pujol, R; Quintana, E, 1999)	1.02
"Fibrinogen levels were lower in the SC than in the IR group 5 (P = 0.013) and 60 min after unclamping (P = 0.02), but PT, PTT, and platelets did not differ between the groups at any time points."	( Analysis of coagulation changes associated with supraceliac aortic crossclamping using thromboelastography. Anagnostopoulos, PV; Chaudhry, PA; Mishima, T; Morita, H; Pipinos, II; Raman, SB; Shepard, AD; Suzuki, G, 2001)	1.03
"Fibrinogen plays a central role in the mechanism of coagulation and thrombosis and is partially involved in the development of postintervention restenosis. "	( Fibrinogen: structure, function, and surface interactions. Fuss, C; Palmaz, JC; Sprague, EA, 2001)	3.2
"For fibrinogen, there was an increase in the median concentration from 3.40 g/l before entering the shift to 3.70 g/l 24 hours later (p=0.044)."	( Increase in interleukin-6 and fibrinogen after exposure to dust in tunnel construction workers. Hilt, B; Holme, J; Qvenild, T; Svendsen, K; Ulvestad, B, 2002)	1.08
"Fibrinogen (Fib) plays an important role in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, and homocysteine (tHcy) causes endothelial dysfunction and injury. "	( Elevated fibrinogen and homocysteine levels enhance the risk of mortality in patients from a high-risk preventive cardiology clinic. Acevedo, M; Kottke-Marchant, K; Pearce, GL; Sprecher, DL, 2002)	2.17
"Fibrinogen plays a pivotal role in both the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in hemostasis. "	( Molecular basis for measurement of circulating fibrinogen derivatives. Wilner, GD, 1978)	1.96
"Fibrinogen displays a regulation of considerable physiological significance by lowering the Ca2+ requirement for the conversion of the fibrin-stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) zymogen to the range of concentrations of this ion found in plasma. "	( Ca2+-related regulatory function of fibrinogen. Credo, RB; Curtis, CG; Lorand, L, 1978)	1.98
"A fibrinogen increase was observed in only the multiple IP bolus group."	( Equine Escherichia coli endotoxemia: comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal endotoxin administration. Burrows, GE, 1979)	0.82
"Fibrinogen displays an effect on plasminogen activation kinetics consistent with its function as a mixed-type nonessential activator, with Ka values between 110 and 240 nM, in the absence and presence (50 mM) of Cl-."	( Regulation of the streptokinase-mediated activation of human plasminogen by fibrinogen and chloride ions. Castellino, FJ; Chibber, BA, 1986)	1.22

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fibrinogen was treated with MASP-1 followed by analysis on SDS-PAGE and the obtained cleaved fragments were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight/time of flight."	( Mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 cleaves plasminogen and plasma fibronectin: prefers plasminogen over known fibrinogen substrate. Are, VN; Choudhary, K; Hajela, K; Makde, RD; Patel, PK, 2021)	1.55
"Fibrinogen treatment resulted in increased syndecan-1, PAK1 activation (phosphorylation), cofilin activation (dephosphorylation), as well as decreased stress fibers and permeability when compared with LR treatment. "	( Fibrinogen Activates PAK1/Cofilin Signaling Pathway to Protect Endothelial Barrier Integrity. Chipman, A; Dong, JF; Kozar, RA; Wu, F, 2021)	3.51
"The fibrinogen treatment reduced hypofibrinogenemia and increased factor XIII level, but had no significant effects on other biomarkers levels."	( Evaluation of trauma-induced coagulopathy in the fibrinogen in the initial resuscitation of severe trauma trial. Beckett, A; da Luz, L; Nascimento, B; Peng, HT; Rhind, SG, 2021)	1.36
"Fibrinogen treatment leads to increased clot firmness in dilutional coagulopathy as measured with thromboelastometry. "	( Effects of fibrinogen concentrate after shock/resuscitation: a comparison between in vivo microvascular clot formation and thromboelastometry*. Cabrales, P; Fries, D; Intaglietta, M; Martini, J; Tsai, AG, 2013)	2.22
"Fibrinogen concentrate treatment can improve coagulation during massive traumatic bleeding. "	( Correction of hypothermic and dilutional coagulopathy with concentrates of fibrinogen and factor XIII: an in vitro study with ROTEM. Nilsson, F; Olanders, K; Schött, U; Thomas, OD; Winstedt, D, 2014)	2.08
"The fibrinogen-treated synoviocytes showed significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6, MCP-1, TF and PAI-1, and decreased PAR-1 expression compared to non-treated cells."	( mRNA expression of genes involved in inflammation and haemostasis in equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes following exposure to lipopolysaccharide, fibrinogen and thrombin. Andreassen, SM; Berg, LC; Jacobsen, S; Kristensen, AT; Nielsen, SS, 2015)	1.1
"Defibrinogen in treatment for patients with high plasma fibrinogen content also should be suggested."	( Plasma Fibrinogen in Patients With Bell Palsy. Li, S; Tang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, H, 2016)	1.45
"Fibrinogen lowering treatments are also summarized."	( [Fibrinogen as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and the question of treatment with fibrinogen-lowering drugs]. Boda, Z, 1997)	1.93
"Fibrinogen thus treated gradually became insensitive to thrombin."	( Purification and amino acid sequence of halystase from snake venom of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii, a serine protease that cleaves specifically fibrinogen and kininogen. Fujimura, Y; Hamako, J; Hayashi, I; Kinoshita, M; Matsui, T; Oh-Ishi, S; Sakurai, Y; Suzuki, M; Titani, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamazaki, J, 1998)	1.22
"Fibrinogen treated with high doses of MB (50 microM) showed a weaker binding to the fibrinogen receptor (GP IIb/IIIa) on the platelet surface and a decrease in platelet aggregation after stimulation with ADP and photooxidized fibrinogen."	( High doses of methylene blue/light treatment crosslink the A-alpha-subunit of fibrinogen: influence of this photooxidization on fibrinogen binding to platelets. Jablonka, B; Kirchmaier, CM; Lorenz, M; Müller, M; Vigh, T, )	1.08
"The fibrinogen in the treated plasma clotted normally with thrombin."	( An artificial 'haemophilic' plasma for one-stage factor-VIII assay. Chantarangkul, V; Darby, SC; Ingram, GI; Thorn, MB, 1978)	0.74
"Fibrinogen pretreatment levels were significantly elevated above normal."	( Response of plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen to hormone treatment and the relation of pretreatment values to mortality in patients with prostatic cancer. Byar, DP; Corle, DK; Doe, RP; Seal, US, 1976)	1.31
"When fibrinogen was treated with 4 M guanidine ."	( Four states of tyrosine residues in the fibrinogen molecule. Blombäck, B; Inada, Y, 1978)	0.98
"Fibrinogen treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase released 90 percent of its sialic acid without evidence of proteolysis, as indicated by the presence of intace A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains on sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels of the reduced asialoprotein."	( Functional and metabolic properties of human asialofibrinogen. Martinez, J; Palascak, J; Peters, C, 1977)	1.23
"High fibrinogen before treatment may be explained as an aspecific response."	( Activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in Graves' disease. Conti, M; Mameli, G; Marongiu, F; Martino, E; Murtas, ML; Sorano, GG, 1991)	0.74
"Fibrinogen treated with tryptase together with heparin lost all detectable clotting activity by 4 hr at 37 degrees C, whereas fibrinogen treated with tryptase alone resulted in destruction of only 80% of fibrinogen clotting equivalents after 16 hr."	( The fibrinogenolytic activity of purified tryptase from human lung mast cells. Bradford, TR; Littman, BH; Schwartz, LB; Wintroub, BU, 1985)	1.55
"For treatment, fibrinogen concentrate and fresh frozen plasma are options, though the effective dosage of either agent is unclear."	( High-dose fibrinogen versus a clinically recommended dose of fresh frozen plasma for reversal of dilutional coagulopathy in an in vitro model of severe hemodilution. Rau, J; Rosenthal, C; Sander, M; Volk, T; Von Heymann, C; Ziemer, S, 2014)	1.14
"Pretreatment fibrinogen and albumin levels were reviewed in patients who received neoadjuvant treatment."	( Cumulative prognostic scores based on plasma fibrinogen and serum albumin levels in esophageal cancer patients treated with transthoracic esophagectomy: comparison with the Glasgow prognostic score. Fukuda, K; Kawakubo, H; Kitagawa, Y; Matsuda, S; Nakamura, R; Omori, T; Saikawa, Y; Takahashi, T; Takeuchi, H; Wada, N, 2015)	1.03
"Treatment with fibrinogen concentrate (mean dose 7-9 g in the 4 groups) significantly reduced post-operative allogeneic blood component transfusion requirements when compared to placebo both for patients with a platelet count≥100×10(9)/L and for patients with a platelet count<100×10(9)/L."	( Fibrinogen concentrate as first-line therapy in aortic surgery reduces transfusion requirements in patients with platelet counts over or under 100×10(9)/L. Rahe-Meyer, N; Solomon, C, 2015)	2.2
"Treatment of afibrinogenemia is aimed at replacing the missing fibrinogen to restore efficient haemostasis and to stop bleeding."	( Results of an international, multicentre pharmacokinetic trial in congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Peyvandi, F, 2009)	0.93
"Pre-treatment fibrinogen levels were measured in 322 episodes."	( Cryoprecipitate for transfusion: which patients receive it and why? A study of patterns of use across three regions in England. Allard, S; Grant-Casey, J; Hennem, S; Kilner, M; Rowley, M; Seeney, F; Stanworth, S; Tinegate, H, 2012)	0.72
"Treatment with fibrinogen, a ligand of GPIIb/IIIa, increased the number of CD41+/PI+ cells, but treatment in the late stage suppressed CD41+/PI- cell formation, suggesting that fibrinogen promotes megakaryocytopoiesis, but not thrombopoiesis."	( Development of a liquid culture system for megakaryocyte terminal differentiation: fibrinogen promotes megakaryocytopoiesis but not thrombopoiesis. Fujita, H; Morita, I; Murota, SI; Ono, M; Sakamoto, Y; Sato, T; Takano, Y; Tanaka, N; Tomiyama, J, 2003)	0.88
"Treatment with fibrinogen concentrate (Haemocomplettan P, 25-200 mg/kg body weight intravenously) resulted in a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in fibrinogen plasma levels and amelioration of the measured coagulation abnormalities."	( The effect of fibrinogen concentrate administration on coagulation abnormalities in a rat sepsis model. Dickneite, G; Doerr, B; Kaspereit, F, 2004)	1.02
"Treatment with fibrinogen concentrates is considered to be the best choice for afibrinogenaemic patients who experience bleeding."	( Management of acute bleeding in a patient with congenital afibrinogenaemia. Dolan, G; Garipidou, V; Hill, M; Lefkou, E; Perifanis, V; Rizopoulou, D; Tziomalos, K; Vakalopoulou, S; Zafiriadou, E, 2006)	0.92
"Pretreatment fibrinogen levels were examined prior to surgery or other treatments (e.g. "	( Pretreatment plasma fibrinogen level correlates with tumor progression and metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Ikeuchi, S; Isobe, Y; Kitagawa, Y; Kitajima, M; Kubochi, K; Matsumoto, S; Oishi, T; Shimada, A; Takeuchi, H, 2007)	1.03
"Pretreatment fibrinogen levels were correlated with outcome and response to therapy in a cohort of 119 previously untreated patients with SCCL who were admitted to VA Cooperative Study 188."	( Pretreatment fibrinogen levels are associated with response to chemotherapy in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung: Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 188. Meehan, KR; Moritz, TE; Rickles, FR; Zacharski, LR, 1995)	1.01
"Pretreatment of fibrinogen with HAT resulted in a decrease or complete loss of its thrombin-induced clotting capacity, depending on the duration of pretreatment with HAT and the concentration of HAT."	( Fibrinogenolytic activity of a novel trypsin-like enzyme found in human airway. Nakahori, Y; Yasuoka, S; Yoshinaga, S, 1998)	2.08
"Treatment of fibrinogen with maleic acid anhydride renders fibrinogen unclottable depending on the degree of modification of the molecule. "	( Studies on chemically modified fibrinogen. Heene, DL; Kloczewiak, M; Matthias, FR; Wegrzynowicz, Z; Zajdel, M, 1976)	0.91
"Untreated fibrinogen and fully polymerized fibrin had no detectable effect on platelets."	( Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin. Mustard, JF; Niewiarowski, S; Regoeczi, E; Senyl, AF; Stewart, GJ, 1972)	0.63

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A specific role of the virus in this toxic syndrome can be demonstrated when heparin is employed to circumvent intravascular coagulation and fibrinogen loss."	( The pathogenesis of Vaccinia virus toxicity. I. The role of virus-platelet interaction. Campbell, WG; Cassel, WA; Sottnek, HM, 1975)	0.46
" The consumption of MaxEPA by our patients over a seven-year period did not indicate any adverse effects."	( Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Gillott, T; Saynor, R, 1992)	0.58
"6 MU/kg of t-PA appears to be effective in inducing rapid coronary patency and to be safe in patients with acute myocardial infarction."	( Effectiveness and safety of a single intravenous bolus injection of tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Bolus Dose-Escalation Study of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (BEST) Investigators. Andreotti, F; Brunelli, C; Buller, N; Caponnetto, S; Foale, R; Fussell, A; Hackett, D; Haider, AW; Lipkin, D; Shahi, M, 1992)	0.28
" No differences were seen in the LD50 when comparing untreated mice with mice previously defibrinogenated with batroxobin."	( [Modification of the toxicity of Bothrops atrox poison by interventions in the coagulation and kallikrein system of prey]. Meier, J; Stocker, K, 1984)	0.49
"Cardiotoxicity is a serious but relatively unknown side-effect of treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)."	( Changes of blood viscosity in patients treated with 5-fluorouracil--a link to cardiotoxicity? Albertsson, M; Cwikiel, M; Eskilsson, J; Larsson, H; Persson, SU, 1995)	0.29
"Extracorporeal membrane differential filtration is a safe method to optimize hemorheology in patients with acute ischemic stroke."	( Extracorporeal membrane differential filtration--a new and safe method to optimize hemorheology in acute ischemic stroke. Barthel, H; Berrouschot, J; Köster, J; Scheel, C; Schneider, D, 1998)	0.3
" On the basis of the limited systemic absorption and the absence of clinically significant cardiac or clotting effects, intra-amniotically administered digoxin may be considered safe for use before late second-trimester pregnancy terminations."	( Safety of intra-amniotic digoxin administration before late second-trimester abortion by dilation and evacuation. Benowitz, NL; Darney, PD; Drey, EA; Goldschlager, N; Thomas, LJ, 2000)	0.31
" Although we succeeded in our primary objective of demonstrating expression of human factor IX we encountered numerous toxic side effects that proved to be dose limiting."	( Toxicity of a first-generation adenoviral vector in rhesus macaques. Costello, R; Csako, G; Donahue, RE; Krizek, DM; Lozier, JN; Metzger, ME; Mondoro, TH; Morgan, RA; Rick, ME; Vostal, JG, 2002)	0.31
" Pyrrolic metabolites were produced from MCT by SECs in vitro, which suggests that MCT may injure SECs directly through the formation of its toxic metabolite, monocrotaline pyrrole."	( Endothelial cell injury and coagulation system activation during synergistic hepatotoxicity from monocrotaline and bacterial lipopolysaccharide coexposure. Copple, BL; Ganey, PE; Hanumegowda, UM; Roth, RA; Shibuya, M; Yee, SB, 2003)	0.32
"Low serum albumin is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular adverse events in healthy subjects and patients with subclinical, atherosclerosis."	( Serum albumin predicts cardiac adverse events in patients with advanced atherosclerosis - interrelation with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Amighi, J; Exner, M; Minar, E; Mlekusch, W; Sabeti, S; Schillinger, M; Schlager, O; Wagner, O, 2004)	0.32
"4 mg/kg are safe in ischemic stroke."	( A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Haley, EC; Hemmen, TM; Johnston, KC; Lyden, PD, 2005)	0.33
" The incidence of early adverse reactions (all mild) was similar for both antivenoms (15% and 24%; P>0."	( Efficacy and safety of two whole IgG polyvalent antivenoms, refined by caprylic acid fractionation with or without beta-propiolactone, in the treatment of Bothrops asper bites in Colombia. Alzate, C; Arrieta, AB; Arroyo, Y; Ayala, S; Barona, J; Conrado, LL; Córdoba, E; Díaz, A; Fabra, PE; Fernández, D; Fernández, J; Gutiérrez, JM; León, G; López, M; Meza, JJ; Mosquera, D; Núñez, V; Ospina, CE; Otero, R; Paniagua, CA; Quintana, JC; Ramírez, E; Ramírez, P; Rodríguez, V; Rojas, G; Silva, JF; Theakston, RD; Toro, MF; Warrell, DA, 2006)	0.33
" The systematic registration of adverse events shows very few allergic and nonallergic reactions to plasma derived clotting factor concentrates."	( [Safety of plasma-derived factor concentrates: an example of pharmacovigilance with fibrinogen and factor XIII-concentrate]. Heindl, B; Joch, Ch; Spannagl, M, 2006)	0.56
" Safety was evaluated by occurrence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of TachoSil as haemostatic treatment versus standard suturing in kidney tumour resection: a randomised prospective study. Altziebler, S; Becker, H; Goebell, P; Lahme, S; Lüftenegger, W; Machtens, S; Oberneder, R; Schmeller, N; Siemer, S; Stolzenburg, JU; Strohmaier, W; Tetens, V; Van Poppel, H; Wechsel, HW, 2007)	0.34
" Safety was assessed on the basis of adverse events and laboratory parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fibrinogen concentrate. Castaman, G; Dimichele, D; Fremann, S; Kalina, U; Knaub, S; Manco-Johnson, MJ; Mannucci, P; Peyvandi, F; Piseddu, G, 2009)	0.64
" All four adverse events reported were mild, and none was serious or related to study drug."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fibrinogen concentrate. Castaman, G; Dimichele, D; Fremann, S; Kalina, U; Knaub, S; Manco-Johnson, MJ; Mannucci, P; Peyvandi, F; Piseddu, G, 2009)	0.64
" Duration of postoperative air leakage (primary end point), reduction of intra-operative air leakage intensity (secondary end point) and adverse events (AEs), including postoperative complications, were assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of TachoSil® versus standard treatment of air leakage after pulmonary lobectomy. Csekeo, A; Dango, S; Dienemann, H; Facciolo, F; Klepetko, W; Ladegaard, L; Marta, GM; Rea, F; Spaggiari, L; Tetens, V, 2010)	0.36
" These findings have shed light toward the design of safe carbon nanotube nanomaterials by comprehensive preconsideration of their interactions with human serum proteins."	( Binding of blood proteins to carbon nanotubes reduces cytotoxicity. Chai, Z; Chen, C; Du, J; Ge, C; Li, D; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y; Zhou, R, 2011)	0.37
"51) in the incidence of early adverse reactions to antivenom administration (28."	( Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of two polyvalent, caprylic acid fractionated [IgG and F(ab')2] antivenoms, in Bothrops asper bites in Colombia. Angulo, Y; Arrieta, AB; Arroyo, Y; Barona, J; Betancur, D; Conrado, NL; Córdoba, EA; Díaz, A; Estrada, S; Fabra, P; Fernández, D; Fernández, J; Gómez, JP; Gutiérrez, JM; Herrera, M; León, G; Mosquera, DC; Ortiz, R; Otero-Patiño, R; Perea, M; Pereañez, A; Pupo, L; Quintana, JC; Ramírez, CE; Ramírez, P; Rivero, A; Segura, A; Suárez, AM; Vargas, LJ, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, fibrinogen concentrate administration has been reported to be safe with regard to thrombosis and thromboembolic complications, as well as mortality."	( Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate substitution in adults. Mad, P; Warmuth, M; Wild, C, 2012)	1
" However, as many toxic responses in vivo are mediated by a complex interplay among different cell types and often require chronic drug exposures, the predictive performance of hepatocytes is very limited."	( A long-term three dimensional liver co-culture system for improved prediction of clinically relevant drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Applegate, D; Boess, F; Kostadinova, R; Naughton, B; Roth, A; Singer, T; Suter, L; Weiser, T, 2013)	0.39
"The dendritic cell vaccine DC-Ad-GM·CAIX is an active, specific immunotherapy with the potential of providing a safe and effective therapy against renal cell carcinoma (RCC)."	( Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in prevention and treatment of renal cell carcinoma: efficacy, safety, and activity of Ad-GM·CAIX in immunocompetent mouse models. Atefi, M; Belldegrun, AS; Birkhäuser, FD; Chandramouli, GV; Chodon, T; Kabbinavar, FF; Koya, RC; Kroeger, N; Li, G; Lu, X; McBride, WH; Micewicz, ED; Neufeld, C; Pantuck, AJ; Rampersaud, EN; Ribas, A; Riss, J; Said, JW, 2013)	0.39
"Liver resection due to colorectal liver metastases is a safe and effective method resulting in high survival rates."	( Evaluation of outcomes and treatment safety of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver with estimation of prognostic factors. Kryj, M; Maciejewski, A; Półtorak, S; Zeman, M, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, there are limited data on the frequency of adverse events associated with CPP."	( Safety and efficacy of cryoprecipitate-poor plasma as a replacement fluid for therapeutic plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a single center retrospective evaluation. Addas-Carvalho, M; Andrade Orsi, F; Castro Ozelo, M; Comenalli Marques, JF; De Paula, EV; Gasparotto Roveri, E; Maria Annichino-Bizzacchi, J; Pereira Colella, M; Stefanello, B, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we retrospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of CPP based on the number of sessions, volume of plasma exposure, frequency of exacerbations/relapses, and adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of cryoprecipitate-poor plasma as a replacement fluid for therapeutic plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a single center retrospective evaluation. Addas-Carvalho, M; Andrade Orsi, F; Castro Ozelo, M; Comenalli Marques, JF; De Paula, EV; Gasparotto Roveri, E; Maria Annichino-Bizzacchi, J; Pereira Colella, M; Stefanello, B, 2014)	0.4
" Mild allergic reactions were the most common treatment-related adverse event in both groups."	( Safety and efficacy of cryoprecipitate-poor plasma as a replacement fluid for therapeutic plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a single center retrospective evaluation. Addas-Carvalho, M; Andrade Orsi, F; Castro Ozelo, M; Comenalli Marques, JF; De Paula, EV; Gasparotto Roveri, E; Maria Annichino-Bizzacchi, J; Pereira Colella, M; Stefanello, B, 2014)	0.4
" Human fibrinogen concentrate was shown to be pharmacodynamically active in rabbits and dogs and well tolerated, with no adverse events and no influence on circulation, respiration or hematological parameters in rabbits, mice, rats and dogs."	( Analysis of the safety and pharmacodynamics of human fibrinogen concentrate in animals. Beyerle, A; Dickneite, G; Herzog, E; Nolte, MW; Solomon, C, 2014)	1.11
"We tested the hypothesis that the adverse effect of smoking on these biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress would be detectable in otherwise healthy young female habitual smokers."	( Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-dependent adverse effects on paraoxonase activity and fibrinogen in young women. Araujo, JA; Gornbein, J; Middlekauff, HR; Ramanathan, G; Yin, F, 2014)	0.62
"Cigarette smoking is associated with a dose-dependent adverse effect on PON-1 activity and fibrinogen in young women, which may have implications for future cardiovascular risk."	( Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-dependent adverse effects on paraoxonase activity and fibrinogen in young women. Araujo, JA; Gornbein, J; Middlekauff, HR; Ramanathan, G; Yin, F, 2014)	0.84
" This study evaluates spontaneous reports of potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that occurred during postmarketing pharmacovigilance of Haemocomplettan P/RiaSTAP, and reviews published safety data."	( Safety of fibrinogen concentrate: analysis of more than 27 years of pharmacovigilance data. Gröner, A; Pendrak, I; Solomon, C; Ye, J, 2015)	0.82
" Lung deposition of carbon nanotubes is known to cause acute localized pulmonary adverse effects."	( Subchronic toxicity and cardiovascular responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats after exposure to multiwalled carbon nanotubes by intratracheal instillation. Autrup, H; Bai, R; Beer, C; Chen, C; Chen, R; Ge, C; Qu, Y; Tseng, MT; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.42
"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fluctuations of coagulation parameters during cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and confirm beyond doubt that epidural anaesthesia is safe with this type of operations."	( Lack of significant intraoperative coagulopathy in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) indicates that epidural anaesthesia is a safe option. Alevizos, L; Daskalou, T; Eleftheriadis, S; Iatrou, C; Korakianitis, O; Mavroudis, C; Stamou, K; Tentes, AA; Vogiatzaki, T, 2015)	0.42
"Our results support the belief that epidural analgesia is a safe option in cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC despite certain intraoperative fluctuations in coagulation parameters."	( Lack of significant intraoperative coagulopathy in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) indicates that epidural anaesthesia is a safe option. Alevizos, L; Daskalou, T; Eleftheriadis, S; Iatrou, C; Korakianitis, O; Mavroudis, C; Stamou, K; Tentes, AA; Vogiatzaki, T, 2015)	0.42
" However, none of the analyzed trials was powered for estimation of survival and adverse events with FC use."	( Efficacy and Safety of Fibrinogen Concentrate in Surgical Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Fominskiy, E; Landoni, G; Lomivorotov, VV; Monaco, F; Nepomniashchikh, VA; Vitiello, C; Zangrillo, A, 2016)	0.74
" Both treatments were well tolerated with similar frequency of adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of TachoSil (Absorbable Fibrin Sealant Patch) Compared With Current Practice for the Prevention of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Patients Undergoing Skull Base Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ferrer, E; George, B; Kihlström, L; Matula, C; Tetens, V, 2017)	0.46
" Although the study did not meet its primary endpoint, TachoSil appears to be safe and effective for the prevention of CSF leaks and associated complications."	( Safety and Efficacy of TachoSil (Absorbable Fibrin Sealant Patch) Compared With Current Practice for the Prevention of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Patients Undergoing Skull Base Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ferrer, E; George, B; Kihlström, L; Matula, C; Tetens, V, 2017)	0.46
"PCC is safe for use as a dural substitute and effective as a dural sealant."	( Safety and Efficacy of a Novel, Self-Adhering Dural Substitute in a Canine Supratentorial Durotomy Model. Baumgartner, B; Gulle, H; Lewis, KM; Rousselle, S; Sweet, J; Wilson, ST, 2018)	0.48
" We observed no adverse histologic reactions at 28 days."	( Hemostasis and Safety of a Novel Fibrin Dressing Versus Standard Gauze in Bleeding Cancellous Bone in a Caprine Spine Surgery Model. Floyd, CT; Olson, CE; Padua, RA, 2017)	0.46
"The fibrin dressing is an efficacious and safe method of controlling blood loss from cancellous bone in a spine surgery model."	( Hemostasis and Safety of a Novel Fibrin Dressing Versus Standard Gauze in Bleeding Cancellous Bone in a Caprine Spine Surgery Model. Floyd, CT; Olson, CE; Padua, RA, 2017)	0.46
" During follow-up for a period of 275 person-years, 50 adverse events were recorded."	( Parathyroid hormone, calcidiol, calcitriol and adverse events in the acute coronary syndrome. Castañeda Sancirilo, M; Castillo Moreno, JA; Clavel Ruipérez, G; Consuegra Sánchez, L; García de Guadiana Romualdo, L; García Escribano, I; Jaulent Huertas, L; Martínez Díaz, JJ; Merelo Nicolás, M; Ramos Ruiz, P; Soria Arcos, F; Wasniewski, S, 2018)	0.48
" Primary safety endpoint was the presence of early adverse reactions (EAR) in the first 24 hours after treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of a freeze-dried trivalent antivenom for snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: An open randomized controlled phase IIb clinical trial. Gomes Santos, MF; Lacerda, M; Magela Tavares, A; Mendonça-da-Silva, I; Monteiro, WM; Sachett, J; Sardinha, JF; Zaparolli, L, 2017)	0.46
" Two patients presented adverse drug reactions: one a pulmonary embolism and the other a four-site venous thromboembolic episode."	( Postauthorization safety study of Clottafact André, MH; Bertrand, A; Boileau, S; Borel-Derlon, A; Claeyssens, S; Colson, P; De Maistre, E; Ducloy-Bouthors, AS; Fourrier, F; Gruel, Y; Lambert, T; Négrier, C; Ozier, Y; Picard, J; Piriou, V; Sié, P; Stieltjes, N; Tellier, Z, 2018)	0.48
"TachoSil and Floseal are safe and effective adjuvant treatments for patients undergoing LNSS."	( The Safety and Efficacy of Adjuvant Hemostatic Agents During Laparoscopic Nephron-Sparing Surgery: Comparison of Tachosil and Floseal Versus No Hemostatic Agents. Bilen, CY; Koni, A; Tonyali, S; Yazici, S, 2017)	0.46
"Evaluation of the coagulopathic side effect of L-asparaginase during the induction phase in treatment of ALL in children by measuring fibrinogen levels before & after administration of this drug."	( Coagulopathic side effect of L-asparaginase on fibrinogen level in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction phase. Al-Hadithi, RH; Al-Khalidi, AN; Alqasim, AMZ, 2019)	0.97
" Administering fibrinogen concentrate or cryoprecipitate is safe and does not appear to increase thromboembolic events and mortality in thoracic aortic surgery patients."	( Safety of Fibrinogen Concentrate and Cryoprecipitate in Cardiovascular Surgery: Multicenter Database Study. Katori, N; Maeda, T; Miyata, S; Nishiwaki, K; Ohnishi, Y; Okita, Y; Sasaki, H; Shimizu, H; Tanaka, H; Ueda, Y; Usui, A, 2019)	1.27
" We conclude that Batroxobin is a potentially safe and effective adjunct therapeutic agent promoting CVST recanalization especially in patients with high level of fibrinogen."	( The efficacy and safety of Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Ding, J; Ding, Y; Elmadhoun, O; Geng, T; Hu, Y; Ji, X; Meng, R; Pan, L; Wang, Z; Ya, J; Zhou, D, 2018)	0.68
" In well-resourced countries, key decisions on whether a product is sufficiently safe and of high quality are made by highly expert and well-resourced agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA)."	( Factors affecting the quality, safety and marketing approval of clotting factor concentrates for haemophilia. Candura, F; Cassar, J; Farrugia, A; Liumbruno, GM; Profili, S, 2018)	0.48
" This study, therefore, might be helpful to the comprehensive understanding of QDs toxicity and provide evidence for assessing the safe application of nanoparticles."	( Exploring the conformational changes in fibrinogen by forming protein corona with CdTe quantum dots and the related cytotoxicity. Wang, J; Zhang, H; Zheng, X, 2019)	0.78
" Two possibly related adverse events occurred, including one serious (portal vein thrombosis)."	( Efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate for on-demand treatment of bleeding and surgical prophylaxis in paediatric patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency. D'Souza, F; Djambas Khayat, C; Knaub, S; Kruzhkova, I; Lohade, S; Peyvandi, F; Schwartz, B; Shamanur, LG; Solomon, C; Zekavat, OR, 2021)	0.93
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the adverse reactions on blood coagulation of the administered pegylated Escherichia coli (E coli) asparaginase (PEG-ASP) to the NK/TL patients."	( Management of adverse effects associated with pegylated Escherichia coli asparaginase on coagulation in the treatment of patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma. Chai, L; Guo, S; Guo, X; Guo, Y; Hao, Z; Li, Z; Su, L; Yan, H; Yang, J, 2022)	0.72
" An adverse effect on the hematological system arising out of xenobiotic exposure causes impaired hemostasis and coagulation leading to disease."	( Hematotoxicity of Co-Administration of Bisphenol A and Acetaminophen in Rats and its Amelioration by Melatonin. Akhter, MS; Alshahrani, S; Dobie, G; Hamali, HA; Madkhali, AM; Mobarki, AA; Qadri, M; Rashid, H, 2023)	0.91
"The CoronaVac vaccine appears to be safe and effective."	( IgG-RBD Response Due to Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Alteration in D-Dimer and Fibrinogen Concentrations, Association with Comorbidities and Adverse Effects. Akkaya, E; Genc, S; Gumus, SN; Issever, H; Kaytaz, M; Omer, B, 2022)	0.95
" No adverse events were noted during the first infusion."	( Safety profile of repeated infusion of platelet-like nanoparticles in healthy dogs. Bruckman, MA; Guillaumin, J; Satchell, PW; Sen Gupta, A; Yaxley, PE, 2022)	0.72
" The secondary endpoint for the study was the incidence of serious adverse events from the infusion of FC to day 45."	( Safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in aortic arch surgery involving moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Gong, M; Guan, X; Jiang, W; Lan, F; Li, H; Li, L; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2023)	1.22
" There were no serious adverse events in the fibrinogen concentrate treatment group during hospitalization."	( Safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in aortic arch surgery involving moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Gong, M; Guan, X; Jiang, W; Lan, F; Li, H; Li, L; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2023)	1.48
" There were no serious adverse events in the patients who received fibrinogen concentrate treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in aortic arch surgery involving moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Gong, M; Guan, X; Jiang, W; Lan, F; Li, H; Li, L; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2023)	1.46
" Fibrinogen concentrate was effective at increasing the plasma fibrinogen level and significantly reduced the volumes of transfused allogeneic blood products and blood loss; there were no serious adverse events in the patients who received fibrinogen concentrate treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate in aortic arch surgery involving moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Gong, M; Guan, X; Jiang, W; Lan, F; Li, H; Li, L; Liu, Y; Lu, X; Wang, X; Zhang, H, 2023)	2.13
" Adverse events were mild or moderate in severity, and unrelated to fibrinogen concentrate."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a novel fibrinogen concentrate in pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Kalappanavar, NK; Khayat, CD; Liang, W; Mondou, E; Navarro-Puerto, J; Ross, CR; Rucker, K; Subramanian, K, 2023)	1.4
"In pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, plasma-derived fibrinogen concentrate revealed a favorable and specific pharmacokinetic profile, demonstrated efficacy in coagulation and was safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a novel fibrinogen concentrate in pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Kalappanavar, NK; Khayat, CD; Liang, W; Mondou, E; Navarro-Puerto, J; Ross, CR; Rucker, K; Subramanian, K, 2023)	1.43
" Ancrod was tolerated well, no adverse drug reaction was of severe intensity, no serious adverse events occurred."	( Randomized, placebo-controlled study on efficacy, safety and tolerability of drug-induced defibrinogenation for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: the lessons learned. Becker, S; Bertlich, M; Canis, M; Fořt, T; Ihler, F; Lenarz, T; Mejzlik, J; Olzowy, B; Spiegel, JL; Strieth, S; Weiss, BG, 2023)	1.13
" However, the plasma concentration of tigecycline is not correlated with clinical efficacy and adverse reactions."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of tigecycline based on therapeutic drug monitoring for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterium pneumonia in intensive care units. Bai, XR; Fan, L; Li, WC; Lou, R; Qu, X; Wang, YG; Wang, ZZ; Wu, YC; Yan, SY; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, the predominant plasma half-life determined by model fitting based on either assay (3."	( Pharmacokinetics and fibrin specificity of alteplase during accelerated infusions in acute myocardial infarction. Gläsle-Schwarz, L; Neuhaus, KL; Seifried, E; Tanswell, P; Tebbe, U; Wojcik, J, 1992)	0.28
" (J Biol Chem 1990; 265:5540-5) to have an extended in vivo half-life with unaltered in vitro fibrinolytic properties."	( Biochemical, thrombolytic and pharmacokinetic properties of rt-PA P47G, K49N, a substitution variant of human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Collen, D; De Cock, F; Li, XK; Lijnen, HR; Nelles, L; Vanlinthout, I, 1992)	0.28
"In a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over Phase-I study pharmacokinetic and hemostatic properties of BM 06."	( Pharmacokinetic and hemostatic properties of the recombinant plasminogen activator bm 06.022 in healthy volunteers. Akpan, W; Kaufmann, B; Kientsch-Engel, R; Martin, U; Neugebauer, G; von Möllendorff, E, 1991)	0.28
" In this study, we use cross-linking by factor XIIIa to suppress dissociation of fibrin complexes and examine the effect of the cross-linking on the circulatory half-life of the fibrin."	( Effects of cross-linking on clearance of circulating alpha-fibrin monomer and its complexes. Dardik, BN; Shainoff, JR, 1990)	0.28
" Des-AA fibrin was eliminated with a half-life of 30 to 60 min in eight healthy controls, but its half-life was substantially shorter in eight fibrinaemic patients with no demonstrable fibrinolysis."	( Clearance characteristics of des-AA fibrin and des-AABB fibrin, and thrombus-related uptake of des-AABB fibrin as compared to fibrinogen. Brosstad, F; Godal, HC; Holm, B; Kierulf, P; Nilsen, DW, 1985)	0.48
" After cessation of infusion the initial half-life of the drug in plasma was 6 min."	( Pharmacokinetics and systemic fibrinogenolytic effects of recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in humans. Bounameaux, H; Collen, D; de Cock, F; Van de Werf, F; Verstraete, M, 1985)	0.56
" Metabolic half-life of fibrinogen in the total material was 62 +/- SD 19 hr."	( Thrombus-related uptake and vascular clearance of 131 I-fibrin des-AABB as compared to 125 I-fibrinogen in patients with established venous thrombosis. Brosstad, F; Godal, HC; Gravem, K; Holm, B; Kierulf, P; Nilsen, DW, 1984)	0.79
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that after oral dosing L-680,833 is bioavailable in rats and rhesus monkeys."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
" Combined proteolysis by plasminogen activators with complementary action mechanisms and significantly different pharmacokinetic behavior was suggested for this purpose."	( [Combined thrombolysis by pharmacokinetically different plasminogen activators]. Maksimenko, AV, 1998)	0.3
" Recombinant hirudin (r-hi) has a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of about 50 to 100 minutes."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol-hirudin in patients with chronic renal failure. Bucha, E; Esslinger, HU; Jansa, U; Nörtersheuser, P; Nowak, G; Pöschel, KA; Schindler, S; Stein, G, 2000)	0.31
"The objective of our study was to define the interaction between either unfractionated heparin (UFH) or a low molecular weight heparin, reviparin (REV), and the pharmacodynamic profile of the GPIIb/IIIa-antagonists abciximab (ABC) or tirofiban (T)."	( Pharmacodynamic characterization of the interaction between abciximab or tirofiban with unfractionated or a low molecular weight heparin in healthy subjects. Breddin, HK; Esslinger, HU; Graff, J; Harder, S; Kirchmaier, CM; Klinkhardt, U; Westrup, D, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic effects measured were bleeding time (BT), fibrinogen-binding at the GPIIb/IIIa-receptor (FIB), expression of the platelet secretion marker CD62, and ADP (20 microM)- and collagen (5 microg ml(-1))-induced platelet aggregation."	( Pharmacodynamic characterization of the interaction between abciximab or tirofiban with unfractionated or a low molecular weight heparin in healthy subjects. Breddin, HK; Esslinger, HU; Graff, J; Harder, S; Kirchmaier, CM; Klinkhardt, U; Westrup, D, 2001)	0.55
" The results show that administration of reviparin together with abciximab or tirofiban did not adversely affect the pharmacodynamic profile of these GPIIb/IIIa-antagonists."	( Pharmacodynamic characterization of the interaction between abciximab or tirofiban with unfractionated or a low molecular weight heparin in healthy subjects. Breddin, HK; Esslinger, HU; Graff, J; Harder, S; Kirchmaier, CM; Klinkhardt, U; Westrup, D, 2001)	0.31
"This article will review the development of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists, with particular emphasis on the characteristics and pharmacodynamic studies of each agent that is available for clinical use."	( Development of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists: translation of pharmacodynamic effects into clinical benefit. Aggarwal, A; Schneider, DJ, 2004)	0.32
" The half-life of BB-10153 was approximately 3-4 h and all the BB-10153 in the circulation retained the ability to be activated by thrombin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BB-10153, a thrombin-activatable plasminogen, in healthy volunteers. Brown, A; Comer, MB; Curtis, LD; Dawson, KM; Senior, JM; Warrington, S, 2005)	0.33
"The main pharmacokinetic characteristics of a plasma-derived, pasteurised fibrinogen concentrate were assessed in an open, multicentre, non-controlled study in five patients with congenital afibrinogenaemia or severe congenital hypofibrinogenaemia."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of a pasteurised fibrinogen concentrate. Devay, J; Dobrkovská, A; Egbring, R; Haertel, S; Kreuz, W; Krzensk, U; Meili, E; Peter-Salonen, K, 2005)	0.82
" Plasma concentration versus time data were evaluated by use of a pharmacokinetic analysis computer program."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in horses. Dallap, BL; Dolente, BA; Ross, J; Sweeney, RW, 2007)	0.34
"8 mg/kg) for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of hirulog-like peptide. Gao, PJ; Qian, J; Shen, GX; Tang, XF; Wan, DJ; Zhu, DL; Zhu, JH, 2007)	0.34
"This open, prospective, multicenter study assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of FIBRINOGENE T1 (FGT1; LFB, Les Ulis, France), a human fibrinogen concentrate treated with three specific biological safety steps."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly secured fibrinogen concentrate. Alessi, MC; Borg, JY; Claeyssens, S; Goudemand, J; Jaffry, AC; Négrier, C; Padrazzi, B; Rothschild, C; Teboul, C; Waegemans, T, 2008)	0.8
"Fibrinogen antigen and activity were similar and highly correlated, with very low between-patient variability for pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly secured fibrinogen concentrate. Alessi, MC; Borg, JY; Claeyssens, S; Goudemand, J; Jaffry, AC; Négrier, C; Padrazzi, B; Rothschild, C; Teboul, C; Waegemans, T, 2008)	2.03
"FGT1 behaves like natural functional fibrinogen, and its pharmacokinetic properties are in line with those expected from a fibrinogen concentrate."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly secured fibrinogen concentrate. Alessi, MC; Borg, JY; Claeyssens, S; Goudemand, J; Jaffry, AC; Négrier, C; Padrazzi, B; Rothschild, C; Teboul, C; Waegemans, T, 2008)	0.86
"To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, clot integrity and safety of fibrinogen concentrate (human) (FCH) in patients with afibrinogenemia."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fibrinogen concentrate. Castaman, G; Dimichele, D; Fremann, S; Kalina, U; Knaub, S; Manco-Johnson, MJ; Mannucci, P; Peyvandi, F; Piseddu, G, 2009)	0.87
" Median half-life (t(1/2)) was 77."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fibrinogen concentrate. Castaman, G; Dimichele, D; Fremann, S; Kalina, U; Knaub, S; Manco-Johnson, MJ; Mannucci, P; Peyvandi, F; Piseddu, G, 2009)	0.64
" To explore this further, we conducted a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled, multinational pharmacokinetic trial of pasteurized human fibrinogen concentrate in 15 patients with afibrinogenemia."	( Results of an international, multicentre pharmacokinetic trial in congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Peyvandi, F, 2009)	0.78
"67 h and a slow elimination proceeding with the terminal elimination half-life (T(1/2)) of 84."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of porcine fibrinogen after intraperitoneal injection of a porcine-derived fibrin glue to rats. Fan, G; He, H; Wu, Y; Xie, Y; Zhong, G, 2011)	0.61
" Patients were hospitalized for at least 36 h to determine FVIII recovery, half-life and clearance."	( Pharmacokinetic study of minipooled solvent/detergent-filtered cryoprecipitate factor VIII. Abd-Allah, A; Burnouf, T; El-Ekiaby, A; El-Ekiaby, M; Goubran, HA; Radosevich, M, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of H12-(ADP)-liposomes and structural components in rats, and to predict the blood retention of H12-(ADP)-liposomes in humans."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the structural components of adenosine diphosphate-encapsulated liposomes coated with fibrinogen γ-chain dodecapeptide as a synthetic platelet substitute. Doi, M; Fujiyama, A; Handa, M; Ikeda, Y; Maruyama, T; Ogaki, S; Okamura, Y; Otagiri, M; Taguchi, K; Takeoka, S; Ujihira, H; Watanabe, H, 2013)	0.6
" For the purpose of efficient function as platelet substitute, H12-(ADP)-liposomes should potentially have both acceptable pharmacokinetic and biodegradable properties under conditions of an adaptation disease including thrombocytopenia induced by anticancer drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic study of adenosine diphosphate-encapsulated liposomes coated with fibrinogen γ-chain dodecapeptide as a synthetic platelet substitute in an anticancer drug-induced thrombocytopenia rat model. Doi, M; Fujiyama, A; Handa, M; Ikeda, Y; Maruyama, T; Otagiri, M; Taguchi, K; Takeoka, S; Ujihira, H; Watanabe, H, 2013)	0.62
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: t1/2 were (2."	( [Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of batroxobin in Beagle dog]. Dou, GF; Gan, H; Gu, RL; Meng, ZY; Wu, ZN; Zheng, ZH; Zhu, XX, 2013)	0.39
" The overall aim of the comprehensive series of non-clinical investigations presented was to evaluate i) the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and ii) the safety and tolerability profile of human fibrinogen concentrate Haemocomplettan P® (RiaSTAP®)."	( Analysis of the safety and pharmacodynamics of human fibrinogen concentrate in animals. Beyerle, A; Dickneite, G; Herzog, E; Nolte, MW; Solomon, C, 2014)	0.84
" It has been reported that repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes induce an accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon, which involves a loss in the long-circulation half-life of the material when administered repeatedly to the same animals."	( Effect of Repeated Injections of Adenosine Diphosphate-Encapsulated Liposomes Coated with a Fibrinogen γ-Chain Dodecapeptide Developed as a Synthetic Platelet Substitute on Accelerated Blood Clearance in a Healthy and an Anticancer Drug-Induced Thrombocyt Handa, M; Hashimoto, M; Ikeda, Y; Maruyama, T; Ogaki, S; Otagiri, M; Taguchi, K; Takeoka, S; Watanabe, H, 2015)	0.64
" This paper describes the comparisons in plasma pharmacokinetic behaviors of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) in FRA and its processed products, and their effects on coagulation factors and blood clotting tetrachoric, using an acute cold blood-stasis animal model after oral administration of FRA, SFF, and VPF."	( Comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and anticoagulatory effect in rats after oral administration of Frankincense and its processed products. Hua, HM; Liang, XX; Liu, XQ; Meng, DY; Niu, LY; Pan, YN; Tong, X; Wang, YN; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
"For pharmacokinetic study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups, including group FRA, group SFF and group VPF."	( Comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and anticoagulatory effect in rats after oral administration of Frankincense and its processed products. Hua, HM; Liang, XX; Liu, XQ; Meng, DY; Niu, LY; Pan, YN; Tong, X; Wang, YN; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
" Incremental in vivo recovery assessed at the end of infusion with the predicted maximal concentrations was lower, weight-adjusted clearance was higher, and fibrinogen elimination half-life was shorter in patients <40 kg than patients ≥40 kg."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a triple-secured fibrinogen concentrate administered to afibrinogenaemic patients: Observed age- and body weight-related differences and consequences for dose adjustment in children. Barthez-Toullec, M; Bellon, A; Bridey, F; Dahmane, A; Fuseau, E; Golly, D; Henriet, C; Lamazure, J; Roumanie, O; Stevens, W, 2020)	1.01
" After a single dose of a plasma-derived fibrinogen concentrate (70 mg/kg body weight), pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma fibrinogen activity (Clauss method) and antigen method (ELISA), and calculated by noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a novel fibrinogen concentrate in pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Kalappanavar, NK; Khayat, CD; Liang, W; Mondou, E; Navarro-Puerto, J; Ross, CR; Rucker, K; Subramanian, K, 2023)	1.43
"In pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, plasma-derived fibrinogen concentrate revealed a favorable and specific pharmacokinetic profile, demonstrated efficacy in coagulation and was safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of a novel fibrinogen concentrate in pediatric patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Kalappanavar, NK; Khayat, CD; Liang, W; Mondou, E; Navarro-Puerto, J; Ross, CR; Rucker, K; Subramanian, K, 2023)	1.43

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Therapeutic defibrination by Arwin was induced in a group of nine patients suffering from unstable angina combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia and in a further six patients who developed hyperfibrinogenaemia accompanied by angina pectoris after thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase for recent myocardial infarction."	( [Therapeutic defibrination by arwin in unstable angina pectoris combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia (author's transl)]. Froschauer, J; Pimmingstorfer, E; Spöttl, F, 1978)	0.69
" These data indicate that, contrary to high-dose UK, pro-UK in combination with low-dose UK causes minor systemic fibrinolytic effects and is, therefore, assumed to be largely clot-specific, although the fibrinolytic potential is equivalent for both regimens."	( Fibrinolytic effects of pro-urokinase combined with low-dose urokinase compared to high-dose urokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Hermes, R; Koehler, M; Miyashita, C; Pindur, G; Schieffer, H; Sen, S; Wenzel, E, 1992)	0.28
" These results suggest that the signal transduction mechanisms regulating induction of acute-phase proteins by IL-6, either alone or in combination with IL-1, are mediated by activation of protein phosphatases 1 and/or 2A."	( Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, inhibits induction of acute-phase proteins by interleukin-6 alone or in combination with interleukin-1 in human hepatoma cell lines. Ganapathi, MK, 1992)	0.28
" The use of Simvastatin in combination with HELP significantly augments the reduction in LDL cholesterol to a level where regression of atherosclerotic lesions might be expected."	( Long-term clinical experience with HELP-LDL-apheresis in combination with HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors for maximum treatment of coronary heart disease associated with severe hypercholesterolemia. Armstrong, VW; Eisenhauer, T; Scheler, F; Schuff-Werner, P; Schütz, E; Seidel, D; Thiery, J, )	0.13
" When BCG was used in combination with gelatin sponge, prolonged BCG accumulation was also observed, but not many inflammatory cells were induced, as compared with injection of BCG/fibrinogen combination."	( Enhanced antitumor effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in combination with fibrinogen on urinary bladder tumor. Fukumoto, M; Mizutani, Y; Nio, Y; Yoshida, O, 1994)	0.71
" In the present study we have examined the effects of various fatty acids, the PUFAs and the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (PA), alone or combined with the antioxidant vitamin E (Vit."	( Effects of various fatty acids alone or combined with vitamin E on cell growth and fibrinogen concentration in the medium of HepG2 cells. Høstmark, AT; Kierulf, P; Kiserud, CE, 1995)	0.52
" LMWH (5 and 10 IU/kg/hr/6 hr), alone or in combination with AT III (20 U/kg/hr/6 hr), or saline were administered simultaneously with endotoxin."	( Effects of low molecular weight heparin, alone or combined with antithrombin III, on mortality, fibrin deposits and hemostatic parameters in endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits. Hermida, J; Montes, R; Muñoz, MC; Orbe, J; Páramo, JA; Rocha, E, 1999)	0.3
" Since antiaggregation treatment with acetylsalicylic acid is a complex part of obligatory therapy of these patients, the authors studied the influence of ciprofibrate on chosen lipid parameters, fibrinogen and thromboxane in monotherapy, and also in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in patients with advanced atherosclerosis and hyperlipoproteinemia."	( [The effect of monotherapy with ciprofibrate and in combination with acetylsalicylic acid on the spectrum of lipids, thromboxane and fibrinogen in patients with atherosclerosis and hyperlipoproteinemia]. Cibulova, L; Fedelesova, V; Gajdos, M; Huttova, D; Krivosikova, Z; Mongiellova, V; Polak, F, 1999)	0.7
" The results of the study suggest that the use of trimegestone in combination with E2 may be preferable to norgestrel because of the more favorable lipid profile."	( Assessment of the metabolic tolerance in postmenopausal women over a 1-year period of two hormone replacement therapies containing estradiol in combination with either norgestrel or trimegestone. Beijers-De Bie, L; De Villiers, TJ; Houben, PW; Magaril, C; Meuwissen, JH; Murga, M; Siseles, N; Spielmann, D; The, HS; Tuimala, R; Vihtamaki, T, 2002)	0.31
" The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM) used as a graft material combined with either guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or with the autologous fibrinogen/fibronectin system (AFFS) in preserving alveolar ridges following tooth extraction."	( The use of bovine porous bone mineral in combination with collagen membrane or autologous fibrinogen/fibronectin system for ridge preservation following tooth extraction. Carson, R; Henderson, R; Jorgenson, T; Sutherland, E; Vasilic, N, 2003)	0.73
" Agonist levels, which by themselves induced little or reversible aggregation, caused strong stable aggregation when combined with low levels of HOCl-LDL."	( LDL oxidized by hypochlorous acid causes irreversible platelet aggregation when combined with low levels of ADP, thrombin, epinephrine, or macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22). Coleman, LG; Gear, AR; Marcinkiewicz, M; Polanowska-Grabowska, RK, 2004)	0.32
"Imaging ellipsometry was combined with electrochemical methods for studying electrostatic interactions of protein and solid surfaces."	( Influence of electrostatic interaction on fibrinogen adsorption on gold studied by imaging ellipsometry combined with electrochemical methods. Jin, G; Yu, Y, 2005)	0.59
"Three milligrams of DRSP, a progestogen with antimineralocorticoid activity, was combined with either 30 or 20 microg ethinyl estradiol (EE) (DRSP/30EE; DRSP/20EE) and compared with a preparation containing 150 microg desogestrel (DSG) and 30 microg ethinyl estradiol (DSG/30EE)."	( A prospective study on the effects on hemostasis of two oral contraceptives containing drospirenone in combination with either 30 or 20 microg ethinyl estradiol and a reference containing desogestrel and 30 microg ethinyl estradiol. Endrikat, J; Gerlinger, C; Heithecker, R; Kluft, C; Mulder, SM, 2006)	0.33
"The objective of the study was to demonstrate the effect of pioglitazone and pioglitazone in combination with statin on East Indian patients with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia."	( Effect of pioglitazone and its combination with statins in coronary artery disease patients with hyperinsulinemia. Baxi, H; Chag, M; Chandarana, A; Goyal, R; Mehta, A; Naik, A; Parikh, K; Shah, K; Shah, U, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the effect of removing phlegm and dispelling stasis method (RPDSM) combined with Western medicine for treatment of cerebrovascular stenosis."	( [Removing phlegm and dispelling stasis method combined with Western medicine for treatment of cerebrovascular stenosis]. Gao, L; Liu, Q; Wang, PP, 2008)	0.35
"To explore the therapeutic efficacy and safety of batroxobin in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) and the advantages of transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)."	( [A preliminary clinical study on the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma by transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with TACE]. Fan, Y; Gao, TJ; Lou, MW; Wang, H, 2010)	0.36
"40 patients with PHC were randomized into experimental group (transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with TACE treatment, 20 patients) and control group (TACE alone group, 20 patients)."	( [A preliminary clinical study on the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma by transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with TACE]. Fan, Y; Gao, TJ; Lou, MW; Wang, H, 2010)	0.36
" Transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with TACE therapy has advantages in comparison with TACE alone."	( [A preliminary clinical study on the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma by transcatheter arterial perfusion of batroxobin combined with TACE]. Fan, Y; Gao, TJ; Lou, MW; Wang, H, 2010)	0.36
"To determine the clinical value of C-reactive protein(CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), or serum amyloid A protein (SAA) combined with 64 multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) for preoperative staging and operative strategy in colon cancer."	( [Use of inflammatory factors combined with multi-slice spiral computer tomography for preoperative staging and operative strategy in colon cancer]. Li, L; Liu, D; Lv, DH; Ouyang, SR; Wang, XD, 2010)	0.6
"Patients with colon cancer were prospectively enrolled at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from November 2007 to July 2009,and were equally randomized into 3 groups undergoing different preoperative evaluation: MSCT combined with CRP(CRP group), MSCT combined with FIB (FIB group), and MSCT combined with SAA (SAA group)."	( [Use of inflammatory factors combined with multi-slice spiral computer tomography for preoperative staging and operative strategy in colon cancer]. Li, L; Liu, D; Lv, DH; Ouyang, SR; Wang, XD, 2010)	0.36
"Combined assessment of MSCT and CRP or FIB may improve the accuracy of preoperative staging and procedure prediction, and is superior to MSCT combined with SAA."	( [Use of inflammatory factors combined with multi-slice spiral computer tomography for preoperative staging and operative strategy in colon cancer]. Li, L; Liu, D; Lv, DH; Ouyang, SR; Wang, XD, 2010)	0.36
" We developed and implemented an algorithm for coagulation management in cardiovascular surgery based on first-line administration of coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care thromboelastometry/impedance aggregometry."	( First-line therapy with coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care coagulation testing is associated with decreased allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiovascular surgery: a retrospective, single-center cohort study. Dirkmann, D; Görlinger, K; Hanke, AA; Jakob, H; Kamler, M; Kottenberg, E; Peters, J; Thielmann, M, 2011)	0.37
"First-line administration of coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care testing was associated with decreased incidence of blood transfusion and thrombotic/thromboembolic events."	( First-line therapy with coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care coagulation testing is associated with decreased allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiovascular surgery: a retrospective, single-center cohort study. Dirkmann, D; Görlinger, K; Hanke, AA; Jakob, H; Kamler, M; Kottenberg, E; Peters, J; Thielmann, M, 2011)	0.37
"To evaluate the therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) combined with plasma cryoprecipitate (CRYO) on the corneal injury induced by paraquat (PQ)."	( [Therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) combined with plasma cryoprecipitate (CRYO) on the corneal injury induced by paraquat]. Guo, X; Ma, C; Sun, CY; Zhang, HS, 2012)	0.38
" The in vitro data suggest that Haemocomplettan(®) or Fibrogammin(®) given in combination with a mini dose of tranexamic acid may slow down the natural clearance of fibrin clot by plasmin and thus prevent patients from haemorrhagic complications during antithrombotic therapy."	( A fibrinogen concentrate Haemocomplettan (Riastap) or a Factor XIII concentrate Fibrogammin combined with a mini dose of tranexamic acid can reverse the fibrin instability to fibrinolysis induced by thrombin- or FXa-inhibitor. Blombäck, M; Cao, H; He, S; Hultenby, K; Johnsson, H; Zabczyk, M, 2013)	1.11
" An array-based sensing platform for detection of six proteins, namely bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, fibrinogen, concanavalin A, hemoglobin, holo-transferrin human can be successfully developed from the PNIPAM-AuNPs having different molecular weights (4 and 8 kDa) and conformation (varied heat treatment from 25 to 40 °C) in combination with a tricationic branched phenylene-ethynylene fluorophore."	( Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-stabilized gold nanoparticles in combination with tricationic branched phenylene-ethynylene fluorophore for protein identification. Hoven, VP; Kusolkamabot, K; Niamnont, N; Sae-ung, P; Sukwattanasinitt, M; Wongravee, K, 2013)	0.6
" Those mice were treated with pristane alone or combined with chloroquine."	( Effects of pristane alone or combined with chloroquine on macrophage activation, oxidative stress, and TH1/TH2 skewness. Chen, X; Huang, Z; Lin, L; Ni, J; Ouyang, Q; Wang, Z, 2014)	0.4
" We sought to determine whether Hcy or its genetic determinants influence blood clot properties alone or in combination with fibrinogen."	( Homocysteine influences blood clot properties alone and in combination with total fibrinogen but not with fibrinogen γ' in Africans. de Lange, Z; Nienaber-Rousseau, C; Pieters, M, 2015)	0.85
"The application of ANH combined with LCVP in hepatic resection can evidently reduce intraoperative hemorrhages and homologous blood transfusions; moreover, it has no significant adverse effect on the coagulation function."	( Effect of Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution Combined with Controlled Low Central Venous Pressure on Blood Coagulation Function and Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Resection of Liver Cancer Operation. Guo, JR; Liu, Y; Shao, Y; Shen, HC; Su, YJ; Xu, F; Zhang, YW, 2015)	0.42
" This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation on CVST control."	( The efficacy and safety of Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Ding, J; Ding, Y; Elmadhoun, O; Geng, T; Hu, Y; Ji, X; Meng, R; Pan, L; Wang, Z; Ya, J; Zhou, D, 2018)	0.48
"To determine the impact of one session of immunoadsorption (IA) alone or combined with membrane filtration (MF) on clotting factors and natural anticoagulants, we performed a prospective, observational study on 13 patients waiting for HLA-/ABO-incompatible kidney transplants."	( Effect of immunoadsorption alone or combined with membrane filtration on hemostasis parameters. Bennani, HN; Chevallier, E; Christophe, M; Imerzoukene, F; Janbon, B; Jouve, T; Malvezzi, P; Marlu, R; Motte, L; Noble, J; Rostaing, L; Seyve, L, 2020)	0.56
"This paper included a retrospective review of the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) combined with pressure bandaging on hemostasis of patients who received a unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) from 2017 to 2019."	( Tranexamic Acid Combined with Compression Bandage Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Promotes Blood Coagulation: A Retrospective Analysis. Ding, LM; Li, GH; Sun, L; Wang, F, 2020)	0.56
"A total of 197 patients undergoing TKA were chosen to be classified into 2 groups, the compression bandage control group and compression bandage combined with TXA observation group."	( Tranexamic Acid Combined with Compression Bandage Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Promotes Blood Coagulation: A Retrospective Analysis. Ding, LM; Li, GH; Sun, L; Wang, F, 2020)	0.56
"TXA combined with compression bandage is a potential option for the reduction of bleeding after TKA."	( Tranexamic Acid Combined with Compression Bandage Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Promotes Blood Coagulation: A Retrospective Analysis. Ding, LM; Li, GH; Sun, L; Wang, F, 2020)	0.56
"In this work, one of the most prevalent polypharmacology drug-drug interaction events that occurs between two widely used beta-blocker drugs-i."	( Targeting Beta-Blocker Drug-Drug Interactions with Fibrinogen Blood Plasma Protein: A Computational and Experimental Study. Concu, R; Cordeiro, MNDS; González-Durruthy, M; Ruso, JM; Vendrame, LFO; Zanella, I, 2020)	0.81
"To study the predictive effect on YCH patients complicated with LEDVT by PLR and DFR combined with WELLS score."	( The predictive value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer to fibrinogen ratio combined with WELLS score on lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in young patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Chen, Y; Wen, H, 2021)	0.86
" The diagnostic value of PLR and DFR combined with the Wells score was evaluated by the AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and other indicators in the ROC."	( The predictive value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer to fibrinogen ratio combined with WELLS score on lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in young patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Chen, Y; Wen, H, 2021)	0.86
"PLR and DFR combined with Wells score have high specificity for predicting LEDVT in YCH patients with low missed diagnosis and low misdiagnosis rates."	( The predictive value of platelet to lymphocyte ratio and D-dimer to fibrinogen ratio combined with WELLS score on lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in young patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Chen, Y; Wen, H, 2021)	0.86
"To explore the prognostic value of the fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) combined with sarcopenia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients after surgery and to develop a nomogram for predicting the survival of ICC patients."	( The prognostic value of sarcopenia combined with preoperative fibrinogen-albumin ratio in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgery: A multicenter, prospective study. Bao, W; Chen, G; Chen, K; Chen, Z; Deng, L; He, B; Jin, B; Lin, Z; Liu, F; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Ye, L; Yu, H; Yu, Z; Zhang, B, 2021)	1.13
"To investigate clinical outcome and hemostatic effects of fibrinogen concentrate (FC) in combination with prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) versus standard treatment with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in children undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Administration of fibrinogen concentrate combined with prothrombin complex maintains hemostasis in children undergoing congenital heart repair (a long-term propensity score-matched study). Fries, D; Fritz, J; Kilo, J; Mittermayr, M; Pajk, W; Rastner, V; Streif, W; Tauber, H; Velik-Salchner, C; Vondrys, D; Wally, D, 2021)	1.2
"A retrospective case-control study was performed to observe the effect and clinical significance of early electroacupuncture combined with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on pain perception and dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)."	( Effect of Early Electroacupuncture Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) on Pain Perception and Dysfunction in Patients after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). He, S; Li, H; Liu, H; Qin, T; Xiao, L; Xu, WL; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.72
" The former group was cured with electroacupuncture in the early stage, and the latter group was intervened on the basis of early electroacupuncture combined with the concept of ERAS."	( Effect of Early Electroacupuncture Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) on Pain Perception and Dysfunction in Patients after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). He, S; Li, H; Liu, H; Qin, T; Xiao, L; Xu, WL; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.72
"Early electroacupuncture combined with ERAS is of positive significance to the patients after TKA, which can reduce the pain, enhance the function of the knee joint, and promote the ROM of the knee joint, and can effectively shorten the first time out of bed and postoperative rehabilitation time and reduce whole blood viscosity low shear, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen level, but the overall rehabilitation cost is high, and clinical application should be combined with the actual situation of patients."	( Effect of Early Electroacupuncture Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) on Pain Perception and Dysfunction in Patients after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). He, S; Li, H; Liu, H; Qin, T; Xiao, L; Xu, WL; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.89
" In toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys, relatlimab was generally well tolerated when combined with nivolumab."	( Preclinical Characterization of Relatlimab, a Human LAG-3-Blocking Antibody, Alone or in Combination with Nivolumab. Bunch, RT; Hogan, JM; Korman, AJ; Rak, G; Selby, M; Strop, P; Thudium, K; Wang, XT; Zorn, JA, 2022)	0.72
" We aim to systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of TCM combined with Rivaroxaban in the treatment of lower limb DVT."	( Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine combined with rivaroxaban in the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: A meta-analysis. Adu, IK; Qi, G; Wu, H; Zheng, D; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.72
"Nine RCTs with a total of 730 cases were included, 368 cases in the trial group were treated with TCM combined with Rivaroxaban, and 362 cases in the control group were treated with Rivaroxaban alone after surgery."	( Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine combined with rivaroxaban in the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: A meta-analysis. Adu, IK; Qi, G; Wu, H; Zheng, D; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.72
"Based on the available evidence, TCM combined with Rivaroxaban for treating lower extremity DVT have better clinical efficacy and safety profile, reducing the risk of bleeding complications and adverse effects."	( Efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine combined with rivaroxaban in the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: A meta-analysis. Adu, IK; Qi, G; Wu, H; Zheng, D; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.72
"To investigate the correlation between the fibrinogen combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (F-NLR) and the clinicopathologic features of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent radical resection."	( Prognostic analysis of the plasma fibrinogen combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after radical resection. Huang, ZN; Tao, SM; Wang, GX; Xie, MR; Xu, MQ; Ye, YQ; Zhang, M, 2023)	1.45
"This study was to investigate the effect of microecological regulators combined with enteral nutrition on immune and coagulation function in patients with a chronic critical illness."	( Effect of Microecological Regulator Combined with Enteral Nutrition on Immune and Coagulation Function in Patients with Chronic Critical Illness. Bai, T; Chen, C; Peng, T; Wang, L; Wu, X; Zhang, N; Zhang, T, 2023)	0.91
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of Jin three needles combined with Tong Qiao Wu Blood-streaming Tang in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), this retrospective study analyzed the data of patients with AIS between January 2017 and December 2022."	( Effect of Jin three needles combined with Tong Qiao and blood activation Tang on neurological function, coagulation function and serum level in stroke patients. Xiao, ZX; Zeng, L; Zhang, SD, 2023)	0.91
" A combination of serum activated partial thromboplastin time combined with fibrinogen and creatinine could predict in-hospital 28-day mortality."	( Prognostic value of APTT combined with fibrinogen and creatinine in predicting 28-Day mortality in patients with septic shock caused by acute enteric perforation. Fu, Q; Fu, S; Liang, TB; Xu, Z; Yu, W; Zhang, S, 2023)	1.41
" Some clinical and animal research revealed that AD combined with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) exacerbates AD progression by inducing blood-brain barrier dysfunction and fibrinogen deposition."	( Protective Effects of Rivaroxaban on White Matter Integrity and Remyelination in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Combined with Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Bian, Y; Bian, Z; Fukui, Y; Hu, X; Ishiura, H; Liu, X; Morihara, R; Sun, H; Yamashita, T; Yu, H, 2023)	1.1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"SC-54684A, an orally active antiplatelet drug now in clinical trial, is shown to be a potent, specific fibrinogen binding inhibitor that blocks platelet aggregation to a wide variety of known stimuli and has good bioavailability in animals."	( SC-54684A: an orally active inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Broschat, K; Haas, NF; Keller, BT; King, LW; Nicholson, NS; Panzer-Knodle, SG; Salyers, AK; Szalony, JA; Taite, BB; Zablocki, JA, 1995)	0.51
" A secondary objective was to document bioavailability of pentoxifylline in the animal model by measuring blood levels of parent compound and metabolites at regular intervals and comparing these to levels measured in humans."	( The effects of extended perioperative pentoxifylline on random skin flap survival. Pickens, JP; Rodman, SM; Wetmore, SJ, )	0.13
" This oral bioavailability is reflected by the inhibition (i) of tissue damage elicited in hamster lungs by intratracheal instillation of human PMNE and (ii) enzyme released from human PMN stimulated after their transfer into the pleural cavity of mice."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
"The intestinal absorption of DMP 728, a cyclic peptide fibrinogen antagonist, was examined with the goals of identifying the cause(s) of its low oral bioavailability and understanding the mechanisms of its intestinal transport."	( Intestinal absorption barriers and transport mechanisms, including secretory transport, for a cyclic peptide, fibrinogen antagonist. Aungst, BJ; Saitoh, H, 1996)	0.75
" Oral bioavailability is 16+/-7%."	( Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of RWJ-53308, a novel orally active glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Andrade-Gordon, P; Corcoran, T; Damiano, BP; de Garavilla, L; Giardino, E; Haertlein, BJ; Hoekstra, WJ; Kauffman, JA; Maryanoff, BE; Mitchell, JA, 2001)	0.31
" Increased nitric oxide bioavailability can only partially explain the reduced platelet activation by eplerenone and ACE inhibition."	( Inhibition of platelet activation in congestive heart failure by aldosterone receptor antagonism and ACE inhibition. Bauersachs, J; Christ, M; Eigenthaler, M; Fraccarollo, D; Hildemann, S; Kobsar, A; Schäfer, A; Walter, U, 2003)	0.32
" The mechanistic relationship between impaired systemic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and platelet activation in vivo remains unclear."	( Rapid regulation of platelet activation in vivo by nitric oxide. Bauersachs, J; Channon, KM; Eigenthaler, M; Neubauer, S; Schäfer, A; Wiesmann, F, 2004)	0.32
" The direct relationship between impaired endothelium-derived NO bioavailability and platelet activation remains unclear."	( Reduced vascular NO bioavailability in diabetes increases platelet activation in vivo. Alp, NJ; Bauersachs, J; Cai, S; Channon, KM; Eigenthaler, M; Lygate, CA; Neubauer, S; Schäfer, A, 2004)	0.32
" Acute loss of systemic NO bioavailability causes platelet activation."	( Reduced vascular NO bioavailability in diabetes increases platelet activation in vivo. Alp, NJ; Bauersachs, J; Cai, S; Channon, KM; Eigenthaler, M; Lygate, CA; Neubauer, S; Schäfer, A, 2004)	0.32
" Despite a significant improvement in lipid profile under statin therapy, no improvement of endothelial dysfunction in terms of nitric oxide bioavailability could be detected."	( Intense cholesterol lowering therapy with a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor does not improve nitric oxide dependent endothelial function in type-2-diabetes--a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, three-arm placebo-controlled clinical trial. Balletshofer, BM; Enderle, M; Ferenc Pap, A; Goebbel, S; Häring, HU; Matthaei, S; Petzinna, D; Rittig, K; Schmölzer, I; Wascher, TC; Westermeier, T, 2005)	0.33
" It is also possible that drug interactions with statins might reduce aspirin bioavailability and/or activity, thereby reducing platelet inhibition in aspirin-resistant patients."	( Aspirin resistance: possible roles of cardiovascular risk factors, previous disease history, concomitant medications and haemorrheological variables. Alkonyi, B; Czopf, L; Feher, G; Kenyeres, P; Kesmarky, G; Koltai, K; Papp, E; Solyom, A; Toth, K, 2006)	0.33
" The results show that, in patients with moderate CHF, there is platelet activation and reduced intraplatelet NO bioavailability due to oxidative stress, which suggests a role for platelets in the prothrombotic state."	( Platelet activation, oxidative stress and overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in moderate heart failure. Brunini, TM; Cascarelli, PG; de Meirelles, LR; Matsuura, C; Mendes-Ribeiro, AC; Pereira, NR; Resende, Ade C; Salgado, A, 2011)	0.37
" Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of flavan-3-ols."	( Flavan-3-ol-enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender-specific way--a randomized-controlled human intervention trial. Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, E; de Roos, B; Duthie, GG; Horgan, GW; Kroon, PA; Ostertag, LM; Saha, S; Wood, S, 2013)	0.39
"Despite cranberry being associated with the prevention of bacterial infections for over a century, our understanding of the bioavailability and mechanisms by which cranberry prevents infection is limited."	( Evaluating the binding of selected biomolecules to cranberry derived proanthocyanidins using the quartz crystal microbalance. Olsson, AL; Tufenkji, N; Weckman, NE, 2014)	0.4
"The observed improvement of anticoagulation by processed FRA may result from the increased absorption and bioavailability of triterpenoids."	( Comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and anticoagulatory effect in rats after oral administration of Frankincense and its processed products. Hua, HM; Liang, XX; Liu, XQ; Meng, DY; Niu, LY; Pan, YN; Tong, X; Wang, YN; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
" These results relate nitric oxide bioavailability and oxidative stress to altered clot properties."	( Exposure of fibrinogen and thrombin to nitric oxide donor ProliNONOate affects fibrin clot properties. Basu, S; Gilmore, AC; Helms, CC; Kapadia, S; Kim-Shapiro, DB; Lu, Z, 2017)	0.83
"Protein corona formed on nanomaterial surfaces play an important role in the bioavailability and cellular uptake of nanomaterials."	( Short-chained oligo(ethylene oxide)-functionalized gold nanoparticles: realization of significant protein resistance. Riley, KR; Sims, CM; Vanderah, DJ; Walker, ML; Wood, IT, 2018)	0.48

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Doubtless because of the effect of cortisone by itself the slope of the dose-response relationship for haptoglobin was greatly reduced."	( Effects of bacterial endotoxin and corticosteroids on plasma concentrations of alpha 2 macroglobulin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in rats. Gordon, AH; Limaos, EA, 1979)	0.47
" The intravaginal rings were designed to provide a sustained release of either the human dosage level of the hormone or ten times this level."	( Treatment of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with intravaginal rings impregnated with either progesterone or norethisterone. Allen, DG; Heywood, R; Hossack, DJ; Sortwell, RJ; Wadsworth, PF; Walton, RM, 1979)	0.26
"An intermittent dosage scheme of streptokinase (standard initial dose 600,000 units SK infused over 30 min and repeated injections of 250,000 units SK at 24 hr intervals) was applied during 4 days in 9 patients with chronic obliterative arterial disease and in 8 patients with venous occlusion."	( Biochemical changes noted during intermittent administration of streptokinase. Schetz, J; Vermylen, J; Verstraete, M, 1978)	0.26
" The use of heparin therapy in low dosage is discussed."	( Detection of prethrombotic and thrombotic states. Alonso, KB, )	0.13
"A concentrated and a diluted heparin solution (Vitrum AB) have been evaluated in a controlled blind study, using a standard dosage of 5 000 IU, given every 12 hours subcutaneously."	( Concentrated or diluted heparin prophylaxis of postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Forsberg, K; Törngren, S, 1978)	0.26
"Histologic and immunofluorescence studies were performed in nine rabbits after daily administration of human serum albumin at a fixed dosage for periods up to 26 weeks."	( Induction of extraglomerular renal damage in experimental chronic serum sickness. I. Histologic and immunofluorescence findings. Faulk, WP; Fudenberg, HH; Hughson, HD; McManus, JF; Patrick, CC; Virella, G, 1979)	0.26
" The abnormal values returned promptly to normal when the drug therapy was discontinued or the dosage reduced."	( A direct hepatotoxic effect of valproic acid. McLain, LW; Sussman, NM, 1979)	0.26
" The results demonstrate that patients with acute myocardial infarction develop a coagulopathy characterized by enhanced fibrin formation, which is influenced to only a minor degree by conventional dosage anticoagulant therapy."	( Blood coagulation system pathophysiology in acute myocardial infarction: the influence of anticoagulant treatment on laboratory findings. Alkjaersig, NK; Fletcher, AP; Ghani, FM; Owens, O; Tulevski, V, 1979)	0.26
" The fall in fibrinogen was so low in some patients that the routine administration of a conventional dosage of heparin could be dangerous."	( Changes in the coagulation of blood during resection of the abdominal aorta. Charlesworth, D; Mashiah, A; Poller, L; Thomson, JM, 1979)	0.63
"Streptokinase euglobulin lysis time (SK-ELK), fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinogen in the blood were determined to know the proper dosage of t-AMCHA which would not cause the ischemic complications yet suffice to prevent the rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysm."	( [Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Part 1. Monitoring of the antifibrinolytic therapy through repeated measurement of SK-euglobulin lysis time and FDP (author's transl)]. Chigasaki, H; Ishii, S; Watanabe, H, 1977)	0.5
" Both for short-lived proteins such as fibrinogen, and for the longer-lived proteins such as albumin, the optimum dosage schedule appears to be stable iodide given daily for two to three weeks."	( A computer simulation study of optimal thyroid radiation protection during investigations involving the administration of radioiodine-labelled pharmaceuticals. Hammond, BJ; Wootton, R, 1978)	0.53
"-unit/ml) might be useful to indicate whether the dosage of heparin has to be increased or not."	( [Mode of action and control of "low dose heparin" (author's transl)]. Albert, JP; Bruhn, HD; Petermann, W, 1977)	0.26
"Coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles have been studied in two groups of sterility patients receiving low dosage regimens of human gonadotropins for ovarian stimulation."	( Studies of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in hyperstimulation syndrome after administration of human gonadotropins. Gladstone, W; Phillips, LL; vande Wiele, R, 1975)	0.25
" A high dosage of Calciumdepotheparin (3 X 1 200 IU/10 kg) administered from the evening of the first postoperative day, proved to be a better prophylaxis of DVT in this kind of operation than a low dosage of heparin that administration was started preoperatively."	( [Effectiveness of thromboembolic prophylaxis in major hip surgery with low doses of heparin using the radiofibrinogen test (author's transl)]. Hey, D; Rettig, H; Schöndorf, TH, 1975)	0.47
" One group (n = 221) received Heparin (Liquemin Roche) subcutaneously in a dosage of 5000 units 2 hours pre-operatively and every 12 hours until the eighth post-operative day."	( [A comparison of low dose heparin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention ot thrombo-phlebitis following gynaecological operations (author's transl)]. Bader, P; Baertschi, U; Huber, L; Morf, P; Schaer, A, 1975)	0.25
" The effects of urokinase therapy administered at dosage rates of 1,200, 1,500 or 1,700 CTA urokinase units per pound of body weight per hour were followed by serial blood coagulation and other biochemical studies."	( A pilot study of urokinase therapy in cerebral infarction. Alkjaersig, N; Brooks, JE; Davies, A; Fletcher, AP; Hardin, WB; Landau, WM; Lewis, M; Raichle, ME; Tulevski, V, )	0.13
" RGDS was a weaker inhibitor, and produced a biphasic dose-response curve; SDRG was inactive."	( Inhibition of platelet adhesion to fibrin(ogen) in flowing whole blood by Arg-Gly-Asp and fibrinogen gamma-chain carboxy terminal peptides. Cavero, I; de Groot, PG; Endenburg, SC; Hantgan, RR; Marguerie, G; Sixma, JJ; Uzan, A, 1992)	0.5
" The results indicate that 1) improved coronary patency rates during "front-loaded" infusions can be rationalized in terms of higher plasma concentrations of both free and immunoreactive alteplase, 2) kinetic variables are comparable with those of other dosing strategies, and 3) fibrin specificity is not diminished relative to that of the standard infusion regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and fibrin specificity of alteplase during accelerated infusions in acute myocardial infarction. Gläsle-Schwarz, L; Neuhaus, KL; Seifried, E; Tanswell, P; Tebbe, U; Wojcik, J, 1992)	0.28
" coli L-asparaginase (L-ase) in the induction phase at a dosage of 6000 U/m2/day x 7 d starting on d 15, as well as vincristine, prednisone, daunorubicin and cyclophosphamide, the last-named by random 1:1."	( Incidence of thrombotic complications in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving L-asparaginase during induction therapy: a retrospective study. The GIMEMA Group. Annino, L; Defazio, D; Gugliotta, L; Leone, G; Mandelli, F; Mattioli-Belmonte, M; Mazzucconi, MG; Tura, S, 1992)	0.28
"We describe the successful use of a novel dosage regimen of alteplase in a 77-year-old man with massive acute pulmonary embolism in the presence of a relative contraindication (recent cranial surgery)."	( Thrombolysis using consecutive high dose bolus and infusion of alteplase in a patient with acute massive pulmonary embolism. Carlsson, J; Seifried, E; Tanswell, P; Tebbe, U, 1992)	0.28
" The reduction in fg appeared dependent upon both dosage and duration of Gp IIb/IIIa blockade."	( The influence of therapeutic blocking of Gp IIb/IIIa on platelet alpha-granular fibrinogen. Bhattacharya, S; Cramer, E; Faint, R; Harrison, P; Lahiri, A; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Savidge, GF; Tenza, D; Wilbourn, B, 1992)	0.51
" An exaggerated (60-min) dosage regimen yielded an inferior coronary patency rate (63%)."	( Accelerated plasminogen activator dose regimens for coronary thrombolysis. The TAMI-7 Study Group. Califf, RM; Ellis, SG; George, BS; Kereiakes, DJ; Samaha, JK; Sigmon, K; Topol, EJ; Wall, TC; Worley, SJ, 1992)	0.28
" IL-6 was administered for 2 weeks at doses of 10 to 160 micrograms/kg/d to normal animals to assess dose-response and toxicity."	( Thrombocytopoiesis in normal and sublethally irradiated dogs: response to human interleukin-6. Anderson, S; Burstein, SA; Downs, T; Epstein, RB; Friese, P; Henthorn, J; Lynam, S; Savage, K, 1992)	0.28
" We have previously characterized novel thrombolytic variant forms of t-PA which offer the potential of administration by bolus injection and reduced dosage due to their slower rates of clearance, relative to t-PA."	( Protein engineering of novel plasminogen activators with increased thrombolytic potency in rabbits relative to activase. Angus, LB; Barone, KM; Henson, KS; Horgan, PG; Larsen, GR; Stoudemire, JB; Timony, GA, 1991)	0.28
" When the variant (denoted K2P) was tested in vitro for its ability to lyse human plasma clots we found that the activity was characterized by a time lag phase and a sigmoidal dose-response curve."	( Synergism between tissue-type plasminogen activator and a genetically engineered variant lacking the finger domain, the growth factor domain and the first kringle domain. Mattson, C; Pohl, G; Sterky, C; Wikström, K, 1991)	0.28
" The histological findings show especially that the iron depots of the spleen were empty in all three groups and thereby in this collective no connection exists between the color of the veal and the tested dosage of iron dextran 20%."	( Investigation on the dosage/efficacy relationship of iron dextran in veal calves. Baer, M; Fischer, W; Geisser, P; Heim, H; Hohl, H, 1991)	0.28
"We studied the thrombolytic dose-response relationship of a recombinant plasminogen activator (rPA) (BM 06."	( Coronary thrombolytic properties of a novel recombinant plasminogen activator (BM 06.022) in a canine model. Fischer, S; Kohnert, U; Martin, U; Rudolph, R; Sponer, G; Stern, A; Strein, K, 1991)	0.28
" Treatment was then continued as out-patients at a dosage of 500,000 IU two to four times per week."	( [Chronic intermittent urokinase therapy in therapy-refractory angina pectoris]. Blanke, H; Höffken, H; Leschke, M; Motz, W; Schöbel, F; Strauer, BE, 1992)	0.28
" The progestogen was administered from day 7 to 25 of the cycle during six cycles at a dosage (5 mg/d) known to inhibit ovulation."	( Effects of nomegestrol acetate (5 mg/d) on hormonal, metabolic and hemostatic parameters in premenopausal women. Basdevant, A; Conard, J; Degrelle, H; Guyene, TT; Pelissier, C; Thomas, JL, 1991)	0.28
" The time from onset of chest pain to recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy and rt-PA dosing regimens were the same in the two groups."	( Racial differences in responses to thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Increased fibrin(ogen)olysis in blacks. The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Bates, ER; Clair, WK; George, BS; Kereiakes, DJ; Sane, DC; Sigmon, KN; Stack, RS; Stoddard, MF; Stump, DC; Topol, EJ, 1991)	0.28
"Recombinant human rt-PA was administered to 22 patients with deep vein thrombosis at a dosage of 30 to 120 mg/day (0."	( Fibrinolytic therapy of deep vein thrombosis with continuous intravenous infusion of a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Diehm, C; Gürsoy, A; Harenberg, J; Horn, A; Kübler, W; Zimmerman, R, 1991)	0.28
" The stimulation of fibrinogen mRNA levels appears to be mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, because 1) the dose-response relationship parallels the reported affinity of dexamethasone for the Xenopus glucocorticoid receptor; and 2) the induction is blocked by RU 486, a potent antiglucocorticoid."	( Coordinate regulation of fibrinogen subunit messenger RNA levels by glucocorticoids in primary cultures of Xenopus liver parenchymal cells. Bhattacharya, A; Holland, LJ, 1991)	0.91
" Efficacy must still be shown in controlled clinical trials; dosing and administration regimens need to be elucidated."	( Current status of fibronectin in transfusion medicine: focus on clinical studies. Doran, JE; Powell, FS, 1991)	0.28
"1% in the PF dosed at 90 minutes, from 276."	( [Systemic lytic state as marker of therapeutic success after rt-PA in bolus in myocardial infarction]. Bellotti, G; Caramelli, B; Chamone, D; de Albuquerque, CP; Gebara, OC; Matsumoto, C; Pileggi, F; Santos Filho, RD; Tranchesi Júnior, B, 1990)	0.28
"The purpose of this study was to compare the lytic efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) following different dosing regimens."	( Enhanced lytic efficacy of multiple bolus injections of tissue plasminogen activator in dogs. Burke, SE; Henkin, J; Klabunde, RE, 1990)	0.28
" Reference preparations of TPA were titrated in both assays: in the chromogen assay the dose-response curves were non-parallel, whereas parallelism was observed in the clot-lysis assay."	( The potency of tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) determined with chromogen and clot-lysis assays. Boucher, DW; Christodoulides, M, 1990)	0.28
"In 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction the systemic highly dosed short-term lysis with streptokinase took place within the 6-hour limit."	( [Clinical experiences with systemic high-dosage short-term fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarct]. Hagert, M; Metzner, H; Rode, B, 1986)	0.27
" We conclude that heparin may reduce the elevated FPA level in plasma found in patients with AMI; however, neither subcutaneous nor intravenous heparin in a dosage frequently used is sufficient to consistently normalize the elevated rate of fibrin formation found in these patients."	( Fibrin formation and platelet aggregation in patients with acute myocardial infarction: effects of intravenous and subcutaneous low-dose heparin. Gallino, A; Haeberli, A; Hess, T; Mombelli, G; Straub, PW, 1986)	0.27
" Its good tolerance and the close correlation to the dosage render the treatment well governable and reduce the possible side effects."	( [Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase--indications and results]. Tilsner, V, 1986)	0.27
" The combination of prourokinase and urokinase yielded a higher patency rate than either dosage of prourokinase alone, although the difference was not statistically significant in this pilot trial."	( Efficacy of intravenous prourokinase and a combination of prourokinase and urokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Bode, C; Kuebler, W; Schoenermark, S; Schuler, G; Schwarz, F; Zimmermann, R, 1988)	0.27
" Comparison of the dose-response curves indicates that the sensitivity of this assay method is very similar to that of bioimmunoassay using anti-t-PA IgG to capture the antigen."	( Lectin affinity bioassay: an assay method for glycoprotein enzyme. Electricwala, A, 1989)	0.28
"To improve further the patency rate of infarct-related coronary arteries, the following accelerated dosage regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was administered to 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction of less than or equal to 6 h duration: 15 mg intravenous bolus, 50 mg infusion over 30 min and 35 mg infusion over the following 60 min."	( Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Feuerer, W; Jeep-Tebbe, S; Neuhaus, KL; Niederer, W; Tebbe, U; Vogt, A, 1989)	0.28
"The effect of recombinant hirudin and the dosage of heparin on acute platelet-thrombus deposition during carotid angioplasty in anesthetized pigs was prospectively assessed."	( Effects of thrombin inhibition on the development of acute platelet-thrombus deposition during angioplasty in pigs. Heparin versus recombinant hirudin, a specific thrombin inhibitor. Badimon, L; Bailey, KR; Chesebro, JH; Fuster, V; Heras, M; Penny, WJ, 1989)	0.28
" As the phenprocoumon dosage was kept unchanged during the double-blind phase, the results indicate that ramipril does not interfere with the vitamin K-dependent cascade."	( Absence of interaction between ramipril, a new ACE-inhibitor, and phenprocoumon, an anticoagulant agent. Grötsch, H; Malerczyk, V; Verho, M; Zenbil, I, 1989)	0.28
" Therefore they consider, the dosing of fibrinogen level important in the research of cardiovascular risk factors."	( [Fibrinogen, a cardiovascular risk factor]. Cucchi, G; Ferrara, E; Sardeo, C, 1989)	1.45
" The effect of the chemotherapy closely correlated with the pattern of surgical intervention and the dosage of the drug used."	( [Prevention of postoperative phlebothrombosis of the legs using low-dose heparin in urologic patients]. Korablev, SA; Nikolaenko, NN; Nodel'son, SE; Savchenko, NE, )	0.13
" Studies of the oral contraceptives in current use show that the coagulation effects depend on the dosage of estrogen and the type of progestogen used in combination."	( Coagulation effects of oral contraception. Bonnar, J, 1987)	0.27
" Some patient plasmas yielded dose-response curves which are not parallel with the calibration curve of the EIA."	( A monoclonal antibody-based quantitative enzyme immunoassay for the determination of plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Briët, E; Brommer, EJ; Hoegee-de Nobel, E; Nieuwenhuizen, W; Voskuilen, M, 1988)	0.5
" The degree of fibrinogenolysis induced by rt-PA administration is nearly independent of the dosing schedule."	( A kinetic analysis of fibrinogenolysis during plasminogen activator therapy. Bell, WR; Noe, DA, 1987)	0.94
" A higher and longer dosage regimen caused more rapid recanalization with similar effects on fibrinogenolysis."	( Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI): comparative studies of coronary reperfusion and systemic fibrinogenolysis with two forms of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Forman, SA; Mueller, HS; Rao, AK, 1987)	0.71
"The effects of two cyclically administered, triphasic, combined low dosage oestrogen and progestogen oral contraceptives on haemostasis have been compared in a longitudinal study, over 6 months, in 26 healthy females aged 16-30 years."	( A comparison of the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on haemostasis. Cohen, H; Gillmer, MD; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Walshe, K, 1988)	0.27
" For application of the fibrin sealant, the Duploject syringe clip is used, as it allows exact dosage and blending of the two sealant components in the course of their application to the site of sealing."	( The technique of fibrin adhesion for premature rupture of the membranes during pregnancy. Baumgarten, K; Moser, S, 1986)	0.27
"Changes in the hemostatic system were studied in 22 neonatal calves given a small dosage of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0."	( Endotoxin-induced changes in the hemostatic system in neonatal calves: the effect of antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli (J-5). Bruce, J; Corbeil, LB; Merryman, GS; Morris, DD; Whitlock, RH, 1986)	0.27
" Results of this study suggest that AT-III prophylaxis is very protective above a threshold dosage in an endotoxemic rat model and that protection is in part due to ameliorating DIC."	( Protection against disseminated intravascular coagulation and death by antithrombin-III in the Escherichia coli endotoxemic rat. Emerson, TE; Fournel, MA; Leach, WJ; Redens, TB, 1987)	0.27
" This activity was detected by the Chandler loop method with 100 ng to 10 micrograms of protein when analyzed in a dose-response fashion."	( Identification of a low molecular weight polypeptide of pregnant bovine uterine origin (LMW-UDF): influence on coagulation system in vitro. Part I. Pantazis, CG; Speidel, MT; Suzuki, M, 1987)	0.27
" SK identifies patients in whom SK is relatively ineffective, probably because of inadequate dosage of inactivation of the drug."	( Usefulness of residual plasma fibrinogen after intravenous streptokinase for predicting delay or failure of reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Cercek, B; Ganz, W; Hod, H; Lew, AS; Shah, PK, 1986)	0.56
" Dosing by weight led to less appreciable fibrinogen breakdown."	( Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. A hematologic and pharmacologic study. Bell, WR; Topol, EJ; Weisfeldt, ML, 1985)	0.53
" It was concluded that aspirin alone at the recommended dosage of one-quarter of a 5-grain tablet (1."	( Effects of aspirin and propranolol alone and in combination on hemostatic determinants in the healthy cat. Allen, DG; Crane, S; Johnstone, IB, 1985)	0.27
" Fibronectin concentrations stimulate fibrinogen synthesis by endothelial cells in a dose-response fashion."	( Fibronectin initiates fibrin production by rabbit corneal endothelial cells in vitro. Kenney, MC; Labermeier, U, 1985)	0.54
"8 micrograms/24 hours) which were only slightly higher than the levels found in another 10 patients with myocardial infarction receiving subcutaneous heparin in a dosage of 2 X 5000 IU daily (2."	( Fibrinopeptide A excretion in urine in patients with atherosclerotic artery disease. Gallino, A; Haeberli, A; Straub, PW, 1985)	0.27
" The FPA generation test performed on native plasma may provide insight into the great variation in individual hemostatic parameters important to dosage determinations."	( Usefulness of fibrinopeptide A generation tests in experimental and clinical studies with low molecular weight heparin fractions. Baker, WH; Emanuele, RM; Fareed, J; Hoppensteadt, DA; Walenga, JM, 1985)	0.27
"7 micrograms/kg/min for 30 to 60 min, yielding a total dosage of 20 to 40 mg/patient."	( Clinical pharmacology in patients with evolving myocardial infarction of tissue-type plasminogen activator produced by recombinant DNA technology. Kurnik, PB; Ludbrook, PA; Robinson, AK; Sobel, BE; Tiefenbrunn, AJ, 1985)	0.27
"A long-term trial with oral pentoxifylline ("Trental" 400) in a dosage of 1200 mg per day was carried out in 70 diabetic patients with and without vascular afflictions."	( Diabetic retinal vascular complications and erythrocyte filtrability; results of a 2-year follow-up study with pentoxifylline. Ferrari, E; Solerte, SB, 1985)	0.27
" The clinical benefit of ticlopidine in PAD without adverse reactions can be confirmed at least at the dosage of 750 mg/d instead of the usual dose of 500 mg/d."	( Effects of ticlopidine on blood fibrinogen and blood viscosity in peripheral atherosclerotic disease. Battocchio, F; Crociani, ME; Fabris, F; Girolami, A; Randi, ML, 1985)	0.55
" Recent reports give evidence that permanent substitution with factor VIII concentrates at a highest dosage can eliminate the production of inhibitors completely."	( [Hemostasis disorders after transfusions]. Domula, M; Lenk, H; Weissbach, G, 1981)	0.26
"The efficacy and the safety of a new urokinase dosage regimen (loading dose 250,000 IU, initial maintenance dosage 2,000 IU/kg/h in combination with heparin) was studied in ten cases of deep vein thrombosis with regard to the changes of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme system."	( Blood coagulation changes during effective thrombolysis using urokinase and heparin. Harenberg, J; Mörl, H; Schöffel, G; Zimmermann, R, )	0.13
" Those results suggest that the dosage of UK can be reduced by combination of DS."	( Role of dextran sulfate in urokinase therapy and evaluation of the effects by estimation of plasmin inhibitor, fibrinogenolytic degradation products, and fibrinolytic degradation products. Hasegawa, H; Murakoshi, T; Murao, M; Nagata, H; Oguma, Y; Seya, T; Takei, H; Yamauchi, M, 1982)	0.48
" The optimum dosage of fat for a balanced parenteral diet is not known."	( The effect of ten and twenty per cent safflower oil emulsion given as thirty to fifty per cent of total calories. Bell, RM; Bivins, BA; Bryant, PJ; Griffen, WO; Rapp, RP; Record, KE, 1983)	0.27
" A conclusion is made that when choosing the dosage of fibrinogen it is necessary to take into account its content in other injected hemostatic drugs."	( [Use of fibrinogen in hemorrhages in surgical practice]. Baryshev, BA; Chermoshnik, GA; Chuslov, AG; Fedorova, ZD; Khanin, AZ, 1984)	0.95
" Our in vitro experiments indicate that further clinical studies should be done with lower doses of BRL 33 575 or prolonged dosage intervals."	( In vitro effects of the acylated streptokinase-plasminogen activator complex BRL 33 575 incubated with normal human plasma. Duckert, F; Lämmle, B; Lohri, A; Noll, G; Tran, TH, 1984)	0.27
" The protamine dose necessary to reverse heparin after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) was assessed in ten patients from individual heparin dose-response curves (HDR group)."	( The value of activated coagulation time in monitoring heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. Hatteland, K; Ottesen, S; Stormorken, H, 1984)	0.27
" It was shown that the minimal intermittent heparinization did non reduce dialysis efficiency and that a total heparin dosage of 6,000 units is the lowest safe limit."	( Quantification of extracorporeal fibrin deposits in haemodialysis with minimal and conventional heparinization. Blümel, G; Buttermann, G; Kalinowski, H; Pabst, HW; Vogel, GE, 1983)	0.27
" A distinct dose-response relationship was observed in the inhibiting effect of the antiserum on RNase-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation into cultured granulation-tissue fibroblasts."	( Antifibrogenic effects of antiserum against the macrophage RNase. Aho, SA; Kulonen, EI; Lehtinen, PA; Viljanen, MK, 1983)	0.27
" Streptokinase dosage in this study was 201,000 +/- 74,000 IU (+/- SD)."	( Fibrinolytic effects of intracoronary streptokinase administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction and coronary insufficiency. Cowley, MJ; Fisher, LM; Garrett, R; Hastillo, A; Hess, ML; Vetrovec, GW, 1983)	0.27
" Successful thrombolysis was achieved in 12 of 16 arterial occlusions (75%) following the intra-arterial infusion of streptokinase at a dosage of 5,000 U per hour."	( Streptokinase treatment of acute arterial occlusion. Bandyk, DF; Berni, GA; Strandness, DE; Thiele, BL; Zierler, RE, 1983)	0.27
"In a prospective study low dosage subcutaneous heparin was administered to 148 patients after major gynaecological operations."	( [Monitoring of post-operative prevention of thrombosis by low dosage heparin with the radioactive iodine fibrinogen test (author's transl)]. Brehm, R; Philipp, K, 1981)	0.48
"Patients who underwent operations in which cardiopulmonary bypass was used had elevations of plasma fibrinopeptide A which did not return to normal during bypass despite conventional heparin anticoagulation, suggesting inadequate heparin dosage and continued thrombin activity during the operation."	( Elevated plasma fibrinopeptide A and thromboxane B2 levels during cardiopulmonary bypass. Davies, GC; Salzman, EW; Sobel, M, 1980)	0.26
" Continual injections of the same dosage of batroxobin failed to maintain hypofibrinogenemia, possibly due to the antibody formation."	( The effect of hypofibrinogenemia with batroxobin on rat Masugi nephritis. Kawai, C; Muso, E; Tamura, T; Tomita, K, 1982)	0.83
" Norlestrin, a combination of norethindrone acetate and ethinylestradiol (50:1) was given orally on a continuous cyclic regimen of 21 d of dosing followed by 7 d without treatment."	( Ten-year oral toxicity study with Norlestrin in rhesus monkeys. de la Iglesia, F; Fitzgerald, J; Goldenthal, EI, 1982)	0.26
" All four heparins showed a dose-dependent antithrombotic effect enabling the relative antithrombotic and anti-Xa activities to be compared over a dosage range."	( Discordance between the anti-Xa activity and the antithrombotic activity in an ultra-low molecular weight heparin fraction. Carter, CJ; Hirsh, J; Mitchell, L; Ockelford, PA, 1982)	0.26
"A further experimental study on changes produced in rabbits by low dosage contraceptives is presented."	( [Nosology of contraceptives: hematological and ultrastructural observations after experimental administration of low dosage contraceptives (author's transl)]. Almenti, E; Crescinbeni, L; Cucci, AM; Martines, G; Martuzzi, M; Mazzoni, M; Nucci, S; Savoia, M; Schiattone, ML, 1980)	0.26
" The optimal dosage of clofibrate which blocked the effect of thrombin of fibrinogen synthesis was 100 mg/kg day."	( Suppression of acute-phase synthesis of fibrinogen by a hypolipidemic drug (clofibrate). Pickart, L, 1981)	0.76
" This may indicate that the dosage of protamine chloride prior to the end of the surgical procedure has to be adjusted to the individual heparin levels."	( Coagulation parameters and heparin levels in open-heart surgery. Cullmann, W; Jürgens, P; Kladetzky, RG; Lie, TB; Müller, N, 1980)	0.26
"The effect of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen Casodex (176334) on a number of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comprising 27 evaluable patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia who received either placebo or Casodex at a dosage of 50 mg daily for 24 weeks."	( Effects of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen Casodex on lipoproteins, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eri, LM; Urdal, P, 1995)	0.53
" In cigarette smokers, fibrinogen levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked, which is indicative of a dose-response relationship."	( Fibrinogen levels in normotensive and hypertensive men: a cross-sectional study. Fogari, R; Malamani, GD; Marasi, G; Tettamanti, F; Vanasia, A; Villa, G; Zoppi, A, 1994)	2.04
" Four ester prodrug/acid active metabolite pairs (2a/2e, 60a/60e, 62a/62e, 63a/63e) from the ABAS series which varied in their 3-substituent on the beta-amino ester "aspartate mimetic" were prepared in enantiomerically enriched form (> 95:5), and they were evaluated in canine studies for their ability to block collagen-induced aggregation in platelet-rich plasma, the elimination profile (t1/2 beta-phase), repeated oral dosing studies, and oral systemic availability."	( Potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of platelet aggregation based upon the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence of fibrinogen. (Aminobenzamidino)succinyl (ABAS) series of orally active fibrinogen receptor antagonists. Bovy, PR; Garland, RB; Lindmark, RJ; Rao, SA; Rico, JG; Rogers, TE; Schretzman, LA; Tjoeng, FS; Williams, K; Zablocki, JA, 1995)	0.51
" However, we cannot exclude the possibility that intermittent bolus-like dosing of nicotine from cigarettes could have different effects from those produced by continually released transdermal nicotine."	( Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. Benowitz, NL; Fitzgerald, GA; Wilson, M; Zhang, Q, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curves were very similar for C3S- and C3F-coated erythrocytes."	( Comparison of the binding of C3S and C3F to complement receptors types 1, 2, and 3. Bartók, I; Walport, MJ, 1995)	0.29
"01) suggest that a hypercoagulable state persists in low dosage OC users."	( Large increase in plasmatic 11-dehydro-TxB2 levels due to oral contraceptives. Donnez, J; Grandjean, P; Lavenne, E; Schlit, AF, 1995)	0.29
"This double-blind, cross-over study with olive oil as placebo, examined the effect of a daily dosage of 6 g fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers of 20 healthy young volunteers (10 men, 10 women)."	( Both fish oil and olive oil lowered plasma fibrinogen in women with high baseline fibrinogen levels. Barnard, HC; Jerling, JC; Kruger, A; Oosthuizen, W; Silvis, N; Smuts, CM; Venter, CS; Vorster, HH, 1994)	0.55
" The purpose of this study was: (1) to determine whether or not changes that occurred in the plasma protein patterns were specific to 4-ABP and/or other related carcinogenic arylamines; (2) to measure the time course in the changes of the major polypeptides during dosing and their resynthesis during a recovery period; and (3) to determine, by microsequencing, the biochemical identity of the affected proteins."	( Plasma proteins as early biomarkers of exposure to carcinogenic aromatic amines. Benjamin, T; Dooley, KL; Kadlubar, FF; Miller, MJ; Parmelee, DC; Sechi, S, 1994)	0.29
" Recombinant hirudin led to a profound inhibition of thrombus growth (PD, 30 +/- 12; FD, 109 +/- 21), which was significant compared with all groups, even the highest dosage of heparin (250 IU/kg per hour)."	( Inhibition of growth of thrombus on fresh mural thrombus. Targeting optimal therapy. Badimon, JJ; Badimon, L; Chesebro, JH; Fernández-Ortiz, A; Fuster, V; Mailhac, A; Meyer, BJ, 1994)	0.29
" Heparin dose dependently reduces thrombus growth, but even the highest dosage is less effective than hirudin."	( Inhibition of growth of thrombus on fresh mural thrombus. Targeting optimal therapy. Badimon, JJ; Badimon, L; Chesebro, JH; Fernández-Ortiz, A; Fuster, V; Mailhac, A; Meyer, BJ, 1994)	0.29
" Pentoxifylline dosing was continued for 2 weeks, and placebo was continued in control animals."	( The effects of extended perioperative pentoxifylline on random skin flap survival. Pickens, JP; Rodman, SM; Wetmore, SJ, )	0.13
" An ethinyl estradiol dose-response effect was evident on hemostasis in all OC groups, but the changes in coagulation factors at higher doses were more pronounced in smokers than in nonsmokers."	( Haemostasis profile in smoking and nonsmoking women taking low-dose oral contraceptives. Fioretti, P; Fruzzetti, F; Ricci, C, 1994)	0.29
" The inhibition of endotoxin-induced microthrombosis took place in the same dosage range as the shortening of the euglobulin clot lysis time in normal rats by saruplase as a measure of its fibrinolytic activity."	( Fibrin-specific lysis of microthrombosis in endotoxemic rats by saruplase. Schneider, J, 1993)	0.29
" Subsequently, dosage at 100 micrograms/animal/d for 8 consecutive days was initiated in separate groups of animals immediately after 1 Gy total body x-irradiation."	( Enhancement of platelet recovery in X-irradiated guinea pigs by romurtide, a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative. Namba, K; Osada, Y; Otani, T, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that after oral dosing L-680,833 is bioavailable in rats and rhesus monkeys."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
"To assess the activation status of blood coagulation in thrombosis-prone pregnant women receiving a reduced dosage of heparin."	( The effect of prophylactic heparin treatment on enhanced thrombin generation in pregnancy. Blombäck, M; Bremme, K; Lind, H, 1993)	0.29
"Several studies have suggested a dose-response relation between the oestrogen content of oral contraceptive (OC) and the risk of both venous thrombosis and arterial disease, when oestrogen doses were higher than 50 micrograms."	( Changes in haemostatic variables induced by oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms or 30 micrograms oestrogen: absence of dose-dependent effect on PAI-1 activity. Bara, L; Guize, L; Plu-Bureau, G; Samama, MM; Scarabin, PY; Zitoun, D, 1995)	0.29
" There was a strong dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and plasma fibrinogen concentration."	( Plasma fibrinogen and its correlates in urban Japanese men. Iida, M; Iso, H; Kitamura, A; Kiyama, M; Komachi, Y; Naito, Y; Sato, S; Shimamoto, T, 1996)	0.97
" After treatment for 7 days reductions in cholesterol were similar at all dosages of ciprofibrate (45% reduction, mean across groups) whereas the effects of WIN 36117, clofibric acid and fluorofibric acid were still dosage related (reductions of 21-44, 37-43 and 2-28% respectively)."	( Comparative hypolipidaemic and peroxisomal effects of ciprofibrate, clofibric acid, and their respective difluorocyclopropyl and 4-fluoro-substituted analogues in rat. Graham, MJ; Gray, TJ; Old, SL; Winham, MA, 1996)	0.29
" Since both patient groups showed complete asparagine depletion during the course of ASP administration, the lower dosage of 2500 IU/m2 administered at 3 d intervals should guarantee the specific metabolic therapy for ALL, leading to depletion of the circulating pool of asparagine."	( Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in childhood ALL: a two-step dose reduction of one E. coli asparaginase preparation. Ahlke, E; Boos, J; Nowak-Göttl, U; Schulze-Westhoff, P, 1996)	0.29
" Thus, FK633 is a specific GPIIb/IIIa antagonist with potent anti-thrombotic effect in vivo, but careful dosing study might be necessary to avoid the bleeding complications in the clinic."	( The anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic effects of FK633, a peptide-mimetic GPIIB/IIIA antagonist. Aoki, T; Cox, D; Motoyama, Y; Seki, J; Senzaki, K; Takasugi, H; Tanaka, A, 1996)	0.29
" Administration of the antibodies to dogs at a dosage of 8 mg/kg/d showed that 2H4 was a potent inhibitor of the IL-6-induced (40 micrograms/kg/d) acute-phase response, abrogating IL-6-mediated increments in fibrinogen, C-reactive protein and the platelet count."	( Inhibition of the acute-phase response in vivo by anti-gp130 monoclonal antibodies. Burstein, SA; Downs, T; Friese, P; George, JN; Harrison, P; Wolf, R, 1996)	0.48
" The dosage of fibrinogen is quite easy but requires a precise calibration."	( [Fibrinogen: a risk factor]. N'Guyen, P; Pignon, B; Potron, G, 1996)	1.56
" This association was stronger than that between current smoking habit and fibrinogen and is consistent with a dosage effect."	( Polymorphisms of factor V, factor VII, and fibrinogen genes. Relevance to severity of coronary artery disease. McCredie, RM; Wang, J; Wang, XL; Wilcken, DE, 1997)	0.79
" Two Xa/phospholipid dosages were used, a low dosage (2 animals) leading to a rapid 49% decrease in fibrinogen and a high dosage (two injections at 5h interval; 3 animals) leading to complete fibrinogen depletion."	( The effect of factor Xa/phospholipid infusion on the acute phase response in baboons. Agay, D; Gascon, MP; Kruithof, EK; Mestries, JC; Ythier, A, 1997)	0.51
" After adjustment for age, education, and postmenopausal hormone therapy (among women), there was an inverse dose-response relationship of exercise intensity with selected risk factors."	( Exercise intensity and subclinical cardiovascular disease in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Bild, D; Fried, L; Mittelmark, M; O'Leary, DH; Rutan, G; Siscovick, DS, 1997)	0.3
" There was no effect related to the dosage of rhTNF alpha or rhIFN gamma."	( Thrombocytopenia and complement activation under recombinant TNF alpha/IFN gamma therapy in man. Böckmann, D; Burdach, S; Eckhof-Donovan, S; Göbel, U; Michelmann, I; Nürnberger, W, 1997)	0.3
" The present study was conducted to determine the dosing regimen which would produce optimal clot lysis and restoration of blood flow 2 h after treatment with r-proUK, using a dog model of arterial thrombosis."	( Comparison of dose regimens for the administration of recombinant pro-urokinase in a canine thrombosis model. Burke, SE; Henkin, J; Lubbers, NL; Nelson, RA, 1997)	0.3
" Both groups showed no statistical differences in number, kidney function, age, body weight, sex distribution, steroid dosage and follow-up time after transplantation."	( Effects of cyclosporin A and FK 506 on lipid metabolism and fibrinogen in kidney transplant recipients. Arlt, M; Brückner, D; Dietl, KH; Hohage, H; Spieker, C; Zidek, W, 1997)	0.54
" The maximal inhibitions were observed 2-4 h after dosing with dose dependency (60% inhibition at a dose of 1 mg/kg, 85% at 3 mg/kg, and 100% at 10 mg/kg, respectively) and the extent of the inhibitions paralleled the plasma concentration of the active species (S)-3."	( New platelet fibrinogen receptor glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists: orally active series of N-alkylated amidines with a 6,6-bicyclic template. Aoki, Y; Banba, S; Banno, H; Kibayashi, K; Okumura, K; Shimazaki, T; Tanaka, E; Yamashita, H; Yazawa, K, 1998)	0.67
" One received metformin as a daily single tablet of 850 mg and increasing the dosage to two or three tablets depending on their metabolic control."	( Effects of metformin on fibrinogen levels in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Fanghänel, G; Sanchez-Reyes, L; Silva, U; Sisson, D; Sotres, D; Torres, EM, )	0.44
" Based on our data, we think that despite low levels and slower activation kinetics of fetal plasminogen, the dosage of rt-PA should be lower in newborns than in adults."	( Whole blood clot lysis in newborns and adults after adding different concentrations of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (Rt-PA). Beinder, E; Harms, D; Keuper, H; Rauh, M; Ries, M; Trusen, B; Zenker, M, 1998)	0.3
"In vitro dose-response and reversal study."	( Near-site monitoring of the antiplatelet drug abciximab using the Hemodyne analyzer and modified thrombelastograph. Alving, BM; Carr, ME; Chang, AS; Greilich, PE; Longnecker, D; Reid, TJ; Whitten, CW, 1999)	0.3
" Thus, PC-RPFA provides a rapid point-of-care assessment of platelet function that could allow for adjustment of abciximab dosing to achieve targeted levels of platelet inhibition."	( Efficacy of abciximab induced platelet blockade using a rapid point of care assay. Abbottsmith, CW; Anderson, LC; Broderick, TM; Howard, W; Kereiakes, DJ; Lacock, P; Mueller, M; Roth, EM; Whang, DD, 1999)	0.3
" The high CEE dosage in group 3 resulted in a significant increase of TG and decrease of Lp(a) and PAI-1."	( The effects of six months of treatment with a low-dose of conjugated oestrogens in menopausal women. Ebert, C; Junker, R; Petersdorf, LI; Schlegel, W; Schulte, H; Von Eckardstein, A, 1999)	0.3
" However, the clinical efficacy, optimum dosage and pharmacologic recovery of rFVIIa in such children has not been studied systematically."	( Clinical efficacy and recovery levels of recombinant FVIIa (NovoSeven) in the treatment of intracranial haemorrhage in severe neonatal FVII deficiency. Huang, WC; McGinty, K; Miller, R; Whisnant, JK; Wong, WY, 2000)	0.31
" Compared with Pl(A1,A1) platelets, Pl(A2)-positive platelets showed a gene dosage effect for significantly greater surface-expressed P-selectin, GP IIb/IIIa-bound fibrinogen, and activated GP IIb/IIIa in response to low-dose ADP."	( Platelet GP IIIa Pl(A) polymorphisms display different sensitivities to agonists. Barnard, MR; Bray, PF; Christie, DJ; Coleman, L; Furman, MI; Goldschmidt-Clermont, P; Hamlington, J; Hendrix, C; Kickler, T; Kundu, S; Mascelli, MA; Michelson, AD, 2000)	0.5
" There was a dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and plasma fibrinogen concentration."	( [A cross-sectional study on the relationship of plasma fibrinogen concentration and age, physical fitness, lifestyle and health examinations of healthy Japanese males]. Imaki, M; Ogawa, Y; Takahashi, S; Tanada, S; Yoshida, Y, 2000)	0.78
"Children undergoing CPB with heparin dosing adjusted to optimize the ACT manifest inadequate anticoagulation (ongoing thrombin formation)."	( Anticoagulation of children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass is overestimated by current monitoring techniques. Gosselin, RC; Ireland, K; Jahr, JS; Larkin, EC; Owings, JT; Pollock, ME, 2000)	0.31
" One-fifth amount of the total dosage of CTC-111 or heparin was injected into the other femoral vein, followed by a 4-h infusion of the remainder."	( Effect of activated human protein C on disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Aoki, Y; Katsuura, Y; Komoriya, K; Nakagaki, T; Ota, M, 2000)	0.31
"13) in a gene dosage fashion."	( Racial and genetic determinants of plasma factor XIII activity. Aston, CE; Kamboh, MI; Low, PS; Saha, N, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma and urine samples were collected from patients for up to 120 hours after dosing and from healthy volunteers for up to 24 hours."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol-hirudin in patients with chronic renal failure. Bucha, E; Esslinger, HU; Jansa, U; Nörtersheuser, P; Nowak, G; Pöschel, KA; Schindler, S; Stein, G, 2000)	0.31
"Hence, PEG-Hi is considered safe in patients with CRF, but dosing and/or dose intervals should be adjusted according to the severity of renal impairment."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol-hirudin in patients with chronic renal failure. Bucha, E; Esslinger, HU; Jansa, U; Nörtersheuser, P; Nowak, G; Pöschel, KA; Schindler, S; Stein, G, 2000)	0.31
" Oral dosing of L-NAME (100 mg/kg per day) for 7 days significantly raised plasma fibrinogen concentration in rats."	( Effect of prolonged nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on plasma fibrinogen concentration in rats. Fujimura, A; Sugimoto, K; Tsuruoka, S, 2001)	0.78
" At the dosage of 5mg/kg, histological examination of heart, liver and lung tissue showed no hemorrhage."	( Purification and biochemical characterization of F II(a), a fibrinolytic enzyme from Agkistrodon acutus venom. Guangmei, Y; Jiashu, C; Pengxin, Q; Xiuxia, L; Yingna, Z, 2001)	0.31
" Dose-response curves were established on the basis of a sigmoidal Imax)-model [I=(Imax)*Cg)/(IC50g + Cg)]."	( In vitro dose response to different GPIIb/IIIa-antagonists: inter-laboratory comparison of various platelet function tests. Breddin, HK; Glusa, E; Graff, J; Harder, S; Just, A; Kirchmaier, CM; Klinkhardt, U; Lösche, W; Marciniak, SJ; Mascelli, MA; Westrup, D, 2001)	0.31
"125 microg/kg/min) or tirofiban, with either the PRISM-PLUS dosage (0."	( Quantification by flow cytometry of the efficacy of and interindividual variation of platelet inhibition induced by treatment with tirofiban and abciximab. Holmes, MB; Kabbani, SS; Schneider, DJ; Sobel, BE; Terrien, CM; Watkins, MW, 2001)	0.31
" We present several illustrative cases in which platelet monitoring with the Rapid Platelet Function Assay (RPFA, Accumetrics) was used to guide dosing of a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor for coronary and peripheral intervention among patients at increased bleeding risk."	( Clinical application of procedural platelet monitoring during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients at increased bleeding risk. Chew, DP; Moliterno, DJ; Mukherjee, D; Raymond, RE; Robbins, M; Yadav, JS, 2001)	0.31
"In order to find out the effects of Chinese herb medicine on improving the functional state of blood circulation under weightlessness (WL) or simulated weightlessness (SWL), five experiments (building the SWL animal model and determining the treatment based on the differentiation of symptoms and signs, selecting herb medicine, determining the dosage of Chinese herb medicine, pharmacological text and toxicological experiment of (DH) were accomplished."	( Effects of Chinese herb medicine on improving the circulation of rabbits under simulated weightlessness. Liu, X; Meng, J; Shen, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Xiang, Q, 1997)	0.3
" The authors currently are conducting a dose deescalation study to determine the threshold dosage required for RGD mimetic binding to radiation activated receptor."	( Radiation-mediated control of drug delivery. Chakravarthy, A; Cmelak, A; Geng, L; Giorgio, T; Hallahan, DE; Martin, W; Qu, S; Scarfone, C, 2001)	0.31
" These changes depended on drug dosage and duration, especially the severe influence on coagulation were detected when the RFP were reused after the ALT normalized in seventh to tenth months."	( [Changes in blood coagulation affected by rifampicin administration]. Bu, R; Fang, X; Zhang, H, 1999)	0.3
"To determine technical success and complications with weight-adjusted dosing of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for arterial and bypass graft occlusions."	( Weight-based rt-PA thrombolysis protocol for acute native arterial and bypass graft occlusions. Arepally, A; Geschwind, JF; Hofmann, LV; Kim, HS; Kirkwood, S; Oechsle, D; Perler, B, 2002)	0.31
"Although weight-adjusted dosing for rt-PA provides a high efficacy of relieving ischemia, the rate of complications, especially bleeding, seems excessive in comparison to historical experience with urokinase."	( Weight-based rt-PA thrombolysis protocol for acute native arterial and bypass graft occlusions. Arepally, A; Geschwind, JF; Hofmann, LV; Kim, HS; Kirkwood, S; Oechsle, D; Perler, B, 2002)	0.31
" They may have synergetic impact and present gene dosage effect on the susceptibility to this pathological subphenotype."	( [Genetic variations in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene and beta fibrinogen gene associated with glomerular microthrombosis in lupus nephritis and the gene dosage effect]. Chen, Z; Gong, R; Li, L; Liu, Z, 2002)	0.55
" Other parameters tested did not show a statistically significant dose-response for the number of cigarettes smoked."	( Protein C pathway impairment in nonsymptomatic cigarette smokers. Fernández, JA; Griffin, JH; Gruber, A; Heeb, MJ, )	0.13
" Female Wistar Han rats were treated with a single injection of FCA in a dose-response study (1."	( Markers of experimental acute inflammation in the Wistar Han rat with particular reference to haptoglobin and C-reactive protein. Andrews, CM; Barrett, P; Clarke, CJ; Fung, KW; Giffen, PS; Munday, MR; Roman, IF; Smyth, R; Turton, J; Walshe, K; York, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" There were positive and significant dose-response relationships between measures of cigarette smoking (cigarettes per day, pack-years, and serum cotinine levels) and elevated levels of novel risk factors."	( Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States. Bazzano, LA; He, J; Muntner, P; Vupputuri, S; Whelton, PK, 2003)	0.32
" Whole blood was collected at pre-dose and during the dosing interval directly into citrate fixative so that circulating levels of platelet activation could be assessed."	( Effects of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist Roxifiban on P-selectin expression, fibrinogen binding, and microaggregate formation in a phase I dose-finding study: no evidence for platelet activation during treatment with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagon Bradley, JD; Cain, VA; Feuerstein, GZ; Hua, TA; Kornhauser, DM; Martin, DE; Munzer, DA; Seiffert, D; Stern, AM; Tchinnes, MA; Thomas, BE, 2003)	0.54
" This suggests that intermittent prebypass heparin dosing is more effective in maintaining adequate levels of anticoagulation during CPB."	( The effects of intermittent prebypass heparin dosing in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Grima, C, 2003)	0.32
"6 g, orally taken, twice a day for 2 successive months followed by half dosage for 2 months."	( [Effect of xuezhikang on blood lipids, serum oxidized low density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in patients with unstable angina pectoris]. Cui, CC; Wang, JK; Yao, QH, 2003)	0.53
" coli L-ASP (Medac) which was administered at a dosage of 5000 IU/m (2) 8-times at 3-day intervals."	( Effects of dose-reduced Medac L-asparaginase on coagulation in trial ALL-BFM 2000. Attarbaschi, A; Dworzak, M; Gadner, H; Kronberger, M; Mann, G; Witt, V, )	0.13
"This analysis is the first to show that 5000 IU/m (2) of the Medac L-ASP leads to a less pronounced decrease of the plasma AT III and fibrinogen concentrations during induction therapy (after the 5 (th) L-ASP dose), as compared to previous BFM protocols which used the Medac L-ASP in a dosage of 10 000 IU/m (2)."	( Effects of dose-reduced Medac L-asparaginase on coagulation in trial ALL-BFM 2000. Attarbaschi, A; Dworzak, M; Gadner, H; Kronberger, M; Mann, G; Witt, V, )	0.33
"To observe the effect of the Niaoduqing Tablet(NDT) on the diuresis in normal rats and the hemorheology in rats of blood stasis and compare it with the Niaoduqing Granule(NDG), so as to provide some laboratory data for the clinic application and innovation of the dosage forms."	( [The effect of niaoduqing tablet on the diuresis in normal rats and the hemorheology in blood-stasis rats]. Chen, YY; Deng, HZ; Xiao, W, 2003)	0.32
" We tested three different concentrations of raloxifene (5, 10, and 125 microM) corresponding to the usual dosage in postmenopausal women of between 10 and 300 mg/day, choosing two incubation periods (60 and 120 min)."	( Raloxifene does not prevent fibrinogen oxidation in vitro. Arakil-Aghajanian, A; Blasbichler, M; Sinzinger, H, 2005)	0.62
" There was no reocclusion in three dogs dosed with 10 mg kg(-1) BB-10153."	( Thrombolytic activity of BB-10153, a thrombin-activatable plasminogen. Cackett, KS; Comer, MB; Dawson, KM; Gladwell, S; Wood, LM, 2005)	0.33
"Eighty-eight (88) patients were treated in 4 dosing tiers."	( A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Haley, EC; Hemmen, TM; Johnston, KC; Lyden, PD, 2005)	0.33
" Optimal dosage of fibrinogen (300 mg/kg, intravenously) significantly increased the fibrinogen level in the plasma of the rodent hyperfibrinogenemia model."	( Hyperfibrinogenemia alone does not affect the patency of microvascular anastomosis: clinical experience and animal study. Jeng, SF; Kuo, YR; Lin, CJ; Sacks, JM; Wu, WS; Yang, KD, 2005)	1.17
"Plasma fibrinogen is strongly associated with cigarette smoking with a dose-response relationship with total pack-years of smoking."	( Fibrinogen and cigarette smoking in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) population. Bingham, S; Day, NE; Khaw, KT; Luben, RN; Sinha, S; Wareham, NJ; Welch, A, 2005)	2.23
" Cohorts of four were dosed with BB-10153 (n = 3) or placebo (n = 1)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BB-10153, a thrombin-activatable plasminogen, in healthy volunteers. Brown, A; Comer, MB; Curtis, LD; Dawson, KM; Senior, JM; Warrington, S, 2005)	0.33
"Ninety-five patients with type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months without glycemic control by diet and oral hypoglycemic agents to their maximum tolerated dosage and who also had metabolic syndrome."	( Antithrombotic effects of rosiglitazone-metformin versus glimepiride-metformin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Ciccarelli, L; Cicero, AF; Derosa, G; Ferrari, I; Gaddi, AV; Ghelfi, M; Peros, E; Piccinni, MN; Salvadeo, S, 2005)	0.33
" The median single dosage was 63."	( Efficacy and tolerability of a pasteurised human fibrinogen concentrate in patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Devay, J; Egbring, R; Haertel, S; Kreuz, W; Krzensk, U; Meili, E; Peter-Salonen, K, 2005)	0.58
" Factors H and I reduced the overall level of activity but had no influence on the NAb dose-response curve meaning that NAbs did not interfere with factor H binding."	( IgG naturally occurring antibodies stabilize and promote the generation of the alternative complement pathway C3 convertase. Jelezarova, E; Lutz, HU, 2005)	0.33
" These findings indicate that the dosage regimen of Fg in afibrinogenemia-related pregnancies needs to be optimized according to other coagulation markers, such as thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) concentration, which represents the extent of thrombin formation."	( Maternal fibrinogen is necessary for embryonic development. Castellino, FJ; Iwaki, T, 2005)	0.99
" The present study was performed to extend the dose-response curve for effects of ASA on fibrinogen clotting properties and to examine the variability of these effects during a 24-h dose interval."	( Marked increase of fibrin gel permeability with very low dose ASA treatment. Antovic, A; Blombäck, M; Ekman, GJ; He, S; Hjemdahl, P; Perneby, C; Wallen, HN, 2005)	0.55
" These results suggest that a CLA-immobilized CA membrane could offer protection for patients against oxidative stress and would be helpful for reducing the dosage of anticoagulant during hemodialysis."	( Effect of conjugated linoleic acid immobilization on the hemocompatibility of cellulose acetate membrane. Kung, FC; Yang, MC, 2006)	0.33
" The effect of in vitro fibrinogen substitution on ROTEM variables was dependent on the fibrinogen dosage and the type of solution used to dilute the blood samples."	( The effect of fibrinogen substitution on reversal of dilutional coagulopathy: an in vitro model. Fries, D; Friesenecker, B; Innerhofer, P; Klingler, A; Reif, C; Schobersberger, W; Streif, W; Velik-Salchner, C, 2006)	1
" The tissue plasminogen activator was used with remarkable success for the treatment of sudden hearing loss; this study shows remarkable success with a very low dose of rt-PA as compared to the standard dosage used for treatment of myocardial infarction."	( The use of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for the treatment of sudden and chronic hearing loss. Dellepiane, M; Jankowska, B; Mora, F; Mora, R, 2005)	0.33
"We evaluated whether sputum eosinophil counts could demonstrate a dose-response to inhaled corticosteroids, and compared the response with other inflammatory markers."	( Eosinophilic bronchitis in asthma: a model for establishing dose-response and relative potency of inhaled corticosteroids. Goldsmith, CH; Hargreave, FE; Jayaram, L; Kelly, MM; Leigh, R; Parameswaran, K, 2006)	0.33
"5% entered a 6-week sequential, placebo-controlled, patient-blinded, cumulative dose-response study."	( Eosinophilic bronchitis in asthma: a model for establishing dose-response and relative potency of inhaled corticosteroids. Goldsmith, CH; Hargreave, FE; Jayaram, L; Kelly, MM; Leigh, R; Parameswaran, K, 2006)	0.33
" None of the dosage regimens of either antivenom used guaranteed resolution of venom-induced coagulopathy within 6 h, nor did they prevent recurrences."	( Efficacy and safety of two whole IgG polyvalent antivenoms, refined by caprylic acid fractionation with or without beta-propiolactone, in the treatment of Bothrops asper bites in Colombia. Alzate, C; Arrieta, AB; Arroyo, Y; Ayala, S; Barona, J; Conrado, LL; Córdoba, E; Díaz, A; Fabra, PE; Fernández, D; Fernández, J; Gutiérrez, JM; León, G; López, M; Meza, JJ; Mosquera, D; Núñez, V; Ospina, CE; Otero, R; Paniagua, CA; Quintana, JC; Ramírez, E; Ramírez, P; Rodríguez, V; Rojas, G; Silva, JF; Theakston, RD; Toro, MF; Warrell, DA, 2006)	0.33
"8 micromol/L at a dosage of 100 mg/day RRR-alpha-tocopherol, whereas healthy subjects showed a significant (54%) increase to 39."	( Alpha-tocopherol distribution in lipoproteins and anti-inflammatory effects differ between CHD-patients and healthy subjects. Leichtle, A; Teupser, D; Thiery, J, 2006)	0.33
" The study was performed in a group of stable coronary patients treated for two years with a moderate dosage of atorvastatin (20mg/day)."	( E-selectin and TFPI are associated with carotid intima-media thickness in stable IHD patients: the baseline findings of the MIAMI study. Amato, M; Arquati, M; Baldassarre, D; Brusoni, B; Camera, M; Cortellaro, M; Fiorentini, C; Montorsi, P; Porta, B; Romano, S; Tremoli, E, 2008)	0.35
"In children and adults who experience persistently symptomatic CDC despite ongoing receipt of antifungal therapy, CST involving a prednisone equivalent at a dosage of > or =0."	( Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis. Bellaton, E; Dupont, B; Huerre, M; Lecuit, M; Legrand, F; Lortholary, O; Rohrlich, PS, 2008)	0.35
" There might be a dose-response relationship between the plasma concentration of melatonin and coagulation activity."	( Oral melatonin reduces blood coagulation activity: a placebo-controlled study in healthy young men. Bärtschi, C; Ehlert, U; Spillmann, M; von Känel, R; Wirtz, PH, 2008)	0.35
"The chronopharmacological effect of raloxifene, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, was evaluated by repeated dosing of ovariectomized rats."	( Dosing time-dependent effect of raloxifene on plasma fibrinogen concentration in ovariectomized rats. Fujimura, A; Hasegawa, G; Kaneda, T; Maeda, A; Tsuruoka, S, 2008)	0.6
"Infants received on average 2 doses of rFVIIa at a mean dosage of 90 microg/kg."	( Recombinant activated factor VII use in critically ill infants with active hemorrhage. Jen, H; Shew, S, 2008)	0.35
" Furthermore, venous thrombosis was not associated with increase in either the number of doses or dosage of rFVIIa."	( Recombinant activated factor VII use in critically ill infants with active hemorrhage. Jen, H; Shew, S, 2008)	0.35
" This article will review the product composition, dosing recommendations, data regarding clinical efficacy, and potential risks of each of these components."	( Blood product support of coagulation. Moormeier, J, )	0.13
" For the prophylaxis of thrombotic events, low-molecular heparin at a dosage of 40-60 IE/kg was administered postpartum for 14 days."	( Treatment of patients with dysfibrinogenemia and a history of abortions during pregnancy. Galanakis, D; Miesbach, W; Scharrer, I, 2009)	0.64
" There are insufficient data in the literature to determine the efficacy, safety, and dosage in this patient population."	( Cryoprecipitate: the current state of knowledge. Callum, JL; Karkouti, K; Lin, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Although men but not women appeared to be at increased risk of lead-induced inflammation, no consistent dose-response patterns were observed across BLL quintiles."	( A population-based assessment of blood lead levels in relation to inflammation. McCabe, MJ; Songdej, N; van Wijngaarden, E; Winters, PC, 2010)	0.36
" The higher dosage of fibrinogen was not associated with a further reduction in blood loss."	( Effects of different fibrinogen concentrations on blood loss and coagulation parameters in a pig model of coagulopathy with blunt liver injury. Braunschweig, T; Coburn, M; Grottke, O; Henzler, D; Rossaint, R; Tolba, R, 2010)	0.99
" Applying dipyridamole routine dosage in chemotherapy can efficiently restrain platelet activation."	( [Influence of dipyridamole on expression of PAC-1 and CD62p in patients with malignant lymphoma]. Jiang, YJ; Kang, LL; Li, XM; Wang, HX; Zhu, GH; Zhuang, WC, 2010)	0.36
"This review of published studies was conducted to derive data on patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency (CFD), including dosing of fibrinogen replacement therapy, outcome, and adverse events, either temporally related or distant to fibrinogen replacement, in order to assist clinicians in developing treatment plans for patients with CFD."	( Fibrinogen replacement therapy for congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Allen, G; Bernstein, J; Bornikova, L; Manco-Johnson, MJ; Peyvandi, F, 2011)	2.03
" We analyzed pre- and post- recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator dosing coagulation parameters."	( Systemic hematologic status following intraventricular recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for intraventricular hemorrhage: the CLEAR IVH Study Group. Hanley, DF; Herrick, DB; Lane, K; McBee, NA; Thompson, CB; Ziai, WC, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing did not have a significant impact on any systemic coagulation parameters in either treatment group."	( Systemic hematologic status following intraventricular recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for intraventricular hemorrhage: the CLEAR IVH Study Group. Hanley, DF; Herrick, DB; Lane, K; McBee, NA; Thompson, CB; Ziai, WC, 2011)	0.37
" The results showed linear disposition of porcine fibrinogen at the examined dosage range in SD rats or beagle dogs."	( Determination of porcine fibrinogen in rat and dog plasma after intraperitoneal injection of a porcine-derived fibrin glue by fluorescein-labeled assay method: Comparison with isotope-labeled assay method. Fan, G; He, H; Wu, Y; Xie, Y, 2012)	0.94
" Fifty patients in each group were given placebo, omega-3 fatty acids 2 g (most commonly used dosage in Korean patients), or fenofibrate 160 mg, respectively daily for 2 months."	( Significant differential effects of omega-3 fatty acids and fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Han, SH; Koh, KK; Lee, K; Lee, Y; Lim, S; Quon, MJ; Sakuma, I; Shin, EK; Shin, KC, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing of fibrinogen concentrate was individualized based on thromboelastometry."	( Fibrinogen concentrate in the treatment of severe bleeding after aortic aneurysm graft surgery. Rahe-Meyer, N, 2011)	2.2
" Dosing was individualized using the fibrin-based thromboelastometry test."	( Effects of fibrinogen concentrate as first-line therapy during major aortic replacement surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hagl, C; Hanke, A; Hochleitner, G; Knoerzer, D; Pichlmaier, M; Rahe-Meyer, N; Schmidt, DS; Solomon, C; Sørensen, B, 2013)	0.78
" Fibrinogen concentrate dosing was individualized using the thromboelastometric FIBTEM test."	( Fibrinogen concentrate reduces intraoperative bleeding when used as first-line hemostatic therapy during major aortic replacement surgery: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hagl, C; Hanke, A; Pichlmaier, M; Rahe-Meyer, N; Schmidt, DS, 2013)	2.74
" There was no evidence that the chosen dosing regimen of DON had influences on the induced sub-acute stage of sepsis, as the LPS challenge, irrespective of DON co-exposure, mediated an acute phase reaction with a typical decrease of albumin synthesis, as well as changes in cytokine concentration and a loss of metabolic activity in PBMC."	( Interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on the in vivo protein synthesis of acute phase proteins, cytokines and metabolic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in pigs. Breves, G; Brosig, B; Dänicke, S; Diesing, AK; Kersten, S; Kluess, J; Kullik, K; Panther, P; Reinhardt, N; Rothkötter, HJ; Valenta, H, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, a dose-response association between the adiposity groups and most of the CVD risk factors was observed except total cholesterol in men and low HDL in women."	( Are current UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) obesity risk guidelines useful? Cross-sectional associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a large, representative English population. Batty, GD; Tabassum, F, 2013)	0.39
" Fibrinogen concentrate represents an important option for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding; further studies are needed to determine precise dosing strategies and thresholds for fibrinogen supplementation."	( Fibrinogen as a therapeutic target for bleeding: a review of critical levels and replacement therapy. Goodnough, LT; Levy, JH; Welsby, I, 2014)	2.76
" Delayed dosing did not reduce adhesions."	( Histone deacetylase inhibitors decrease intra-abdominal adhesions with one intraoperative dose by reducing peritoneal fibrin deposition pathways. Cassidy, MR; Gainsbury, ML; Heydrick, S; Sheldon, HK; Sherburne, AC; Stucchi, AF, 2014)	0.4
" A single, intraoperative intervention provides an ideal dosing strategy and indicates an exciting new role for HDACIs in adhesion prevention."	( Histone deacetylase inhibitors decrease intra-abdominal adhesions with one intraoperative dose by reducing peritoneal fibrin deposition pathways. Cassidy, MR; Gainsbury, ML; Heydrick, S; Sheldon, HK; Sherburne, AC; Stucchi, AF, 2014)	0.4
" The latter testing can be applied to guide the dosing of fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrate, which are selectively used to correct fibrinogen deficiency, and improve thrombin generation in acquired coagulopathy."	( Novel approaches in management of perioperative coagulopathy. Bader, SO; Görlinger, K; Tanaka, KA, 2014)	0.65
" For treatment, fibrinogen concentrate and fresh frozen plasma are options, though the effective dosage of either agent is unclear."	( High-dose fibrinogen versus a clinically recommended dose of fresh frozen plasma for reversal of dilutional coagulopathy in an in vitro model of severe hemodilution. Rau, J; Rosenthal, C; Sander, M; Volk, T; Von Heymann, C; Ziemer, S, 2014)	1.15
" Age-adjusted incident HF rates were related to elevated baseline inflammatory markers in a dose-response manner."	( Inflammation and future risk of symptomatic heart failure in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Behar, S; Benderly, M; Eisen, A; Goldbourt, U; Haim, M, 2014)	0.4
" Consequently, there is uncertainty over the appropriate dosing and optimal administration of cryoprecipitate, with some guidelines from professional societies to guide clinical practice."	( Cryoprecipitate therapy. Goodnough, LT; Levy, JH; Nascimento, B, 2014)	0.4
" We present an automated method in which drops are weighed individually, buffer is dosed by the pump and well defined clot washing is controlled by the software."	( An automated method for fibrin clot permeability assessment. Awsiuk, M; Piłat, A; Undas, A; Ząbczyk, M, 2015)	0.42
"In massively transfused, non-trauma patients with coagulopathy and refractory bleeding, late administration of low FBNc dosage was not associated with decreased blood transfusion or increased post-infusion fibrinogen level."	( Administration of fibrinogen concentrate for refractory bleeding in massively transfused, non-trauma patients with coagulopathy: a retrospective study with comparator group. Arellano-Orden, V; Bautista-Paloma, J; Casado, M; Cayuela, A; Dusseck, R; Leal-Noval, SR; Moreno, AP; Muñoz, M; Naranjo-Izorieta, J, 2014)	0.92
" Thrombin and plasmin dose-response experiments showed that the elongation behavior was independent of plasmin concentration, but was instead dependent on the concentration of thrombin used during fiber polymerization, which correlated inversely with fiber diameter."	( Physical determinants of fibrinolysis in single fibrin fibers. Bucay, I; Falvo, MR; Hudson, NE; O'Brien, ET; Superfine, R; Wolberg, AS; Wulfe, SD, 2015)	0.42
" coagulopathy) and dosing may affect treatment efficacy."	( Recombinant Factor VIIa Reduces Bleeding after Blunt Liver Injury in a Pig Model of Dilutional Coagulopathy under Severe Hypothermia. Braunschweig, T; Grottke, O; Lauritzen, B; Rossaint, R; Spronk, HM; Tolba, R; van Oerle, R; Wüst, DC, 2015)	0.42
" AEE was administrated at the dosage of 18, 36 and 72 mg/kg."	( Preventive Effect of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Thrombosis in κ-Carrageenan-Induced Rat Tail Thrombosis Model. Li, JY; Liu, GR; Liu, XW; Ma, N; Mohamed, I; Yang, YJ; Zhang, JY, 2015)	0.42
" According to a mathematical analysis of dose-response curves by the isobole method, combinations of tPA and STA caused a considerable synergistic thrombolytic effect."	( Synergistic fibrinolysis: The combined effects of tissue plasminogen activator and recombinant staphylokinase in vitro. Aisina, R; Mukhametova, L; Varfolomeyev, S, 2016)	0.43
"The dosage and indications for cryoprecipitate are not well studied for any patient population."	( Cryoprecipitate indications and patterns of use in the pediatric intensive care unit: inappropriate transfusions and lack of standardization. Cushing, MM; DeSimone, RA; Goel, R; Haas, T; Nellis, ME; Vasovic, L, 2016)	0.43
" Prospective randomized clinical trials are warranted to help determine appropriate indications and efficacious cryoprecipitate dosing in the pediatric population."	( Cryoprecipitate indications and patterns of use in the pediatric intensive care unit: inappropriate transfusions and lack of standardization. Cushing, MM; DeSimone, RA; Goel, R; Haas, T; Nellis, ME; Vasovic, L, 2016)	0.43
" Fifty-two critically ill patients with severe infections receiving standard dosing of linezolid participated in this prospective observational study."	( Predictors of Inadequate Linezolid Concentrations after Standard Dosing in Critically Ill Patients. Frechen, S; Frey, L; Fuhr, U; Holdt, LM; Maier, B; Scharf, C; Taubert, M; Vogeser, M; Zander, J; Zoller, M, 2016)	0.43
" PT and APTT were measured in cynomolgus monkeys and rats dosed with a human serum albumin fusion with an engineered variant of NEP (HSA-NEPv) as well as in control plasma spiked with wild type or variant enzyme."	( Neprilysin Inhibits Coagulation through Proteolytic Inactivation of Fibrinogen. Burrell, M; Fowler, SB; Hansson, KM; Henderson, SJ; Ravnefjord, A; Schweikart, F; Webster, CI; Witt, S, 2016)	0.67
"The heparin dose-response (HDR) technique is based on activated clotting time (ACT) response to a fixed-dose heparin bolus, which varies substantially among patients."	( In vitro and in vivo effects of hemodilution on kaolin-based activated clotting time predicted heparin requirement using a heparin dose-response technique. Hagihira, S; Ichikawa, J; Kodaka, M; Komori, M; Mori, T; Nishiyama, K; Ozaki, M, 2016)	0.43
" Interestingly, an unexpected differential response of dormant cells to varying chemotherapeutic doses was identified, which if reflective of patient pathophysiology, has important implications for patient dosing regimens."	( A liver microphysiological system of tumor cell dormancy and inflammatory responsiveness is affected by scaffold properties. Clark, AM; Griffith, L; Lauffenburger, D; Shepard Neiman, J; Stockdale, L; Stolz, DB; Venkataramanan, R; Wells, A; Wheeler, SE; Young, CL; Zhao, W, 2016)	0.43
" The combination of values from FL, SAA, MMP9, FGB and PTX3 between 24 h and 1 week postirradiation yielded novel dose-response relationships."	( Multivariate Analysis of Radiation Responsive Proteins to Predict Radiation Exposure in Total-Body Irradiation and Partial-Body Irradiation Models. Camphausen, K; Kramp, T; Shankavaram, U; Sproull, M; Tandle, A, 2017)	0.46
" To evaluate the conformity of the prescriptions to these guidelines, we searched for each prescription if a dosage of blood fibrinogen was made, if its result was below the limit recommended to prescribe fibrinogen concentrate, and if the posology was in line with the recommendations."	( [Hemorrhage treatment: Evaluation of the proper use of fibrinogen concentrate]. De Maistre, E; Fagnoni, P; Howlett, J; Lazzarotti, A; Prudent, C, 2017)	0.91
" After completion of dosing in both the groups, macroscopic and histological examination of colon was carried out along with estimation of serum myeloperoxidase, glutathione, alkaline phosphate, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein."	( Prophylactic and therapeutic effect of Punica granatum in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced inflammation in rats. Afroz, S; Khan, RA; Mallick, N; Riaz, A, 2017)	0.64
" CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of Yunnan Baiyao at a dosage typically used in clinical practice had no effect on in vitro measures of platelet or vWF function and no enhancement of fibrin-clot formation or stability."	( Randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects of Yunnan Baiyao on hemostasis in horses. Brooks, MB; Divers, TJ; Erb, HN; Frye, AH; Ness, SL; Rishniw, M, 2017)	0.46
" Stroke patients undergoing conservative and relatively individualized multiple-day dosing regimens of defibrinogen therapy between January 1, 2008 and May 30, 2016 were enrolled."	( Defibrinogen Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: 1332 Consecutive Cases. Chen, J; Liu, M; Ren, C; Sun, D; Zhang, S, 2018)	1.42
" Based on these data, a correction factor (CF), defined as the reciprocal dilution yielding complete correction, was incorporated into our clinical practice formula for fibrinogen dosing in patients with dysfibrinogenaemias."	( Modified approach to fibrinogen replacement in the setting of dysfibrinogenaemia. Bahel, P; Chandler, JB; Rinder, HM; Siddon, AJ; Tormey, CA; Torres, R, 2019)	1.03
" This relationship is of clinical relevance in the calculation of patient-specific dosing of fibrinogen supplementation in this setting."	( Correlation Between ROTEM FIBTEM Maximum Clot Firmness and Fibrinogen Levels in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients. Burke, R; Hannan, R; Kubes, K; Lagueruela, RG; Lim, H; Madril, D; Ojito, J; Salyakina, D; Taylor, T; Tirotta, CF; Wang, W, )	0.59
"Clinical dosing was used, as described above, and consequently the FC dose contained 24% and 36% more fibrinogen versus PR Cryo and Cryo, respectively."	( Efficacy of a new pathogen-reduced cryoprecipitate stored 5 days after thawing to correct dilutional coagulopathy in vitro. Asmis, LM; Cushing, MM; DeSimone, RA; Haas, T; Harris, RM; Hill, S; Ivascu, N, 2019)	0.73
" However, dosage is, in part, based on international normalized ratio, which is problematic in cirrhosis, and published experience in liver disease is limited."	( AGA Clinical Practice Update: Coagulation in Cirrhosis. Caldwell, SH; Greenberg, CS; O'Leary, JG; Patton, HM, 2019)	0.51
" With a median follow-up of 6 years, a strong dose-response relationship was observed between CRP levels and mortality risk in men after multivariable adjustment."	( Associations of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen with mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer among U.S. adults. He, L; Hu, Q; Lavie, CJ; Liu, J; Tabung, FK; Xu, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.83
" Bleeding tendency is uncommon, but the incidence of thrombosis in COVID-19 and the adequacy of current recommendations regarding standard venous thromboembolic dosing are uncertain."	( Coagulopathy in COVID-19. Iba, T; Levi, M; Levy, JH; Thachil, J, 2020)	0.56
" Multivariable-adjusted spline regression revealed a linear dose-response relationship between fibrinogen changes after IVT and the primary outcome (p for linearity = 0."	( Dynamic Changes in Fibrinogen and Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis. Cao, Y; Liu, CF; Liu, H; Qin, W; Shi, J; Shi, R; Xu, J; Zhang, X, 2020)	1.11
" Postpartum tranexamic acid oral dosage should be discussed when fibrinogen levels are decreasing and D-Dimers are increasing."	( Conservative management of abnormally invasive placenta complicated by local hyperfibrinolysis and beginning disseminated intravascular coagulation. Biele, C; Braun, T; Henrich, W; Kaufner, L; Muallem, MZ; Nonnenmacher, A; Schwickert, A; von Weizsäcker, K, 2021)	0.86
"5 to 12 kg undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, aimed at (1) demonstrating the feasibility of an intraoperative point-of-care test, rotational thromboelastometry, to screen out patients at low risk of postoperative bleeding and then guide individualized FC dosing in high-risk patients and (2) determining the dose, safety, and efficacy of intraoperative FC supplementation."	( Individualized, Intraoperative Dosing of Fibrinogen Concentrate for the Prevention of Bleeding in Neonatal and Infant Cardiac Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass (FIBCON): A Phase 1b/2a Randomized Controlled Trial. Harris, J; Hunt, BJ; Nyman, AG; Parmar, K; Siemens, K; Tibby, SM, 2020)	0.82
"Intraoperative, individualized dosing of FC appears feasible."	( Individualized, Intraoperative Dosing of Fibrinogen Concentrate for the Prevention of Bleeding in Neonatal and Infant Cardiac Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass (FIBCON): A Phase 1b/2a Randomized Controlled Trial. Harris, J; Hunt, BJ; Nyman, AG; Parmar, K; Siemens, K; Tibby, SM, 2020)	0.82
"We sought to test the hypothesis that patients undergoing ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) with standard alteplase and heparin dosing would not develop significant depletion of systemic fibrinogen, which may account for the lower risk of bleeding seen in contemporary trials."	( Fibrinogen Levels and Bleeding Risk in Patients Undergoing Ultrasound-Assisted Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. Cavender, MA; Chilcutt, B; Dai, X; Gupta, A; Haywood, HB; Orgel, R; Pauley, E; Rossi, JS; Stouffer, GA; Vavalle, J; Yeung, M, 2021)	2.25
" Future research should address this and also assess the synergistic effect of different nutrients, their combinations, and evaluate their dose-response relations."	( Contribution of Biological Age-Predictive Biomarkers to Nutrition Research: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence and Implications for Future Research and Clinical Practice. Porter, J; Siopis, G, 2022)	0.72
" Daily physical activity was also associated with lower prevalence of clinically elevated CRP, WBC, and lymphocytes in a dose-response manner."	( Daily physical activity is negatively associated with thyroid hormone levels, inflammation, and immune system markers among men and women in the NHANES dataset. Klasson, CL; Pontzer, H; Sadhir, S, 2022)	0.72
"This post-hoc analysis compared HFC pharmacokinetics (PK) and dosing between patient age groups and defined the in vivo recovery (IVR) for children with a- and hypofibrinogenaemia."	( Analysis of fibrinogen concentrate pharmacokinetics and dosing for bleeds and surgery in adults, adolescents, and children with congenital afibrinogenaemia and hypofibrinogenaemia. Djambas Khayat, C; Knaub, S; Kruzhkova, I; Lohade, SD; Peyvandi, F; Solomon, C; Zekavat, OR, 2022)	1.3
" Here, we report results and dosing considerations for HFC treatment in perioperative bleeding management in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with CFD."	( Efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate for perioperative prophylaxis of bleeding in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency: FORMA-02 and FORMA-04 clinical trials. Khayat, CD; Kruzhkova, I; Lohade, S; Peyvandi, F; Solomon, C; Zekavat, OR, 2022)	1.03
" HFC dosing was calculated to achieve pre-established target fibrinogen plasma levels."	( Efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate for perioperative prophylaxis of bleeding in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency: FORMA-02 and FORMA-04 clinical trials. Khayat, CD; Kruzhkova, I; Lohade, S; Peyvandi, F; Solomon, C; Zekavat, OR, 2022)	1.27
" We used restricted cubic splines to explore potential nonlinear associations and reported dose-response curves."	( Preoperative Fibrinogen Level and Bleeding in Liver Transplantation for End-stage Liver Disease: A Cohort Study. Amzallag, É; Carrier, FM; Chassé, M; Deshêtres, A; Ferreira Guerra, S; Joosten, A; Lee, N; Massicotte, L; Rioux-Massé, B; Zaouter, C, 2023)	1.28
" Based on an exploratory analysis of the dose-response curves, these effects were observed below a threshold value of 3 g/L for these outcomes."	( Preoperative Fibrinogen Level and Bleeding in Liver Transplantation for End-stage Liver Disease: A Cohort Study. Amzallag, É; Carrier, FM; Chassé, M; Deshêtres, A; Ferreira Guerra, S; Joosten, A; Lee, N; Massicotte, L; Rioux-Massé, B; Zaouter, C, 2023)	1.28
"78), in a dose-response manner."	( The association between autoantibodies and risk for venous thromboembolic events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Alfredsson, L; Askling, J; Bang, H; Cornillet, M; Grönwall, C; Hansson, M; Holmdahl, R; Kastbom, A; Klareskog, L; Lundberg, K; Mathsson-Alm, L; Rönnelid, J; Saevarsdottir, S; Serre, G; Skriner, K; Westerlind, H, 2023)	0.91
" The dosage of dabigatran etexilate was 110 mg twice daily for adults and 55 mg twice daily for children."	( Dabigatran etexilate is efficacious in consumptive coagulopathy and pain associated with venous malformations. Chen, H; Gu, H; Hu, L; Lin, X; Liu, H; Xu, Z; Yang, X, 2023)	0.91
" Patients were treated with two dosing regimens (low dose: 50 000 IU/hour; high dose: 100 000 IU/hour) of urokinase and, after 2018, with a single low dose regimen of alteplase (rtPA) due to urokinase manufacturing problems."	( Major Bleeding During Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Lower Limb Ischaemia: Value of Laboratory Tests for Clinical Decision Making, 17 Years of Experience. Doelare, SAN; Ebben, HP; Ergin, K; Hoksbergen, AWJ; Jongkind, V; Lely, RJ; Oukrich, S; Wiersema, AM; Yeung, KK, 2023)	0.91
"In contrast to prior case reports, this case illustrates the feasibility of low dosing of fibrinogen supplements within an asymptomatic patient in a selective operation."	( A low-dose therapy of fibrinogen supplement during perioperative period of total knee arthroplasty in an asymptomatic man with congenital dysfibrinogenemia: A case report. Gao, S; Ji, C; Meng, D; Wang, J; Zhang, R, 2022)	1.26
"At present, the relationship between serum homocysteine (Hcy), fibrinogen (FIB), lipoprotein-a (LPa), and PAD is uncertain, and there has been no meta-analysis to establish the dose-response relationship between their exposure levels and PAD."	( Relationship between serum homocysteine, fibrinogen, lipoprotein-a level, and peripheral arterial disease: a dose-response meta-analysis. Han, Y; Jiang, D; Wang, H; Wu, P; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zong, Y, 2022)	1.23
" The robust error meta-regression method was used to assess the linear and non-linear dose-response relationship between exposure level and PAD risk."	( Relationship between serum homocysteine, fibrinogen, lipoprotein-a level, and peripheral arterial disease: a dose-response meta-analysis. Han, Y; Jiang, D; Wang, H; Wu, P; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zong, Y, 2022)	0.99
" Whereas, the time from AV administration to reach normal fibrinogen dosage was similar in the two groups."	( Effect of the time to antivenom administration on recovery from snakebite envenoming-related coagulopathy in French Guiana. Gutiérrez, JM; Hommel, D; Houcke, S; Kallel, H; Lontsi Ngoula, GR; Matheus, S; NkontCho, F; Pierre-Demar, M; Pujo, JM; Resiere, D; Vauquelin, S, 2023)	1.15
" The ongoing trials create six new comparisons: tranexamic acid (tablet + injection) versus placebo; intravenous tranexamic acid versus oral tranexamic acid; topical tranexamic acid versus oral tranexamic acid; different intravenous tranexamic acid dosing regimes; topical tranexamic acid versus topical fibrin glue; and fibrinogen (injection) versus placebo."	( Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of bleeding in people undergoing definitive fixation or joint replacement for hip, pelvic and long bone fractures. Brunskill, SJ; Champaneria, R; Dorée, C; Estcourt, LJ; Geneen, LJ; Gibbs, VN; Novak, A; Palmer, AJ; Raval, P, 2023)	1.08
"Variable fibrinogen content within cryoprecipitate makes accurate dosing challenging in patients with coagulopathic bleeding, in addition to pathogen transmission risks associated with its administration."	( Differences in coagulation-relevant parameters: Comparing cryoprecipitate and a human fibrinogen concentrate. Arbuthnot, E; Cecil, T; Hegener, O; Lim, S; Roy, A; Schulz, P; Stanford, S; Turaj, A, 2023)	1.55
"The tested HFC is a more reliable fibrinogen and FXIII source for accurate dosing compared with cryoprecipitate."	( Differences in coagulation-relevant parameters: Comparing cryoprecipitate and a human fibrinogen concentrate. Arbuthnot, E; Cecil, T; Hegener, O; Lim, S; Roy, A; Schulz, P; Stanford, S; Turaj, A, 2023)	1.41

Role	Description
fungal metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
iditol
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	13918 (42.87)	18.7374
1990's	5164 (15.91)	18.2507
2000's	5708 (17.58)	29.6817
2010's	5671 (17.47)	24.3611
2020's	2005 (6.18)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,707 (4.95%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,978 (5.74%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,322 (3.83%)	4.05%
Observational	224 (0.65%)	0.25%
Other	29,246 (84.83%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
alpha-ketoisovalerate alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid.	3.4	1	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	5.41	5	1	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	6.91	10	3	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.1	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.72	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	1.98	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.39	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	8.55	8	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.94	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	10.13	8	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.65	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	5.04	13	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.44	2	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.87	24	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.59	9	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.52	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	10.14	3	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.25	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.67	26	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	4.92	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.05	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.41	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
cadaverine [no description available]	5.13	15	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	7.45	8	2	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	10.63	40	4	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	9.11	15	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.38	2	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	8.77	11	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.07	42	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.46	64	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.46	8	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.86	4	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.24	6	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	1.99	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	4.69	3	2	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	9.1	4	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.47	2	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	6.03	5	2	alpha-amino acid
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	7.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	9.54	109	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	4.99	9	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	9.46	44	3	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.85	12	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	5.7	27	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.73	3	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	8.93	101	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	11.94	23	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	7.46	2	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	1.96	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	5.29	13	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	9.42	34	10
histamine [no description available]	9.19	43	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	8.26	6	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	1.96	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.96	40	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.86	3	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.61	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.7	8	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.06	5	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.53	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	9.27	4	1	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	5.53	8	2	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.35	2	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.78	19	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.94	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	14.08	15	4	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.75	20	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	4.8	1	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.09	16	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.33	1	1	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.5	2	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.96	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.87	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.21	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	5.56	9	2	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.07	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.06	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.11	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.35	2	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	10.95	32	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2.02	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	1.94	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	5.26	17	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	6.93	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.36	7	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	9.43	5	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 5-phosphate pyridoxine 5-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.39	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.94	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.02	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	3.31	1	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	3.31	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.58	27	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.64	3	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.8	1	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.41	2	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	1.92	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	6.04	9	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.46	2	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
tryptamine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	12.14	107	12	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	10.46	172	6	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.1	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.6	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.38	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.25	6	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine: a positional isomer of H-7; inhibits protein kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase	1.99	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	9.05	20	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	4.9	37	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.05	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.87	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	3.37	1	1	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.49	2	0
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
phenytoin [no description available]	9.27	4	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.4	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	4.26	4	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.41	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.41	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	7.06	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acemetacin acemetacin : A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.	3.34	1	1	carboxylic ester; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	6.39	15	3	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	1.94	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	1.95	1	0	acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	1.94	1	0
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenetriol
albendazole [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.29	2	2	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	3.33	1	1	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	5.14	11	1	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	1.95	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	6.27	14	3	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.11	3	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.87	4	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	5.22	4	3	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.31	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	19.2	300	61	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	4.34	2	2	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.4	22	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	1.97	1	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.05	1	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	3.25	6	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.39	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.4	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.98	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	4.05	3	1	propan-3-olide
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	3.37	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.68	3	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.01	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	5.81	6	4	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
busulfan [no description available]	8.9	13	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine: reported to have same biological activity as natural PAF-acether; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	1.95	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	12.25	12	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.28	4	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	3.8	2	1	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	8.41	1	1	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.71	3	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.94	4	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	9.11	3	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.33	4	1	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	3.42	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	10.17	3	1	aromatic ketone
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	7.15	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.17	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	6.24	11	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.94	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	8.74	11	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.64	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.43	1	1	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
cilostazol [no description available]	3.84	2	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.37	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	7.63	17	10	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.08	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.78	3	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	9.78	35	9	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	9.57	22	11	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.37	1	1	clonidine; imidazoline
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.87	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.78	3	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.46	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	11.54	15	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	1.93	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.64	3	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.37	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	1.96	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	9.49	5	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.05	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	7.37	2	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.37	2	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	5.38	11	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.94	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.05	5	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.21	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	16.42	46	4	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	7.67	3	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	6.6	19	3	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	8.1	5	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.35	1	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.76	32	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.36	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	1.97	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	11.47	34	20	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.78	2	1	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.35	2	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.98	16	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	1.96	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	8.35	7	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	6.69	10	1	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	8.21	15	8	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.61	9	0
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	1.96	1	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	1.96	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	4.38	2	2	sulfonamide
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	5.61	24	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.35	2	2	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.03	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	5.84	7	1	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.95	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.24	6	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.77	2	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	5.64	7	3	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	1.96	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.64	3	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	9.84	4	2	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	9.47	9	7	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.67	3	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.66	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	2.37	2	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	4.87	8	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.05	5	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	3.8	2	1	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.04	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	8.02	48	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.43	2	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	3.47	8	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.64	6	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.41	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iotrolan iotrolan: nonionic, isotonic contrast medium designed for intrathecal use; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; DL-3-117 refers to stereoisomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	5.18	6	2	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
ioxilan [no description available]	3.4	1	1	amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid [no description available]	1.95	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.15	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	9.85	8	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.65	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.67	11	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	4.34	2	2	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.66	3	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	3.38	1	1	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.3	4	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.06	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2	1	0
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.17	1	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	6.6	8	7	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.72	11	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
manidipine [no description available]	8.43	1	1	diarylmethane
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	4.94	9	1	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.94	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.94	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	13.02	36	19	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
nocodazole [no description available]	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	12.03	5	4	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	9.64	6	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
milrinone [no description available]	3.12	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	4.09	3	1	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	3.07	5	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
entinostat [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.34	7	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.94	1	0	purine nucleoside
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.89	4	0
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	9.36	6	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	1.98	1	0	naphthalenes
naftopidil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	piperazines
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.13	1	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.94	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.04	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.77	2	1	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	9.05	3	1	organic molecular entity
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	9.33	6	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	1.95	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.4	1	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	8.36	1	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	8.77	2	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	7.8	13	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	4.97	2	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.41	5	3	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.34	2	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.93	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	6.92	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.96	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.26	4	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine
pd168393 PD 168393 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying bromoanilino and acrylamido substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.08	1	0	acrylamides; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.4	7	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.05	5	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	9.8	39	8	oxopurine
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	3.19	6	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.65	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	3.46	2	0	aromatic amine
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.03	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	6.87	22	1	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	3.23	6	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	7.37	2	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	4.98	3	3	benzamides
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	5.72	5	4	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.63	3	2	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.2	6	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	4.75	10	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.67	3	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.91	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.95	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	4.28	4	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.37	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.01	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	11.26	20	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	1.98	1	0
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	3.04	1	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.87	2	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.42	2	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib [no description available]	3.42	1	1	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2	1	0
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.42	2	0	morpholines
sobuzoxane sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210	3.15	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride [no description available]	5.4	4	1	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.38	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	3.51	1	1	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.36	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	1.93	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.34	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.43	1	1
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	7.58	15	2	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	3.45	8	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.4	2	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	5.08	2	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.37	1	1	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.11	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	7.82	19	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	4.37	1	1	thiazolidenedione
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.39	2	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	13.76	92	30	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.38	1	1	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.63	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.86	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	16.14	117	12	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	3.36	1	1	triazolopyrimidines
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	1.97	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.81	2	1	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tuaminoheptane tuaminoheptane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0	alkylamine
tyramine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urapidil [no description available]	8.37	1	1	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	8.08	5	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vinca Vinca: A plant genus of the family Apocynaceae.	3.43	1	1	alkaloid
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.69	3	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.91	4	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.49	5	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	8.82	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	8.79	37	5	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	4.25	4	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.6	10	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.35	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.52	6	1	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
hexobendine Hexobendine: A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.	3.38	1	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	9.26	4	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.88	4	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	10.07	14	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.39	1	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	10.84	23	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	6.01	37	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.98	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	9.05	11	8	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	7.37	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	9.47	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	6.27	6	2	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	4.02	3	1	steroid
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	3.33	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	10.41	56	7	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	7.89	13	3	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	1.94	1	0	fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.74	2	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	3.04	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	7.91	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.37	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.36	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	10.59	24	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.47	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	7.22	30	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	4.25	4	1	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	10.28	17	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.2	6	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	7.33	60	2	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5	40	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.94	9	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	10.45	25	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.69	21	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.9	136	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	1.93	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.43	7	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.16	18	2	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	11.28	57	18	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.48	2	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	4.83	4	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.42	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	18.29	685	26	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.36	2	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	3.04	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.66	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.67	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	9.26	19	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.94	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	9.52	182	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	12.87	193	4	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.93	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.34	2	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.17	11	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.25	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	6.19	25	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	10.51	80	8	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.35	2	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.38	2	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.37	1	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.39	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.37	54	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	4.16	16	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	8.15	37	3	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.2	6	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	3.99	14	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	1.94	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	9.53	25	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.75	31	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.21	6	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.63	9	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	9.49	31	15	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	3.19	6	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	1.94	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.05	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	5.52	9	2	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	5.31	13	1	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.76	11	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.01	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.06	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	9.06	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.94	38	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	9.77	16	13	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	12.08	32	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.93	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	6.69	22	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	7.11	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	8.4	58	2	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.86	8	1	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	11.74	173	5	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.37	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.67	3	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.75	3	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	1.96	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene iodide methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	8.76	2	1	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.51	8	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.02	1	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	1.94	1	0	acyl chloride
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dichlorodimethylsilane [no description available]	2.67	3	0
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.41	2	0	fluoroalcohol
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	5.18	16	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.06	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.33	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	1.97	1	0	benzofurans
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.57	15	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	1.95	1	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.75	11	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.07	1	0
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	1.95	1	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	5.08	10	1	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.33	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	7.23	16	2	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.04	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.6	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.47	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.76	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	4.8	1	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	11.63	20	3	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
fluorene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.13	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	9.35	41	2	pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.33	1	1	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	1.93	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.39	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.86	4	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.87	4	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
bromelia Bromelia: A plant genus of the family BROMELIACEAE. Members contain karatasin and balansain (ENDOPEPTIDASES) and BROMELAINS.	7.13	1	0	naphthalenes
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.03	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	7.25	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.59	2	0	dioxanes
lactobionic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.74	3	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.25	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.76	3	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
terephthaloyl chloride terephthaloyl chloride: cross-links albumin	2.05	1	0
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.51	2	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
2-diethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.	3.41	1	1	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	1.97	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	3.34	1	1	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
phenylhydroxylamine phenylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-phenylhydroxylamine : An N-substituted amine that is a derivative of aniline in which one of the amino hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxy substituent.	2.06	1	0	N-substituted amine
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.41	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	1.96	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.11	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.25	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
acrolein [no description available]	2.47	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	7.71	3	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.01	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	3.1	5	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.68	3	0	alkane
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
cyanuric chloride cyanuric chloride : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides.	1.97	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; organochlorine compound	cross-linking reagent
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.04	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
methylcyclohexane methylcyclohexane: structure in first source. methylcyclohexane : A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group.	1.94	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	aprotic solvent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.07	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	2.17	1	0	aminopyrimidine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	11.02	62	34	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	7.27	24	5	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.68	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	2.06	1	0
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.87	4	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	9.56	36	7	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.05	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.06	3	1	fluorocarbon
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	4.81	5	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	5.15	3	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
triethylamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.03	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	1.96	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.75	2	1	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	carbazoles
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	3.04	1	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	8.56	9	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methyl 2-cyanoacrylate methyl 2-cyanoacrylate: structure	3.47	2	0
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	1.96	1	0	alkyl sulfate
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	enoate ester
hexyl methacrylate hexyl methacrylate: used to make monolithic columns	2.05	1	0
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	1.94	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
tetraglyme [no description available]	3.53	8	0	polyether
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.67	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
aziridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
o,o,s-trimethyl phosphorothioate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dydrogesterone [no description available]	5.38	5	3	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.23	11	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	2.44	2	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.73	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.45	8	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	10.41	4	1	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	1.95	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.89	2	1	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	5.19	11	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.69	3	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	8.07	21	4	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.5	5	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	3.04	5	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	7.65	3	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.36	2	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	2.86	4	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	6.56	9	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	4.64	3	2	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	4.83	8	1	corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	1.96	1	0	nitrile
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.04	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
perfluorotributylamine perfluorotributylamine: perfluorochemical (3M Co) artificial O(2) carrier. perfluorotributylamine : An organofluorine compound that is tributylamine in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine atoms.	1.97	1	0	organofluorine compound	blood substitute; greenhouse gas; solvent
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.7	3	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.72	3	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	7.55	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	7.65	3	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	8.85	63	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	4.26	4	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	8.12	5	0	organosilicon compound
1,1,1-trifluoroethane [no description available]	3.42	1	1
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	5.89	5	5	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	6.55	5	4	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	3.33	1	1
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	5.7	6	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.47	2	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.21	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.71	3	0
phthalimidine phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.08	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.95	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	6.93	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	1.97	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	1.97	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.89	3	0	epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.13	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.68	3	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.08	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	8.51	107	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	7.36	2	0	organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	6.69	11	6	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.41	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	7.53	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.1	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.89	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	6.78	12	6	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	8.4	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.4	2	0
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
apronalide apronalide: structure	1.93	1	0	N-acylurea
arsenamide Arsenamide: Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.	1.97	1	0
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	1.95	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.06	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	2.04	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.02	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	9.23	48	7	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.92	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.55	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.69	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	3.68	3	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	1.94	1	0
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	2	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: structure. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane : A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of cyclotetrasiloxane.	1.99	1	0	cyclosiloxane; organosilicon compound
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	1.94	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
chlorotrianisene Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.	1.95	1	0	chloroalkene	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator; xenoestrogen
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	1.98	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	4.67	9	0	bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	6.04	5	2	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	1.96	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	1.94	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.03	1	0	organic sulfide
octadecane octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.	1.99	1	0	long-chain alkane	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
4-chloro-1-naphthol 4-chloro-1-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants	1.97	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	10.56	9	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
glycine ethyl ester glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
hexamethylene glycol hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.	2.62	3	0	diol; primary alcohol
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.39	2	0
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	1.97	1	0	sulfonamide
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	12.22	8	3	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride [no description available]	2	1	0	butenolide
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.	2.36	2	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	9.36	14	9	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.95	1	0
norflurane norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.24	6	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	3.07	5	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	4.13	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	9.57	32	8	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.37	1	1	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.08	1	0
isodesmosine Isodesmosine: 2-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.. isodesmosine : A pyridinium ion obtained by formal condensation of four molecules of lysine.	4.12	2	0	lysine derivative; pyridinium ion	biomarker
bucrylate Bucrylate: Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue.	3.06	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	7.35	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
calcium peroxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	5.8	21	1
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.46	8	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	10.5	4	1	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	3.89	13	0	thorium molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.6	2	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	8.42	7	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.44	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	11.51	39	11	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	1.96	1	0
pseudouridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	5.3	18	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.08	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.7	3	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.92	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.44	2	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.49	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.68	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.78	2	1	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.8	2	1	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	7.87	3	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.1	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.66	3	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
1-methylpyrene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrenes
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.8	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.9	4	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	3.06	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	2.71	3	0
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.82	3	0
clopidol pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79	3.39	1	1	chloropyridine
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.39	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	5.24	50	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	4.89	4	2	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	8.98	14	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.77	32	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	5.36	5	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin [no description available]	8.65	10	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.1	16	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	4.29	4	1
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	2.35	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.03	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.43	1	1	pyrenes
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	2.07	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	1.99	1	0	dioxolane
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	5.87	2	2	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	1.97	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.05	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	7.88	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.39	36	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	6.46	14	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	5.38	4	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.63	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.01	1	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.65	3	0	vanadium group element atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.37	7	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.66	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	11.68	17	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	8.59	9	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	10.77	83	2	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.66	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	9.68	82	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.65	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	1.97	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.68	10	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	6.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.76	11	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.19	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	10.11	131	2	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.25	6	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.86	4	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.94	4	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	4.45	7	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	6.95	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	8.1	5	0	titanium group element atom
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	7.17	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.65	3	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.37	2	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	5.74	10	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	6.72	18	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	1.96	1	0	sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.7	9	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	4.61	24	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.05	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
thionyl chloride thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.	1.95	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; sulfinyl halide
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.89	4	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	4.17	5	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	3.33	7	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	4.8	1	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.34	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.9	4	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.9	4	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	12.29	19	1	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.35	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	1.97	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.86	12	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.38	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.46	8	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.45	2	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	4.11	3	1	calcium phosphate
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.45	2	0
iodine monochloride iodine monochloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.66	3	0
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	2.37	2	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.62	28	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.88	4	0	epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	1.98	1	0	organosiloxane
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	2.88	4	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	6.97	16	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.94	1	0	tellurium oxoacid
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	1.99	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.05	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	4.65	5	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	9.24	55	1
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	7.21	19	6	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
rhamnose [no description available]	2.31	1	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.1	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	1.97	1	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.87	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.39	2	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	1.95	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
dimethyl adipimidate Dimethyl Adipimidate: Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.	1.96	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.81	30	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
mopidamol Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.	2.37	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.74	2	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	1.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.38	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
stearoylethanolamide N-(octadecanoyl)ethanolamine : An N-acylethanolamine 18:0 that is the ethanolamide of octadecanoic acid.	2.41	1	0	N-acylethanolamine 18:0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.36	57	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	3.2	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
n-acetylglycinamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	4.46	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	3.42	1	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
isoamyl 2-cyanoacrylate [no description available]	3.06	1	0
calcium dobesilate Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.	5.19	4	3
iodine [no description available]	10.86	24	1	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	6.32	12	1	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
clofenapate Clofenapate: An oral hypolipemic agent primarily used in DOGS and RATS.	1.95	1	0
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	3.49	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine
4-nitrophenyl 4'-guanidinobenzoate 4-nitrophenyl 4'-guanidinobenzoate: kallikrein substrate; acrosin antagonist in sperm; serine esterase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	5.58	23	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.73	3	2	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
2,2'-disulfohexanoic acid 2,2'-disulfohexanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.19	49	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	7.19	11	3	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	formamides
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.41	2	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.66	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tributyl phosphate tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.	4.86	5	0	trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	1.98	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.07	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2	1	0
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.92	4	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.43	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	11.26	167	3
algestone acetophenide Algestone Acetophenide: A progesterone that has been used in ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of ACNE.	1.94	1	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.05	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	3.4	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	3.27	6	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.51	8	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.08	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.41	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.36	7	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	6.18	7	5	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.36	2	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	1.98	1	0
dimethyl suberimidate Dimethyl Suberimidate: The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.	7.36	2	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	1.95	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	9.69	6	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	4.27	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.09	3	1	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	3.39	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
avridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	amino alcohol
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.93	4	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	2.07	1	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.6	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.39	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.4	2	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.74	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	11.75	37	24	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.67	3	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	3.42	1	1	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.21	17	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure	2.67	3	0
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	1.98	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	8.6	14	8	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.4	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	4.11	3	1	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.09	5	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	1.97	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	9.31	4	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.6	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.96	1	0
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.45	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
eltenac eltenac: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	8.77	18	10	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	2.39	2	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	10.23	38	21	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	10.18	27	11	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.41	4	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	8.21	12	8	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.7	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
iopentol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
antineoplaston a10 antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine	4.68	3	1
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.8	1	1	naphthoic acid
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	8.24	6	0
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2	1	0	imidazopyridine
zileuton [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	11.68	58	17	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.13	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	11.13	65	36	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.39	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	4.72	2	1	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	3.39	1	1	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	8.83	35	3	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
xemilofiban xemilofiban: SC-54684A was administered as the hydrochloride salt; inhibits platelet glycoprotein GPIIB IIIA receptor; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.36	32	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	1.99	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.08	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.41	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	7.4	2	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.39	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	1.97	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
saran Saran: RN given is for Saran 683, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride	1.99	1	0
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	3.37	1	1
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.65	6	1	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
hrp 112 CycloProvera: contains medroxyprogesterone acetate & estradiol cypionate; contains 25 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate and 5 mg estradiol-cypionate	3.4	1	1
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.77	2	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	7.47	23	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound
acid citrate dextrose acid citrate dextrose: used as blood preservative; a mixture of dextrose, citric acid and trisodium citrate	2.69	3	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
iodonitrotetrazolium iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt	histological dye
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.44	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	1.98	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.8	2	1	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	7.05	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	3.31	6	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.05	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
homocitrulline L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.	2.82	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ureas	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.46	2	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
thomsen-friedenreich antigen Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral	1.99	1	0
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	steroid ester
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.2	6	0	iodine oxoacid
inositol hexasulfate inositol hexasulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.97	1	0
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498	1.99	1	0	catecholamine
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.15	5	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	9.61	3	2	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
4-aminomethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	2.67	3	0	benzoic acids
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.83	4	2	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.07	3	1	monocarboxylic acid
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	1.97	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
lercanidipine [no description available]	3.41	1	1	diarylmethane
kb 3022 KB 3022: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.89	4	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
repaglinide [no description available]	3.38	1	1	piperidines
fradafiban fradafiban: structure given in first source. fradafiban : A pyrrolidinone that is pyrrolidin-2-one which is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by carboxymethyl and hydroxymethyl groups, respectively, and in which the hydrogen of the resulting alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4'-carbamimidoylbiphenyl-4-yl group (the S,S-diastereoisomer). A figrinogen receptor antagonist.	4.07	3	1	carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolidin-2-ones	platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
inogatran inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor	3.4	1	1
methacycline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
adipic dihydrazide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	2.11	1	0
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	4.82	4	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.39	2	0	styrenes
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.39	2	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
shd 415g Femovan: drug combination consisting of gestodene and ethinyl estradiol	1.97	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.49	8	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.39	7	0	1,2,3-triazole
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.64	3	0	anthocyanidin chloride
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.01	4	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.48	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
talinolol [no description available]	3.39	1	1	ureas
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	1.96	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.15	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
dienogest [no description available]	5.93	3	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	3.41	1	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
binifibrate binifibrate: two nicotinic & one clofibiric radical esterified by glycerol moiety	3.38	1	1	monocarboxylic acid
trimegestone trimegestone: ligand for progesterone receptor	3.39	1	1	20-oxo steroid
4-benzoylbenzoic acid 4-carboxybenzophenone: a photosensitizer agent	2	1	0
resorufin [no description available]	2	1	0	phenoxazine
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cefminox cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.	3.36	1	1	cephamycin; tetrazoles
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	1.97	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.38	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
clobuzarit [no description available]	3.34	1	1	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	3.06	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	biphenyls
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.11	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.96	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	8.36	7	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)ethane [no description available]	3.15	1	0
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	3.35	7	0	sulfonic acid derivative
bes 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.41	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; amino sulfonic acid; BES
calpeptin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	amino acid amide
marrubiin marrubiin: RN given for (2aS-(2aalpha,5abeta,6alpha,7alpha,8aalpha,8balpha))-isomer; often isolated from MARRUBIUM.	2.06	1	0	gamma-lactone
atherospermidine atherospermidine: isoquinoline alkaloid from Artabotrys maingayi; structure given in first source	2	1	0	oxoaporphine alkaloid
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	1.96	1	0
rosiglitazone [no description available]	11.74	9	7	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
methacrylylcholine methacrylylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
propylsulfonic acid propylsulfonic acid: RN given refers to cpd without locant for propyl moiety	1.98	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	3.29	6	0
lotrafiban [no description available]	2.15	1	0
1-(10h-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone 1-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	phenothiazines
ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate: RN given refers to monomer	3.76	3	0
tridodecylmethylammonium tridodecylmethylammonium: quaternary amine which forms molecular bond with heparin & can attach firmly to a polyvinyl chloride surface for a nonthrombogenic bypass cannula; RN given refers to chloride	1.96	1	0
bexarotene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.06	1	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
sarcosine methyl ester sarcosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
6-sulfanilamidoindazole 6-sulfanilamidoindazole: induces acute arthritis & periarticular inflammation in rats	2.01	1	0
5-(biotinamido)pentylamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.86	4	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
zwittergent 3-14 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organosulfonic acid
hydroxymethylmethacrylate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	9.11	17	8	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
3-acryloyloxypropionic acid 3-acryloyloxypropionic acid: structure given in first source	2.53	2	0
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.53	2	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.06	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	18.71	253	23	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,5-i-aedans 1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.	1.98	1	0	aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
nomegestrol acetate nomegestrol acetate: do not confuse with Solastic	4.69	2	1	corticosteroid hormone
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	3.45	1	1	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
mci 9038 [no description available]	4.49	23	0	peptide
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.34	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	7.17	1	0	furofuran
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.5	2	0
titanium nitride (tin) titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF	2.38	2	0
trimethyloxonium trimethyloxonium: active-site directed methylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.4	2	0
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	3.38	1	1
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	4.17	16	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2-methylglutamic acid 2-methylglutamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	1.95	1	0
n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate: heterobifunctional reagent	2.39	2	0
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	3.15	1	0
methyl mannoside, (alpha-d)-isomer methylmannoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; see also record for 3-O-methylmannose. methyl alpha-D-mannoside : A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.98	1	0	alpha-D-mannoside; methyl mannoside
meldola blue [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.72	28	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.39	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.01	1	0
mizoribine [no description available]	3.18	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.11	5	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	15.69	174	1	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	6.27	6	1
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	3.56	1	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol : A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.	3.43	1	1	nitrosamine; pyridines; secondary alcohol	biomarker; carcinogenic agent; human urinary metabolite
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	3.81	11	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	1.98	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.07	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	4.1	16	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	3.39	1	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	4.6	3	2	isoindoles
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	3.43	1	1
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cholanoid
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.4	2	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	7.57	70	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.03	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	11.75	6	4	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.1	1	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.96	4	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
st 1435 [no description available]	3.51	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	6.34	51	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.88	4	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	2.4	2	0	guanidines; pyrazines
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	4.02	3	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	1.99	1	0
higenamine higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.01	1	0	norcoclaurine
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	12.5	24	1
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	8.43	1	1	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	7.03	1	0	glycoside
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	6.54	18	1
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer	4.19	17	0
hrp 102 estradiol, norethindrone drug combination: combination of estradiol & norethindrone acetate;	4.36	2	2
hwa 138 1-(5-hydroxy-5-methylhexyl)-3-methylxanthine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	3.06	5	0
gallium nitride [no description available]	2.11	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	4.87	4	2	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	1.98	1	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	2.11	1	0	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.01	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide 5-oxo-prolyl-glycyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide: urokinase substrate; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
rges peptide [no description available]	2.68	3	0
(20s)-20-hydroxycholesterol 20-hydroxycholesterol: RN given refers to (20S)-isomer. 20-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.01	1	0	20-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
l 658758 L 658758: structure & chemical name given in UD	1.97	1	0
chitotriose chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.	2.02	1	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	3.08	5	0
isoleucyl-prolyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide isoleucyl-prolyl-arginine-4-nitroanilide: chromogenic substrate for tissue plasminogen activator; RN given refers to D-Ile-L-Pro-L-Arg-isomer	3.99	5	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylcysteine S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: activates bovine coronary arterial & rat hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	6.97	1	0
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt	3.5	2	0
2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic acid 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid: fluorogenic substrate for neuramidase	1.98	1	0
dansylarginine n-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide dansylarginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide: fluorescent inhibitor of thrombin; structure	2.37	2	0
acetylphenylalanyl-prolyl-boroarginine Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH : A C-terminal boronic acid petide that is N-acetyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine in which the C-termnal carboxy group has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.. DuP-714 : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and hydrogen chloride. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.	2.9	4	0	acetamides; C-terminal boronic acid peptide; guanidines	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent	2.25	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.12	13	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.17	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
chromozym th chromozym TH: synthetic substrate for thrombin which acts on it to liberate p-nitroaniline (yellow color)	3.22	6	0
ethylene glycolylbis(succinimidyl succinate) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-proline glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-proline: synthetic peptide which prevents polymerization of fibrin molecules; a fibrin A-knob mimetic	4.82	33	0
5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetate 5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate: calcium chelator; do not confuse with calcium specific chelator (MAPTAM buffer). 5,5'-dimethyl-BAPTA : A polyamino carboxylic acid, the structure of which is that of BAPTA carrying methyl substituents at C-5 and C-5'.	2.39	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid	chelator
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.51	2	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	3.78	11	0
heliox heliox: mixture of above cpds	2.41	2	0
citrate phosphate dextrose citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation	2.68	3	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	6.03	5	2	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
htr composite HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities	1.98	1	0
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	3.68	10	0
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.48	2	0
benzoylarginine ethyl ester benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate: used as a cross-linking agent to study ribosomal proteins, by making disulfide linkages; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; oxoacid derivative
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
pca 4230 PCA 4230: platelet activating factor inhibitor	1.98	1	0
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine 4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
gyki 14166 [no description available]	2.38	2	0
dnp-peptide DNP-peptide: used as substrate for collagenolytic enzymes	1.97	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.08	5	0
4'-amino-6-hydroxyflavone 4'-amino-6-hydroxyflavone: a p53/56(lyn) inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	flavones
at 2153 probimane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.15	1	0
factor xiiib factor XIIIb: deficiency of this cpd causes Type I factor XIII deficiency	5.44	7	0
n(alpha)-tosyl-(3-amidinophenyl)alanine piperidide N(alpha)-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-3-amidinophenylalanylpiperidine: binds to thrombin & trypsin; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
tertiary-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-seryl-arginyl-4-methylcoumarin-7-amide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone: irreversible inhibitor of mammalian glandular kallikreins; do not confuse with PPACK (Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2-Cl) or with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl	2.38	2	0
bromotrimethylammoniobimane bromotrimethylammoniobimane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
methotrexate [no description available]	8.42	23	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
ono 3307 ONO 3307: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-valyl-valyl-glutamic acid glycyl-prolyl-arginyl-valyl-valyl-glutamic acid: first six residues of the amino terminus of the alpha-chain of human fibrin	2.94	4	0
4-nitrophenyl 2-fluoropropionate 4-nitrophenyl 2-fluoropropionate: used for labeling proteins with fluorine	2	1	0
4-amidinophenylbenzoate 4-amidinophenylbenzoate: proteinase inhibitor	2.37	2	0
lysyllysine lysyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer. Lys-Lys : A dipeptide formed from two L-lysine residues.	2.17	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline glycyl-histidyl-arginyl-proline: a fibrin B-knob mimetic	3.27	6	0
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	3.93	12	0
epidermal pentapeptide epidermal pentapeptide: consists of amino acids pGlu, Glu, Asp, Ser, Gly with pGlu at N-terminal end	1.98	1	0
ta 993 TA 993: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (cis-(-))- isomer	2	1	0
arginine-glycine-aspartate-o-methyltyrosine amide arginine-glycine-aspartate-O-methyltyrosine amide: competes with fibrinogen for binding to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors	1.97	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.6	1	0	penicillanic acids
8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyryl)thio)adenosine 5'diphosphate 8-((4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyryl)thio)adenosine 5'diphosphate: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
e 5880 E 5880: platelet activating factor antagonist; RN given refers to chloride; RN for parent cpd not avail 2/92; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
u 86983 U 86983: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	4.39	1	1	sulfonamide	prodrug
ro 43-5054 Ro 43-5054: structure given in first source; low molecular weight, noncyclic, peptidomimetic inhibitor	2.38	2	0
d-arg-gly-asp-trp arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-tryptophan: a synthetic RGD-containing peptide	2	1	0
thrombin receptor peptide sfllrnp thrombin receptor peptide SFLLRNP: a synthetic peptide that induces early events of T cell activation and synergizes with TCR cross-linking for CD69 expression & interleukin-2 production; thrombin receptor agonist; do not confuse with TRAP peptide	3.64	9	0
fk 633 ((4-(4-amidinophenoxy)butanoyl)aspartyl)valine: structure given in first source	3.09	5	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	4.31	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine: affinity label of the inhibitory DPNH site of bovine liver dehydrogenase; adenosylhomocysteinase antagonist; structure	5.08	8	0
prolyl-phenylalanyl-n-heptylargininamide prolyl-phenylalanyl-N-heptylargininamide: RN given refers to (D-Pro-L-Phe-L-Arg)-isomer	1.96	1	0
ferene-s Ferene-S: used for serum iron determinations	1.99	1	0
carbapenems [no description available]	2.6	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	6.2	13	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.39	2	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.38	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	5.88	38	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.04	1	0
3,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol: a neuroprotective agent	2.08	1	0	hydroxyflavan
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)	2.11	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.33	4	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	4.41	2	2	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
13-methyltetradecanoic acid isopentadecanoic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 13 by a methyl group.	1.99	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
4-amidinophenylpyroracemic acid amidinophenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysinate thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysinate: substrate for trypsin-like enzymes; RN given refers to (S)-isomer. thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysinate : An L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine in which the amino group is replaced by a [(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino group and the carboxy group is replaced by a (benzylsulfanyl)carbonyl group. It is a substrate for a sensitive colorimetric assay for trypsin-like enzymes.	1.96	1	0	benzyl ester; carbamate ester; L-lysine derivative; primary amino compound; thiocarboxylic ester
l 738167 L 738167: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.1	3	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	8.45	7	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.07	1	0	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	8.43	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
3-sulfopropyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
amotosalen [no description available]	2.77	3	0
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.7	3	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.47	2	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	4	4	0	carbodiimide
i-677 4-oxalysine: from Streptomyces reseoviridofuscus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-(2-aminoethyl)-L-serine : An L-alpha-amino acid that is L-serine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is converted to the corresponding 2-aminoethyl ether. An antimetabolic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces reseoviridofuscus.	2.38	2	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	4.01	13	0	sulfonium betaine
an-69 AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis	2	1	0
ic 831423 IC 831423: MW 1714 daltons; synthetic pentasaccharide representing minimum binding sequence of heparin to antithrombin III	1.97	1	0
krds peptide KRDS peptide: synthetic tetrapeptide derived from lactotransferrin (residues 39 to 42); inhibits binding of monoclonal antibody against glycoprotein IIb-IIIa on ADP-Stimulated platelets and megakaryocytes	2.38	2	0
sk&f 107260 SK&F 107260: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2-hexynyladenosine-5'-n-ethylcarboxamide 2-hexynyladenosine-5'-N-ethylcarboxamide: adenosine receptor agonist	2.31	1	0
roxifiban acetate roxifiban acetate: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.9	4	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.38	2	0
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.35	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
glycyl-prolyl-arginine [no description available]	3.99	4	0	oligopeptide
1,10-phenanthroline-platinum(ii)-ethylenediamine 1,10-phenanthroline-platinum(II)-ethylenediamine: forms crystalline product with 3'-CMP; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.64	27	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	9.71	25	3	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	3.46	1	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
carboline-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
gr 144053 GR 144053: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperazines
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.	2.11	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	5.4	8	2
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.4	7	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	2.51	2	0	oligopeptide
roxifiban roxifiban: structure in first source	9.31	4	1
xv 459 XV 459: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	5.23	3	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
orbofiban orbofiban: structure in first source	4.31	4	1
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	1.96	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
melagatran [no description available]	1.99	1	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.43	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
methyl 4-azidobenzimidate methyl 4-azidobenzimidate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
diazophenylthioether diazophenylthioether: proteins fractionated in polyacrylamide gels are transferred electrophoretically to diazophenylthioether paper; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.97	1	0
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	2.08	1	0
pentafluorophenylmethacrylate pentafluorophenylmethacrylate: copolymerized with methylmethacrylate	2.05	1	0
viccillin s (combination) Viccillin S (combination): RN given refers to combination of above two cpds	2.25	1	0
l 35 L 35: a negative effector of hemoglobin; RN & structure given in first source	1.93	1	0
arginine-4-nitroanilide arginine-4-nitroanilide: bound to agarose for use as immobilized substrate for trypsin	2.02	1	0
l 680833 L 680833: potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
depsidomycin depsidomycin: depsipeptide from Streptomyces lavendofoliae; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	5.42	17	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
elarofiban elarofiban: a GPIIb and GPIIIa receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
sorafenib [no description available]	7.31	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
4-chloro-alpha-cyanocinnamic acid 4-chloro-alpha-cyanocinnamic acid: a MALDI matrix	2.05	1	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.22	6	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	5.44	21	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
norethindrone enanthate norethindrone enanthate: structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5612	3.36	1	1	steroid ester
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2.42	2	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	10.68	9	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	2.25	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
lanosterol [no description available]	8.77	2	1	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
melengestrol acetate Melengestrol Acetate: A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	8.61	9	0
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
nas [no description available]	2.41	1	0
11-mercaptoundecanol 11-mercaptoundecanol: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.95	13	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.06	1	0
bortezomib [no description available]	6.12	4	2	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.41	2	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.77	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	4.65	3	2
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.78	11	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
biotinyl n-hydroxysuccinimide ester biotinyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used to prepare biotinylated erythrocytes	1.98	1	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.73	11	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	7.71	50	1	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	24.71	3,787	41	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	9.68	55	5	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	9.14	17	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	8.92	28	1	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.39	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	1.98	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.15	5	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	10.44	24	3	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.02	1	0
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	1.94	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	8.09	5	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.66	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.03	1	0
puromycin [no description available]	8.56	9	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.72	3	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.98	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.64	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannosamine mannosamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. D-mannosamine : The D-enantiomer of mannosamine.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose : A D-mannosamine in cyclic pyranose form.	2.36	2	0	D-mannosamine
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.37	2	0
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.66	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	3.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.94	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
linezolid [no description available]	4.92	2	1	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.71	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
silychristin silychristin : A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase.	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; flavonolignan; polyphenol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
genipin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.79	2	1
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.94	37	0	tripeptide
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.01	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	3.38	1	1	dipeptide
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.05	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	3.75	2	1	amino sugar
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	4.12	3	1	alkaloid	geroprotector
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	11.17	5	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.44	2	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	7.45	21	2	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	9.02	57	4	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	3.47	2	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	3.37	1	1	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	4.77	9	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.67	10	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	2.02	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	1.98	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.97	1	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	10.71	7	3	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.06	5	2	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.17	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	4.08	3	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	4.37	2	2	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.88	4	2	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	6.89	13	6	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.68	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.38	2	0
lycopene [no description available]	5.98	4	2	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.08	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	oligopeptide
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.13	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.15	1	0	diarylmethane
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.31	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.08	5	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	10.28	13	1	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
eptifibatide [no description available]	8.71	31	3	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	1.99	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.94	4	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5	13	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	4.2	3	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	1.94	1	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	1.95	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.32	4	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.37	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.69	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.08	1	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.02	9	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
tyrosine o-sulfate O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	3.34	7	0	aryl sulfate; L-tyrosine derivative; O-sulfoamino acid	human metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.34	2	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.96	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	4.66	28	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
glycosides [no description available]	3.21	6	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.21	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.37	21	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.91	12	0	stilbene
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	8.39	21	7	penicillinate anion
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.95	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	7.15	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	4.66	2	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.86	4	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.04	1	0	benzamides
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.41	2	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
iothalamate meglumine Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.	4.96	3	3	amidobenzoic acid
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	2.01	1	0	polymer
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	10.54	3	2	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.63	3	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.36	2	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	3.39	1	1	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	3.05	5	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidone
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.72	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	8.05	15	4	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	1.94	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.16	10	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	4.88	2	1
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	3.09	5	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.38	1	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.05	5	0
levocetirizine [no description available]	7.15	1	0	diarylmethane
tosylarginine methyl ester Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).	3.75	11	0	guanidines; L-arginine ester; methyl ester; sulfonamide
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.37	2	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.05	2	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.06	5	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.8	1	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.38	5	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
sodium ethoxide sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	nucleophilic reagent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	3.8	4	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.55	17	10	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
tocopherylquinone tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R,7R,11R*))-isomer; structure	2	1	0
nadp [no description available]	1.96	1	0
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to ion(1-)	1.99	1	0
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	5.15	6	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.74	3	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
rwj 67657 RWJ 67657: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.88	4	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.97	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.48	10	0	nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	10.18	11	1	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
tinofedrine tinofedrine: D 8955 & novocebrin refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.34	1	1	alkylbenzene
droloxifene [no description available]	3.39	1	1	stilbenoid
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	7.85	10	5	steroid	estrogen
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	5.02	3	3	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.25	6	0
indium oxine indium oxine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric indication for indium	1.98	1	0
didimethylsulfoxide dichloroplatinum(ii) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n-succinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)hexanoate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
pksi 527 PKSI 527: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
cystine [no description available]	5.31	18	0
ospemifene Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.	3.53	1	1	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	1.94	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
lamifiban lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass	4.6	8	0	N-acylglycine
glucitol hexanicotinate glucitol hexanicotinate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
instenon Instenon: combination containing hydroxyethyltheophylline, hexobendine & vanillic acid diethylamide	3.38	1	1
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	3.09	5	0
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	2.06	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	3.42	7	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethyl methacrylate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2-(5-nitro-2-pyridylazo)-5-(n-propyl-n-sulfopropylamino)phenol 2-(5-nitro-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-propyl-N-sulfopropylamino)phenol: RN refers to Na salt; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cionin cionin: disulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinin & gastrin; from the neural ganglion of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	1.96	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	4.32	4	1
silicon nitride [no description available]	7.73	3	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.1	1	0
biomer biomer: segmented polyether polyurethane with properties similar to lycra	8.48	8	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.76	3	0
tecoflex Tecoflex: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.44	2	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	1.98	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.5	68	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	7.34	86	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
valyl-leucyl-lysine 4-nitroanilide valyl-leucyl-lysine 4-nitroanilide: chromogenic substrate of plasmin; H-D-Val-Leu-Lys- 4-nitroaniline	4.11	16	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2	1	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.88	4	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	3.47	1	1	hydroxyflavonoid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.5	2	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	8.58	136	0
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.02	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.85	4	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.73	3	0
d 609 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	8.15	10	5	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	3.6	9	0
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	3.4	1	1
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.76	3	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen	4.39	1	1
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	7.91	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.3	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	11.87	107	10	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	7.57	20	3	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	5.23	4	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.47	7	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	6.09	5	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.95	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	12.41	83	2
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	7	8	4	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.07	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	16.16	58	3	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	1.99	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	6.82	35	2	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	3.46	1	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.67	3	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	9.28	4	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2.04	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	8.02	20	3	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	6.61	4	3	thromboxane	human metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.05	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	7.38	8	5	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	6.34	14	3	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	1.94	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.05	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.33	2	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	3.73	2	1
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.4	1	1	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	2.01	1	0
carboprost Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	2.21	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	abortifacient; oxytocic
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.04	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	2.02	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	5.05	2	1	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
diosmin [no description available]	2.67	3	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	3.04	4	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	4.15	3	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.31	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.41	2	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.53	2	0	stilbenoid
ellagic acid [no description available]	3.48	8	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.55	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.1	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.98	1	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	4.78	2	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.	1.98	1	0	(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate; phosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.47	2	0
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.37	2	0	cinnamic acids
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	4.37	4	1	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.68	3	0	octadecadienoic acid
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	4.28	1	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	12.83	77	11	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-dinor-thromboxane b2 [no description available]	2	1	0	thromboxane
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.39	1	1
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	1.98	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.33	1	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.21	6	0	hydrochloride
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	5.66	9	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	3.33	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.37	1	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	3.04	5	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	6.44	8	2	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.68	3	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	1.96	1	0
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	2.01	1	0
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	1.98	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	13	47	4	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	5.54	2	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	3.1	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	2.64	3	0	peptide
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine methyl chloride phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine methyl chloride: selective affinity label for thrombin; RN given refers to parent (L-Pro-D-Phe-(S))-isomer	2.66	3	0
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.39	5	3	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ono-ae1-329 ONO-AE1-329: a 16-(m-methoxymethyl)phenyl derivative	2.05	1	0
taprostene [no description available]	2.66	3	0	benzoic acids
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.47	8	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	10.88	19	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	3.39	1	1
11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.	6.92	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sq 30741 SQ 30741: antithrombotic; structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.4	2	0
spirapril spirapril: structure given in first source	3.39	1	1	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; dithioketal; ethyl ester; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	5.31	4	1	prostanoid
loureirin a loureirin A: a biologically active component of longxuejie, prepared from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
7,8-dimethylalloxazine 7,8-dimethylalloxazine: structure. 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine : A 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione that is isoalloxazine substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8.. lumichrome : A compound showing blue fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in acid or neutral solution.	2.21	1	0	7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione	plant metabolite
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.68	3	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.02	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.93	4	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.88	4	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.69	3	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.71	3	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.08	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	6.19	32	1
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	1.93	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.35	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.19	6	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.38	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.98	14	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	5.53	5	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.64	3	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.59	14	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	11.76	26	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	8.08	5	0	boron group element atom
delapril delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	8.43	1	1	peptide
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	6.31	8	5	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	5.82	6	4	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
ridogrel [no description available]	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	11.98	14	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ajoene ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.	2.39	2	0	sulfoxide
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	6.71	9	7	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2.38	2	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.69	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	8.86	64	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.95	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	6.18	42	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	7.5	23	2	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.35	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.37	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2	1	0
succinyl-trialanine-4-nitroanilide succinyl-trialanine-4-nitroanilide: synthetic substrate of porcine pancreatic elastase	2.06	1	0
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.15	1	0
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.87	4	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	1.99	1	0	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.02	1	0
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	1.99	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.02	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.73	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.37	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
urobilin [no description available]	3.45	2	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2	1	0	naphthalenes
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	6.51	37	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	1.98	1	0
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.95	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.86	4	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	13.93	42	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.9	4	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.54	8	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	5.45	8	2	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.95	1	0
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.06	5	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	2.35	2	0
clazosentan clazosentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist used for cerebral vasospasm; structure in first source;	2.06	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	8.56	1	1	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.15	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	2	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.96	1	0
diarachidonyl diglyceride diradylglycerol : Any lipid that is glycerol bearing two substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl - at any two of the three possible positions.	2.67	3	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	1.99	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
7-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-(4'-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)-7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid 7-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-(4'-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)-7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor agonist; RN given refers to the (125I) labeled cpd	2.41	2	0
9-o-methanoprostaglandin i 9-O-methanoprostaglandin I: shows weak inhibitory activity in rabbit platelet aggregation induced by ADP; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
disufenton sodium disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
nb 598 NB 598: decreases serum total & LDL-cholesterol levels; structure given in first source; inhibits squalene epoxidase	1.98	1	0
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.21	1	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
asialo gm1 ganglioside [no description available]	2.4	2	0
pai 039 tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1	2.07	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids
ovatodiolide ovatodiolide: from Anisomeles indica; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.21	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.92	4	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
rilpivirine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.	1.97	1	0
dansyl-arginine-methylpiperidine amide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	6.99	11	8
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	1.95	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
beta-escin [no description available]	3.5	8	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.39	2	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	1.94	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	9.59	3	2
lactacystin [no description available]	2	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
madecassic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
gsk5182 GSK5182: an estrogen-related receptor gamma inverse agonist	2.17	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	3.99	4	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
carboxyl radical [no description available]	2.02	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	1.98	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
romurtide romurtide: a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog; stimulates chemotactic mobility, phagocytic activity & superoxide production by neutrophils in mice; used for the prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	3.47	1	1	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
vildagliptin [no description available]	3.89	2	1	amino acid amide
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine: cross-link in proteins. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative in which the acyl group is specified as gamma-glutamyl.	3.47	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; N(6)-acyl-L-lysine
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.24	6	0	ammonium ion derivative
n-diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester N-diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester: a pepsin inhibitor; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure. N-diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester : A diazonium betaine obtained by the deprotonation of the hydroxy group of (Z)-2-hydroxy-2-{[(2S)-1-methoxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino}ethenediazonium.	2.03	1	0
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.57	9	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.21	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.03	1	0
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	1.98	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.11	1	0
tak 029 TAK 029: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
dmp 728 DMP 728: structure in first source; RN given refers to the monomethane sulfate	2.39	2	0
omacor Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic	3.46	1	1
ezetimibe, simvastatin drug combination Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of ezetimibe and simvastatin that is used in the treatment of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.	3.44	1	1
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.41	1	0	oligopeptide
3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; SM-12502 is the (+) enantiomer of SM-10661; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0
ci 1044 CI 1044: inhibits PDE4; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	8.19	5	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	4.51	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	1.99	1	0	peptide
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	8.55	53	3	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	3.72	8	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	7.15	13	2	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	7.36	2	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
varespladib methyl varespladib methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of varespladib with methanol. It is a potential therapy for the treatment of snakebite envenomings in which toxicity depends on the action of PLA2s.	3.09	1	0	aromatic ether; benzenes; indoles; methyl ester; primary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; prodrug
sm 19712 SM 19712: an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.54	2	0	stilbenoid
tetrafibricin tetrafibricin: closely related to polyene macrolide antibiotics; from Streptomyces neyagawaensis; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	1.99	1	0
tgx 221 TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor	2.04	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	2.06	1	0
ym-254890 YM-254890: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fatty acid ester
terutroban terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
roflumilast n-oxide roflumilast N-oxide: an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; active metabolite of roflumilast	2.13	1	0
s 5682 S 5682: a purified flavonoid fraction composed of 90% diosmin 7-rhamnoglucoside and 10% hesperidin 7-rhamnoglucoside	1.99	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	4.83	5	0
medrogestone Medrogestone: 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.	3.37	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.08	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
staplabin staplabin: isolated from Stachybotrys microspora; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.4	2	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	5.85	7	1
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
as 601245 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-((2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)acetonitrile: a c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase inhibitor with neuroprotective activity; also an NSAID	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3	4	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.04	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	9.48	4	1	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
vilanterol [no description available]	4.51	1	1	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
ys 49 YS 49: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	3.93	2	1	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.08	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.41	1	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	2.35	2	0	peptide
ngr peptide [no description available]	2.53	2	0
secramine a secramine A: inhibits VSVG transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane; also inhibits Cdc42-dependent cell functions; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.39	2	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	7.76	2	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2	1	0
pyrrophenone pyrrophenone: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.35	2	0	nystatins
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	1.96	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
titanium boride titanium boride: a ceramic powder with high hemolytic activity	2.07	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	4.8	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	9.74	29	4
norgestimate [no description available]	5.27	2	2
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2.4	2	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	2.08	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	2.39	2	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	8.28	38	2	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.43	2	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	6.58	49	1
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	9.61	6	1	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.8	4	2
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.57	9	0
benzoyl-ile-glu-gly-arg-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide: p-nitroanilide deriv of portion of peptide sequence in prothrombin molecule cleaved by Factor X	2.38	2	0
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	2.02	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	6.48	6	3
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	2.21	1	0
rutundic acid rutundic acid: isolated from the leaves of Hex pupurea; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
silidianin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.71	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	10	41	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.98	1	0
asterina Asterina: A genus of STARFISH in the family Asterinidae. They externally hold developing embryos (EMBRYO, NON-MAMMALIAN) among the spines below the oral surface.	2.1	1	0
ammonium citrate [no description available]	1.94	1	0	ammonium salt; citrate salt	buffer; food emulsifier
norelgestromin norelgestromin: transdermal hormonal contraceptive	4.34	1	1
ganodermic acid s ganodermic acid S: RN given refers to (3beta,15alpha,24E)-isomer	3.41	1	1	triterpenoid
jaw [no description available]	7.9	4	0	indolecarboxamide
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.88	4	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	4.4	3	0	aromatic amino acid
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.35	6	0
resolvin d5 resolvin D5: isolated from E coli; structure in first source. resolvin D5 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 17 (the 7S,17S-stereoisomer).	2.21	1	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.98	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.11	1	0
cgp 39393 desirudin: recombinant hirudin; has identical amino acid sequence as the natural hirudin variant 1 but lacks the sulphate group on Tyr(63). desirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients to prevent venous thromboembolism. Its amino acid sequence differs from natural hirudin by lack of sulfate group on Tyr-63.	3.08	5	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	9.96	8	1	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.34	7	0	polypeptide
tachyplesin peptide, tachypleus tridentatus tachyplesin peptide, Tachypleus tridentatus: isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus); cationic peptide; 17 amino acid residues given in first source	2.02	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	1.96	1	0	polypeptide
hirugen hirugen: amino acid sequence given in first source	3.37	7	0
renin inhibitory peptide renin inhibitory peptide: angiotensinogen analog	2.11	1	0
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55) thrombin receptor peptide (42-55): tethered ligand exposed by cleavage of platelet thrombin receptor by thrombin, activates platelets and induces platelet activation; amino acid sequence given in first source; do not confuse with other TRAP (CD40L, MtrB, TRAP protocol, or thrombospondin related anonymous protein)	2.9	4	0
peptite 2000 Peptite 2000: contains Arg-Gly-Asp sequences	1.98	1	0
fibrinopeptide b Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.	12.63	282	2
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.95	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.76	23	3	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	3.77	2	1
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.72	3	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	3.78	2	1
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	3.94	13	0
eristostatin eristostatin: disintegrin from venom of Eristocophis macmahoin; inhibits platelet thromboembolism & protects animal from sudden death	1.98	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	6.54	8	1
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.77	10	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.81	11	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.06	1	0
hirudin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	1.97	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	6.99	16	2
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.47	2	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	7.78	66	3	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.45	61	2	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	3.42	1	1
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.14	24	4
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	6.07	29	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.76	2	1	21-hydroxy steroid
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	3.86	2	1	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.95	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	1.99	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	1.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	2.43	2	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.9	3	0
argpyrimidine argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers.	2.06	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	epitope
astacin astacin: a zinc-endopeptidase from the crayfish Astacus astacus & Hydra vulgaris; releases nitroaniline from succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-alanyl-4-nitroanilide (Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-pNA); acts on peptides containing 5 or more amino acids, preferably with ALA in P1' and Pro in P2'. astacene : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing four oxo substituents at positions 2, 2', 4 and 4'.	2.03	1	0	carotenone
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	10.11	14	0
urethane acrylate urethane acrylate: UV curing resin cpd implicated in contact dermatitis	2.07	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	4.27	4	1
chitosan [no description available]	7.61	41	1
choline methacrylate choline methacrylate: choline methacrylate = trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride salt	2.02	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.15	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.57	9	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium niobate [no description available]	2.31	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.53	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	2.95	4	0
urografin 76 urovision: urovision contains a mixture of sodium & meglumine salts of diatrizoic acid in the ratio of 50:18 in aqueous solution used in urography	1.97	1	0
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	2.11	1	0
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.6	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.38	2	0
pd 180988 PD 180988: endothelin-A-receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
holothurin a holothurin A: RN given refers to Na salt (3 beta,12 alpha,22S)-isomer	2.11	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.93	4	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.35	7	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	4.67	5	0
neoarsphenamine neoarsphenamine: was MH 1963-92; NEOARSENOBENZOL & NOVARSENOBENZENE were see NEOARSPHENAMINE 1976-92; use ARSENICALS to search NEOARSPHENAMINE 1966-92; very toxic former antisyphilitic agent still used occasionally for infections, including those in animals; it produces skin sensitization & has become a tool in the study of immunologic tolerance as a hapten	1.94	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.95	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	1.97	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	7.88	4	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.11	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
1-(beta-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline 1-(beta-naphthylmethyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroisoquinoline: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	1.96	1	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	3.98	4	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	4.8	1	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.81	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	2	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.98	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	8.91	16	4
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	2.11	1	0
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	17.24	589	19
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.86	2	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans [no description available]	3.38	7	0
aspirin eugenol ester aspirin eugenol ester: has antineoplastic activity	2.11	1	0
alexa fluor 546 Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye	3.03	4	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	fluorochrome
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	purine nucleoside
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.63	3	0
plx4032 [no description available]	5.58	2	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin 10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin: RN given refers to parent cpd(5Z,9alpha,11alpha,15S)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.38	7	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.1	29	3
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.92	4	0
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside composed of 2'-deoxyuridine having a 5-hydroxymethyl substituent.	2.1	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	10.1	56	5
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.41	1	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	3.27	1	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	3.38	1	1
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.55	9	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.02	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	10.77	30	3	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.14	16	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	2.39	2	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	10.13	15	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	5.75	11	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	3.06	1	0	peptide
arginyl-glycyl-glutamic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	oligopeptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	10.4	46	5	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	11.71	10	2
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.93	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.94	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.12	4	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.45	8	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	8.14	19	2	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	6.82	15	5	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.83	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-epianhydrotetracycline 4-epianhydrotetracycline: impurity in pahrmaceutical preparations of tetracycline; RN refers to (4S-(4alpha,4aalpha,12aalpha))-isomer	2.03	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	15.67	152	24	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	6.75	14	5	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
ethyl biscoumacetate Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226)	2.86	4	0	hydroxycoumarin
tigecycline [no description available]	6.24	8	1
almagate pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration	2.11	1	0
byl719 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	proline derivative
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.37	1	1
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.64	27	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	4.52	7	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	6.62	37	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.15	1	0
rhodostomin rhodostomin: amino acid sequence given in first source; an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing polypeptide purified from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma	3.78	11	0
nebacetin Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin	1.96	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	7.8	36	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	5.25	4	3
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.39	2	0	ketal
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-glutamyl-seryl-proline [no description available]	2.68	3	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.17	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	4.72	31	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	11.07	168	2
glutaminase [no description available]	3.75	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.76	3	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	1.97	1	0
chromium dioxide chromium dioxide: magnetic particles used as solid support in immunoassay	2.13	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	8.16	139	0
nattokinase nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6	10.37	7	2
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	3.22	6	0
ap20187 AP20187: a nontoxic, cell-permeable analog, a wholly synthesized, cell-permeable dimeric FK506 derivative. AP20187 : A tertiary amino compound that is 2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine in which the primary ammino groups have each been acylated by condensation with the carboxy group of 2-{3-[(1R)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropyl]phenoxy}acetic acid, the hydroxy groups of which have been esterified by condensation with the carboxy group of L-pipecolic acid, the nitrogen of which has been acylated by condensation with (2S)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butyric acid. It is a synthetic, cell-permeable ligand that can be used to induce homodimerization of fusion proteins containing the DmrB domain.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; N-acylpiperidine; tertiary amino compound	ligand
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.94	1	0
calcium fructoborate calcium fructoborate: a boron-based nutritional supplement with antioxidant activity	4.37	1	1
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	1.97	1	0
ambrein ambrein: a degraded triterpene; ambrein, cholesterol and benzoic acid are major components of ambergris; from intestinal secretion of sperm blue whale (Pyseter carodon). ambrein : A triterpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of ambergris, an intestinal secretion of the sperm whale Physeter catodon.	1.98	1	0	tertiary alcohol; triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; mammalian metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.93	1	0
s-nitroglutathione S-nitroglutathione: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.66	3	0
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	1.99	1	0
carboxypeptidase b Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.	3.49	8	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.68	3	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	2.08	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	5.01	13	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	3.02	4	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-28): binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide fragments to glycosaminoglycan is pH-dependent	2.39	2	0
mica [no description available]	2.04	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	2.11	1	0
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	1.98	1	0
formycin diphosphate formycin diphosphate: analog of ADP	2.11	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sodium aescinate sodium aescinate: extracted from dry mature fruit of Aesculus Wilsonii Rehd	2.25	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	2.36	2	0
daptomycin [no description available]	7.45	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	8.27	21	2
refludan lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.	2.72	3	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.66	2	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	8.55	18	6
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.27	6	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.56	18	3
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.65	3	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.17	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	9.48	23	0
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	7.37	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.39	21	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.11	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.37	2	0
sparsomycin Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.	1.97	1	0
tremolite tremolite: see also actinolite; structure	2.21	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.08	5	0
sodium morrhuate Sodium Morrhuate: The sodium salts of the fatty acids in cod liver oil; an irritant and sclerosing agent used to treat varicose veins and arthritic joints.	2.44	2	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	4.75	31	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	19.14	656	17
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	13.2	109	0
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	2.39	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.98	4	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	5.41	19	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.05	5	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.4	2	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	2.05	1	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.37	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	6.26	34	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.4	4	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.52	8	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	1.95	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.02	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	10.01	29	5	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
viomycin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.01	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	5.22	11	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.72	11	2	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	7.82	3	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.41	2	0	dacarbazine
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	9.68	3	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	9.1	3	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.13	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.63	3	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.61	5	1	guanosines	biomarker
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; ribonucleotide	protein kinase agonist
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.11	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	2.01	1	0
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	3.43	1	1	hydroxycinnamic acid
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	5.18	6	2
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.46	2	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.04	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	4.06	3	1
eye [no description available]	8.47	8	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.03	1	0
prolyl-glycyl-proline [no description available]	2	1	0	peptide
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.45	23	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.16	5	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.79	11	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.97	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.35	7	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	4.04	13	0
galanin-like peptide Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.	2.6	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	10.14	53	5
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.42	2	0
porphyran porphyran: agarose highly substituted by 6-O-sulfation of L-galactose units & 6-O-methylation of D-galactose units; from Porphyra umbicicalis & Bangia fuscopurpurea	2.1	1	0
mk 0852 MK 0852: a cyclic heptapeptide antagonist of the platelet GP IIb/IIIa; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
tp 9201 TP 9201: a platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist; a synthetic RGD-containing cyclic peptide; may be effective in prevention of re-thrombosis after thromolytic therapy without adversely affecting hemostasis	2.4	2	0
sk&f 106760 SK&F 106760: RN & structure given in first source; glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist	1.97	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.15	3	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	20.72	1,177	21
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	20.72	1,177	21
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	16.89	168	6
Clinical Deterioration A critical disease progression, often measured by a set of clinical parameters, which activates HOSPITAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM.	2.31	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	11.35	35	9
Thrombopenia [description not available]	17.03	397	10
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	10.72	46	4
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	17.03	397	10
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	11.35	35	9
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	23.15	1,430	40
Bleeding [description not available]	23.27	1,094	66
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	23.15	1,430	40
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	23.27	1,094	66
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	7	21	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	18.09	200	16
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	13.24	163	3
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	7	21	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	18.09	200	16
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	13.24	163	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	22.66	1,376	36
Blood Clot [description not available]	23.87	1,711	61
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	23.87	1,711	61
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	17.22	220	12
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	18.95	1,039	14
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	18.95	1,039	14
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	17.22	220	12
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	16.03	207	9
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	13.94	87	7
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	19.7	439	42
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	19.7	439	42
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	16.03	207	9
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	13.94	87	7
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	18.37	591	9
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	7.61	21	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	7.61	21	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	17.06	219	19
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	24.57	1,303	94
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	24.57	1,303	94
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	20	240	72
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	17.37	352	8
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	17.37	352	8
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	5.25	10	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	5.29	12	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	5.29	12	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	5.25	10	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	5.61	29	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	5.61	29	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	7.4	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	8.31	67	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	5.51	16	1
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	19.05	315	19
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.41	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	14.99	256	6
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	14.99	256	6
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	16.55	231	4
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	8.51	38	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	8.51	38	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.62	19	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	9.8	48	4
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	7.62	19	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	9.8	48	4
Deficiency, Factor 13 [description not available]	8.94	51	0
Factor XIII Deficiency A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.	8.94	51	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	29.44	879	108
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	3.54	8	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	8.15	16	1
Flexor Tendon Entrapment [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	9.21	59	1
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	7.57	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	8.15	16	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	12.85	95	7
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	12.19	20	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	12.85	95	7
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	10.22	66	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	15.22	66	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	6.57	30	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	6.57	30	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	16.14	251	11
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	16.14	251	11
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	18.66	266	14
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.25	7	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	18.66	266	14
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	7.26	39	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	5.26	7	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	7.26	39	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	8.22	30	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	17.37	218	16
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	8.22	30	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	17.37	218	16
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	10.54	47	2
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	10.63	28	4
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	16.87	61	6
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	10.95	52	4
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.87	61	6
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	3.36	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	18.65	461	38
Cirrhosis [description not available]	7.57	48	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	5.92	24	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	3.78	11	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.57	48	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	5.92	24	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	11.74	78	4
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	22.19	826	139
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	27.19	826	139
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	5.88	7	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	9.93	38	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	9.93	38	1
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	5.88	7	0
Periimplantitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	13.93	47	15
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	13.93	47	15
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	2.41	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	8.98	55	1
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.98	55	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	5.85	13	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	10.85	13	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.82	8	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	15.25	235	7
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	15.25	235	7
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	12.59	71	9
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	12.59	71	9
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	14.92	161	11
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	14.92	161	11
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	13.3	109	6
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	13.3	109	6
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	19.5	319	45
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	19.5	319	45
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	10.64	61	5
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	13.63	204	11
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	10.64	61	5
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	13.63	204	11
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	22.78	894	123
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	22.78	894	123
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10.63	56	4
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	6.35	16	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	6.35	16	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	11.23	62	4
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	7.81	15	1
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	7.24	38	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	11.23	62	4
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.81	15	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	14.19	180	7
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	10.02	68	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	10.02	68	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	14.19	180	7
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	4.16	17	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	10.69	19	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	10.69	19	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	10.51	44	3
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	7.64	34	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	5.24	18	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	10.51	44	3
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	7.64	34	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	5.24	18	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	18.98	223	35
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	5.1	9	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	18.98	223	35
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	5.1	9	1
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	5.6	8	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	14.97	13	4
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	21.46	188	9
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	19.46	362	62
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	19.46	362	62
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	16.46	188	9
MODS [description not available]	7.52	29	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	12.52	29	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	9.74	82	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	8.44	31	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	9.74	82	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	8.44	31	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	13.29	17	2
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	8.29	17	2
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	7.81	29	1
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	9.03	39	7
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	9.03	39	7
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	6.41	8	2
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	13.7	125	7
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	13.7	125	7
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	13.37	98	11
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	13.37	98	11
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	6.21	23	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	22.14	594	56
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	22.14	594	56
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	6.21	23	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	7.68	14	3
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	7.94	3	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	5.9	23	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	10.9	23	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	6.55	47	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	9.44	98	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	6.55	47	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	9.44	98	1
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	12.38	97	10
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	5.31	22	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	6.15	18	2
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	8.09	20	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	8.09	20	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	10.46	39	2
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	8.41	7	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	10.46	39	2
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	7.77	64	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	7.77	64	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.41	1	0
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	7.37	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	4.02	13	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	12.11	170	8
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	13.69	213	10
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	12.11	170	8
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	13.69	213	10
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	5.08	16	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	10.08	16	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	19.75	400	30
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.98	14	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	8.6	35	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	8.6	35	2
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	11.38	48	3
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	11.38	48	3
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	9.41	17	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	4.41	17	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	17.09	107	18
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	17.09	107	18
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	10.96	36	3
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	5.14	11	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	10.96	36	3
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	14.91	163	20
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	14.91	163	20
Apoplexy [description not available]	20.38	348	23
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	5.39	13	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	5.39	13	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	20.38	348	23
Exsanguinating Hemorrhage [description not available]	4.74	6	1
Astrocytosis [description not available]	4.52	8	0
Metastase [description not available]	12.36	157	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	12.36	157	2
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	4.77	12	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	19.67	324	45
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	5.23	18	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	5.23	18	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	8.52	49	2
Spider Veins [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	4.33	7	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	8.52	49	2
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	9.27	7	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	5.33	13	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	5.33	13	1
Asystole [description not available]	4.74	11	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	7.23	32	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	4.74	11	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	7.23	32	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	12.5	73	6
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	12.5	73	6
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	7.41	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	6.55	11	1
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	6.55	11	1
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Severe Dengue A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.	2.76	3	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	3.33	5	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	3.33	5	0
Amentia [description not available]	6.85	14	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	6.67	11	2
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	6.85	14	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	6.67	11	2
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available]	7.78	92	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	6.88	38	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	6.88	38	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	5.95	21	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	11.67	41	14
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	5.95	21	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	9.11	43	3
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	13.66	105	14
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	9.11	43	3
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	8.21	9	3
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	2.41	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	8.21	9	3
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	3.92	9	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	7.76	24	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.92	9	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	7.76	24	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	8.75	32	2
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	8.75	32	2
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.46	24	2
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	11.46	24	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.89	38	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	11.89	38	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	13.31	80	6
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	13.31	80	6
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	6.98	26	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	13.23	106	14
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	13.23	106	14
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	9.04	35	3
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	9.04	35	3
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	8.07	5	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	3.07	5	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	6.37	12	1
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	11.37	12	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	15.97	217	24
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	9.15	68	2
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	9.15	68	2
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	5.91	9	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	10.12	37	3
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	3.08	5	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	5.09	3	1
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	10.12	37	3
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.68	10	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	3.22	6	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	3.22	6	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	8.06	5	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	8.85	39	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	17.07	272	13
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	6.85	8	3
Ache [description not available]	10.6	28	7
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	10.6	28	7
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	6.85	8	3
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	6.14	43	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	16.11	100	10
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	16.11	100	10
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	6.14	43	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	4.12	5	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	4.12	5	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	4.18	6	0
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	4.66	6	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	4.18	6	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	13.05	197	5
Autoimmune Urticaria [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Hives [description not available]	5.42	15	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	5.42	15	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	7.93	48	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	7.93	48	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	10.33	65	4
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	5.67	17	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	2.41	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	9.37	37	4
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	9.37	37	4
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.23	16	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.23	16	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.51	16	1
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	5.51	16	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	6.95	13	2
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	6.95	13	2
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	7.94	35	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	7.94	35	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	9.54	69	1
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.98	4	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	9.54	69	1
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	9.72	5	1
CADASILM A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.	2.5	2	0
CADASIL A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)	2.5	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	10.76	149	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	10.76	149	1
Pott Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	2.41	1	0
Macrophage Activation Syndrome A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	3.57	7	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	14.27	108	4
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.41	1	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	14.27	108	4
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	3.09	5	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2.59	2	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	4.97	9	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	10.38	38	5
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	15.38	38	5
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	8.08	24	4
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	7.16	15	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	8.08	24	4
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.5	2	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	12.88	74	4
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	12.88	74	4
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	8.48	22	2
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	10.88	46	11
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	8.48	22	2
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.3	42	2
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	8.12	5	0
Amniotic Fluid Embolism [description not available]	8.65	57	1
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	5.47	5	1
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	10.28	95	3
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	10.28	95	3
Diathesis [description not available]	10.83	59	2
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.69	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	9.53	21	3
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	9.53	21	3
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	2.41	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.76	3	0
Medically Unexplained Symptoms Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).	2.6	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	4.29	19	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	4.29	19	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	6.17	17	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	6.12	31	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	6.12	31	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	14.59	42	11
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	14.88	83	28
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	3.33	5	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	14.59	42	11
HbS Disease [description not available]	9.88	56	2
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	9.88	56	2
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	10.57	61	2
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	15.57	61	2
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	10.04	15	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	5.04	15	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	6.01	9	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	6.01	9	1
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.69	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	14.8	119	20
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	14.8	119	20
Erythremia [description not available]	7.25	24	1
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	7.25	24	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	9.28	60	2
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	9.28	60	2
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	3.74	11	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	8.93	76	1
Placental Abruption [description not available]	10.36	88	2
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	10.36	88	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	17.09	112	4
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	12.09	112	4
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	7.41	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	7.37	22	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	3.73	9	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	3.73	9	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	7.39	19	1
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	10.62	74	2
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	18.59	169	45
Equine Diseases [description not available]	9.78	89	4
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	11.74	75	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.93	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	11.74	75	1
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	5.48	15	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	5.48	15	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	14.76	46	2
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.99	14	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	17.52	245	7
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	16.58	51	2
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	16.58	51	2
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	3.06	5	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	9.57	5	1
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	2.95	4	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	3.42	7	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	3.62	9	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	6.46	17	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	7.51	51	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	8.67	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.52	46	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	4.5	9	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	8.67	3	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	11.52	46	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.45	2	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	13.46	27	3
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	7.37	2	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.42	2	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	18.46	27	3
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	8.57	3	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	12.16	132	3
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	6.84	15	1
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	3.06	5	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	10.56	105	3
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	5.05	8	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	10.56	105	3
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	5.05	8	1
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	5.06	11	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	13.59	12	4
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	12.1	102	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	12.1	102	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	8.31	43	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.91	4	0
Job Stress [description not available]	3.79	3	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	14.24	99	15
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	14.24	99	15
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	4.98	9	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	4.98	9	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.66	7	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.66	7	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.71	3	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	6.96	28	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	6.96	28	1
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	6.74	33	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	6.74	33	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	5.23	11	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	5.23	11	1
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	3.5	7	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	16.2	171	20
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	17.98	149	23
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	21.2	171	20
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	15.22	137	16
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	17.98	149	23
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	2.6	1	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	14.35	293	8
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	13.78	120	4
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	14.35	293	8
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	13.78	120	4
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	10.24	153	1
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.42	7	0
Single Functioning Kidney [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	7.33	37	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	8.64	59	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	7.33	37	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	8.64	59	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	6.24	16	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	8.39	21	2
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	8.39	21	2
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	10.52	34	2
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	8.1	22	3
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	8.1	22	3
Uterine Atony [description not available]	5.87	13	0
Uterine Inertia Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.	5.87	13	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	4.73	9	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	4.73	9	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	5.47	15	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	5.47	15	1
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.9	4	2
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	22.72	772	74
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	22.72	772	74
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	11.54	56	4
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	9.01	58	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	9.01	58	2
Chronic Illness [description not available]	17.94	333	31
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	17.94	333	31
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	8.32	25	2
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	8.32	25	2
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	3.16	5	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	10	41	3
Endoleak Postoperative hemorrhage from an endovascular AORTIC ANEURYSM repaired with endoluminal placement of stent grafts (BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION). It is associated with pressurization, expansion, and eventual rupture of the aneurysm.	7.85	3	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	10	41	3
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	8.75	26	2
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.93	3	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	16.01	194	16
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	21.01	194	16
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	6.18	23	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	6.18	23	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	5.42	14	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.42	14	1
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.8	3	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	6.12	16	2
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	6.12	16	2
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.55	17	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	6.55	17	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	6.63	20	0
Varices [description not available]	7.97	24	4
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	6.63	20	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	7.97	24	4
Preterm Birth [description not available]	5	8	1
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	5	8	1
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	3.47	5	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	6.52	25	2
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	3.47	5	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	6.52	25	2
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.89	4	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	15.3	71	3
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	15.3	71	3
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	17.49	201	40
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	5.21	11	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	3.09	5	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	5.21	11	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	10.63	64	4
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	10.63	64	4
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	22.62	172	30
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	17.62	172	30
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.87	3	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Itching [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.6	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	5.2	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.6	1	0
Postthrombotic Syndrome A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.	4.24	3	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.57	54	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.57	54	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	10.65	133	5
Anosmia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).	2.6	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	4.1	15	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.75	11	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.97	4	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	4.61	26	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	12.88	104	2
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	3.6	9	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	5.68	6	3
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	5.68	6	3
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	6.84	13	2
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	6.84	13	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.6	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	8.17	33	1
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	10.8	36	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	8.17	33	1
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	14.18	159	7
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	6.89	38	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	6.89	38	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.6	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.58	18	7
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	4.18	17	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	4.18	17	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	7.35	12	2
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	7.35	12	2
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	6.22	13	1
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	7.6	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	6.22	13	1
Acute Cholecystitis [description not available]	7.6	1	0
Cholecystitis, Acute Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.	2.6	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.99	14	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	9.43	49	3
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	9.43	49	3
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	3.1	4	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.07	4	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.07	4	0
Adolescent Coxa Vara [description not available]	2.6	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	9.5	5	1
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.6	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	13.63	23	3
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	6.53	13	4
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	10.24	16	10
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	6.53	13	4
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	10.24	16	10
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.55	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	12.4	103	6
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	8	51	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	8	51	1
Suffocation [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	3.35	7	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.58	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.12	5	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	5.24	12	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	10.24	12	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	5.2	11	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	5.2	11	0
Debility [description not available]	3.34	5	0
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	2.53	2	0
Seroma Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.	6.1	5	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	13.85	75	12
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	13.85	75	12
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4	14	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.86	12	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4	14	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.86	12	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	17.84	48	12
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	12.84	48	12
Christmas Disease [description not available]	10.93	56	6
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.98	14	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	10.93	56	6
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.98	14	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	18.95	140	9
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	2.6	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	6.66	52	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.68	3	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.6	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	4.24	18	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	4.73	6	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	9.73	6	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	5.02	16	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	8.79	64	2
Blood Diseases [description not available]	12.53	52	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	7.53	52	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	9.26	7	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	9.4	32	3
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	9.4	32	3
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	4.98	38	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	4.98	38	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	3.64	3	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	3.08	4	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.43	7	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	5.38	13	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	5.38	13	1
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	6.23	7	2
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	11.23	7	2
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.87	3	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	5.38	5	1
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	5.38	5	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	6.65	30	2
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	4.97	15	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	6.65	30	2
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	4.97	15	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	13.66	276	3
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	18.66	276	3
Hemostatic Disorders Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of BLOOD VESSELS, blood fluidity, and BLOOD COAGULATION. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, the plasma proteins (including BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS), and PLATELETS.	10.29	12	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	3.06	5	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	10.11	76	2
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	10.11	76	2
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.21	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	6.57	22	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	8.5	41	4
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	8.5	41	4
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	5.07	17	0
Spinal Curvatures Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).	2.21	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	7.28	17	1
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	5.76	15	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	4.58	10	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	5.76	15	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	11.53	83	2
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	17.76	195	39
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	17.76	195	39
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	7.21	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.74	6	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	5.74	11	2
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	5.74	11	2
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	3.96	4	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.96	4	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.39	2	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.77	3	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	5.82	4	2
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	5.82	4	2
Acute Lung Injury, Transfusion-Related [description not available]	4.08	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	5.62	10	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	10.62	10	0
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	4.84	7	1
Ascites, Gelatinous [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).	8.64	1	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	5.52	5	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	5.52	5	1
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	11.59	34	8
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	11.59	34	8
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	7.39	32	4
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	7.39	32	4
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.39	6	0
Hemangioma Thrombocytopenia Syndrome [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	5.79	36	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	5.79	36	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	9.08	15	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	4.08	15	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	5.14	18	0
Infections, Pasteurellaceae [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	6	27	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.77	3	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	5.54	17	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.	2.25	1	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	5.79	8	1
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	5.79	8	1
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	4.35	20	0
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	12.95	83	11
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).	3.53	2	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	12.95	83	11
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.38	2	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	3.11	5	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	2.93	4	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	8.8	11	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	5.16	6	2
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.8	11	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	5.16	6	2
Precordial Catch [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	8.55	8	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3.82	11	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.91	4	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.25	1	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	3.08	5	0
Deficiency, Factor 11 [description not available]	6.11	17	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	6.03	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	6.03	3	1
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	8.56	8	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	3.54	8	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	10.85	169	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	7.65	51	0
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	5.26	21	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	5.26	21	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	12.65	51	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	4.49	7	0
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	4.49	7	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	3.12	5	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	5.58	29	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	4.07	15	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	7	17	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	7	17	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	11.51	70	11
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	11.51	70	11
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	8.9	13	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	3.07	5	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.25	1	0
Hemarthrosis Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.	10.92	18	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	12.4	53	1
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	8.21	14	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	12.06	45	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	12.4	53	1
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	13.21	14	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	15.1	97	10
Prediabetes [description not available]	11.38	14	3
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	6.38	14	3
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.26	13	1
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	6.26	13	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	3.53	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	8.62	45	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	13.62	45	1
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	3.74	3	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	6.28	13	1
Aneurysm, Coronary [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	5.69	7	1
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	6.15	3	1
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	5.31	13	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	5.31	13	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	11.46	32	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	6.46	32	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	6.65	54	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.08	33	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	7.08	33	1
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	7.25	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.89	4	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	6.95	10	1
Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome Syndrome with clinical features of both ASTHMA and COPD.	2.25	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	6.95	10	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	6.07	29	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	6.07	29	1
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.52	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	5.54	27	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	5.54	27	0
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available]	4.42	7	0
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.	4.42	7	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	6.49	8	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	2.31	1	0
Amyloidosis VI [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.25	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.03	4	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.03	4	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	14.86	24	6
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	9.86	24	6
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	2.25	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	4.61	9	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	9.61	9	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	5.53	15	1
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Epilepsy Progressive Myoclonic 2 [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Amylopectinosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	5.53	15	1
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.69	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	8.04	39	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	8.04	39	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	4.54	5	1
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	10.23	32	2
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	5.48	5	3
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.89	2	1
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	11.43	51	9
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	5.48	5	3
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.11	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.11	3	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	13.83	88	10
Type 3 Von Willebrand's Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	4.02	5	0
Amyloidosis, Hereditary [description not available]	6.45	22	0
Amyloidosis, Familial Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.	6.45	22	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	7.41	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	8.69	15	1
Genital Warts [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	2.25	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	13.33	43	1
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	2.54	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	13.33	43	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	11.43	46	4
Embolus [description not available]	8.58	53	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Angiomyxoma [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	8.58	53	1
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.89	3	0
Bites [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Anasarca [description not available]	8.72	60	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.72	60	2
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.47	8	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	8.35	7	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.47	8	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	7.48	49	1
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	9.61	6	1
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Placenta Increta Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.	3.37	7	0
Placenta Accreta Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.	3.37	7	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	12.51	18	3
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	7.51	18	3
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	4.76	12	0
Complete Breech [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Breech Presentation A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.	2.25	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	3.72	3	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	5.39	23	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	11.13	11	3
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	6.13	11	3
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	6.78	8	3
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	5.52	3	2
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.62	1	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	4.62	1	1
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	5.88	4	2
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	6.23	13	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	7.51	14	4
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	6.39	9	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	5.88	9	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	5.89	5	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	4.62	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	5.34	4	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	11.16	39	5
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	7.43	10	3
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	6.43	9	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	5.02	3	1
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	5.88	4	2
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	7.43	10	3
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	5.05	3	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	6.23	13	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	7.51	14	4
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	6.39	9	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	5.89	5	1
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	5.34	4	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	11.16	39	5
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	5.52	3	2
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	4.62	1	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.77	12	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.42	2	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	5.23	20	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	2.31	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.42	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.31	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	4.34	7	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.25	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	7.6	21	3
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.02	9	1
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	8.09	4	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	3.85	4	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	8.78	11	6
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	8.78	11	6
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	3.22	5	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.42	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	15.73	89	5
Amaurosis Fugax Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)	2.25	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	15.73	89	5
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	4.77	7	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	6.14	11	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	6.14	11	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	3.82	4	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	4.45	5	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	11.2	27	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	11.2	27	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	2.25	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	2.49	2	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.25	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	4.79	7	1
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	5.23	20	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	4.79	7	1
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.41	2	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	6.64	30	2
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.31	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	6.64	30	2
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	2.87	3	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.25	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	7.98	4	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	5.12	9	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	5.12	9	1
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	4.58	10	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	9.58	10	0
Coats Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Retinal Telangiectasis A group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. It is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels.	2.6	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	11.03	115	4
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	2.31	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	8.37	7	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage [description not available]	7.8	12	2
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	6.16	30	1
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.86	3	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.51	2	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	3.08	5	0
Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.	2.31	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma [description not available]	7.31	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	3.39	7	0
Klatskin Tumor Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.	2.31	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	6.42	14	1
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.71	3	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	8.62	19	2
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	8.62	19	2
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	2.39	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	5.32	22	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	2.57	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	10.32	22	0
Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)	2.41	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Dysmetabolic Hyperferritinemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	2.89	4	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	4.98	15	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	8.37	29	5
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	8.37	29	5
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.82	3	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	15.23	148	9
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	15.23	148	9
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	4.47	4	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	9.47	4	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	6.87	24	1
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	6.87	24	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	7.63	2	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	5.62	18	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	5.62	18	0
Psychoses [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	4.01	5	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	7.67	3	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.67	3	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.41	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	4.32	20	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.18	3	1
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	5.18	3	1
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	9.28	7	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	10.62	79	3
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	10.62	79	3
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	7.59	2	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.59	2	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.67	3	0
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	3.53	1	1
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pappataci Fever [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.05	5	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	9.75	34	3
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	3.37	2	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	11.08	155	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	9.01	5	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	11.08	155	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	9.01	5	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	7.91	4	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	12.15	18	2
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	7.15	18	2
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	7.95	19	5
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	7.95	19	5
Blood Coagulation Factor Deficiencies [description not available]	8.71	26	2
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	5.69	14	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	5.69	14	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	7.19	20	2
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.15	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	5.17	8	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	20.59	930	120
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	5.17	8	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	20.59	930	120
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3.58	9	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	6.48	11	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	5.81	4	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	6.48	11	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	5.81	4	1
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.48	26	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	5.37	14	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.11	31	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	5.37	14	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	6.11	31	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	4.22	18	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	2.15	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	4.92	13	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	4.92	13	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	2.54	2	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	4.09	16	0
Pus [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	4.09	16	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.48	2	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	3.88	11	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.29	6	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	4.75	12	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	4.75	12	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	7.54	2	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	6.85	37	2
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	6.85	37	2
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.53	8	0
Co-infection [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.44	2	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.26	6	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	3.31	6	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.55	2	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	6.15	32	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.15	32	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.51	9	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.57	9	0
Leukoaraiosis Non-specific white matter changes in the BRAIN, often seen after age 65. Changes include loss of AXONS; MYELIN pallor, GLIOSIS, loss of ependymal cells, and enlarged perivascular spaces. Leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for DEMENTIA and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	7.55	2	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	2.4	2	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	5.14	18	0
Carditis [description not available]	6.24	19	2
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	6.24	19	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	7.25	12	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	7.25	12	2
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	3.11	5	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	7.34	34	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of inherited abnormalities in blood coagulation.	6.39	17	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	5.47	5	1
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	9.62	30	3
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	7.38	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	9.62	30	3
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	3.78	10	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	7.95	18	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	7.95	18	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.48	2	0
Leukokeratosis Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.	2.39	2	0
Leukoplakia A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.	2.39	2	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	3.54	8	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.97	15	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	4.97	15	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.56	28	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	5.56	28	0
Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.61	10	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.53	2	0
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	7.82	3	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	3.1	5	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	14.15	205	6
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	14.15	205	6
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.19	36	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.19	36	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.12	5	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cystic Hygroma Colli [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	2.17	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	6.74	16	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	6.24	35	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.17	1	0
Placenta, Retained A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.	7.13	5	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.17	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.01	4	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	2.55	2	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	9.49	23	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.78	20	1
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.49	2	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Cyst, Lymphatic [description not available]	10.33	18	10
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	6.63	4	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	6.63	4	1
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	2.17	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.1	5	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	5.74	21	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	2.17	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.9	4	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.17	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.17	1	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4.73	11	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4.73	11	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	3.87	4	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	3.97	13	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.81	3	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	5.24	20	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	4.48	1	1
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	4.48	1	1
Complications, Labor [description not available]	7.25	34	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.65	3	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.74	3	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	4.7	3	2
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	4.7	3	2
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	3.14	5	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.8	3	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	3.57	9	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.6	6	1
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.72	3	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	3.25	6	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	3.48	8	0
Infection [description not available]	15.05	55	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	15.05	55	1
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	2.55	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	12.37	59	20
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	12.37	59	20
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.21	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	4.67	6	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	4.67	6	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	6.41	16	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	6.41	16	1
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	5.93	25	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	5.93	25	0
Arteriolosclerosis Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.	2.21	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	8.67	22	2
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	8.78	30	1
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	8.78	30	1
Abortion, Missed The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.	6.39	16	1
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	6.06	29	1
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	6.06	29	1
Anal Cancer [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	2.42	2	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	7.9	22	4
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	7.9	22	4
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	2.55	2	0
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	2.21	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	8.69	10	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	5.71	7	1
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Central Nervous System Cysts Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.	2.21	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.21	1	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	9.03	31	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	9.03	31	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.74	3	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	4.58	10	0
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction [description not available]	5.04	9	1
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	7.75	24	3
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	7.75	24	3
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	2.55	2	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	2.21	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.52	2	0
Parotid Diseases Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.	2.21	1	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	2.21	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.39	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	2.21	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	2.21	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.39	2	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.21	1	0
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	3.01	4	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	8.44	7	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	5.47	25	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.58	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	3.11	5	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	15.35	108	9
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	8.47	8	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.53	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	8.76	26	3
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	8.05	53	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	13.05	53	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	6.66	12	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	13	22	4
Respiratory Tract Fistula An abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs.	4.34	4	1
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	4.05	15	0
Bronchial Fistula An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.	3.99	14	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.42	2	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	3.07	5	0
Black Death [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	3.11	5	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.55	29	2
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.1	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.1	1	0
Fractures, Comminuted A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.	2.08	1	0
Ventricular Septal Perforation Presence of a hole or holes in the ventricular septum.	2.46	2	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	4.43	8	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.58	9	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	4.36	4	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.94	4	0
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.	2.64	3	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	3.57	9	0
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	5.68	32	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.66	3	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	5.68	32	0
Tick Bites The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.	2.08	1	0
Congo Virus Infection [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	11.06	21	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	6.06	21	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	10.57	19	11
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	8.39	27	2
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.88	4	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	5.16	7	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	5.16	7	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	3.67	3	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	3	1	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	3.42	2	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	5.99	15	2
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	5.99	15	2
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	3.69	3	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	4.97	9	1
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	7.78	26	3
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	8.57	9	0
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome A familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.	8.25	6	0
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	9.19	37	1
Mouth, Edentulous Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.	2.96	4	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	9.19	37	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.38	2	0
Embolic Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.08	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	5.44	8	2
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	13.01	13	1
Regurgitation, Gastric GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER	2.08	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	8.01	13	1
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.	2.08	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.4	8	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	3	4	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	5.5	5	1
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	5.5	5	1
Antithrombin 3 Deficiency [description not available]	9.15	25	2
Antithrombin III Deficiency An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.	9.15	25	2
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.93	4	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.93	4	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	3.88	2	1
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	4.75	7	1
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	2.1	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	4.65	29	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	4.65	29	0
Autism [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.08	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	16.52	158	15
Familial Felty Syndrome [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	4.69	11	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.51	2	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	3.12	5	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	4.02	14	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	11.3	39	8
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	4.17	3	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Periapical Diseases Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.	2.4	2	0
Pericoronitis Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.	3.89	2	1
Cyst [description not available]	9.59	10	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.71	3	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.06	5	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	3.46	8	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	9.11	16	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	9.41	26	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	9.41	26	2
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.98	5	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	4.98	9	1
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.94	4	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	5.33	22	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	5.33	22	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	5.96	10	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	5.96	10	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	2.8	3	0
Bone Cysts Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.	4.37	8	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	14.27	155	13
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	14.27	155	13
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.26	6	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	3.61	9	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	4.52	9	0
Hip Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.	6.2	7	2
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	5.31	22	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.1	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	6.43	3	1
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.1	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	3.42	7	0
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	3.39	7	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	3.25	6	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.37	2	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	3.35	2	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.77	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	3.76	11	0
Bruise [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	4.68	11	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	5.31	7	2
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	5.31	7	2
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	3.01	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	3.85	2	1
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	5.18	4	1
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	4.37	2	2
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	7.77	22	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	7.77	22	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	2.51	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	3.85	12	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.85	12	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	5.56	9	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.27	21	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.4	2	0
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	10.56	9	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	3.1	5	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	4.98	4	2
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	4.06	3	1
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	4.98	4	2
Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.	2.1	1	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	3.86	4	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.52	2	0
Food Poisoning, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.43	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	7.69	3	0
Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.84	4	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.66	3	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	6.25	13	1
Bile Duct Cysts [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	7.1	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.1	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	8.11	5	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.04	31	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	12.04	31	1
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.71	3	0
African Swine Fever A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).	7.89	4	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.75	11	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.78	3	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.67	3	0
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	2.1	1	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	3.03	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	7.66	23	3
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.96	4	0
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)	3.4	2	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.1	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	4.8	7	1
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	3.46	8	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.11	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	4.15	6	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	3.06	5	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.49	2	0
SC Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hemoglobin SC Disease One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.	2.42	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.79	11	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.79	11	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.91	13	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	3.28	6	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	3.28	6	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Gray Platelet Syndrome A rare, inherited platelet disorder characterized by a selective deficiency in the number and contents of platelet alpha-granules. It is associated with THROMBOCYTOPENIA, enlarged platelets, and prolonged bleeding time.	2.11	1	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	3.5	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	5.38	7	2
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	3.5	1	1
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	4.47	5	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	5.38	7	2
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	6.48	9	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	6.48	9	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	5.45	15	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	5.45	15	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.11	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.11	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	7.81	39	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.27	6	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	2.77	3	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	5.43	15	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	5.43	15	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	3.9	4	0
Dental Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	2.49	2	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.48	2	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.46	2	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	4.49	5	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	4.12	3	1
Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Hypobetalipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.	3.35	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	8.8	21	3
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	4.28	7	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.9	4	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	2.13	1	0
Larva Migrans, Visceral A condition produced in man by the prolonged migration of animal nematode larvae in extraintestinal tissues other than skin; characterized by persistent hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and frequently pneumonitis, commonly caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati.	2.11	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	12.2	68	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.46	2	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.35	4	1
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	4.17	6	0
Posterior Vitreous Detachment [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	4.76	7	1
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	4.76	7	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	3.37	7	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	2.11	1	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	2.11	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.38	2	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.11	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	4.17	17	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	7.72	22	2
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	4.17	17	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	7.72	22	2
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.92	4	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.92	4	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Eunuchism The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.	2.11	1	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	13.87	21	4
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	7.11	12	1
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	7.11	12	1
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	7.11	1	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	7.11	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	3.81	4	0
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	2.49	2	0
Granulomatosis, Lipid [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Histiocytosis, Sinus Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.	2.13	1	0
Erdheim-Chester Disease A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.	2.13	1	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.13	1	0
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	2.11	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	10.1	85	2
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	10.1	85	2
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	7.13	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	8.35	7	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.59	6	1
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.13	1	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	7.91	4	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.91	4	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.67	3	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	9.83	13	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.	3.04	1	0
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	2.13	1	0
Patent Foramen Ovale [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Foramen Ovale, Patent A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.	2.48	2	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.13	1	0
Angioedema, Hereditary, Type I [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	7.01	23	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	12.01	23	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.65	10	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	9.59	10	0
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	2.89	4	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	7.15	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	7.27	9	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	3.22	6	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.	3.62	3	0
Calciphylaxes [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Penis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Penile Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.	2.15	1	0
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bell Palsy A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)	7.13	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	4.03	5	0
Maternal Death The death of the female parent.	7.55	2	0
Marburg Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Marburg Virus Disease An RNA virus infection of rhesus, vervet, and squirrel monkeys transmissible to man.	2.13	1	0
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	7.58	4	4
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	7.58	4	4
MELAS [description not available]	7.13	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	7.13	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	14.09	15	2
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.15	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.97	14	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.97	14	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.68	3	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.46	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	4.05	5	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.29	2	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.73	3	0
Fibroid [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	4.13	6	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.37	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	6.66	21	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.66	21	1
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	9.28	7	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	6.1	11	3
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	6.1	11	3
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	5.21	12	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	8.35	7	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.63	30	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	6.4	41	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	6.4	41	1
Osteoma A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	2.4	2	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.46	2	0
Pregnancy, Tubal The most common (	2.37	2	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.37	2	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	9.94	69	1
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	9.94	69	1
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	3.57	9	0
Icterus [description not available]	5.73	21	1
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	5.73	21	1
Burnout, Professional An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.	2.44	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	8.98	14	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.09	5	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.09	5	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.88	4	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.91	4	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	4.9	8	1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	4.9	8	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	22.08	583	35
Arachnoid Cysts Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)	2.04	1	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	2.4	2	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	7.88	4	0
Aura [description not available]	5.5	16	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	5.5	16	1
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	2.88	4	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.94	4	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	8.3	45	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	4.61	10	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	8.72	10	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	8.3	45	1
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	8.06	5	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.05	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	3.6	3	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	17.49	75	4
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.58	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.37	2	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.72	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.05	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.82	13	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	4.82	13	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.69	3	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	3.19	6	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	8.71	108	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.66	3	0
Acquired Encephalocele [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Acquired Meningocele [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency [description not available]	5.06	10	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	3.76	2	1
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.89	4	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	5.72	11	0
Hemoglobin C Disease A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.	2.38	2	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.7	3	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	2.05	1	0
Hematomyelia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	6.56	8	1
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	6.56	8	1
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.69	3	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	6.13	20	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.89	5	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	6.87	20	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	6.87	20	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.38	2	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	2.05	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	3.06	5	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.83	12	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.83	12	0
Catastrophic Illness An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.	2.05	1	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	3.35	7	0
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.05	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	3.06	5	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	7.32	16	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	7.32	16	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	8.79	4	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	2.05	1	0
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	5.33	7	2
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	11.52	28	12
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.67	3	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	5.08	5	2
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	10.08	5	2
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	6.14	18	2
Activated Protein C Resistance A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.	14.49	21	3
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.68	3	0
Frigidity [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	3.86	2	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.56	9	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Cranial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.	2.05	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.65	3	0
Atrophy of Gingiva [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.89	4	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	7.89	4	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	3.23	6	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.69	3	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	3.99	5	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	7.2	20	2
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	2.05	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.33	2	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.92	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	4.51	25	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.47	8	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.05	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.47	2	0
Infarct [description not available]	10.35	14	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	6.73	42	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	3.08	5	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cranial Nerve X Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	5.23	20	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	5.67	7	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	10.57	6	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.57	6	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.06	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	3.37	7	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	4.62	6	1
Papilloma, Inverted A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	7.4	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.42	2	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.26	6	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.06	1	0
Groenblad-Strandberg Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum An inherited disorder of connective tissue with extensive degeneration and calcification of ELASTIC TISSUE primarily in the skin, eye, and vasculature. At least two forms exist, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. This disorder is caused by mutations of one of the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. Patients are predisposed to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE.	2.4	2	0
Myoma A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	5.81	4	2
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	2.06	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.07	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	6.77	13	2
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	7.09	18	2
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	7.09	18	2
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	3.8	2	1
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	3.46	8	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	10.77	8	1
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	3.34	2	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	2.71	3	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	7.44	2	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	6.45	44	1
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	6.45	44	1
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.07	1	0
Type 2 von Willebrand Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Chylothorax The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.89	4	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.38	2	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemangioma, Capillary A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	3.9	13	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	4.11	3	1
Hemopneumothorax Collection of air and blood in the pleural cavity.	7.44	2	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	3.1	5	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Brain Injuries, Penetrating [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.07	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	3.05	5	0
Acrocephalosyndactylia Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.	2.07	1	0
Amnionitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	2.07	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	4	5	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	3.99	5	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	4	5	0
Disomy, Uniparental [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Limited Scleroderma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	2.08	1	0
Scleroderma, Limited The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma.	2.08	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.08	1	0
Blow Out Fracture [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.88	4	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.07	1	0
Classical Swine Fever An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.	2.08	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	2.4	2	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	2.89	4	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.69	3	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	6.27	14	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	3.47	1	1
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	3.23	6	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	6.85	19	4
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	6.85	19	4
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.01	1	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	2.01	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	7.16	13	1
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	7.16	13	1
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.4	2	0
Marasmus [description not available]	4.5	9	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	4.5	9	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	3.29	2	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.01	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	5.37	10	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	2.01	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	3.61	3	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.01	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abscess, Epidural [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	8.08	5	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	5.57	11	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	5.57	11	0
Crow-Fukase Syndrome [description not available]	2.7	3	0
POEMS Syndrome A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)	7.7	3	0
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	2.01	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.68	10	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Synovial Cyst Non-neoplastic tumor-like lesions at joints, developed from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE of a joint through the JOINT CAPSULE into the periarticular tissues. They are filled with SYNOVIAL FLUID with a smooth and translucent appearance. A synovial cyst can develop from any joint, but most commonly at the back of the knee, where it is known as POPLITEAL CYST.	3.29	2	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	3.33	2	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	9.19	18	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.9	13	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	7.78	20	4
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	7.78	20	4
Cardiovascular Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Purpura Fulminans A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	7.34	2	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	5.69	20	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	10.69	20	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	7.54	38	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	7.54	38	0
Calculosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	3.44	8	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	8.09	80	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Silicotuberculosis Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.	7.34	2	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	6.99	26	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Synkinesis An involuntary movement accompanying a volitional movement. It often refers to facial movements that accompany FACIAL PARALYSIS.	1.93	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.63	3	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	9.86	14	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	9.94	9	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	4.94	9	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	6.51	47	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	6.51	47	0
Dissociation [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	2.35	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	4.94	9	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	4.94	9	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	4.25	7	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	1.93	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	1.93	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.3	20	0
Ozena [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	1.93	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.62	3	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.34	2	0
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	5.26	21	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	6.93	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.65	10	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	4.09	16	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	4.09	16	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.29	20	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.73	12	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	4.73	12	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	10.21	47	5
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	3.56	3	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	5.12	18	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	10.65	19	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	2.36	2	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	4.25	7	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	2.34	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	2.88	4	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	1.93	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	2.86	4	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.56	3	0
Constrictive Pericarditis [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	5.11	18	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.09	16	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	4.57	10	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	1.94	1	0
Brazilian Spotted Fever [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.	8.45	8	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	6.04	29	0
Sprains [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	1.94	1	0
Boils [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Palsy [description not available]	4.95	9	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	4.95	9	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	1.94	1	0
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.93	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	3.05	5	0
Ebstein Anomaly A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.	2.34	2	0
Jaundice, Spirochetal [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	8.55	9	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.34	2	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	3.2	6	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	1.94	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	1.94	1	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	3.56	3	0
Deficiency, Factor 5 [description not available]	6.74	20	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	9.74	12	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	3.74	11	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	5.01	16	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	8.74	11	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.01	16	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	1.94	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	4.59	6	1
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	1.94	1	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	1.94	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	2.34	2	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	3.67	10	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	4.94	9	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.86	4	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.36	8	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	4.95	15	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	3.04	5	0
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.	5.12	11	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	7.66	41	0
Fulminant Meningococcal Sepsis with Adrenal Apoplexy [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	7.66	41	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	5.96	10	3
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.94	1	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	2.64	3	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.69	20	1
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	2.64	3	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	12.29	18	1
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	7.29	18	1
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	3.65	10	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.56	9	0
Neuroses [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	2.86	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	4.92	38	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	4.92	38	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	7.1	11	2
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	7.1	11	2
Coxa Plana [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Vestibular Neuronitis Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)	2.01	1	0
Biliary Tract Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Abortion, Septic Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.	9.14	17	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.39	2	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	3.35	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.02	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	2.37	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.02	1	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	3.34	7	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	4.29	4	1
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	2.4	2	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	3.79	4	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	3.8	2	1
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	3.07	5	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	2.02	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysm [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	4.49	9	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	9.49	9	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Hernia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	4.48	9	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	2.02	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	4.48	9	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	4.64	3	2
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	4.64	3	2
Harelip [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.02	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.02	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.02	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	2.02	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	9.25	7	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	1.95	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	4	5	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	4	5	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.37	2	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	2.02	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	2.39	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.06	5	0
Fournier Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	7.03	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	8.21	6	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	2.94	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.03	1	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	8.07	5	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.89	4	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.69	3	0
Postphlebitic Disease [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	3.35	7	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	2.03	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.03	1	0
Ascaridida Infections Infections with nematodes of the order ASCARIDIDA.	2.03	1	0
ACA Infarct [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.	2.41	2	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.66	3	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.66	3	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2.03	1	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	2.37	2	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	2.04	1	0
Enzootic Calf Pneumonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	2.03	1	0
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	2.39	2	0
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	2.39	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.03	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia [description not available]	2.95	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.03	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	4.97	3	1
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	4.97	3	1
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	6.7	22	1
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	6.7	22	1
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	5.52	6	1
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	5.52	6	1
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	2.03	1	0
Uterine Rupture A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.	8.2	6	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2.96	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	2.68	3	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	2.03	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.68	3	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.58	9	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.67	3	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	3.22	6	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.03	1	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	2.04	1	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	1.94	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	3.66	10	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	4.13	6	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.65	3	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.65	3	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	7.36	19	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	7.36	19	1
Back Ache [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	1.96	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	5.85	17	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	7.87	4	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.36	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, American Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD).	2.65	3	0
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Bends [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Alopecia Mucinosa [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	1.96	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	5.99	17	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	10.99	17	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.35	2	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	3.79	4	0
Oroantral Fistula A fistula between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity.	3.06	5	0
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	3.97	5	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.37	2	0
Dental Pulp Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.57	9	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	1.96	1	0
Dental Pulp Diseases Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 10 [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Factor X Deficiency Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.	3.97	5	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	3.21	6	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.96	1	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	1.96	1	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.	1.96	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.36	2	0
Chondroma A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	2.36	2	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	7.88	4	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.21	6	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	5	5	2
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.37	2	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	5.17	6	2
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	4.61	3	2
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	5.17	6	2
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	2.38	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.36	2	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	2.36	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	3.56	3	0
Abortion, Incomplete Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.	1.96	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	1.96	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	1.96	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.56	3	0
Vaginal Fistula An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).	1.96	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	2.65	3	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.65	3	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	1.96	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	1.96	1	0
Urinary Bladder Fistula An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.	1.96	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	1.96	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	1.96	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	2.37	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	1.96	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.64	3	0
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	2.36	2	0
Diverticula [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	2.65	3	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	5.06	17	0
Porphyria [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	3.05	5	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	3.56	3	0
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.37	2	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	2.37	2	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	2.36	2	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.35	2	0
Rhinophyma A manifestation of severe ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and surrounding CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The nose is reddened and marked with TELANGIECTASIS.	1.96	1	0
Gingival Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.	1.96	1	0
Dentigerous Cyst Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.	2.37	2	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.04	5	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.35	2	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	1.96	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.88	4	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.37	2	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	2.37	2	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	2.87	4	0
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	2.37	2	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.84	8	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	1.96	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.86	4	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	3.07	5	0
Postintubation Croup [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Croup Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	2.35	2	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	2.66	3	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	1.95	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	1.98	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	2.39	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	1.98	1	0
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	2.65	3	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	9.45	5	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	4.12	6	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.98	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	3.23	6	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.39	2	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Fungus Poisoning [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	4.29	1	1
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	4.29	1	1
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	1.98	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	2.39	2	0
Heat Collapse [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	2.36	2	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.4	2	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	3.59	3	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	2.39	2	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	1.98	1	0
Heartwater Disease A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.	1.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	1.98	1	0
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	3.77	2	1
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	3.37	1	1
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	3.8	4	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	8.79	2	1
Exposure, Dental Pulp [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dental Pulp Exposure The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.	1.98	1	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	1.98	1	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	1.98	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	2.38	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	3.75	2	1
Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.	1.98	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	6.14	7	5
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.36	2	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.38	2	0
Arterio-Arterial Fistula Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.	1.98	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	7.39	2	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.06	3	1
Fibromuscular Dysplasia An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.	2.9	1	0
Cancer of Jaw [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	1.98	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.98	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	1.98	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	3.75	2	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.97	5	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	1.99	1	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	2.37	2	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Livedo Reticularis And Cerebrovascular Accidents [description not available]	1.99	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.66	3	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Parotid Duct Calculi [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.4	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Ephemeral Fever An Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE). It is characterized by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor, and stiffness.	2.89	4	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.99	1	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	2.37	2	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	1.99	1	0
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	1.99	1	0
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	1.99	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	7.66	3	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Erysipelothrix Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ERYSIPELOTHRIX.	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	2.39	2	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.66	3	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acquired Storage Pool Disease [description not available]	4.06	3	1
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	1.99	1	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	2.39	2	0
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	1.99	1	0
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	6.99	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	2.38	2	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.99	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.38	1	1
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	2.66	3	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2.4	2	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	3.32	2	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	2	1	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	7	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2	1	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2	1	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	2	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2	1	0
Cardiac Output, High A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and HYPOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.	2	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	3.29	2	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Maedi [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	2	1	0
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	2	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	3.22	6	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2	1	0
Lichen Sclerosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	2	1	0
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.	2	1	0
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.	2.39	2	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.39	2	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.39	2	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2	1	0
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2	1	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	2	1	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	2	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2	1	0
Deficiency Syndrome, Leukocyte-Adhesion [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.	2	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	3.39	1	1
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	4.87	4	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	4.87	4	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	2.39	2	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	2.01	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	2.01	1	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	2.01	1	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.01	1	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	2.01	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.39	2	0
Acariasis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.39	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	3.34	7	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	3.76	2	1
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	3.2	6	0
Fractures, Closed Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.	1.95	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.65	3	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	1.95	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	1.95	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	2.87	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	1.95	1	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	3.74	11	0
Acne [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	1.95	1	0
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	1.95	1	0
Enterotoxemia Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces struck, and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.	2.36	2	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	3.05	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.65	3	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	2.35	2	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.	2.36	2	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	8.56	3	0
Benign Hyperglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenstru00F6m [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	5.75	8	1
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	2.35	2	0
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	1.95	1	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	2.87	4	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	2.36	2	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	1.95	1	0
Borrelia hermsii Infection [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.64	3	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	3.33	1	1
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.35	2	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	2.87	1	0
Gestational Pemphigoid [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.35	2	0
Franklin Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.95	1	0
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	2.35	2	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	2.35	2	0
Scarlet Fever Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.	1.95	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	3.96	5	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	1.95	1	0
Corns [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Callosities Localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.35	2	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	2.87	4	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	2.35	2	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Endothelioma, Lymphatic [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Lymphangioma A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.	2.65	3	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	3.74	2	1
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	1.95	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.95	1	0
Meigs Syndrome The triad of benign FIBROMA or other ovarian tumors with ASCITES, and HYDROTHORAX due to large PLEURAL EFFUSIONS.	1.95	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	2.35	2	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	2.35	2	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	1.95	1	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.36	2	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	1.95	1	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	2.65	3	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.36	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	1.98	1	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	2.38	2	0
Pancoast Syndrome A condition caused by an apical lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand.	1.98	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hematocolpos A blood-filled VAGINA that is obstructed.	1.98	1	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	1.98	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	2.37	2	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	1.97	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	1.97	1	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	1.97	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	6.97	1	0
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.	1.97	1	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	1.97	1	0
AGA Deficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	1.97	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	6.97	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.97	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.97	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.36	2	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	1.97	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	1.97	1	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	1.97	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Coloboma Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.	1.96	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.37	2	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	1.96	1	0
Barotrauma Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.	1.96	1	0
Conductive Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	1.97	1	0
Hearing Loss, Functional Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.	1.97	1	0
Carbuncle An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.	1.97	1	0
Urinary Fistula An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.	1.97	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.37	2	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	1.97	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.97	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	2.36	2	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	2.87	4	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glomus Jugulare Tumor A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)	1.97	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)	1.97	1	0
Osteochondritis Dissecans A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.	1.97	1	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	1.97	1	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	1.97	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.97	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	1.97	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	1.97	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	2.36	2	0
Coronaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.	1.97	1	0
Cholangioma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	2.37	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	1.96	1	0
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	1.97	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blue Tongue [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	6.97	1	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.88	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.96	1	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Rickettsiaceae [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	1.97	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	1.97	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	1.97	1	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	1.96	1	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis INFLAMMATION of LYMPH NODES in the MESENTERY.	6.96	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.36	2	0
Gardner Syndrome A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.	1.97	1	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hand Deformities, Acquired Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.	1.96	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	1.96	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Lip [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cartilage Fractures [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	1.96	1	0
Jaw Cysts Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.	2.37	2	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	1.96	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lassa Virus Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lassa Fever An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	1.96	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	1.94	1	0
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.35	2	0
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	1.94	1	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Anemia Neonatorum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Neonatal The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.	1.94	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	3.96	5	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	1.95	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.95	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hydrarthrosis Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.86	1	0
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	1.95	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.64	3	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.86	4	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Fractures, Ununited A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	1.94	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.63	3	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	4.36	8	0
Avian Leukosis A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.	1.94	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	1.94	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.64	3	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	2.35	2	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Measles, German [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.94	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	1.94	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	1.94	1	0
Androblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	1.94	1	0
Arcus Corneae [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.35	2	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.27	2	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	2.86	1	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	2.86	1	0
Immersion Feet [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.35	2	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	1.95	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.35	2	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	1.94	1	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	2.35	2	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	1.95	1	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Latent Stage Syphilis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	1.95	1	0
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	2.35	2	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.94	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	1.94	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.63	3	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.35	2	0
Shingles [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Alastrim [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.95	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stammering [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	1.95	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	1.95	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	1.95	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	1.95	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	1.95	1	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	2.35	2	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.94	1	0
Acrodynia A condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to MERCURY COMPOUNDS which may result in encephalopathy and POLYNEUROPATHY. Clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, HYPERESTHESIA, and alterations in level of consciousness. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p603)	2.86	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	2.86	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	1.94	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	1.94	1	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	1.94	1	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	1.94	1	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eccentro-Osteochondrodysplasia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	1.94	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	1.94	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	2.35	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	1.94	1	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	1.94	1	0
Aortic Arch Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	2.34	2	0
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	1.94	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	1.94	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.94	1	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	2.35	2	0
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	1.94	1	0
Fetomaternal Transfusion Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.35	2	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	1.94	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	6.94	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.94	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.35	2	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.94	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	1.94	1	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	1.94	1	0
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	1.94	1	0
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ectropion The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	1.94	1	0

fibrinogen

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