Compounds > gadolinium
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

gadolinium

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Description

Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable, and ductile rare-earth metal. It is a member of the lanthanide series. Gadolinium is not found free in nature, but it is found in minerals such as monazite and bastnasite. It is extracted by ion-exchange chromatography or solvent extraction. Gadolinium has a high neutron absorption cross-section, making it useful in nuclear reactors and as a neutron absorber in nuclear weapons. It is also used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a contrast agent. Gadolinium compounds, such as gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), are used as contrast agents in MRI because they enhance the contrast between different tissues. This allows for the detection of tumors, blood vessels, and other structures that are difficult to see on conventional MRI scans. Gadolinium is also used in alloys, phosphors, and other applications.'

Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID23982
CHEBI ID37294
CHEBI ID33375
MeSH IDM0008930

Synonyms (87)

Synonym
gadolinium(4+)
gadolinium(iv) cation
gd(4+)
CHEBI:37294
gadolinium(4+) ion
einecs 231-162-2
CHEBI:33375 ,
64gd
gadolinium atom
gadolinio
GD ,
7440-54-2
gadolinium
gd3 ,
gadolinium, chips
HSD7537000
hsdb 7537
hsdb 7536
au0v1lm3jt ,
gadolinium, elemental
unii-au0v1lm3jt
gadolinium [mi]
gadolinium [who-dd]
gadolinium [hsdb]
UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
gadolinium ingot/button, ca. 50.8mm (2.0in) dia
gadolinium sputtering target, 50.8mm dia x 3.18mm thick
AKOS024438065
gadolinium rod, 6.35mm (0.25in) dia
gadolinium foil, 0.025mm (0.001in) thick
gadolinium foil, 0.62mm (0.024in) thick
gadolinium rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia
gadolinium foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick
gadolinium foil, 0.1mm (0.004in) thick
gadolinium pieces, 20mm (0.79in) & down
gadolinium powder, -200 mesh
gadolinium powder, 3n
gadolinium ingot, 3n
gadolinium foil, 3n
mfcd00011022
gadolinium foil, 99.9%, 3n (reo)
gadolinium chips, 99.9%, 3n (reo)
gadolinium foil. 0.075mm (0.003in) thick, reacton?
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, lump, 50 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, rod, 100mm, diameter 6.35mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, wire reel, 25mm, diameter 0.5mm, hard, 99.9%
gadolinium, rod, 100mm, diameter 3.0mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, rod, 50mm, diameter 6.35mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.01 mm, purity 99%, size 25 x 25 mm
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, rod, 50mm, diameter 12.5mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, wire reel, 100mm, diameter 0.5mm, hard, 99.9%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, rod, 100mm, diameter 12.5mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 10 x 10 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, wire reel, 50mm, diameter 0.5mm, hard, 99.9%
gadolinium, powder, 500 max. part. size (micron), weight 10 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.1 mm, purity 99%, size 50 x 50 mm
gadolinium, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, powder, 500 max. part. size (micron), weight 20 g, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, wire, 1.0 mm diameter, length 25 mm, purity 99.9%
gadolinium, rod, 25mm, diameter 12.5mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.005 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, rod, 48mm, diameter 3.0mm, cast, 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 2.0 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
gadolinium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99%
DB12091
DTXSID5037234 ,
Q27117101
Q1832
AMY22262
gadolinium foil, 63mm x 10mm x 0.025mm
ultra thin gadolinium nanofoil
gadolinium foil, 63mm x 20mm x 0.025mm
gadolinium standard: gd @ 10000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
gadolinium standard: gd @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
dtxcid3017234
gadolinium metallicum

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gadolinium (Gd) is a rare earth associated with hospital and urban wastewaters due to its application as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium is a highly toxic heavy metal. Late gadolinium enhancement is a useful tool for scar detection.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gadolinium is a paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) agent that accelerates the relaxation of metabolite nuclei. "( Gadolinium-Based Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement Agent Enhances Sensitivity for NUS Multidimensional NMR-Based Metabolomics.
Honrao, C; O'Day, EM; Powers, R; Teissier, N; Zhang, B, 2021)		3.51
"Gadolinium is a metal used in contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. "( Delineating toxicity mechanisms associated with MRI contrast enhancement through a multidimensional toxicogenomic profiling of gadolinium.
Abergel, RJ; An, DD; Bjornstad, KA; Faulkner, D; Hébert, S; Loguinov, A; Pallares, RM; Proctor, M; Rosen, CJ; Villalobos, JA; Vulpe, C, 2022)		2.37
"Gadolinium is an extracellular molecule which has been shown to be safe and beneficial in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)."( [Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and the myocardium : Differentiation between vital and nonvital tissue].
Alachkar, MN; Mahnkopf, C; Mischke, T, 2022)		1.44
"Gadolinium is a paramagnetic lanthanide element used in chelates, working as a contrast medium agent for an MRI system."( An oral drug delivery system with programmed drug release and imaging properties for orthotopic colon cancer therapy.
Jia, J; Niu, X; Song, Q; Sun, L; Wang, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhao, H; Zheng, C, 2019)		1.24
"Gadolinium is a rare-earth element, which is normally not present in human body."( Detection and imaging of gadolinium accumulation in human bone tissue by micro- and submicro-XRF.
Burghammer, M; Fox, OJL; Hofstaetter, JG; Pichler, V; Rauwolf, M; Roschger, A; Roschger, P; Sawhney, K; Simon, R; Streli, C; Turyanskaya, A; Wobrauschek, P, 2020)		1.58
"Gadolinium is a rare-earth lanthanide metal that is known to have a direct neurotoxic effect. "( Exposure to gadolinium and neurotoxicity: current status of preclinical and clinical studies.
Mallio, CA; Parizel, PM; Quattrocchi, CC; Rovira, À, 2020)		2.38
"Gadolinium (Gd) is a rare earth associated with hospital and urban wastewaters due to its application as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. "( Assessment of marine macroalgae potential for gadolinium removal from contaminated aquatic systems.
Costa, M; Ferreira, A; Ferreira, N; Henriques, B; Lopes, CB; Pereira, E; Pinheiro-Torres, J; Pinto, J; Soares, J; Viana, T, 2020)		2.26
"Gadolinium is a commonly used contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). "( Effects of Gadolinium MRI Contrast Agents on DNA Damage and Cell Survival when Used in Combination with Radiation.
McGarry, CK; McMahon, SJ; Mohamud, H; Prise, KM; Russell, B; Russell, E; Schettino, G, 2020)		2.39
"Gadolinium is a highly toxic heavy metal."( Gadolinium contrast agents - are they really safe?
Holesta, M; Malikova, H, 2017)		2.62
"Gadolinium is a contrast agent that is used in MRI. "( Use of gadolinium contrast agents in paediatric population: Donald Rumsfeld meets Hippocrates!
Brierley, J; Cooper, J; D'Arco, F; Shah, R; Soares, B, 2019)		2.41
"Late gadolinium enhancement is a useful tool for scar detection, based on differences in the volume of distribution of gadolinium, an extracellular agent. "( Emerging concepts for myocardial late gadolinium enhancement MRI.
Amundsen, BH; Doltra, A; Fleck, E; Gebker, R; Kelle, S, 2013)		1.17
"Gadolinium-153 is a low-energy gamma-emitter used in nuclear medicine imaging quality assurance. "( A non-aqueous reduction process for purifying ¹⁵³Gd produced in natural europium targets.
Fisher, DR; Johnsen, AM; McNamara, BK; Soderquist, CZ, 2013)		1.83
"Gadolinium enhancement is an important feature to differentiate lymphoma from infarction."( Recurrent Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma with Central Nervous System Metastasis Mimicking Cerebellar Infarction.
Ho, RS; Leung, GK; Li, LF; Lui, WM, 2015)		1.14
"Gadolinium-doped ceria is an attractive electrolyte material for potential application in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures typically with 10%-20% substitution of Ce+4 by Gd+3. "( Effect of the mineralizer solution in the hydrothermal synthesis of gadolinium-doped (10% mol Gd) ceria nanopowders.
Accardo, G; Cioffi, R; Dell'Agli, G; Ferone, C; Marocco, A; Spiridigliozzi, L, 2016)		2.11
"Gadolinium is a toxic rare earth element that is used as a contrast enhancement agent for diagnostic medical imaging. "( Editor's Highlight: In Utero Exposure to Gadolinium and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Premature Infants.
Amin, R; Amin, S; Darrah, T; Wang, H, 2017)		2.16
"Gadolinium is a rare-earth lanthanide metal ion and is used as organic gadolinium complexes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). "( Inhibition of chloride outward transport by gadolinium in cultured rat spinal cord neurons.
Hirao, K; Ishibashi, H; Nabekura, J; Yamaguchi, J, 2009)		2.06
"Gadolinium is concluded to be a reasonable alternative to iodine-based ERCP contrast in selected patients."( Gadolinium as an alternative contrast agent for therapeutic ERCP in the iodine-allergic patient.
Cotton, PB; Lawrence, C, 2009)		2.52
"Gadolinium is a toxic metal and it must be chelated to be a safe injectable contrast agent."( Contemporary applications and limitations of magnetic resonance imaging contrast materials.
Grossman, ME; Landman, J; Natalin, RA; Prince, MR; Silvers, D, 2010)		1.08
"Gadolinium-enhanced CCT is a feasible alternative for patients with severe contraindications to iodinated contrast agents referred for MDCT coronary angiography."( Feasibility of 64-slice gadolinium-enhanced cardiac CT for the evaluation of obstructive coronary artery disease.
Bettinotti, M; Capuñay, C; Carrascosa, J; Carrascosa, P; Deviggiano, A; García, MJ; Goldsmit, A; Tajer, C, 2010)		2.11
"Gadolinium is a competent neutron conversion material for neutron detection due to its extremely high neutron capture cross section. "( Gamma-ray rejection, or detection, with gadolinium as a converter.
Cao, L; Kandlakunta, P, 2012)		2.09
"Gadolinium-153 is an intermediate-energy isotope that emits 40-100 keV photons with a half-life of 242 days."( Gadolinium-153 as a brachytherapy isotope.
Enger, SA; Fisher, DR; Flynn, RT, 2013)		2.55
"Gadolinium appears to be an interesting alternative for arteriography in patients with absolute or relative contraindication to iodinated contrast agents, and also seems to demonstrate efficacy during endovascular therapeutic procedures."( [Gadolinium in arteriography and interventional radiology: 39 patients].
Bonneville, F; Bonneville, JF; Cattin, F; Huart, JY; Miralbes, S; Quantin, N; Robert, A, 2002)		2.67
"Gadolinium discography is a safe, viable alternative to conventional discography in the setting of a patient with iodinated contrast allergy. "( Lumbar discography using gadolinium in patients with iodine contrast allergy followed by postdiscography computed tomography scan.
Falco, FJ; Moran, JG, 2003)		2.07
"Gadolinium appears to be a safe and useful intraarterial contrast agent in patients with renal insufficiency."( [Experience of cerebral angiography using gadolinium for renal insufficiency].
Hamasaki, O; Katoh, Y; Nakahara, T; Sakoda, K; Wakasa, T, 2003)		1.3
"Gadolinium CMR is a powerful technique to distinguish DCM from LV dysfunction related to CAD and yields new insights in DCM. "( Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
Coats, AJ; Lorenz, CH; McCrohon, JA; McKenna, WJ; Moon, JC; Pennell, DJ; Prasad, SK, 2003)		1.98
"Gadolinium is a recognized blocker of many types of cation channels, including several channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. "( Gadolinium activates and sensitizes the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 through the external protonation sites.
Benedikt, J; Susankova, K; Tousova, K; Vlachova, V; Vyklicky, L, 2005)		3.21
"Gadolinium is a safe and useful alternative to iodinated contrast for hysterosalpingography in patients with iodine allergy."( Gadolinium radiologic contrast is a useful alternative for hysterosalpingography in patients with iodine allergy.
Heard, MJ; Noorhasan, D, 2005)		3.21
"Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is a reliable and reproducible tool for detection of enteral fistulas secondary to inflammatory conditions."( Diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of intestinal fistulas in patients with complicated inflammatory bowel conditions.
Bessoud, B; Chevallier, P; Denys, A; Felley, C; Meuli, R; Meuwly, JY; Schmidt, S; Schnyder, P, 2007)		1.06
"Gadolinium contrast is a potential alternative to iodinated contrast for percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA), and appears to be safe and well tolerated."( Comparison between gadolinium and iodine contrast for percutaneous intervention in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: clinical outcomes.
Garovic, VD; Kalnicka, D; Kane, GC; Lee, CU; Rosenthal, DW; Stanson, AW; Textor, SC, 2008)		1.4
"Gadolinium chloride is a potent blocker of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. "( The use of gadolinium to investigate the relationship between Ca2+ influx and glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.
Brammer, MJ; Gomez, MV; Romano-Silva, MA, 1994)		2.12
"Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is a sensitive and objective means to monitor disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Improving interobserver variation in reporting gadolinium-enhanced MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis.
Adèr, HJ; Barkhof, F; Filippi, M; Lycklama à Nijeholt, G; Miller, DH; Molyneux, P; Radue, EW; Rovaris, M; Tubridy, N; van Waesberghe, JH; Yousry, TA, 1997)		2
"Gadolinium-enhanced MRA is an accurate technique for identifying patients with RAS."( Comparison of digital subtraction angiography with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis.
Lee, MJ; O'Brien, E; O'Callaghan, J; Thornton, J; Varghese, JC; Walshe, J, 1999)		1.28
"Gadolinium is a lanthanide that has in recent years become more commonly present in our society. "( Basic experimental studies and clinical aspects of gadolinium salts and chelates.
Adding, LC; Bannenberg, GL; Gustafsson, LE, 2001)		2.01
"Gadolinium DTPA is a paramagnetic contrast agent that does not cross an intact blood-brain barrier."( Multiple sclerosis disease activity correlates with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Atlas, SW; Galetta, S; Gonzalez-Scarano, F; Grossman, RI; Silberberg, DH, 1987)		1.24

Effects

Gadolinium has a susceptibility that is about 30% lower than dysprosium. The gadolinium ion has a similar effect. Gadolinium-153 has an increasing radial dose function due to multiple scatter of low-energy photons.

Gadolinium has been found in skin biopsy samples of patients. Gadolinium (Gd3+) has been shown to prevent mechanoelectrical transduction believed to be mediated through stretch-activated channels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gadolinium has a significant effect on subcortical GM segmentation. "( Gadolinium effect on thalamus and whole brain tissue segmentation.
Baalbaki, M; El Ayoubi, NK; Haddad, R; Hannoun, S; Hourani, R; Khoury, SJ; Saaybi, S; Yamout, BI, 2018)		3.37
"Gadolinium-153 has an increasing radial dose function due to multiple scatter of low-energy photons."( Gadolinium-153 as a brachytherapy isotope.
Enger, SA; Fisher, DR; Flynn, RT, 2013)		2.55
"The gadolinium ion has a similar effect."( Effects of hydrogen peroxide oxidation and calcium channel blockers on the equatorial potassium current of the frog lens.
Patterson, JW; Walsh, SP, 1994)		0.77
"Gadolinium has a susceptibility that is about 30% lower than dysprosium, so that diffusion losses are expected to be only half as big, but it also may produce paramagnetic relaxation by dipolar interactions."( On the relative importance of paramagnetic relaxation and diffusion-mediated susceptibility losses in tissues.
Gore, JC; Kennan, RP; Zhong, J, 1991)		1
"Gadolinium (Gd) has been detected in the brain, bone and skin of patients, months and years following GBCA administration, raising concerns about long term toxicity."( Yttrium-86 Is a Positron Emitting Surrogate of Gadolinium for Noninvasive Quantification of Whole-Body Distribution of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents.
Caravan, P; Catana, C; Clavijo Jordan, V; Correcher, C; Le Fur, M; Ross, AW; Rotile, NJ, 2020)		1.54
"Gadolinium chelates have been used as standard contrast agents for clinical MRI for several decades. "( How to stop using gadolinium chelates for magnetic resonance imaging: clinical-translational experiences with ferumoxytol.
Daldrup-Link, HE; Goodman, S; Iv, M; Majzner, RG; Moseley, M; Rashidi, A; Spunt, SL; Theruvath, AJ, 2022)		2.5
"Gadolinium deposits have been confirmed in brain tissue, most notably in the dentate nuclei and globus pallidus."( Gadolinium deposition in the brain: summary of evidence and recommendations.
Calamante, F; Gulani, V; Kanal, E; Reeder, SB; Shellock, FG, 2017)		2.62
"Gadolinium has a significant effect on subcortical GM segmentation. "( Gadolinium effect on thalamus and whole brain tissue segmentation.
Baalbaki, M; El Ayoubi, NK; Haddad, R; Hannoun, S; Hourani, R; Khoury, SJ; Saaybi, S; Yamout, BI, 2018)		3.37
"Gadolinium has been used as a base for contrast agents in MRI for the last three decades. "( Gadolinium-based contrast agents - review of recent literature on magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity changes and tissue deposits, with emphasis on pediatric patients.
Blumfield, E; Iyer, RS; Stanescu, AL; Swenson, DW, 2019)		3.4
"Gadolinium has been widely used as the contrast agent of choice for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). "( Alternatives to GBCA: Are We There Yet?
Kaiser, A; Wesolowski, JR, 2016)		1.88
"Gadolinium deposition has been linked primarily with the use of linear, rather than macrocyclic, gadolinium-based contrast agents."( Potential Safety Issues Related to the Use of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents.
Klein, JP; Mechtler, LL; Pinter, NK, 2016)		1.41
"Gadolinium-enhanced MRI has advantages over contrast-enhanced CT: greater contrast enhancement, smaller volume of contrast, and less frequent adverse reactions."( Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Goshima, S; Kanematsu, M; Kondo, H; Tsuge, Y; Watanabe, H, 2008)		1.07
"Gadolinium oleate has been added at various concentrations to a Myverol inverse bicontinuous cubic phase forming system, and the potential of these systems as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents has been investigated. "( Colloidal amphiphile self-assembly particles composed of gadolinium oleate and myverol: evaluation as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
Conn, CE; Drummond, CJ; Liu, G; Mudie, ST; Waddington, LJ, 2010)		2.05
"Gadolinium (Gd) has different chemical structure with no cross reactivity with iodine-based contrast media in patients with iodine allergy."( The use of gadolinium in patients with contrast allergy or renal failure requiring coronary angiography, coronary intervention, or vascular procedure.
Juneman, E; Movahed, MR; Saleh, L, 2011)		1.48
"Gadolinium exposure has been strongly associated with the development of NSF though the mechanism of such injury is not known."( Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis following acute kidney injury and exposure to gadolinium.
Bhaskaran, A; Ghera, P; Kashyap, P; Kelly, B, 2010)		1.31
"Gadolinium-153 has an increasing radial dose function due to multiple scatter of low-energy photons."( Gadolinium-153 as a brachytherapy isotope.
Enger, SA; Fisher, DR; Flynn, RT, 2013)		2.55
"Gadolinium (Gd(3+)) has been extensively used as a potent blocker of MS channels, but its nonspecific actions have limited its usefulness."( [A new mechanosensitive channel SAKCA and a new MS channel blocker GsTMx-4].
Naruse, K; Qiong-Yao, T; Sokabe, M, 2004)		1.04
"Gadolinium has been recently proposed, as neutron capture agent in NCT (Neutron Capture Therapy), due to both the nuclide high neutron capture cross section, and the remarkable selective uptake inside tumour tissue that Gd-loaded compounds, can provide. "( Preliminary design of a Gd-NCT neutron beam based on compact D-T neutron source.
Bufalino, D; Cerullo, N; Esposito, J; Mastrullo, A; Muzi, L; Palmerini, S, 2005)		1.77
"Gadolinium has been shown to be a selective blocker of mechanogated channels in thin-fiber muscle afferents, which comprise the afferent arm of the exercise pressor reflex arc."( Thin-fiber mechanoreceptors reflexly increase renal sympathetic nerve activity during static contraction.
Hayes, SG; Kaufman, MP; Kim, JK; Kindig, AE, 2007)		1.06
"Gadolinium has no inherent inotropic effects but enhances recovery of stunned myocardium. "( Effects of gadolinium on regionally stunned myocardium: temporal considerations.
Kwok, CS; Logan, B; Nicolosi, AC, 2007)		2.17
"Gadolinium has been detected in skin tissue of patients with NSF."( [Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast media].
Andréjak, M; Gras-Champel, V; Lok, C; Thuillier, D, )		1.13
"Gadolinium (Gd) has been identified as a possible causative agent of an emerging cutaneous and systemic fibrosing disorder, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), which can cause serious disability and even death. "( Automated scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis for in situ quantification of gadolinium deposits in skin.
Abraham, JL; Thakral, C, 2007)		2
"Gadolinium has been found in skin biopsy samples of patients."( Possible involvement of gadolinium chelates in the pathophysiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a critical review.
Ballet, S; Corot, C; Fayoux, E; Idée, JM; Lancelot, E; Medina, C; Port, M, 2008)		1.37
"Gadolinium (Gd3+) has been shown to prevent mechanoelectrical transduction believed to be mediated through stretch-activated channels. "( Gadolinium inhibits mechanoelectrical transduction in rabbit carotid baroreceptors. Implication of stretch-activated channels.
Abboud, FM; Chapleau, MW; Ferlic, RJ; Hajduczok, G; Mao, HZ, 1994)		3.17
"The gadolinium ion has a similar effect."( Effects of hydrogen peroxide oxidation and calcium channel blockers on the equatorial potassium current of the frog lens.
Patterson, JW; Walsh, SP, 1994)		0.77
"As gadolinium (Gd3+) has been shown to be the most effective blocker of stretch-activated channels to date, we have studied the effects of Gd3+ on twitch force, as well as on force, triggering rate and propagation velocity of TPCs."( Effects of gadolinium on twitch force and triggered propagated contractions in rat cardiac trabeculae.
ter Keurs, HE; Zhang, Y, 1996)		1.2
"Gadolinium has been used for several years as a contrast agent in MRI with low adverse side effects."( Arterial angiography in high-kilovoltage technique with gadolinium as the contrast agent: first clinical experience.
Fobbe, F; Wacker, F; Wagner, S, 1996)		1.26
"Gadolinium-enhanced MRA has proven to have a high sensitivity for detecting stenoses in main and accessory renal arteries."( Magnetic resonance angiography of the kidney.
Choyke, PL; Marcos, HB, 2000)		1.03
"Gadolinium has a susceptibility that is about 30% lower than dysprosium, so that diffusion losses are expected to be only half as big, but it also may produce paramagnetic relaxation by dipolar interactions."( On the relative importance of paramagnetic relaxation and diffusion-mediated susceptibility losses in tissues.
Gore, JC; Kennan, RP; Zhong, J, 1991)		1
"Gadolinium-DTPA has been shown to be a good probe for demonstrating defects in the blood-brain barrier, but it has a rapid rate of elimination so that peak circulating levels are short-lived. "( Dynamic imaging of contrast enhancement in brain tumors.
Bullock, PR; Firth, JL; Gowland, P; Mansfield, P; Worthington, BS, 1991)		1.72
"Gadolinium DOTA has tissue distribution properties similar to Gd DTPA, is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, and provides a high degree of contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance (MR) images, both systemically and within the CNS."( Gadolinium cryptelates as MR contrast agents.
Brechbiel, M; Cobb, J; Dwyer, AJ; Frank, JA; Gansow, O; Girton, ME; Knop, RH; Maegerstadt, M; Naegele, M; Schrader, M, )		2.3

Actions

Gadolinium complexes inhibit the GAD activity by about 15 per cent. Gadolinium may cause peripheral vasodilatation but does not appear to exert positive inotropic effects on the normal canine heart.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gadolinium can produce profibrotic responses in the skin, especially acting on fibroblasts, as shown by preclinical in vitro studies. "( Skin Toxicity After Exposure to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Normal Renal Function, Using Clinical Approved Doses: Current Status of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.
Clement, O; Dekkers, IA; Gianolio, E; Karst, U; Mallio, CA; Nederveen, AJ; Parillo, M; Quattrocchi, CC; Radbruch, A; Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M; Rovira, À; Stroomberg, G; Van der Molen, AJ, 2023)		2.64
"Gadolinium did not suppress mechanically-induced activation."( Effects of gadolinium on cardiac mechanosensitivity in whole isolated swine hearts.
Rogers, JM; Walcott, GP; Zhang, H, 2018)		1.59
"Gadolinium and microCT allow an improved 3D visualization of cartilage and quantification of its proteoglycan content."( Quantitative imaging of proteoglycan in cartilage using a gadolinium probe and microCT.
Blanton, CA; Chmielewski, PA; Cockman, MD; Dong, L; Dufresne, TE; Hookfin, EB; Karb, MJ; Liu, S; Wehmeyer, KR, 2006)		2.02
"Gadolinium was chosen because it has a very high capture cross section to thermal neutrons; its nuclear reaction with thermal neutrons induces complex inner shell transitions that generate, besides other particles, Auger electrons, which in turn release their energy in the neighborhood (only several nanometers) of the place of reaction."( Improvement of ESR dosimetry for thermal neutron beams through the addition of gadolinium.
Bartolotta, A; Brai, M; D'Oca, MC; Gennaro, G; Marrale, M; Rosi, G, 2007)		1.29
"Gadolinium did not inhibit gravitaxis in Paramecium, showing that it does not specifically block gravireceptors."( Paramecium--a model system for studying cellular graviperception.
Block, I; Braucker, R; Bromeis, B; Freiberger, N; Hemmersbach, R; Krause, M; Stieber, C; Wilczek, M, 2001)		1.03
"Gadolinium may cause peripheral vasodilatation but does not appear to exert positive inotropic effects on the normal canine heart."( Gadolinium attenuates regional stunning in the canine heart in vivo.
Logan, B; Markley, JG; Nicolosi, AC; Olinger, GN; West, G, 2002)		2.48
"Gadolinium appears to cause a strong carrier-like effect in 67Ga scans."( Gallium-67/stable gadolinium antagonism: MRI contrast agent markedly alters the normal biodistribution of gallium-67.
Hattner, RS; White, DL, 1990)		1.33
"Gadolinium ions produce three distinct kinds of block of the stretch-activated (SA) ion channels in Xenopus oocytes: a concentration-dependent reduction in channel open time, a concentration-dependent reduction in open channel current, and a unique, steeply concentration-dependent, reversible inhibition of channel opening. "( Block of stretch-activated ion channels in Xenopus oocytes by gadolinium and calcium ions.
Sachs, F; Yang, XC, 1989)		1.96
"Gadolinium complexes inhibit the GAD activity by about 15 per cent whereas they do not modify that of ChAT."( Action of gadolinium complexes on different enzyme systems.
Allard, M; Bonnemain, B; Caillé, JM; Meyer, D; Simonnet, G, 1986)		1.39

Treatment

Gadolinium treatment showed skin toxicity as epidermis thickening for the first time. Gadolinium pretreatment attenuates acute cadmium-induced liver injury in young Wistar rats, with mechanisms other than Kupffer cell elimination.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The gadolinium chloride treatment significantly suppressed the increased ALT, which was accompanied by decreased hepatic mRNA expression related to innate immune responses and ERK/JNK phosphorylation."( Kupffer cell-mediated exacerbation of methimazole-induced acute liver injury in rats.
Akai, S; Oda, S; Tsuneyama, K; Uematsu, Y; Yokoi, T, 2016)		0.92
"Gadolinium treatment showed skin toxicity as epidermis thickening the first time due to the undesirable use of high concentrations of gadolinium in microimaging."( Gadolinium toxicity: epidermis thickness measurement by magnetic resonance imaging at 500 MHz.
Sharma, R, 2010)		2.52
"Gadolinium pretreatment attenuates acute cadmium-induced liver injury in young Wistar rats, with mechanisms other than Kupffer cell elimination."( Gadolinium chloride pretreatment ameliorates acute cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
Demonakou, MD; Kourentzi, KT; Kyriakou, LG; Mykoniatis, MG; Panoutsopoulos, GI; Tzirogiannis, KN, 2013)		2.55
"In gadolinium-treated rats, more transplanted cells were observed in portal vein radicles, as well as in liver sinusoids, albeit integration of cells in the liver parenchyma was slower in gadolinium-treated rats and cells separated from other hepatocytes in portal vein radicles that failed to exhibit bile canalicular reconstitution."( Kupffer cells participate in early clearance of syngeneic hepatocytes transplanted in the rat liver.
Bhargava, KK; Gupta, S; Joseph, B; Malhi, H; McCuskey, RS; Palestro, CJ, 2002)		0.83
"Gadolinium chloride pretreatment (-3 days) of the Splex group significantly reduced both their febrile responses to LPS (8 microg/kg ip) and their KC uptake of FITC-LPS 7 days postsurgery."( The spleen modulates the febrile response of guinea pigs to LPS.
Blatteis, CM; Evans, A; Feleder, C; Li, Z; Perlik, V, 2003)		1.04
"Gadolinium treatment did not alter acute inflammation at 3 days."( Kupffer-cell depletion attenuates colonic and extracolonic granulomatous inflammation in chronic colitis.
Ando, T; Aoki, S; Itoh, M; Joh, T; Kobayashi, S; Kuno, A; Masuda, K; Nakamura, S; Nakazawa, T; Nomura, T; Ohara, H; Sano, H; Takahashi, S; Yamada, T, 2003)		1.04
"Gadolinium treatment also inhibited cell migration without affecting the spread morphology or protrusive activities."( Regulation of mechanical interactions between fibroblasts and the substratum by stretch-activated Ca2+ entry.
Dembo, M; Munevar, S; Wang, YL, 2004)		1.04
"In gadolinium-treated animals, lung vascular permeability was reduced by 66% at 15 minutes (P <.03) of reperfusion and by 34% at 4 hours (P <.02) of reperfusion."( Early tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from the pulmonary macrophage in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Farivar, AS; Fraga, CH; Goss, CH; Mulligan, MS; Naidu, BV; Thomas, R; Woolley, SM, 2004)		0.84
"Gadolinium pretreatment markedly reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha elaboration, resulting in significant protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury."( Early tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from the pulmonary macrophage in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Farivar, AS; Fraga, CH; Goss, CH; Mulligan, MS; Naidu, BV; Thomas, R; Woolley, SM, 2004)		1.04
"Gadolinium chloride treatment fully depleted ED2-positive cells from the liver and significantly attenuated superoxide anion release after a lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) challenge. "( Kupffer cell depletion attenuates superoxide anion release into the hepatic sinusoids after lipopolysaccharide treatment.
Fukuda, M; Horie, Y; Ishii, H; Kamegaya, Y; Kato, S; Mizukami, T; Ohgo, H; Okamura, Y; Yokoyama, H, 2004)		1.77
"Both gadolinium and FB1 treatments individually increased the expression of selected cell signal factors; e.g., TNFalpha, TNF receptor 1, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, lymphotoxin beta, interferon gamma, and transforming growth factor beta1; gadolinium chloride did not alter FB1-induced expression of the above genes."( Fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice is attenuated by depletion of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride.
He, Q; Kim, J; Sharma, RP, 2005)		1.01
"Gadolinium chloride pretreatment to ablate Kupffer cells blocked this increase of hepatic oxygen consumption after femur fracture but had no effect in sham-operated animals."( Adaptive Kupffer cell alterations after femur fracture trauma in rats.
Baker, CC; Bracey, LW; Huynh, T; Lemasters, JJ, 1997)		1.02
"Gadolinium chloride treatment reduced total hepatic microsomal P450 as well as aniline hydroxylase activity by approximately 30% in males and 20% in females."( Gadolinium chloride reduces cytochrome P450: relevance to chemical-induced hepatotoxicity.
Badger, DA; Kuester, RK; Sauer, JM; Sipes, IG, 1997)		2.46
"Gadolinium chloride pretreatment eliminated the rise in lung iNOS activity and protein expression and significantly attenuated the increase in pulmonary exhaled NO product, but it had no effect on arterial pressure."( Contribution of macrophages to pulmonary nitric oxide production in septic shock.
Fujii, Y; Goldberg, P; Hussain, SN, 1998)		1.02
"Gadolinium-treated animals had altered collagen metabolism compared to saline controls."( Kupffer cell inactivation delays repair in a rat model of reversible biliary obstruction.
Kurkchubasche, AG; Papa, EF; Roggin, KK; Tracy, TF, 2000)		1.03
"Gadolinium treatment eliminated ED2 immunopositive Kupffer cells, which were larger and more frequent periportally."( Kupffer cell inactivation alleviates ethanol-induced steatosis and CYP2E1 induction but not inflammatory responses in rat liver.
Fang, C; Ingelman-Sundberg, M; Järveläinen, HA; Lindros, KO; Lukkari, TA; Sippel, H, 2000)		1.03
"Rats treated with gadolinium chloride to deplete macrophages showed a significant drop in apoptosis, suggesting a causal relationship between macrophages and epithelial cell apoptosis."( Castration-induced prostate epithelial cell apoptosis results from targeted oxidative stress attack of M1
Augusto, TM; Baratti, MO; Barbosa, GO; Bruni-Cardoso, A; Carvalho, HF; Cesar, CL; Corrêa-da-Silva, F; Damas-Souza, DM; Felisbino, SL; Ferrucci, D; Menezes, GB; Moraes-Vieira, PM; Nishan, U; Oliveira, SBP; Rosa-Ribeiro, R; Santana, JCO; Silva, JAF; Siqueira-Berti, A; Stach-Machado, DR, 2019)		0.84
"Pretreatment with gadolinium inhibited the activation of macrophages and the induction of iNOS in intestinal resident macrophages, and restored the number of KIT-positive cells and intestinal contractions."( Nitric oxide-mediated injury of interstitial cells of Cajal and intestinal dysmotility under endotoxemia of mice.
Koike, M; Matsuda, H; Nishida, T; Sawa, Y; Uchiyama, Y; Ueshima, S, 2014)		0.73
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride increased the severity of cholestasis and signs of liver damage."( In vivo effect of selective macrophage suppression on the development of intrahepatic cholestasis in mice.
Alexeenko, TV; Cherkanova, MS; Filjushina, EE; Goncharova, IA; Klishevich, MS; Korolenko, TA; Savchenko, NG; Zhanaeva, SY, 2008)		0.67
"Pretreatment of gadolinium significantly attenuated I/R-induced infarct size, behavioral and biochemical changes."( Neuroprotective effect of gadolinium: a stretch-activated calcium channel blocker in mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Gulati, P; Jaggi, AS; Muthuraman, A; Singh, N, 2013)		1.02
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride to deplete Kupffer cells before IR: 1) blocked the increase in serum bile acids, 2) attenuated TNFalpha but not IL1beta/IL6 levels, 3) inhibited the altered hepatic transporter expression, and 4) blocked the decrease in HNF1alpha nuclear protein levels."( Kupffer cell-mediated downregulation of hepatic transporter expression in rat hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.
Chen, C; Klaassen, CD; Maher, JM; Tanaka, Y, 2006)		0.66
"Treatment with gadolinium and suramin caused a compression-induced upregulation of .NO release, a response abolished with apyrase."( Purinergic pathway suppresses the release of .NO and stimulates proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocyte/agarose constructs subjected to dynamic compression.
Chowdhury, TT; Knight, MM, 2006)		0.67
"Pretreatment with gadolinium did not change the intrahepatic vascular response to methoxamine in normal livers. "( Decreased intrahepatic response to alpha(1)-adrenergic agonists in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats is located in the sinusoidal area and depends on Kupffer cell function.
Abraldes, JG; Groszmann, RJ; Haq, O; Iwakiri, Y; Lee, CH; Loureiro-Silva, MR, 2007)		0.67
"Treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) selectively reduced the capacity of Kupffer cells to generate superoxide by 65% and attenuated liver injury by 73% at 4 h and 58-69% at 24 h."( Activation of Kupffer cells and neutrophils for reactive oxygen formation is responsible for endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia.
Farhood, A; Fisher, MA; Jaeschke, H; Liu, P; McGuire, GM; Smith, CW, 1995)		0.63
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride (0.5 mg/100 gm body wt, intravenously, 21 hr before saline solution or lipopolysaccharide administration), liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (40 mumol/100 gm body wt, intravenously, 44 hr before saline solution or lipopolysaccharide injection), dexamethasone (40 micrograms/100 gm body wt, intravenously, 1 hr before saline solution or lipopolysaccharide administration) or diethylcarbamazine (repeated doses, 10 mg/100 gm body wt, intravenously, 1 hr before saline solution or lipopolysaccharide injection) counteracted the lipopolysaccharide inhibitory effect on hepatic hyaluronan uptake."( Modulation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell function by Kupffer cells: an example of intercellular communication in the liver.
Bagby, GJ; Deaciuc, IV; Niesman, MR; Skrepnik, N; Spitzer, JJ, 1994)		0.61
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), which reduces KC function, attenuated the liver leukostasis and NPS elicited by gut I/R."( Role of Kupffer cells in gut ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic microvascular dysfunction in mice.
Granger, DN; Horie, Y; Russell, J; Shanley, TP; Wolf, R, 1997)		0.62
"Pretreatment with gadolinium, a calcium-channel blocker (0.3 nmol/rat into the third ventricle 20 min before central cadmium administration) abolishes both the natriuretic and the kaliuretic response of cadmium."( Natriuretic and kaliuretic effects of central acute cadmium administration in rats.
Castro, L; De Castro-e-Silva, E; De Paula, S; Fregoneze, JB; Gonzalez, V; Lima, AK; Luz, CP; Marinho, CA; Nascimento, T; Oliveira, P; Santana Júnior, P; Sarmento, C, 1998)		0.62
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride or cyclosporin A inhibited the elevations in hepatic cytokines and attenuated Cd-induced liver damage, assessed on the basis of serum alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities."( Attenuation of cadmium-induced liver injury in senescent male fischer 344 rats: role of Kupffer cells and inflammatory cytokines.
DeCicco, LA; Rikans, LE; Yamano, T, 2000)		0.63
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride, an inhibitor of Kupffer cell function, significantly decreased LDH and PNP efflux during reperfusion by approximately 60% and 50%, respectively."( Antioxidants and gadolinium chloride attenuate hepatic parenchymal and endothelial cell injury induced by low flow ischemia and reperfusion in perfused rat livers.
Bailey, SM; Reinke, LA, 2000)		0.97
"Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride, a selective blocker of Kupffer cells, considerably potentiated damage to hepatocytes leading to generalization of this process, delayed inflammatory infiltration, and inhibited reparative processes."( Liver resistance to toxic effects of CCl(4) under conditions of gadolinium chloride depression of Kupffer cells.
Cyrendorzhiev, DD; Kutina, SN; Zubakhin, AA, 2000)		0.87

Toxicity

Gadolinium (Gd)-based paramagnetic contrast agents are relatively safe when used in clinically recommended doses. Until 2006, the main considerations regarding safety for all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) were related to short-term adverse reactions.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In mice, the acute intravenous LD50 for gadoteridol (0."( Summary of preclinical safety evaluation of gadoteridol injection.
Soltys, RA, 1992)		0.28
" This hypothesis is supported by acute toxicity experiments, which demonstrate that despite a 50-fold range of LD50 values for four Gd complexes, all become lethally toxic when they release precisely the same quantity of Gd3+, and by subchronic rodent toxicity experiments, which demonstrate a set of gross and microscopic findings similar to those known to be caused by Zn2+ deficiency."( The relationship between thermodynamics and the toxicity of gadolinium complexes.
Cacheris, WP; Quay, SC; Rocklage, SM, 1990)		0.52
" To determine its safety, the authors summarized data concerning adverse reactions, laboratory parameters, and other assessments for 1,068 adult patients who received gadopentetate dimeglumine in United States clinical trials."( Safety assessment of gadopentetate dimeglumine in U.S. clinical trials.
Blumenfield, DM; Blumetti, RF; Goldstein, HA; Holyoak, WL; Hugo, FP; Kashanian, FK, 1990)		0.28
"To quantify the rate of adverse reactions to gadopentetate dimeglumine."( Clinical safety of gadopentetate dimeglumine.
Gifford, LM; Gross, CA; Lasser, TA; Lauber-Huber, C; Nelson, KL, 1995)		0.29
" Two serious adverse reactions occurred and were attributed to underlying disease."( Clinical safety of gadopentetate dimeglumine.
Gifford, LM; Gross, CA; Lasser, TA; Lauber-Huber, C; Nelson, KL, 1995)		0.29
" Adverse event recording included occurrence, duration, severity, relationship to injection, and clinical importance."( Safety of gadoteridol injection: U.S. clinical trial experience.
Fowler, DR; Lucas, MA; Lucas, TR; Meeks, MJ; Olukotun, AY; Parker, JR, )		0.13
"Acetaminophen is a mild analgesic and antipyretic agent that is safe and effective when taken in therapeutic doses."( Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen.
Gardner, CR; Jollow, DJ; Laskin, DL; Price, VF, 1995)		0.29
"Gd-DTPA is a well-characterized, safe contrast agent frequently used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system."( Safety and efficacy of dotarem (Gd-DOTA) versus magnevist (Gd-DTPA) in magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system.
Kuijpers, TJ; Oudkerk, M; Sijens, PE; Van Beek, EJ, 1995)		0.29
" Patients were questioned 1 hour after injection, and adverse reactions were recorded."( Safety and efficacy of dotarem (Gd-DOTA) versus magnevist (Gd-DTPA) in magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system.
Kuijpers, TJ; Oudkerk, M; Sijens, PE; Van Beek, EJ, 1995)		0.29
"This double-blind, randomized, clinical trial comparing Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA revealed no serious adverse reactions, whereas minor adverse reactions were encountered in fewer than 1% of patients."( Safety and efficacy of dotarem (Gd-DOTA) versus magnevist (Gd-DTPA) in magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system.
Kuijpers, TJ; Oudkerk, M; Sijens, PE; Van Beek, EJ, 1995)		0.29
" Adverse events and serum bilirubin were the main safety parameters."( Comparison of the safety of standard and triple dose gadodiamide injection in MR imaging of the central nervous system. A double-blind study.
Christensen, T; Lundorf, E; Svaland, MG, 1994)		0.29
" No adverse clinical events or clinically important trends in vital signs were observed after contrast administration."( Gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced MR of the brain: clinical utility and safety in patients younger than two years of age.
Brunberg, JA; Eldevik, OP, 1994)		0.29
"Gadopentetate dimeglumine appears to be safe in doses up to 21 mmol/m2 in conjunction with barrier disruption in rats."( Effects of Gd-DTPA after osmotic BBB disruption in a rodent model: toxicity and MR findings.
Barnett, PA; Mass, M; McCormick, CI; Neuwelt, EA; Ramsey, FL; Roman-Goldstein, SM; Shannon, EM; Szumowski, J, )		0.13
" For gadopentetate dimeglumine, the agent with the greatest clinical experience, the overriding majority of adverse events consists of transient and relatively minor symptoms and reactions."( Magnetic resonance contrast agents for neuroimaging. Safety issues.
Carr, JJ, 1994)		0.29
" Three adverse events were reported in two children."( Phase III multicenter clinical investigation to determine the safety and efficacy of gadoteridol in children suspected of having neurologic disease.
Altman, NR; Ball, WS; Byrd, SE; Dietrich, RB; Drayer, BP; Morgan, FW; Nadel, SN; Nelson, MD; Prenger, EC; Zimmerman, RA, 1993)		0.29
" One possibility is that Kupffer cells participant in this mechanism since CCl4 elevates calcium, and the release of toxic eicosanoids and cytokines by Kupffer cells is calcium-dependent."( The involvement of Kupffer cells in carbon tetrachloride toxicity.
Edwards, MJ; Kauffman, FC; Keller, BJ; Thurman, RG, 1993)		0.29
" From these experiments, we conclude that retinol pretreatment decreases the severity of 2-nitronaphthalene and paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity, apparently by inhibiting the inflammatory responses associated with the progression of toxic injury."( Modulation of chemical-induced lung and liver toxicity by all-trans-retinol in the male Sprague-Dawley rat.
Sauer, JM; Sipes, IG, 1995)		0.29
" Changes in liver signal intensity, lesion-liver contrast-to-noise ration (C/N), detectable liver lesions, side effects, and adverse events were evaluated."( Phase II clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA: dose, safety aspects, and pulse sequence.
Balzer, T; Berns, T; Daldrup, HE; Hesse, T; Peters, PE; Reimer, P; Rummeny, EJ; Shamsi, K; Tombach, B, 1996)		0.29
"Gd-EOB-DTPA is an efficient, diagnostically useful, and safe contrast agent."( Phase II clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA: dose, safety aspects, and pulse sequence.
Balzer, T; Berns, T; Daldrup, HE; Hesse, T; Peters, PE; Reimer, P; Rummeny, EJ; Shamsi, K; Tombach, B, 1996)		0.29
"We have established conditions in which soluble Al is toxic to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae."( A1 toxicity in yeast. A role for Mg?
Gardner, RC; MacDiarmid, CW, 1996)		0.29
" All data were analyzed in an attempt to detect any adverse events that could be related to free gadolinium as a result of dissociation from the chelating agent due to prolonged elimination times (that is, increased serum creatinine concentrations)."( Systemic gadolinium toxicity in patients with renal insufficiency and renal failure: retrospective analysis of an initial experience.
Arsenault, TM; Ehman, RL; Goodman, JA; King, BF; Marsh, JW; Weaver, AL; Wood, CP, 1996)		0.93
" Adverse events were reported in 13 (4%) patients given gadodiamide injection and 8 (6%) given gadopentetate dimeglumine; few patients reported injection-associated discomfort."( MRI in children given gadodiamide injection: safety and efficacy in CNS and body indications.
Gordon, P; Hugo, F; Lundby, B, 1996)		0.29
" Rats were pretreated with LPS (100 micrograms/kg) 2 hr before treatment with a minimally toxic dose of allyl alcohol mg/kg), and liver toxicity was assessed 18 hr later from activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma and from histologic changes in liver sections."( Bacterial endotoxin enhances the hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol.
Brown, AP; Ganey, PE; Grimes, SD; Schultze, AE; Sneed, RA, 1997)		0.3
"3 mmol/kg and was found to be safe in all patient populations irrespective of age and of pre-existing renal impairment."( Safety of ProHance in special populations.
Davies, A; Yoshikawa, K, 1997)		0.3
" OptiMARK is safe and well-tolerated following a single intravenous injection in subjects with either liver or CNS pathology despite a prolonged elimination half-life in subjects with renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of gadoversetamide injection (OptiMARK) in subjects with central nervous system or liver pathology and varying degrees of renal function.
Baker, JF; Barr, R; Barr, W; Barron, B; Free, R; Gazelle, GS; Lambrecht, LJ; Maravilla, KR; Pierro, JA; Seltzer, S; Stevens, GR; Swan, SK; Tucker, RM, 1999)		0.3
" No Gd(3+)-related adverse events occurred."( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in subjects with renal impairment.
Bensel, K; Davies, BE; LaFrance, ND; Lambrecht, LJ; McCloud, S; Parker, JR; Swan, SK; Townsend, R, 1999)		0.3
" Accordingly, MR practitioners must understand the basic pharmacokinetics, side effects, and the potential for adverse events for these contrast agents."( Safety of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
Kanal, E; Shellock, FG, 1999)		0.3
"Based on the wide margins of safety demonstrated in different species, particularly in primates, gadobenate dimeglumine can be considered as safe in the range of clinical doses recommended for magnetic resonance imaging."( Toxicological safety evaluation of gadobenate dimeglumine 0.5 M solution for injection (MultiHance), a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast medium.
Bussi, S; de Haën, C; Morisetti, A; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" Therefore, these changes were not toxic changes."( [General toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (3)--4-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study followed by 4-week recovery period in rats].
Aoki, T; Bussi, S; Masters, RE; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" There were no toxic clinical signs of treatment."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (2)--Combined study of effects on fertility and embryo-fetal toxicity in female rats by intravenous administration].
Baguley, JK; Bussi, S; Kawaguchi, T; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" Minor adverse reactions, including nausea (1%-2% for all agents) and hives (<1% for all agents), occur in a very low percent of cases."( Safety of approved MR contrast media for intravenous injection.
Runge, VM, 2000)		0.31
"To determine the safe zone for transfixation wires in the proximal tibia to avoid intracapsular penetration."( Safe placement of proximal tibial transfixation wires with respect to intracapsular penetration.
Mann, TA; Moulton, MJ; Reid, JS; Van Slyke, MA, 2001)		0.31
" In the region of the proximal tibiofibular joint, a safe distance is unclear because it is difficult to know preoperatively which knee has a torn septum."( Safe placement of proximal tibial transfixation wires with respect to intracapsular penetration.
Mann, TA; Moulton, MJ; Reid, JS; Van Slyke, MA, 2001)		0.31
" The cumulative doses of gadobenate dimeglumine were well tolerated and as safe as gadodiamide."( A clinical comparison of the safety and efficacy of MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) and Omniscan (Gadodiamide) in magnetic resonance imaging in patients with central nervous system pathology.
Armstrong, MR; Barr, RG; Berger, BL; Czervionke, LF; Gonzalez, CF; Halford, HH; Kanal, E; Kuhn, MJ; Levin, JM; Low, RN; Runge, VM; Tanenbaum, LN; Wang, AM; Wong, W; Yuh, WT; Zoarski, GH, 2001)		0.31
"There were no severe or serious adverse events."( Carotid MR angiography: phase II study of safety and efficacy for MS-325.
Baum, RA; Bis, KG; Bluemke, DA; D'Agostino, R; Grist, TM; Malden, ES; Pierro, JA; Stillman, AE; Yucel, EK, 2001)		0.31
"Data collected from 1985 to 1999 on adverse events after the IV administration of contrast media were evaluated to identify trends."( Trends in adverse events after IV administration of contrast media.
Bomyea, K; Cochran, ST; Sayre, JW, 2001)		0.31
"Data collected on 391 adverse events after 90,473 administrations of iodinated contrast media and 19 events after 28,340 administrations of gadolinium were evaluated."( Trends in adverse events after IV administration of contrast media.
Bomyea, K; Cochran, ST; Sayre, JW, 2001)		0.51
"When only ionic iodinated contrast material was used, the adverse reaction rate was 6-8%."( Trends in adverse events after IV administration of contrast media.
Bomyea, K; Cochran, ST; Sayre, JW, 2001)		0.31
"Mild and moderate adverse events are more common with ionic contrast material than with nonionic."( Trends in adverse events after IV administration of contrast media.
Bomyea, K; Cochran, ST; Sayre, JW, 2001)		0.31
" The gadolinium chelates are considered to be very safe and lack (in intravenous use) the nephrotoxicity found with iodinated contrast media."( Safety of magnetic resonance contrast media.
Runge, VM, 2001)		0.82
" The contrast agent was well tolerated and safe with an overall incidence of adverse events comparable to that of placebo."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of gadobenate dimeglumine (multihance) in subjects with impaired liver function.
Bensel, K; Davies, A; Davies, BE; Kirchin, MA; Lafrance, ND; Lorusso, V; Parker, JR, 2002)		0.31
" The authors used convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of a macromolecular tracer visible on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to examine the utility of CED for safe perfusion of the brainstem."( Successful and safe perfusion of the primate brainstem: in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of macromolecular distribution during infusion.
Brechbiel, MW; Butman, JA; Garmestani, K; Lonser, RR; Morrison, PF; Oldfield, EH; Vortmeyer, AO; Walbridge, S; Walters, HA, 2002)		0.31
"Magnetic resonance contrast agents, particularly the gadolinium-based agents, are extremely safe and lack the nephrotoxicity associated with iodinated contrast media."( Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: safety update.
Kirchin, MA; Runge, VM, 2003)		0.57
"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides found on corn worldwide."( Fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice is attenuated by depletion of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride.
He, Q; Kim, J; Sharma, RP, 2005)		0.55
" Liver specific contrast agents appear in general to be safe and well tolerated."( Safety of MR liver specific contrast media.
Bellin, MF; Morcos, SK; Thomsen, HS; Van Der Molen, AJ; Webb, JA, 2005)		0.33
" All patients were monitored for adverse events with hematologic analysis, analysis of blood chemistry, urinalysis, and electrocardiographic parameters; these methods were analyzed to determine safety."( Aortoiliac occlusive disease in patients with known or suspected peripheral vascular disease: safety and efficacy of gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography--multicenter comparative phase III study.
Blebea, J; Duerinckx, A; Foster, GS; Johnson, SP; Kent, KC; Meranze, SG; Middlebrook, MR; Moneta, G; Muluk, S; Narra, VR; Pollak, J; Quinn, SF; Rapp, JH; Rofsky, NM; Shamsi, K; Soto, JA; Toombs, BD; Weisskoff, RM; Wolff, SD; Yucel, EK, 2005)		0.33
" The most common adverse events were as follows: feeling hot, 12 (4."( Aortoiliac occlusive disease in patients with known or suspected peripheral vascular disease: safety and efficacy of gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography--multicenter comparative phase III study.
Blebea, J; Duerinckx, A; Foster, GS; Johnson, SP; Kent, KC; Meranze, SG; Middlebrook, MR; Moneta, G; Muluk, S; Narra, VR; Pollak, J; Quinn, SF; Rapp, JH; Rofsky, NM; Shamsi, K; Soto, JA; Toombs, BD; Weisskoff, RM; Wolff, SD; Yucel, EK, 2005)		0.33
"On the basis of substantial improvements over non-contrast MR angiography in efficacy and a minimal and transient side-effect profile, gadofosveset was found to be safe and effective for MR angiography in patients known or suspected to have peripheral vascular disease."( Aortoiliac occlusive disease in patients with known or suspected peripheral vascular disease: safety and efficacy of gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography--multicenter comparative phase III study.
Blebea, J; Duerinckx, A; Foster, GS; Johnson, SP; Kent, KC; Meranze, SG; Middlebrook, MR; Moneta, G; Muluk, S; Narra, VR; Pollak, J; Quinn, SF; Rapp, JH; Rofsky, NM; Shamsi, K; Soto, JA; Toombs, BD; Weisskoff, RM; Wolff, SD; Yucel, EK, 2005)		0.33
" Incidence of severe and serious adverse events with MS-325 was low."( MR angiography of aortoiliac occlusive disease: a phase III study of the safety and effectiveness of the blood-pool contrast agent MS-325.
Bertoni, H; Breger, R; Edelman, M; Goyen, M; Mohler, ER; O'Riordan, E; Perreault, P; Shamsi, K; Sharafuddin, M; Siragusa, D; Taylor, J; Weisskoff, RM; Yucel, EK, 2005)		0.33
"03 mmol/kg and was safe and effective for MR evaluation of patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease."( MR angiography of aortoiliac occlusive disease: a phase III study of the safety and effectiveness of the blood-pool contrast agent MS-325.
Bertoni, H; Breger, R; Edelman, M; Goyen, M; Mohler, ER; O'Riordan, E; Perreault, P; Shamsi, K; Sharafuddin, M; Siragusa, D; Taylor, J; Weisskoff, RM; Yucel, EK, 2005)		0.33
"Commercialized gadoterate meglumine diluted with 94% ethanol was not shown to have released toxic Gd3+ during storage times that exceed its physiologic circulation and excretion times after intravenous injection by a factor of more than 100."( Contrast material-enhanced visualization of the ablation medium for magnetic resonance-monitored ethanol injection therapy: imaging and safety aspects.
Andreisek, G; Ess, S; Fröhlich, JM; Nanz, D; Pfammatter, T; Treiber, K; Weishaupt, D, 2006)		0.33
" In line, however, with the European Society of Radiology guidelines and based on the available evidence, gadolinium-based contrast agents appear to be safe in pregnancy."( Safety of gadolinium during pregnancy.
Garcia-Bournissen, F; Koren, G; Shrim, A, 2006)		0.95
"03 mmol/kg in humans and the doses resulting in adverse effects in animal studies."( Preclinical safety assessment of Vasovist (Gadofosveset trisodium), a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for angiography.
Graham, PB; Müller, S; Schweinfurth, H; Steger-Hartmann, T, 2006)		0.33
" Overall safety data were pooled from 8 studies and included adverse event monitoring, clinical laboratory assays, vital signs, oxygen saturation, physical examination, and electrocardiography."( A summary of safety of gadofosveset (MS-325) at 0.03 mmol/kg body weight dose: Phase II and Phase III clinical trials data.
Chamberlin, P; Shamsi, K; Yucel, EK, 2006)		0.33
"In pooled data, treatment related adverse events were reported by 176 (22."( A summary of safety of gadofosveset (MS-325) at 0.03 mmol/kg body weight dose: Phase II and Phase III clinical trials data.
Chamberlin, P; Shamsi, K; Yucel, EK, 2006)		0.33
" The overall rate and experience of adverse events was similar to that of placebo."( A summary of safety of gadofosveset (MS-325) at 0.03 mmol/kg body weight dose: Phase II and Phase III clinical trials data.
Chamberlin, P; Shamsi, K; Yucel, EK, 2006)		0.33
"To test in vitro whether gadolinium-based contrast agents induce fewer toxic effects on renal tubular cells than does an iodinated contrast medium at concentrations used for angiography."( Cytotoxicity of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents in renal tubular cells at angiographic concentrations: in vitro study.
Grgic, A; Heckmann, MB; Heinrich, MC; Kohlbacher, S; Kuhlmann, MK; Scheer, M; Uder, M, 2007)		0.93
"To assess the incidence and severity of adverse events (AE) associated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in a large cohort of patients with congenital heart disease and to identify independent risk factors for their occurrence."( Risk factors for adverse events during cardiovascular magnetic resonance in congenital heart disease.
Dorfman, AL; Geva, T; Laussen, PC; Odegard, KC; Powell, AJ, 2007)		0.34
" The rate of adverse events was analyzed for each candidate variable using Fisher's exact test and independent predictors were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis."( Risk factors for adverse events during cardiovascular magnetic resonance in congenital heart disease.
Dorfman, AL; Geva, T; Laussen, PC; Odegard, KC; Powell, AJ, 2007)		0.34
"Gadolinium (Gd)-based paramagnetic contrast agents are relatively safe when used in clinically recommended doses."( Biochemical safety profiles of gadolinium-based extracellular contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Ersoy, H; Rybicki, FJ, 2007)		2.07
"03-mmol/kg group, 28% of patients reported a total of 50 adverse events, 96% of which were reported as mild or moderate."( Safety and efficacy of gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography for evaluation of pedal arterial disease: multicenter comparative phase 3 study.
Bosch, E; Kreitner, KF; Parsons, EC; Peirano, MF; Shamsi, K; Thurner, S; Thurnher, S, 2008)		0.35
" Although originally thought to be safe and lack the nephrotoxic effects of iodinated contrast media, gadolinium-based contrast media have recently been reported to induce a usually reversible decrease of glomerular filtration rate in a high-risk population group, especially in patients with altered baseline renal function."( Gadolinium-induced nephrotoxicity.
Buhaescu, I; Izzedine, H, 2008)		2
"In experimental models of cerebral ischemia, thrombolytic drugs have been demonstrated to have a number of neurovascular toxic effects including blood brain barrier disruption."( Thrombolytic toxicity: blood brain barrier disruption in human ischemic stroke.
Alger, JR; Duckwiler, G; Jahan, R; Kang, DW; Kidwell, CS; Latour, L; Saver, JL; Starkman, S; Vinuela, F; Warach, S, 2008)		0.35
"This is the first study in humans providing supportive evidence of the neurovascular toxic effects of thrombolytics and suggests that HARM may be used as a biomarker of blood brain barrier disruption in future research of acute stroke therapies."( Thrombolytic toxicity: blood brain barrier disruption in human ischemic stroke.
Alger, JR; Duckwiler, G; Jahan, R; Kang, DW; Kidwell, CS; Latour, L; Saver, JL; Starkman, S; Vinuela, F; Warach, S, 2008)		0.35
"The educational objectives for this self-assessment module on safe MR practices are for the participant to exercise, self-assess, and improve his or her knowledge of hazards to patients, medical personnel, and others in the MR scanner environment, and to exercise, self-assess, and improve his or her knowledge of safe practices in the operation of MR scanners."( Safe MR practices: self-assessment module.
Chew, FS; Stewart, BK, 2007)		0.34
"The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of adverse effects of low-osmolar iodinated and gadolinium contrast agents in a single-center experience with a large number of cases."( Frequency and severity of adverse effects of iodinated and gadolinium contrast materials: retrospective review of 456,930 doses.
Hartman, RP; Hesley, GK; Hunt, CH, 2009)		0.8
" Adverse effects were identified through the use of radiologist and nurse event recording."( Frequency and severity of adverse effects of iodinated and gadolinium contrast materials: retrospective review of 456,930 doses.
Hartman, RP; Hesley, GK; Hunt, CH, 2009)		0.6
" A total of 522 cases of adverse effects (0."( Frequency and severity of adverse effects of iodinated and gadolinium contrast materials: retrospective review of 456,930 doses.
Hartman, RP; Hesley, GK; Hunt, CH, 2009)		0.6
"Both iodinated and gadolinium contrast agents are associated with a very low rate of adverse effects."( Frequency and severity of adverse effects of iodinated and gadolinium contrast materials: retrospective review of 456,930 doses.
Hartman, RP; Hesley, GK; Hunt, CH, 2009)		0.92
" A prudent approach would be to (1) identify patients at high risk to develop contrast-related complications, (2) use noncontrast-based imaging techniques in these patients, as long as they are suitably diagnostic and safe and (3) if the risk:benefit ratio of the imaging information favors a contrast-based study, then appropriate prophylactic steps and use of contrast agents with the lowest risk of complication should be used after obtaining informed consent."( Imaging patients with kidney disease: how do we approach contrast-related toxicity?
Perazella, MA; Reilly, RF, 2011)		0.37
" Early information on the toxicity of free gadolinium (Gd3+) and the pharmacokinetics of this agent in patients with underlying kidney disease were likely unrecognized subtle clues to its potential for adverse effects in humans."( Imaging patients with kidney disease in the era of NSF: can it be done safely?
Manjunath, V; Perazella, MA, 2011)		0.63
" In summary, this work has shown that Gd@C(82)(OH)(22) is tolerated well by worms and it has no apparent toxic effects on longevity, stress resistance, growth and behaviors that were observed in both adult and young worms."( Biosafety assessment of Gd@C82(OH)22 nanoparticles on Caenorhabditis elegans.
Nie, G; Sun, B; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhao, B; Zhao, Y, 2011)		0.37
" Unfortunately, disasters have highlighted the toxic effects of metals on different organs and systems."( Toxic effects of mercury, lead and gadolinium on vascular reactivity.
Almeida, EA; Angeli, JK; Fioresi, M; Fiorim, J; Furieri, LB; Peçanha, FM; Salaices, M; Simões, MR; Vassallo, DV; Wiggers, GA, 2011)		0.65
" For hardly nephrotoxic, gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) injected in magnetic resonance imaging, were considered for a long as a safe alternative to ICA."( [Renal toxicity of contrast agents in oncologic patients].
Amet, S; Deray, G, 2012)		0.68
"We report our 10-year experience with CMR in neonates and small infants with particular focus on the safety profile and incidence of adverse events (AEs)."( Safety of cardiac magnetic resonance and contrast angiography for neonates and small infants: a 10-year single-institution experience.
Danford, DA; Duncan, KF; Fletcher, SE; Hammel, JM; Harvey, L; Kutty, S; Li, L; Rangamani, S; Varghese, J, 2012)		0.38
" Twelve children (9%) had adverse events (AEs)-one major and 11 minor."( Safety of cardiac magnetic resonance and contrast angiography for neonates and small infants: a 10-year single-institution experience.
Danford, DA; Duncan, KF; Fletcher, SE; Hammel, JM; Harvey, L; Kutty, S; Li, L; Rangamani, S; Varghese, J, 2012)		0.38
" Adverse events were unrelated to patient age, complexity of heart disease, type of anesthesia or PGE1 dependence."( Safety of cardiac magnetic resonance and contrast angiography for neonates and small infants: a 10-year single-institution experience.
Danford, DA; Duncan, KF; Fletcher, SE; Hammel, JM; Harvey, L; Kutty, S; Li, L; Rangamani, S; Varghese, J, 2012)		0.38
"Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most toxic seafood contaminants ever isolated."( The stretch-activated channel blocker Gd(3+) reduces palytoxin toxicity in primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells.
Codan, B; Del Favero, G; Florio, C; Lorenzon, P; Molgó, J; Poli, M; Sbaizero, O; Sosa, S; Tubaro, A, 2012)		0.38
" Current GBCAs can be divided into four different structural types (macrocyclic, linear, ionic, and nonionic) based on the chemistry of the chelating ligands whose primary purpose is to protect the body from dissociation of the relatively toxic Gd(3+) ion from the ligand."( MRI contrast agents: basic chemistry and safety.
Ai, T; Goerner, F; Hao, D; Hu, X; Runge, VM; Tweedle, M, 2012)		0.38
" Body weight data for the mice indicated that, when intravenously injected with 100 mg/kg of the nanorods, the mice survived for 150 days without any apparent adverse effects to their health."( Long-term in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of Gd(OH)3 nanorods.
Feng, W; Li, F; Liu, Y; Peng, J; Sun, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" However, recently, a delayed serious adverse reaction known as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) has been reported in patients, with a marked reduction in renal function after administration of certain types of gadolinium based CAs."( Toxicity of magnetic resonance imaging agents: small molecule and nanoparticle.
Chae, KS; Chang, Y; Kim, TJ; Lee, GH, 2013)		0.58
"Administration of diluted solutions of gadoteridol might cause considerably less toxic effects on cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs)."( Diluted gadoteridol (ProHance®) causes mild ototoxicity in cochlear outer hair cells.
Katahira, N; Nonoyama, H; Tanaka, H; Tanigawa, T; Ueda, H, 2013)		0.39
" A MRI CA for cellular imaging should label cells efficiently at potentially safe concentrations, have high relaxivity, and not affect the cellular machinery."( Cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, cell-labeling efficiency, and in vitro cellular magnetic resonance imaging of gadolinium-catalyzed single-walled carbon nanotubes.
Avti, PK; Caparelli, ED; Sitharaman, B, 2013)		0.6
" This new gadolinium embedded iron oxide nanocluster provides an important platform for safe and efficient gene delivery with non-invasive T1-T2 dual-modal MRI monitoring capability."( Gadolinium embedded iron oxide nanoclusters as T1-T2 dual-modal MRI-visible vectors for safe and efficient siRNA delivery.
Chen, X; Gao, J; Liu, G; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xue, Y; Zeng, Y; Zhang, X; Zhou, Z; Zhu, L, 2013)		2.23
"To summarize reports of anaphylaxis associated with gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) reported to the Food and Drug Administrations Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), examine the safety signals of anaphylaxis from GBCAs, and perform a literature review of relevant case reports."( Anaphylaxis associated with gadolinium-based contrast agents: data from the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System and review of case reports in the literature.
Arabyat, R; Edwards, BJ; Garg, V; McKoy, JM; Miller, FH; Nardone, B; Raisch, DW; Shen, X; West, DP, 2014)		0.95
"The purpose of this retrospective study was to systematically search for acute adverse reactions and long-term complications in all patients that had been administered gadofosveset at our hospital."( Safety aspects of gadofosveset in clinical practice--analysis of acute and long-term complications.
Akeson, P; Akesson, M; Alhadad, A; Leander, P; Lehti, L; Sterner, G; Wassélius, J, 2014)		0.4
" Radiological information system (RIS) and clinical patient records were analyzed for suspected acute adverse reactions and long-term complications including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)."( Safety aspects of gadofosveset in clinical practice--analysis of acute and long-term complications.
Akeson, P; Akesson, M; Alhadad, A; Leander, P; Lehti, L; Sterner, G; Wassélius, J, 2014)		0.4
"No acute adverse events or technical failures related to the contrast medium were recorded in the RIS."( Safety aspects of gadofosveset in clinical practice--analysis of acute and long-term complications.
Akeson, P; Akesson, M; Alhadad, A; Leander, P; Lehti, L; Sterner, G; Wassélius, J, 2014)		0.4
"Based on our clinical material we conclude that gadofosveset is safe for a mixed patient population with no acute adverse events or any indications of long-term complications during the follow-up time up to four years."( Safety aspects of gadofosveset in clinical practice--analysis of acute and long-term complications.
Akeson, P; Akesson, M; Alhadad, A; Leander, P; Lehti, L; Sterner, G; Wassélius, J, 2014)		0.4
" In conclusion, the toxic effects of our nanoprobes may mainly result from the aggregation of particles in phagosomes."( In vivo immunotoxicity of SiO2@(Y0.5Gd0.45Eu0.05)2O3 as dual-modality nanoprobes.
Chen, X; He, F; Li, E; Peng, Y; Tian, X; Yang, F; Zhu, J, 2014)		0.4
" These agents often are essential to providing accurate diagnoses, and are nearly always safe and effective when administered correctly."( Safe Use of Contrast Media: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.
Beckett, KR; Langer, JM; Moriarity, AK, 2015)		0.42
"The objective of our study was to determine the adverse reaction rate associated with the administration of blood pool contrast material in children and young adults."( Safety of Blood Pool Contrast Agent Administration in Children and Young Adults.
Boylan, EE; deFreitas, RA; Nelson, P; Orr, RJ; Popescu, AR; Rigsby, CK; Schoeneman, S, 2015)		0.42
" A review of the electronic medical records identified adverse reactions recorded within 24 hours of contrast administration."( Safety of Blood Pool Contrast Agent Administration in Children and Young Adults.
Boylan, EE; deFreitas, RA; Nelson, P; Orr, RJ; Popescu, AR; Rigsby, CK; Schoeneman, S, 2015)		0.42
"7 years) received 711 doses of gadofosveset trisodium; 137 adverse reactions were recorded, which yields a 19."( Safety of Blood Pool Contrast Agent Administration in Children and Young Adults.
Boylan, EE; deFreitas, RA; Nelson, P; Orr, RJ; Popescu, AR; Rigsby, CK; Schoeneman, S, 2015)		0.42
"Most reactions after gadofosveset trisodium administration in children and young adults are mild; however, severe allergiclike reactions occur, so policies must be in place to treat patients with adverse reactions when using this contrast agent."( Safety of Blood Pool Contrast Agent Administration in Children and Young Adults.
Boylan, EE; deFreitas, RA; Nelson, P; Orr, RJ; Popescu, AR; Rigsby, CK; Schoeneman, S, 2015)		0.42
" However, they can be potentially toxic to the patients."( Parallel Comparative Studies on Mouse Toxicity of Oxide Nanoparticle- and Gadolinium-Based T1 MRI Contrast Agents.
Bai, R; Baik, S; Chen, C; Chen, R; Hyeon, T; Ling, D; Liu, Y; Wang, S; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.65
" Herein, towards the goal of developing a safe and more efficacious high field T1 MRI CA for these applications, we report the sub-acute toxicity and contrast enhancing capabilities of a novel nanoparticle MRI CA comprising of manganese (Mn(2+)) intercalated graphene nanoparticles functionalized with dextran (hereafter, Mangradex) in rodents."( Towards An Advanced Graphene-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: Sub-acute Toxicity and Efficacy Studies in Small Animals.
Hoang, DM; Kanakia, S; Lee, S; Moore, W; Mullick Chowdhury, S; Shroyer, KR; Sitharaman, B; Toussaint, J; Wadghiri, YZ, 2015)		0.42
"In current practice, gadolinium-based contrast agents have been considered safe when used at clinically recommended doses in patients without severe renal insufficiency."( Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent Accumulation and Toxicity: An Update.
AlObaidy, M; Castillo, M; Nunes, RH; Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M; Semelka, RC, 2016)		2.2
"To help establish consensus on the safe use of contrast media in Japan."( Safe use of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast media in current practice in Japan: a questionnaire survey.
Arai, Y; Awai, K; Fukuda, K; Hayakawa, K; Hayashi, H; Ishiguchi, T; Kanematsu, M; Korogi, Y; Kuwatsuru, R; Murakami, T; Narumi, Y; Sugimoto, H; Takagi, R; Takehara, Y; Tsushima, Y; Yoshimitsu, K, 2016)		0.73
" For the patients with risk factors for acute adverse reaction (AAR), steroid premedication or/and change of contrast medium were frequent preventive actions, but intravenous steroid administration immediately before contrast media use was still performed."( Safe use of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast media in current practice in Japan: a questionnaire survey.
Arai, Y; Awai, K; Fukuda, K; Hayakawa, K; Hayashi, H; Ishiguchi, T; Kanematsu, M; Korogi, Y; Kuwatsuru, R; Murakami, T; Narumi, Y; Sugimoto, H; Takagi, R; Takehara, Y; Tsushima, Y; Yoshimitsu, K, 2016)		0.73
" Rare-earth elements are used in medical and industrial applications, but their toxic effects are not known."( Toxicity evaluation of high-fluorescent rare-earth metal nanoparticles for bioimaging applications.
Bach, H; Castillo, C; Cortez-Espinosa, N; Hernandez, LR; Hernandez-Adame, L; Juarez, ZN; Palestino, G; Portales-Pérez, DP; Zhao, W, 2017)		0.46
" There has been increasing interest in its properties as an MRI contrast agent as well as greater awareness of its adverse event profile."( Safety and technique of ferumoxytol administration for MRI.
Bashir, MR; Bridges, MD; Hope, MD; Hope, TA; Nguyen, KL; Reeder, SB; Vasanawala, SS, 2016)		0.43
" The most important merit of ZnO-Gd-DOX was that such a nanoplatform was biodegraded completely and showed no toxic side effects after H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) staining of tumor slices and ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) bioanalyses."( ZnO-Based Nanoplatforms for Labeling and Treatment of Mouse Tumors without Detectable Toxic Side Effects.
Cao, HM; Kong, JL; Ma, YY; Möhwald, H; Xiong, HM; Ye, DX; Zhao, W, 2016)		0.43
" The approved gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have historically been considered safe and well tolerated when used at recommended dosing levels."( Gadolinium-based contrast agent toxicity: a review of known and proposed mechanisms.
Branch, S; Rogosnitzky, M, 2016)		2.24
" Furthermore, damaged tissues were found in the livers and kidneys of mice injected with DOTAREM®, but there were no obvious adverse effects with Gd(iii)-CNPs."( T1-Weighted MR imaging of liver tumor by gadolinium-encapsulated glycol chitosan nanoparticles without non-specific toxicity in normal tissues.
Choi, K; Choi, SH; Han, H; Han, SJ; Kim, H; Kim, K; Koo, H; Kwon, IC; Lee, KE; Lee, S; Na, JH, 2016)		0.7
" We sought to assess the prognostic value of T1-mapping and ECV to predict adverse events during and after TAVR."( Prognostic value of T1-mapping in TAVR patients: extra-cellular volume as a possible predictor for peri- and post-TAVR adverse events.
Greiser, A; Hadamitzky, M; Hendrich, E; Hengstenberg, C; Husser, O; Martinoff, S; Nadjiri, J; Nieberler, H; Pellegrini, C; Will, A, 2016)		0.43
" Vigilance to identify additional cases and investigate strategies for prevention and treatment is warranted to increase even further the safety of a very safe diagnostic procedure, GBCA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging."( Presumed Gadolinium Toxicity in Subjects With Normal Renal Function: A Report of 4 Cases.
Burke, LM; Commander, CW; Jay, M; Ramalho, M; Semelka, RC, 2016)		0.85
" In this review we will address gadolinium toxicity disorders, from acute adverse reactions to GBCAs to gadolinium deposition disease, with special emphasis on the latter, as it is the most recently described and least known."( Gadolinium toxicity and treatment.
Burke, LM; Jay, M; Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M; Semelka, RC, 2016)		2.16
" This preliminary investigation reports the efficient and safe imaging of atherosclerotic plaques."( Safety Evaluation and Imaging Properties of Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles in nonhuman primates.
Canet-Soulas, E; Contamin, H; Di Cataldo, V; Kotb, S; Lamberton, F; Lux, F; Piraquive, J; Sancey, L; Tillement, O; Verset, M, 2016)		0.7
" But, the potential toxic effects of nanoprobes upon exposure to biological systems are still a major concern."( Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Glycosylated Gd
Alizadeh, AM; Amanlou, M; Anaraki, NI; Ashtari, K; Dana, EA; Khodayari, H; Khodayari, S; Mehravi, B; Mohseni, M; Safari, S, 2017)		0.46
" Since gadolinium is a highly toxic heavy metal, there is a potential for adverse effects from prolonged retention or deposition, particularly in children."( Survey of gadolinium-based contrast agent utilization among the members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology: a Quality and Safety Committee report.
Blumfield, E; Drake, MK; Goodman, TR; Iyer, RS; Lewis, KN; Meyer, LT; Moore, MM; Ngo, TD; Sammet, C; Slovis, TL; Stanescu, AL; Swenson, DW, 2017)		1.31
"Survey results demonstrate that GBCAs are administered judiciously in children, yet there is an opportunity to improve their utilization with the goal of reducing potential future adverse effects."( Survey of gadolinium-based contrast agent utilization among the members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology: a Quality and Safety Committee report.
Blumfield, E; Drake, MK; Goodman, TR; Iyer, RS; Lewis, KN; Meyer, LT; Moore, MM; Ngo, TD; Sammet, C; Slovis, TL; Stanescu, AL; Swenson, DW, 2017)		0.86
" Yeast suspensions were used to examine the toxic effects of contaminants on the cyclic behaviour of metabolite changes during anaerobic glycolysis."( Effect of the periodic properties of toxic stress on the oscillatory behaviour of glycolysis in yeast-evidence of a toxic effect frequency.
André, C; Gagné, F, 2017)		0.46
" Gadolinium is a highly toxic heavy metal."( Gadolinium contrast agents - are they really safe?
Holesta, M; Malikova, H, 2017)		2.81
" In the 3 decades since initial approval, these have proven in general to be very safe for human administration."( Critical Questions Regarding Gadolinium Deposition in the Brain and Body After Injections of the Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents, Safety, and Clinical Recommendations in Consideration of the EMA's Pharmacovigilance and Risk Assessment Committee Recommend
Runge, VM, 2017)		0.75
"Until 2006, the main considerations regarding safety for all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) were related to short-term adverse reactions."( Gadolinium Retention and Toxicity-An Update.
Burke, LM; Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M; Semelka, RC, 2017)		2.14
" Thus, the gadolinium-labeled and dendronized HA hybrid shows promise as a safe and efficient macromolecular MRI contrast agent based on high sensitivity, low residue content in the body, and good biosafety."( Gadolinium-Labeled Biodegradable Dendron-Hyaluronic Acid Hybrid and Its Subsequent Application as a Safe and Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent.
Cai, H; Duan, Z; Gong, Q; Gu, Z; Guo, C; Luo, K; Sun, L; Zhang, S, 2017)		2.29
" Twenty-six adverse events occurred postinjection in 13 subjects (28."( A Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety Study of Gadoterate Meglumine in Pediatric Subjects Aged Younger Than 2 Years.
Bourrinet, P; de Buttet, S; Felices, M; Jurkiewicz, E; Koob, M; Scala, M, 2018)		0.48
" In this review, we discuss in vivo gadolinium retention, particularly brain tissue retention, and potential toxic effects."( Gadolinium Deposition and Chronic Toxicity.
Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M, 2017)		2.17
" The rate of acute adverse reactions and contrast-induced nephropathy is lower than in adults."( Safety of Contrast Material Use in Children.
Huisman, TAGM; Lequin, MH; Soares, BP, 2017)		0.46
" This article addresses the different types of contrast media that may be used in such patients according to the imaging modality (iodinated contrast media, barium, gadolinium-based, and ultrasound contrast agents), focusing on their adverse effects, potential teratogenic effects, strategies to minimize risks, and current clinical recommendation."( Safety of Contrast Material Use During Pregnancy and Lactation.
Castillo, M; Puac, P; Rodríguez, A; Vallejo, C; Zamora, CA, 2017)		0.65
" The incidence of hypotension or other adverse events', need for vasoactive support, or airway intervention throughout the anaesthetic, was recorded."( Safety of ferumoxytol in children undergoing cardiac MRI under general anaesthesia.
Chan, F; McElhinney, DB; Ramamoorthy, C; Vasanawala, S; Velasquez, N; Wise-Faberowski, L, 2018)		0.48
"This technique provides a safe and fast method to avoid vessel injuries during dural opening."( Use of Neuronavigation System for Superficial Vein Identification: Safe and Quick Method to Avoid Intraoperative Bleeding and Vein Closure: Technical Note.
Della Pepa, GM; Izzo, A; La Rocca, G; Polli, FM; Ricciardi, L; Sabatino, G; Simboli, GA, 2018)		0.48
" Faced with this risk of nephrotoxicity, gadolinium-based contrast agents have long been considered as a safe alternative to iodinated contrast media, especially in sensitive or at risk patients."( [Non-iodinated contrast media nephrotoxicity].
Deray, G; Janus, N; Launay-Vacher, V, 2018)		0.75
" Better understanding of these adverse effects prompted preventive measures."( Safety of Gadolinium Administration in Children.
AbdelBaki, MS; Elbeshlawi, I, 2018)		0.88
" Potential toxic effects of LNs were observed only in five species of the seven studied, predominantly in the unicellular organism (A."( Assessment of the toxic effects of mixtures of three lanthanides (Ce, Gd, Lu) to aquatic biota.
Cossu-Leguille, C; Giamberini, L; Joonas, E; Muna, M; Romero-Freire, A; Vignati, DAL, 2019)		0.51
"Accumulation of nano-scale contrast agents in body tissues potentially induces adverse effects associated with free Gd(iii) ion release from the nano-scale system, such as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium deposition in the brain tissue."( Reductive microenvironment responsive gadolinium-based polymers as potential safe MRI contrast agents.
Gong, Q; Guo, S; Li, H; Luo, K; Luo, Q; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Zhang, H; Zhu, H, 2019)		0.97
" However, recently, adverse effects related to GBCA like nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) and asymptomatic gadolinium deposition in tissues including brain are concerning."( Use and Safety of Gadolinium Based Contrast Agents in Pediatric MR Imaging.
Chavhan, GB; Holowka, S; Shroff, M, 2019)		1.06
"In human neurons modeling a subset of those in the basal ganglia, these results demonstrate a toxic effect of gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents on mitochondrial respiratory function and cell viability."( Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agents Induce Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cell Death in Human Neurons, and Toxicity Increases With Reduced Kinetic Stability of the Agent.
Bower, DV; Heverhagen, JT; Richter, JK; Runge, VM; von Tengg-Kobligk, H, 2019)		2.17
"To determine the frequency and severity of immediate-type adverse reactions to approved doses of gadoteridol in patients referred for routine gadoteridol-enhanced MRI in actual clinical practice settings."( Prospective Multicenter Study of the Safety of Gadoteridol in 6163 Patients.
Chang, HW; Cho, SB; Han, M; Kim, KA; Kim, SJ; Lee, AL; Lim, YJ; Rho, MH; Yeom, JA; Yoo, WJ, 2020)		0.56
"Assessment was of immediate adverse reactions by the investigating radiologist using the MedDRA System Organ Class and preferred term."( Prospective Multicenter Study of the Safety of Gadoteridol in 6163 Patients.
Chang, HW; Cho, SB; Han, M; Kim, KA; Kim, SJ; Lee, AL; Lim, YJ; Rho, MH; Yeom, JA; Yoo, WJ, 2020)		0.56
"Overall, 19 adverse events occurred in 13 (0."( Prospective Multicenter Study of the Safety of Gadoteridol in 6163 Patients.
Chang, HW; Cho, SB; Han, M; Kim, KA; Kim, SJ; Lee, AL; Lim, YJ; Rho, MH; Yeom, JA; Yoo, WJ, 2020)		0.56
"The rate of immediate-type adverse events following exposure to approved doses of gadoteridol is extremely low, and mostly limited to transient and self-resolving symptoms."( Prospective Multicenter Study of the Safety of Gadoteridol in 6163 Patients.
Chang, HW; Cho, SB; Han, M; Kim, KA; Kim, SJ; Lee, AL; Lim, YJ; Rho, MH; Yeom, JA; Yoo, WJ, 2020)		0.56
" Patients can be asymptomatic or suffer major adverse events including sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure."( Myocardial tissue characterization by gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification of adverse events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Allen, BD; Choudhury, L; Collins, JD; Raiker, N; Vullaganti, S, 2020)		0.83
"To investigate the toxic effects of GBCAs on neuronal cells by using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell cultures."( Evaluation of toxicity of gadolinium-based contrast agents on neuronal cells.
Apaydin, M; Armagan, G; Erdoğan, MA; Taskiran, D, 2021)		0.92
" No adverse events during scanning were noted in groups 1 and 2, whereas in group 3 four examinations were stopped due to severe dyspnea (n = 2) and AV-blockage (n = 2)."( Splenic Switch-Off for Determining the Optimal Dosage for Adenosine Stress Cardiac MR in Terms of Stress Effectiveness and Patient Safety.
Forschner, M; Giusca, S; Hagstotz, S; Hofmann, N; Kelle, S; Korosoglou, G; Nunninger, P; Schueler, M; Wolf, D, 2020)		0.56
" Image quality and adverse events were assessed."( Diagnostic efficacy and safety of gadoteridol compared to gadobutrol and gadoteric acid in a large sample of CNS MRI studies at 1.5T.
Anello, G; Anzalone, N; Calloni, SF; Del Poggio, A; Falini, A; Iadanza, A; Pereira, C; Vezzulli, P, 2022)		0.72
"Gadoteridol was safe and guaranteed good image quality without significant differences when compared to gadobutrol and gadoteric acid in a wide range of CNS pathologies."( Diagnostic efficacy and safety of gadoteridol compared to gadobutrol and gadoteric acid in a large sample of CNS MRI studies at 1.5T.
Anello, G; Anzalone, N; Calloni, SF; Del Poggio, A; Falini, A; Iadanza, A; Pereira, C; Vezzulli, P, 2022)		0.72
"Background The use of MR cisternography with intrathecal administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is limited by a lack of understanding of the relationship between intrathecal GBCA exposure and dose-related adverse events."( Safety of Intrathecal Administration of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Atyani, A; Chakraborty, S; McInnes, M; Patel, M; Salameh, JP, 2020)		1.06
" This review is based on a selective literature search and reflects the current state of research on acute adverse effects of GBCA, NSF and brain retention of gadolinium."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.26
" Due to the frequent use of GBCA, data on adverse effects of these compounds are available in large collectives."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.06
" GBCA have a very good risk profile with a low rate of adverse effects or systemic manifestations such as NSF."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.06
"· Acute adverse effects are predominantly mild/moderate, rarely severe reactions occur."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.06
" Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.97
" Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents: What we learned from acute adverse events, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and brain retention.
Bäuerle, T; Saake, M; Uder, M, 2021)		2.97
" We focus particular attention on acute adverse reactions, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium deposition."( Safety issues related to intravenous contrast agent use in magnetic resonance imaging.
Chan, SS; Chavhan, GB; Dillman, JR; Moore, MM; Ponrartana, S; Victoria, T, 2021)		0.84
" Safety data were collected by spontaneous patient adverse event (AE) reporting."( Patterns of use, effectiveness and safety of gadolinium contrast agents: a European prospective cross-sectional multicentre observational study.
Alcázar, A; Fraga, P; Jakobsen, JÅ; Müller, FHH; Outteryck, O; Panebianco, V; Pietura, R; Quattrocchi, CC; Reith, W; Sampedro, A, 2021)		0.88
"Neonates and young children require efficacious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations but are potentially more susceptible to the short- and long-term adverse effects of gadolinium-based contrast agents due to the immaturity of their body functions."( Safety and diagnostic efficacy of gadoteridol for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine in children 2 years of age and younger.
Colosimo, C; Enterline, DS; Lin, DDM; Parmar, HA; Raslan, OA; Shah, CC; Spampinato, MV; Tomà, P; Vymazal, J, 2021)		0.81
" Safety data were assessed for acute/subacute adverse events in the 48 h following gadoteridol administration and, when available, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG) and clinical laboratory values obtained from blood samples taken from 48 h before until 48 h following the MRI exam."( Safety and diagnostic efficacy of gadoteridol for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine in children 2 years of age and younger.
Colosimo, C; Enterline, DS; Lin, DDM; Parmar, HA; Raslan, OA; Shah, CC; Spampinato, MV; Tomà, P; Vymazal, J, 2021)		0.62
"Thirteen changes of laboratory values (11 mild, 1 moderate, 1 unspecified) were reported as adverse events in 7 (5."( Safety and diagnostic efficacy of gadoteridol for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine in children 2 years of age and younger.
Colosimo, C; Enterline, DS; Lin, DDM; Parmar, HA; Raslan, OA; Shah, CC; Spampinato, MV; Tomà, P; Vymazal, J, 2021)		0.62
"5%) experienced adverse events related to gadopiclenol, none serious and all resolved."( Pharmacokinetics, Dialysability, and Safety of Gadopiclenol, a New Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent, in Patients With Impaired Renal Function.
Bourrinet, P; Bradu, A; Hao, J; Penescu, M; Pitrou, C, 2021)		0.86
"Gadolinium-based contrast agents are used across species to better visualize abnormalities during MRI and are considered generally safe in clinical practice."( Investigation of suspected gadolinium neurotoxicity in a dog.
Biller, D; Ensley, S; Fitzgerald, AH; Harkin, K; Njaa, B; Zhang, Y, 2021)		2.36
" All patients were followed up after surgery to obtain information of survival status and adverse events, including all-cause mortality, congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization, new-onset stroke, and unexplained syncope."( Preoperative ventricular late potentials and the risk of adverse events in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing septal myectomy.
Huang, X; Lu, J; Song, C; Wang, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, X; Zhu, C, 2021)		0.62
" Eight adverse events were reported at the 14."( Preoperative ventricular late potentials and the risk of adverse events in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing septal myectomy.
Huang, X; Lu, J; Song, C; Wang, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, X; Zhu, C, 2021)		0.62
"VLPs may increase the risk of adverse events in patients with OHCM after septal myectomy, which may be used as a screening test for further risk stratification."( Preoperative ventricular late potentials and the risk of adverse events in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing septal myectomy.
Huang, X; Lu, J; Song, C; Wang, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, X; Zhu, C, 2021)		0.62
"This study was aimed at comparing the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) arising from the use of iodinated contrast medium (ICM) and gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), and to provide a basis for the clinical selection of contrast media."( Clinical safety evaluation of contrast agents based on real-world evidence.
Huang, D; Huang, Y; Jiang, C; Jiang, X; Li, J; Lin, J, 2021)		0.83
" They were preferred over iodinated contrast used in computed tomography and considered safe for use."( Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent Use, Their Safety, and Practice Evolution.
Brearley, A; DeAguero, J; Do, C; Escobar, GP; Howard, T; Trejo, X; Wagner, B, 2020)		2
" We aimed to fill this gap by evaluating the long-term adverse effects of gadolinium on the freshwater model-crustacean Daphnia magna."( Long-Term Toxicity of Gadolinium to the Freshwater Crustacean Daphnia magna.
Blinova, I; Kahru, A; Lukjanova, A; Vija, H, 2022)		1.27
"Based on the results of this retrospective safety analysis of up to 14 years following 1-2 exposures, we conclude that Gadofosveset in clinical practice is safe in the long-term."( Long-term safety of Gadofosveset in clinical practice.
Åkesson, M; Leander, P; Lehti, L; Sterner, G; Wassélius, J, 2022)		0.72
"Mounting evidence on the short- and long-term adverse effects associated with gadolinium [Gd (III)]-based contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging have emerged in the past 3 decades."( Cellular and Molecular Pathways Underlying the Nephrotoxicity of Gadolinium.
Coimbra, S; Reis Sousa, N; Rocha, S; Santos-Silva, A; Valente, MJ, 2022)		1.19
" Adverse events were recorded, and efficacy was assessed for all children."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
"5%) experienced nonserious adverse events considered related to gadopiclenol: a mild QT interval prolongation and a moderate maculopapular rash."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
" Adverse events were recorded, and efficacy was assessed for all children."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
"5%) experienced nonserious adverse events considered related to gadopiclenol: a mild QT interval prolongation and a moderate maculopapular rash."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
"Symptoms associated with gadolinium exposure were identified from a review of the scientific literature, and the corresponding preferred terms were searched in each system organ class (SOC) category recorded in the European and North American pharmacovigilance databases EudraVigilance (EV) and FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), respectively."( Use of Real-Life Safety Data From International Pharmacovigilance Databases to Assess the Importance of Symptoms Associated With Gadolinium Exposure.
Joseph, A; Lancelot, E; Shahid, I, 2022)		1.23
" Safety is always of paramount importance when administering any contrast media to children, and it is important for radiologists and ordering providers to be knowledgeable of the safety profiles and potential adverse events that can occur."( Safety considerations related to intravenous contrast agents in pediatric imaging.
Cheeney, SHE; Iyer, RS; Maloney, E, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse events were described until W72."( Efficacy, safety and patient reported outcomes in patients with active relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: Final results from the PRO-MSACTIVE study.
Christine, LF; Grouin, JM; Kobelt, G; Labauge, P; Laplaud, D; Lotz, M; Manchon, E; Moreau, T; Pau, D; Vukusic, S, 2022)		0.72
"3% of patients reported adverse events, 62."( Efficacy, safety and patient reported outcomes in patients with active relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: Final results from the PRO-MSACTIVE study.
Christine, LF; Grouin, JM; Kobelt, G; Labauge, P; Laplaud, D; Lotz, M; Manchon, E; Moreau, T; Pau, D; Vukusic, S, 2022)		0.72
" Though the risk of contrast administration can never be entirely ignored, especially in patients with low eGFR, our study indicates that safe administration of GM can be performed even in patients with severe kidney disease."( Safety profile of Gadoterate meglumine on the renal function of patients with severe kidney disease.
Adams, W; El-Bulbul, J; Goldberg, A; Jawahar, A; Joyce, C; Yacoub, J, 2022)		0.72
" They were followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiac death or non-fatal myocardial infarction."( Safety, feasibility, and prognostic value of stress perfusion CMR in patients with MR-conditional pacemaker.
Ah-Sing, T; Bousson, V; Dillinger, JG; Faradji, A; Fiorina, L; Garot, J; Garot, P; Henry, P; Horvilleur, J; Hovasse, T; Lacotte, J; Manenti, V; Nicol, M; Pezel, T; Said, MA; Salerno, F; Sanguineti, F; Toupin, S; Unterseeh, T; Zouaghi, A, 2023)		0.91
"MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1988 (GBCAs approved for clinical use) to March 2021 for studies reporting adverse events associated with intra-arterial administration of GBCAs."( Adverse Events Associated with Intra-Arterial Administration of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Davenport, MS; Dos Santos, MP; Gauthier, I; Khan, F; MacLeod, CA; McGrath, TA; McInnes, MDF; Schieda, N, 2023)		1.15
" Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity assessments included adverse events, laboratory evaluations, and positivity for anti-John Cunningham virus antibodies and antinatalizumab antibodies."( Efficacy and Safety of Proposed Biosimilar Natalizumab (PB006) in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: The Antelope Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Hemmer, B; Höfler, J; Hornuss, C; Liedert, B; Roth, K; Selmaj, K; Wessels, H; Wiendl, H, 2023)		0.91
" Key secondary outcomes included lesion-to-background ratio, enhancement percentage, contrast-to-noise ratio, overall diagnostic preference, and adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Gadopiclenol for Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Central Nervous System: The PICTURE Randomized Clinical Trial.
Bago, A; Bereczki, D; Dziadziuszko, K; Hutóczki, G; Kolumban, B; Loevner, LA; Pichiecchio, A, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse events considered related to gadopiclenol (4."( Efficacy and Safety of Gadopiclenol for Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Central Nervous System: The PICTURE Randomized Clinical Trial.
Bago, A; Bereczki, D; Dziadziuszko, K; Hutóczki, G; Kolumban, B; Loevner, LA; Pichiecchio, A, 2023)		0.91
" The secondary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as atrial fibrillation, heart failure, symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death of probable or definite ibrutinib association after CMR."( Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Ibrutinib-Associated Cardiotoxicity.
Addison, D; Awan, FT; Bhat, S; Bonsu, JM; Buck, B; Byrd, JC; Carter, R; Chum, AP; Gambril, J; Guha, A; Haddad, D; Kittai, AS; Kola-Kehinde, O; Mann, J; Nawaz, H; Patel, M; Raman, SV; Rogers, KA; Ruz, P; Sanchez, R; Simonetti, OP; Wallace, G; Wei, L; Wiczer, T; Woyach, JA; Yildiz, V, 2023)		0.91
" Cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures were highest in those with suspected toxic effects (P = ."( Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Ibrutinib-Associated Cardiotoxicity.
Addison, D; Awan, FT; Bhat, S; Bonsu, JM; Buck, B; Byrd, JC; Carter, R; Chum, AP; Gambril, J; Guha, A; Haddad, D; Kittai, AS; Kola-Kehinde, O; Mann, J; Nawaz, H; Patel, M; Raman, SV; Rogers, KA; Ruz, P; Sanchez, R; Simonetti, OP; Wallace, G; Wei, L; Wiczer, T; Woyach, JA; Yildiz, V, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

P792 allows the use of a reduced dosage of gadolinium, resulting in less T2* effect without compromising T1 enhancement. The pharmacokinetic parameters, safety, and tolerability of OptiMARK were evaluated.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic data show that the elimination half-life and the distribution half-life were independent of the dose used."( Pharmacokinetic behavior of gadoteridol injection.
De Simone, DN; Eaton, S; McLachlan, SJ, 1992)		0.28
" According to these features, the measured signal-time curves can be analyzed within the framework of pharmacokinetic modeling."( Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging.
Brix, G; Layer, G; Lorenz, WJ; Port, R; Schad, LR; Semmler, W, )		0.13
" Tc(DTPA) and Gd(DTPA)2- had nearly identical pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma and the rate constants were essentially the same."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of blood distribution of intravenously administered 153Gd-labeled Gd(DTPA)2- and 99mTc(DTPA) in rats.
Covell, DG; Eaton, S; Eckelman, WC; Nair, S; Tweedle, MF; Wedeking, P, 1990)		0.28
" Biodistribution showed a prolonged blood pool phase for Gd-DTPA liposomes with a blood pool half-life of approximately 4 hours for the 100-nm liposomes."( Biodistribution and clearance of liposomal gadolinium-DTPA.
Cardenas, D; Fajardo, LL; Tilcock, C; Unger, E; Zerella, A, 1990)		0.54
" Gadolinium liposomes accumulated in the liver of rats at a peak concentration 4 hours after application and at a higher concentration compared with the manganese liposomes."( A pharmacokinetic and MRI study of unilamellar gadolinium-, manganese-, and iron-DTPA-stearate liposomes as organ-specific contrast agents.
Duewell, S; Schwendener, RA; von Schulthess, GK; Wehrli, E; Wüthrich, R, 1990)		1.45
" Its behavior was found to be similar to that of urographic and angiographic iodinated contrast media with a plasma elimination half-life of 91 +/- 14 minutes (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]), a small distribution volume of 171."( Gd-DOTA. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability after intravenous injection into healthy volunteers.
Bonnemain, B; Chambon, C; Davies, R; Le Mignon, MM; Warrington, S, 1990)		0.28
"The blood clearance kinetics of five gadolinium complexes, Gd(L), were determined in rats and the results interpreted in terms of an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."( Comparative chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of MRI contrast agents.
Eaton, SM; Eckelman, WC; Gaughan, GT; Hagan, JJ; Tweedle, MF; Wedeking, PW; Yost, FJ, 1988)		0.55
" The signal changes were analysed using a pharmacokinetic model which allowed parametrization of the contrast enhancement and transformation of the data into colour coded parameter images."( [A pharmacokinetic analysis of Gd-DTPA enhancement in MRT in breast carcinoma].
Brix, G; Hess, T; Hoffmann, U; Junkermann, H; Knopp, MV; van Kaick, G; von Fournier, D; Zuna, I, 1994)		0.29
" Blood elimination half-life increased seven-fold with an increase in molecular weight from 36 to 480 kd."( Effect of varying the molecular weight of the MR contrast agent Gd-DTPA-polylysine on blood pharmacokinetics and enhancement patterns.
Brasch, RC; Clément, O; Schmitt-Willich, H; Vexler, VS, )		0.13
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of gadodiamide was consistent with its extracellular distribution."( Preclinical safety assessment and pharmacokinetics of gadodiamide injection, a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent.
Furuhama, K; Hals, PA; Harpur, ES; Holtz, E; Nomura, H; Worah, D, 1993)		0.29
"This study was designed to assess the efficacy of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma."( Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma.
Bowsley, SJ; Buckley, DL; Carleton, PJ; Fox, JN; Horsman, A; Mussurakis, S; Turnbull, LW, 1995)		0.7
" Dynamic magnetic resonance data obtained at four preselected slice locations were analyzed to examine Gd-DTPA uptake based on a pharmacokinetic model using three parameters: wash-in rate, wash-out rate, and amplitude of uptake."( Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma.
Bowsley, SJ; Buckley, DL; Carleton, PJ; Fox, JN; Horsman, A; Mussurakis, S; Turnbull, LW, 1995)		0.5
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of Gd-DTPA uptake can be used to produce parametric images that retain the spatial resolution of the original images while providing additional information about lesion permeability and vascularity, and helping to avoid the observer variability associated with ROI analysis."( Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma.
Bowsley, SJ; Buckley, DL; Carleton, PJ; Fox, JN; Horsman, A; Mussurakis, S; Turnbull, LW, 1995)		0.5
"To stage advanced cervical carcinoma with conventional or pharmacokinetic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by correlating imaging findings with whole-mount specimens and histopathologic findings."( Cervical carcinoma: comparison of standard and pharmacokinetic MR imaging.
Brix, G; Essig, M; Hawighorst, H; Hoffmann, U; Knapstein, PG; Knopp, MV; Schaeffer, U; Schönberg, S; van Kaick, G; Weikel, W; Zuna, I, 1996)		0.29
" Signal intensity changes versus time were analyzed by using a pharmacokinetic model and parameter values displayed as a color-coded overlay."( Cervical carcinoma: comparison of standard and pharmacokinetic MR imaging.
Brix, G; Essig, M; Hawighorst, H; Hoffmann, U; Knapstein, PG; Knopp, MV; Schaeffer, U; Schönberg, S; van Kaick, G; Weikel, W; Zuna, I, 1996)		0.29
" The overall accuracy for tumor staging was 73% for T2-weighted, 81% for T1-weighted, and 92% for pharmacokinetic MR imaging."( Cervical carcinoma: comparison of standard and pharmacokinetic MR imaging.
Brix, G; Essig, M; Hawighorst, H; Hoffmann, U; Knapstein, PG; Knopp, MV; Schaeffer, U; Schönberg, S; van Kaick, G; Weikel, W; Zuna, I, 1996)		0.29
"T2-weighted turbo SE images are still superior to contract medium-enhanced T1-weighted SE or pharmacokinetic MR images in the diagnosis of parametrial infiltration by uterine cervical carcinoma."( Cervical carcinoma: comparison of standard and pharmacokinetic MR imaging.
Brix, G; Essig, M; Hawighorst, H; Hoffmann, U; Knapstein, PG; Knopp, MV; Schaeffer, U; Schönberg, S; van Kaick, G; Weikel, W; Zuna, I, 1996)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic behavior was compared with the compute tomographic attenuation data in the liver parenchyma after the same doses in patients."( Pharmacokinetics of the liver-specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA in relation to contrast-enhanced liver imaging in humans.
Mahler, M; Maibauer, R; Röll, G; Schmitz, S; Schuhmann-Giampieri, G, 1997)		0.3
" This was used to estimate the concentration of Gd-DTPA as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters governing its time course."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of Gd-DTPA enhancement in dynamic three-dimensional MRI of breast lesions.
de Vos, RA; den Boer, JA; Dornseiffen, G; Hoenderop, RK; Koch, PW; Mulder, JH; Slump, CH; Smink, J; Volker, ED, )		0.13
"14 L/kg, and a long elimination half-life (Te1/2), 2 to 3 hours."( Preclinical evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and elimination of MS-325, a blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging.
Lauffer, RB; Ouellet, HS; Parmelee, DJ; Walovitch, RC, 1997)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetic parameters, safety, and tolerability of OptiMARK (gadoversetamide injection), a gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, were evaluated in 163 subjects with either central nervous system (CNS) or liver pathology with and without renal insufficiency, for which a contrast-enhanced MRI was indicated."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of gadoversetamide injection (OptiMARK) in subjects with central nervous system or liver pathology and varying degrees of renal function.
Baker, JF; Barr, R; Barr, W; Barron, B; Free, R; Gazelle, GS; Lambrecht, LJ; Maravilla, KR; Pierro, JA; Seltzer, S; Stevens, GR; Swan, SK; Tucker, RM, 1999)		0.52
"The safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine, a gadolinium (Gd3+) chelate complex in development as a contrast agent for MRI, were evaluated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial."( Safety and pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in subjects with renal impairment.
Bensel, K; Davies, BE; LaFrance, ND; Lambrecht, LJ; McCloud, S; Parker, JR; Swan, SK; Townsend, R, 1999)		0.54
"Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of gadobenate dimeglumine, a new multipurpose parenteral contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in animals of gadobenate ion, the magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancing component of gadobenate dimeglumine 0.5 M solution for injection (MultiHance).
Arbughi, T; de Haën, C; Lorusso, V; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" To calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, urine and venous blood samples were drawn at baseline and up to 72 hours for group 1 and 120 hours for group 2 after administration of gadobutrol."( Pharmacokinetics of 1M gadobutrol in patients with chronic renal failure.
Bremer, C; Ebert, W; Geens, V; Heindel, W; Reimer, P; Schaefer, RM; Tombach, B, 2000)		0.31
"The half-life of gadobutrol is prolonged in patients with impaired renal function, but elimination by means of the kidneys is the predominant route."( Pharmacokinetics of 1M gadobutrol in patients with chronic renal failure.
Bremer, C; Ebert, W; Geens, V; Heindel, W; Reimer, P; Schaefer, RM; Tombach, B, 2000)		0.31
"The plasma pharmacokinetic profiles were similar for Gd-DOTA and P760 (t1/2=13."( Comparison of plasma and peritoneal concentrations of various categories of MRI blood pool agents in a murine experimental pharmacokinetic model.
Bourasset, F; Bourrinet, P; Corot, C; Dencausse, A; Ducret, M, 2001)		0.31
" As a result of this high molecular volume, P792 presents an unusual pharmacokinetic profile, as it is a Rapid Clearance Blood Pool Agent (RCBPA) characterized by limited diffusion across the normal endothelium."( P792: a rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary results.
Corot, C; Dencausse, A; Devoldere, L; Idée, JM; Le Greneur, S; Meyer, D; Port, M; Raynal, I; Rousseaux, O; Simonot, C, 2001)		0.31
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic behavior of this contrast medium."( Pharmacokinetics of Gadomer-17, a new dendritic magnetic resonance contrast agent.
Ebert, W; Frenzel, T; Misselwitz, B; Schmitt-Willich, H; Weinmann, HJ, 2001)		0.31
" The extraction-flow product (EF) was computed for each lesion by pharmacokinetic modeling of [C](t)."( Improvement in breast lesion characterization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using pharmacokinetic modeling and bookend T(1) measurements.
Cron, GO; Kelcz, F; Santyr, GE, 2004)		0.32
" A compartmental pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe dynamic signal intensity-time curves."( Gd-BOPTA transport into rat hepatocytes: pharmacokinetic analysis of dynamic magnetic resonance images using a hollow-fiber bioreactor.
Balant, L; Dornier, C; Gex-Fabry, M; Ivancevic, MK; Meier, PJ; Pastor, CM; Planchamp, C; Pochon, S; Quadri, R; Reist, M; Stieger, B; Terrier, F; Vallée, JP, 2004)		0.32
"Due to its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, P792 allows the use of a reduced dosage of gadolinium, resulting in less T2* effect without compromising T1 enhancement."( Renal functional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of a new rapid-clearance blood pool agent (p792) in sprague-dawley rats.
Claudon, M; Corot, C; Felblinger, J; Grenier, N; Mandry, D; Odille, F; Pedersen, M; Robert, P, 2005)		0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using a two-compartment model."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue retention of (Gd-DTPA)-cystamine copolymers, a biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent.
Feng, Y; Ke, T; Lu, ZR; Schabel, M; Wang, X, 2005)		0.33
"We sought to assess the possibility of using pharmacokinetic parameters as a predictor of response to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) pharmacotherapy via a randomized, placebo-controlled, animal preclinical trial using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI)."( Pharmacokinetic parameters as a potential predictor of response to pharmacotherapy in benign prostatic hyperplasia: a preclinical trial using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
Baudendistel, KT; Henry, H; Heverhagen, JT; Jia, G; Knopp, MV; Levine, AL; Polzer, H; Rosol, TJ; von Tengg-Kobligk, H, 2006)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of [(Gd-DTPA-phen)3Fe]- in rats indicate that the elimination of [(Gd-DTPA-phen)3Fe]- is significantly slower than that of Gd-DTPA and is correlated with a reduced volume of distribution."( Pharmacokinetic and in vivo evaluation of a self-assembled gadolinium(III)-iron(II) contrast agent with high relaxivity.
Binnemans, K; Burtéa, C; Chen, F; Kimpe, K; Laurent, S; Muller, RN; Ni, Y; Parac-Vogt, TN; Van Deun, R; Vander Elst, L, )		0.37
" The brain pharmacokinetic profile of (125)I-Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30 showed a rapid absorption phase followed by a slower elimination phase."( Pharmacokinetics and amyloid plaque targeting ability of a novel peptide-based magnetic resonance contrast agent in wild-type and Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice.
Curran, GL; Gilles, EJ; Kandimalla, KK; Poduslo, JF; Wengenack, TM, 2007)		0.34
" This study demonstrates the potential of DCE-MRI and pharmacokinetic modeling to study early changes in inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis following treatment."( Pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the hand and wrist in rheumatoid arthritis and the response to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy.
Barnes, T; Campbell, RS; Connolly, S; Eyes, B; Hodgson, RJ; Moots, R, 2007)		0.34
"6 kDa), medium (Gadomer-17, MW(eff) approximately equal 35 kDa), and high (PG-Gd-DTPA, MW approximately equal 220 kDa) molecular weight contrast agents were analyzed with single- and dual-tracer pharmacokinetic models."( Comparison of single- and dual-tracer pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data using low, medium, and high molecular weight contrast agents.
Bankson, J; Jackson, EF; Orth, RC; Price, R, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic models with two and three compartments were fitted to the concentration-time curves of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data obtained from five patients with known MI."( Pharmacokinetic modeling of delayed gadolinium enhancement in the myocardium.
Batchelor, PG; Ginks, M; Knowles, BR; Parish, V; Plein, S; Razavi, R; Schaeffter, T, 2008)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetic profiling of the binding of targeted contrast agents, while theoretically possible with MRI, has thus far only been demonstrated with more sensitive imaging techniques."( Nanoparticle pharmacokinetic profiling in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging.
Caruthers, SD; Lanza, GM; Neubauer, AM; Robertson, JD; Sept, D; Sim, H; Wickline, SA; Williams, TA; Winter, PM, 2008)		0.35
" The influence of molecular size on the reliability of pharmacokinetic parameters, including the transfer constant K(trans), was investigated."( Reliability of pharmacokinetic parameters: small vs. medium-sized contrast agents.
Aerts, HJ; Backes, WH; Jaspers, K; Leiner, T; Oostendorp, M; Post, MJ; van Riel, NA, 2009)		0.35
" Additionally, quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in muscle tissues by applying 3 separate 2-compartment models; (1) artery input function (AIF) based Tofts model, (2) Brix model without AIF, and (3) AIF decomposed refined Brix model."( Intraindividual in vivo comparison of gadolinium contrast agents for pharmacokinetic analysis using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Jia, G; Knopp, MV; Liang, J; Sammet, S; Takayama, Y; Yang, X, 2010)		0.63
" Among all the quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters, only the exchange rate constants (kep) calculated from these 3 models did not show a significant difference among the various contrast agents."( Intraindividual in vivo comparison of gadolinium contrast agents for pharmacokinetic analysis using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Jia, G; Knopp, MV; Liang, J; Sammet, S; Takayama, Y; Yang, X, 2010)		0.63
" The observed enhancement characteristics for the 3 contrast agents demonstrate that the pharmacokinetic parameter kep is more robust in various models using DCE-MRI than the other pharmacokinetic parameters."( Intraindividual in vivo comparison of gadolinium contrast agents for pharmacokinetic analysis using dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Jia, G; Knopp, MV; Liang, J; Sammet, S; Takayama, Y; Yang, X, 2010)		0.63
" In this study, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers bearing gadolinium (Gd) chelates were PEGylated with different PEG-chain lengths, and the effects on paramagnetic and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated."( Dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents: the effects of PEGylation on relaxivity and pharmacokinetics.
Bernardo, M; Bryant, LH; Choyke, PL; Kobayashi, H; Kojima, C; Kono, K; Ogawa, M; Regino, CA; Turkbey, B, 2011)		0.61
"In this study, polyamidoamine dendrimers bearing gadolinium (Gd) chelates were PEGylated with different PEG-chain lengths, and the effects on paramagnetic and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated."( Dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents: the effects of PEGylation on relaxivity and pharmacokinetics.
Bernardo, M; Bryant, LH; Choyke, PL; Kobayashi, H; Kojima, C; Kono, K; Ogawa, M; Regino, CA; Turkbey, B, 2011)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the plasma clearance of GBCA is required for all new agents or improved formulations, to address concerns over toxicity or unforeseen side effects."( Quantification of the plasma clearance kinetics of a gadolinium-based contrast agent by photoinduced triplet harvesting.
Casey, R; Fisher, EA; Hoang, DM; Little, BW; Olmsted, PD; Rumschitzki, DS; Russell, S; Wadghiri, YZ, 2012)		0.63
"Factor X (FX), a plasma glycoprotein playing a central role in coagulation has a long circulatory half-life compared to closely related coagulation factors."( Coagulation factor X interaction with macrophages through its N-glycans protects it from a rapid clearance.
Cherel, G; Christophe, OD; Denis, CV; Kurdi, M; Lenting, PJ, 2012)		0.38
"To assess dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with Generalized Kinetic Model (GKM) and extended Shutter Speed Model (SSM2) in renal tumors stratified by histologic subtypes."( High temporal resolution 3D gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MR imaging of renal tumors with pharmacokinetic modeling: preliminary observations.
Amarosa, A; Chandarana, H; Huang, WC; Kang, SK; Kim, S; Melamed, J; Taneja, S, 2013)		0.68
" Therefore, the pharmacokinetic properties of the CA possess a central role: iodinated x-ray CAs are small molecules that distribute rapidly within the extravascular extracellular space, whereas larger macromolecular compounds have a prolonged vascular phase and a restricted volume of distribution."( Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography to assess antitumor treatment effects: comparison of two contrast agents with different pharmacokinetics.
Grenacher, L; Jost, G; Pietsch, H, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic models were implemented on the absolute concentration calculated from the MRI signal enhancement measurements."( Quantitative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of multimodal gadolinium-based nanoparticles for lungs using ultrashort TE MRI.
Bianchi, A; Coll, JL; Courtois, A; Crémillieux, Y; Dufort, S; Lux, F; Tillement, O, 2014)		0.64
" While the IAUGC method can be implemented more easily than pharmacokinetic models, at this time, the IAUGC approach alone does not substitute pharmacokinetic models in BBB permeability characterization."( Evaluation of IAUGC indices and two DCE-MRI pharmacokinetic parameters assessed by two different theoretical algorithms in patients with brain tumors.
Barletta, L; Bergamino, M; Castellan, L; Mancardi, GL; Roccatagliata, L; Saitta, L, )		0.13
" Furthermore, the long half-life and biocompatibility of Gd-RBCs allows repeating the measurement many times upon their administration; this ensures the possibility to in vivo evaluate the change of vascular volume during tumor growth."( Gd-loaded-RBCs for the assessment of tumor vascular volume by contrast-enhanced-MRI.
Aime, S; Dastrù, W; Di Gregorio, E; Ferrauto, G; Lanzardo, S, 2015)		0.42
"To define the range of quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters in normal-healing bone with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI)."( Pharmacokinetic modeling of multislice dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in normal-healing radial fractures: A pilot study.
Ebreo, D; Greenwood, R; Johnson, G; Kasmai, B; Lewis, M; Malcolm, PN; Patel, AD; Toms, AP, 2016)		0.43
"Using a nonconventional pharmacokinetic approach, we showed that gadoterate meglumine undergoes a much faster residual excretion from the body than the linear GBCAs, a process that seems related to the thermodynamic stability of the different chelates."( Revisiting the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Differences in Long-Term Biodistribution and Excretion.
Lancelot, E, 2016)		0.7
"The evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters showed a first rise of the transfer coefficient 7 days post-lesion and a maximum 42 days after operation."( Assessment of pharmacokinetics for microvessel proliferation by DCE-MRI for early detection of physeal bone bridge formation in an animal model.
Amerstorfer, E; Diwoky, C; Lindtner, RA; Neumayer, B; Scheurer, E; Stollberger, R; Wadl, E; Weinberg, AM, 2017)		0.46
"The pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI provides information on a proliferation of microvessels during the healing process as a sign for bone bridge formation."( Assessment of pharmacokinetics for microvessel proliferation by DCE-MRI for early detection of physeal bone bridge formation in an animal model.
Amerstorfer, E; Diwoky, C; Lindtner, RA; Neumayer, B; Scheurer, E; Stollberger, R; Wadl, E; Weinberg, AM, 2017)		0.46
"The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of gadoterate meglumine in pediatric patients younger than 2 years; the secondary objectives were to document its efficacy and safety."( A Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety Study of Gadoterate Meglumine in Pediatric Subjects Aged Younger Than 2 Years.
Bourrinet, P; de Buttet, S; Felices, M; Jurkiewicz, E; Koob, M; Scala, M, 2018)		0.48
" A noncompartmental approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Assessment of Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Profile, and Tolerance of Gadopiclenol, A New High Relaxivity GBCA, in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Brain Lesions (Phase I/IIa Study).
Bourrinet, P; Desché, P; Hao, J, 2019)		0.51
"0 years), the pharmacokinetics of gadopiclenol is considered linear with mean maximum concentration Cmax values ranging from 248."( Assessment of Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Profile, and Tolerance of Gadopiclenol, A New High Relaxivity GBCA, in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Brain Lesions (Phase I/IIa Study).
Bourrinet, P; Desché, P; Hao, J, 2019)		0.51
" Preliminary pharmacodynamic results in patients suggest that gadopiclenol is a promising macrocyclic contrast agent with the potential use of lower dose for clinical routine magnetic resonance imaging scans."( Assessment of Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Profile, and Tolerance of Gadopiclenol, A New High Relaxivity GBCA, in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Brain Lesions (Phase I/IIa Study).
Bourrinet, P; Desché, P; Hao, J, 2019)		0.51
" Its pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was similar to that of other extracellular nonspecific GBCAs."( Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gadopiclenol: A New Macrocyclic Gadolinium Chelate With High T1 Relaxivity.
Bourrinet, P; Catoen, S; Corot, C; Factor, C; Fretellier, N; Idée, JM; Le Greneur, S; Louguet, S; Medina, C; Port, M; Raynal, I; Robic, C; Rousseaux, O, 2019)		0.74
" There are currently no CAs on the market with appropriate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, namely long persistence in the blood, that can be easily used for MRA."( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution study of self-assembled Gd-micelles demonstrating blood-pool contrast enhancement for MRI.
Allémann, E; Babič, A; Crowe, LA; Helm, L; Lenglet, S; Thomas, A; Vallée, JP; Van De Looij, Y; Vorobiev, V, 2019)		0.51
" Focusing specifically on the time to maximum of the tissue residue function (Tmax) parameter, used in DAWN and DEFUSE 3, we hypothesized that half-dose scans would yield a similar Tmax delay pattern to full-dose scans."( Comparison of Tmax values between full- and half-dose gadolinium perfusion studies.
Albers, GW; Amukotuwa, S; Bammer, R; Christensen, S; Heit, JJ; Kemp, S; Lansberg, MG; Marks, MP; Mlynash, M, 2021)		0.87
" Compared with that of healthy subjects, the mean area under the plasma concentration curve was 54%, 148%, and 769% higher in subjects with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics, Dialysability, and Safety of Gadopiclenol, a New Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent, in Patients With Impaired Renal Function.
Bourrinet, P; Bradu, A; Hao, J; Penescu, M; Pitrou, C, 2021)		0.86
"Gadopiclenol elimination half-life was prolonged in subjects with mild to severe renal impairment, yet its renal clearance remains complete or nearly complete."( Pharmacokinetics, Dialysability, and Safety of Gadopiclenol, a New Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent, in Patients With Impaired Renal Function.
Bourrinet, P; Bradu, A; Hao, J; Penescu, M; Pitrou, C, 2021)		0.86
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, safety, and efficacy of gadopiclenol, a new high-relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent, in children aged 2 to 17 years."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were very similar between adults and children."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, safety, and efficacy of gadopiclenol, a new high-relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent, in children aged 2 to 17 years."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were very similar between adults and children."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

The technique was combined with intravenous administration of gadolinium-DTPA in five patients with lumbosacral spine conditions. The aim was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted drugs.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A fat suppression MR technique used in combination with Gd-DTPA enhancement was investigated to determine its value in cases of inflammatory optic nerve lesions."( MR fat suppression combined with Gd-DTPA enhancement in optic neuritis and perineuritis.
Hesselink, JR; Szumowski, J; Tien, RD, )		0.13
"This study was designed to assess the efficacy of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma."( Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast combined with pharmacokinetic analysis of gadolinium-DTPA uptake in the diagnosis of local recurrence of early stage breast carcinoma.
Bowsley, SJ; Buckley, DL; Carleton, PJ; Fox, JN; Horsman, A; Mussurakis, S; Turnbull, LW, 1995)		0.7
" ICP-MS can be used in combination with many different mobile phases ranging from 0-100% organic modifier."( The potential of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection for high-performance liquid chromatography combined with accurate mass measurement of organic pharmaceutical compounds.
Abou-Shakra, F; Axelsson, BO; Jörnten-Karlsson, M; Michelsen, P, 2001)		0.31
" A juxtafacet cyst at the cervico-thoracic junction combined with discal herniation and spina bifida occulta was diagnosed with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)."( Cervical juxtafacet cyst combined with spinal dysraphism.
Bálint, K; Karlinger, K; Nagy, H; Palásti, A; Várallyay, G; Vastagh, I; Veres, R, )		0.13
" We hereby present a novel technique where high spatial resolution MRI is combined with autofluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy in a bimodal endoluminal probe to extract morphological data and biochemical information, respectively."( Optical spectroscopy combined with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for digestive wall assessment: endoluminal bimodal probe conception and characterization in vitro, on organic sample and in vivo on a rabbit.
Beuf, O; Lafarge, L; Ramgolam, A; Sablong, R; Saint-Jalmes, H, 2011)		0.37
"Direct quantification of the percentage infarct size by strain rate imaging combined with wall motion analysis yields high diagnostic accuracy and better correlation to LE-MRI compared with other echocardiographic indices of global LV function."( Strain rate imaging combined with wall motion analysis gives incremental value in direct quantification of myocardial infarct size.
Aase, SA; Amundsen, BH; Dalen, H; Hala, P; Kiss, G; Støylen, A; Thorstensen, A; Torp, H, 2012)		0.38
"There have been several reports of disulfiram intoxication, but little evidence of neurologic conditions resulting from disulfiram-induced brain damage combined with Wernicke encephalopathy-associated lesions."( A case of Wernicke encephalopathy combined with disulfiram intoxication.
Casoni, F; Costa, A; D'Errico, I; Fanucchi, S; Farina, LM; Micieli, G; Sinforiani, E; Tartara, E, 2013)		0.39
" Within this framework, vibrational spectroscopy was used to investigate the biochemical changes in F98 glioma cells induced by X-ray irradiations combined with gadolinium nanoparticles."( Study of the biochemical effects induced by X-ray irradiations in combination with gadolinium nanoparticles in F98 glioma cells: first FTIR studies at the Emira laboratory of the SESAME synchrotron.
Gil, S; Martínez-Rovira, I; Prezado, Y; Seksek, O; Sulé-Suso, J; Yousef, I, 2016)		0.86
"This prospective study investigated the feasibility of an optimized cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) examination protocol using the motion-corrected (MOCO), balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP), phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) sequence combined with a gadolinium contrast agent with a high relaxation rate in patients who cannot hold their breath."( Motion-corrected free-breathing late gadolinium enhancement combined with a gadolinium contrast agent with a high relaxation rate: an optimized cardiovascular magnetic resonance examination protocol.
Bi, X; Deng, Q; Hu, J; Li, Y; Liu, J; Xie, X; Yan, C; Zeng, M; Zhou, X; Zou, Z, 2020)		1.01
" The goal of this work was to determine if radiation combined with GBCAs increased the incidence of AKI."( Assessment of Gadobutrol Safety in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Using a Preclinical MRI-Guided Radiotherapy Model.
Allen, BG; Buatti, JM; Builta, ZJ; Callaghan, CM; Flynn, RT; Hyer, DE; Kalen, AL; Magnotta, VA; Petronek, MS; Spitz, DR; St-Aubin, JJ; Steinbach, EJ; Zepeda-Orozco, D, 2021)		0.62
"We investigated if regional LV glucose metabolism in combination with myocardial scar could predict response to CRT."( Left ventricular regional glucose metabolism in combination with septal scar extent identifies CRT responders.
Aalen, JM; Bogaert, J; Claus, P; Degtiarova, G; Duchenne, J; Fjeld, JG; Gheysens, O; Hopp, E; Larsen, CK; Nuyts, J; Smiseth, OA; Stokke, C; Voigt, JU; Vöros, G; Willems, R, 2021)		0.62
"FDG SLR can be used as a predictor of CRT response and combined with septal scar extent, CRT responders can be distinguished from non-responders with high diagnostic accuracy."( Left ventricular regional glucose metabolism in combination with septal scar extent identifies CRT responders.
Aalen, JM; Bogaert, J; Claus, P; Degtiarova, G; Duchenne, J; Fjeld, JG; Gheysens, O; Hopp, E; Larsen, CK; Nuyts, J; Smiseth, OA; Stokke, C; Voigt, JU; Vöros, G; Willems, R, 2021)		0.62
"It was to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted drugs combined with hyaluronic acid-gadolinium sesquioxide-nanoparticles (HA-Gd2O3-NPs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Clinical practice of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeted drugs combined with gadolinium oxide nanoparticles in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Jin, T; Wang, L; Xiao, X; Zhao, E; Zhou, X, 2022)		1.13
"To explore myocardial scar entropy (BZ, infarct core [IC], BZ + IC, expressed as IBZ) and to investigate their prognostic value combined with left ventricular (LV) strain parameters (global radial strain [GRS], global circumferential strain [GCS], global longitudinal strain [GLS]) in patients after MI."( Prognostic Value of Cardiac-MRI Scar Heterogeneity Combined With Left Ventricular Strain in Patients With Myocardial Infarction.
Jin, F; Wang, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The tolerance of this composite pulse to shimmering and frequency errors allows spin locking with comparatively weak RF and therefore low specific absorption rate (SAR)."( Myocardial suppression in vivo by spin locking with composite pulses.
Arnold, BC; Dixon, WT; Oshinski, JN; Pettigrew, RI; Trudeau, JD, 1996)		0.29
" For the estimation of the bioavailability and the intestinal absorption from solid food, materials are required which have been intrinsically labelled with the chosen stable tracer, since the use of an extrinsic label may lead to erroneous results."( Biokinetic studies in humans with stable isotopes as tracers. Part 1: A methodology for incorporation of trace metals into vegetables.
Giussani, A; Heinrichs, U; Roth, P; Schramel, P; Wendler, I; Werner, E, 1998)		0.3
" Results showed that the promoting effect of Ln3+ on the bioavailability of insulin is closely related to its species, concentration, and delivery order."( Lanthanides enhance pulmonary absorption of insulin.
Cheng, Y; Li, RC; Shen, ZC; Wang, K; Wei, SL; Zhang, Q, 2000)		0.31
" GdCl3 has much higher bioavailability for mice than Gd@C82(OH)22."( Subcellular distribution of polyhydroxylated metallofullerene Gd@C82(OH)22 in different tissues of tumor-bearing mice.
Chen, C; Gao, Y; Ge, C; Li, B; Li, W; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Sun, B; Zhou, G, 2010)		0.36
" Moreover, the increased reactivity to PHE promoted by Gd was endothelium-dependent, reducing NO bioavailability and involving an increased stimulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II AT1 receptors."( Gadolinium increases the vascular reactivity of rat aortic rings.
Angeli, JK; Casali, EA; Fürstenau, CR; Ramos, DB; Sarkis, JJ; Souza, DO; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, 2011)		1.81
" The encapsulation of curcumin inside the apoferritin cavity significantly increases its stability and bioavailability while maintaining its therapeutic anti-inflammatory properties."( Curcumin/Gd loaded apoferritin: a novel "theranostic" agent to prevent hepatocellular damage in toxic induced acute hepatitis.
Aime, S; Burghelea, D; Crich, SG; Cutrin, JC; Dastrù, W, 2013)		0.39
" Here, we assess the bioavailability of these anthropogenic microcontaminants in these rivers by analyzing the aragonitic shells of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea."( Rare earth elements in the aragonitic shell of freshwater mussel Corbicula fluminea and the bioavailability of anthropogenic lanthanum, samarium and gadolinium in river water.
Bau, M; Merschel, G, 2015)		0.62
"A structurally controllable fluorescence-labeled hollow mesoporous carbon (HMC) was simply prepared to improve the oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs and further trace their delivery process in vivo."( A Eu(3+)/Gd(3+)-EDTA-doped structurally controllable hollow mesoporous carbon for improving the oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs and in vivo tracing.
Cui, Y; Gao, Y; Liu, J; Wang, S; Yue, Y; Zhao, Q; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" In the current study, the bioavailability and uptake of gadolinium (Gd) was assessed in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while in the presence of various trivalent elements (Al, Eu, Fe, Nd, Tm, and Y)."( Competition Among Trivalent Elements (Al, Eu, Fe, Gd, Nd, Tm, and Y) for Uptake in Algae and Applicability of the Biotic Ligand Model.
Aharchaou, I; Bahloul, F; Fortin, C, 2021)		0.87
" However, at 3T, the required range of SL preparations acquired at different amplitudes suffers from specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations and off-resonance artifacts."( Myocardial Approximate Spin-lock Dispersion Mapping using a Simultaneous T
Akcakaya, M; Demirel, OB; Pierce, I; Tao, Q; Thornton, GD; Tourais, J; Treibel, TA; Weingartner, S, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a fibrosing disorder associated with gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents dosed during renal insufficiency. We hypothesized that a self-suspendable nanoparticulate dosage form, with a minimum amount of expients, could be formulated by complexing the negatively charged alendronate with gallium or Gadolinium.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" On the other hand MR demonstrated a focal abnormality in only 30% of cases when the patients had been on dopamine agonist therapy: the MRI findings in the group of bromocriptine treated patients are not affected by neither the duration and dosage of the therapy or the delay between MR examination and the bromocriptine therapy discontinuation."( [Evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in tridimensional acquisition in the investigation of prolactin microadenoma].
Brue, T; Chabert-Orsini, V; Cortesi, L; Girard, N; Jaquet, P; Maman, P; Raybaud, C, 1992)		0.28
" Two dosage schedules of the contrast medium (0."( [Magnetic resonance tomography of focal hepatic lesions using the para-magnetic contrast medium, gadolinium DTPA. First clinical results].
Felix, R; Hamm, B; Römer, T; Wolf, KJ, 1986)		0.49
" Changes in relaxation times in normal and abnormal tissues following contrast medium, toxicity and dosage of gadolinium-DTPA, and MRI pulse sequence techniques are reviewed."( Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of tumours of the central nervous system: a clinical review.
Graif, M; Steiner, RE, 1986)		0.48
" The article shows in what manner the image is influenced by the dosage of the contrast medium and also by the time interval elapsing between injection of the contrast medium and production of the NMR tomogram."( [Human testing of the nuclear spin tomographic contrast medium gadolinium-DTPA. Tolerance, contrast affect and the 1st clinical results].
Claussen, C; Felix, R; Fiegler, W; Kazner, E; Lange, L; Laniado, M; Schörner, W; Speck, U; Weinmann, HJ, 1984)		0.51
" The present system allows a significant reduction in radiation dosage with maintenance of fine to excellent radiographic resolution."( Low-dose radiography of children.
Blumhagen, JD; Gilbert, JM; Hilton, SV; Nedeau, DJ; Rossi, RP; Wesenberg, RL, )		0.13
" Clinical samples from the ascending dosage studies were analyzed by the gadoteridol RIA."( A specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of gadoteridol, a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging in biological fluids.
Croze, EM; Jagoda, EM; Mantha, S; Ogan, MD; Reiss, AC; Stouffer, BC; Tsay, HM; Tu, JI; Yost, FJ, 1993)		0.29
" At each dosage investigated, the changes associated with the administration of gadodiamide injection were of significantly smaller magnitude than those seen after gadopentetate dimeglumine and returned to preadministration levels sooner."( Hemodynamic effects of gadodiamide injection and gadopentetate dimeglumine in anesthetized dogs.
Peters, JL; Shaw, DD, 1993)		0.29
"The interference of the non-ionic magnetic resonance contrast medium gadodiamide injection (OMNISCAN, Nycomed Imaging, Oslo, Norway) in the colorimetric determination of serum calcium has been investigated in commercial reconstituted serum, and in serum from rabbits and humans dosed with the contrast medium."( Interference of gadodiamide injection (OMNISCAN) on the colorimetric determination of serum calcium.
Frøysa, A; Normann, PT; Svaland, M, 1995)		0.29
"Compliance with an institution's dosage guidelines for gadoteridol was determined, and adverse reactions to gadoteridol and gadopentetate were compared."( Dosage of gadoteridol and adverse reactions relative to gadopentetate.
Hieronim, DE; Kanal, E; Swanson, DP, 1995)		0.29
" Contrast-to-noise ratio was not affected by the dosage level."( Assessment of acute myocardial infarction in man with magnetic resonance imaging and the use of a new paramagnetic contrast agent gadolinium-BOPTA.
de Roos, A; Doesburg, T; Holman, ER; van der Wall, EE; van Rossum, AC; Visser, CA, 1996)		0.5
" To calculate rCBV-maps of one slice low dosed Gd-DTPA was injected as a bolus."( [MRI tomographic blood volume measurements in the diagnosis of a stroke: the results of a clinical pilot study].
Binkofski, F; Hackländer, T; Hofer, M; Mödder, U; Reichenbach, J, 1996)		0.29
" These studies were designed to determine if shorter dosing regimens of retinol potentiate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)."( The role of inflammatory cells and cytochrome P450 in the potentiation of CCl4-induced liver injury by a single dose of retinol.
Badger, DA; Hoglen, NC; Jolley, CS; Sauer, JM; Sipes, IG, 1996)		0.29
" The dosage for hyperintense visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts is 10 micromol/kg."( Gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-DTPA as a hepatobiliary contrast agent for use in MR cholangiography: results of an in vivo phase-I clinical evaluation.
Bollow, M; Hamm, B; Staks, T; Taupitz, M; Weinmann, HJ; Wolf, KJ, 1997)		1.74
"Bioavailability of orally administered drugs is much influenced by the behavior, performance and fate of the dosage form within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract."( Simultaneous in vivo visualization and localization of solid oral dosage forms in the rat gastrointestinal tract by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Christmann, V; Lehr, CM; Rosenberg, J; Seega, J, 1997)		0.3
" Solid oral dosage forms were visualized in a rat model by a 1H-MRI double contrast technique (magnetite-labelled microtablets) and a combination of 1H- and 19F-MRI (fluorine-labelled minicapsules)."( Simultaneous in vivo visualization and localization of solid oral dosage forms in the rat gastrointestinal tract by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Christmann, V; Lehr, CM; Rosenberg, J; Seega, J, 1997)		0.3
"Simultaneous visualization of solid oral dosage forms and the GI environment in the rat was possible using MRI."( Simultaneous in vivo visualization and localization of solid oral dosage forms in the rat gastrointestinal tract by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Christmann, V; Lehr, CM; Rosenberg, J; Seega, J, 1997)		0.3
"The in vivo 1H-MRI double contrast technique described allows solid oral dosage forms in the rat GI tract to be depicted."( Simultaneous in vivo visualization and localization of solid oral dosage forms in the rat gastrointestinal tract by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Christmann, V; Lehr, CM; Rosenberg, J; Seega, J, 1997)		0.3
"This presentation reviews the issue of contrast media dosing and imaging protocols for the optimal MR imaging detection and characterization of pathology."( Indication-related dosing for magnetic resonance contrast media.
Carvlin, MJ; Parker, JR; Yuh, WT, 1997)		0.3
" Our results suggest that administration of gadobutrol at higher dosage and higher concentration increases sensitivity to perfusion alterations."( Perfusion-weighted MRI using gadobutrol as a contrast agent in a rat stroke model.
Benner, T; Forsting, M; Heiland, S; Reith, W; Sartor, K, )		0.13
"Gadopentetate dimeglumine-polylysine provides higher, more sustained tumor contrast than does gadopentetate dimeglumine for the same dosage of gadolinium."( Tumor imaging with a macromolecular paramagnetic contrast agent: gadopentetate dimeglumine-polylysine.
Opsahl, LR; Uzgiris, EE; Vera, DR, 1995)		0.49
" The authors retrospectively reviewed their experience using gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomies in this patient subpopulation: 1) to determine the efficacy of the procedure; 2) to see if there is a dose-response relationship; 3) to review radiological findings of radiosurgical lesioning; and 4) to assess the risks of complications."( Gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomy in parkinsonian tremor: a five-year experience.
Copcutt, B; Duma, CM; Farokhi, HK; Jacques, DB; Kopyov, OV; Mark, RJ, 1998)		0.3
" Comparison was made between a subgroup of patients in whom "low-dose" lesions were made (range 110-135 Gy, mean 120 Gy) and those in whom "high-dose" lesions were made (range 140-165 Gy, mean 160 Gy) for purposes of dose-response information."( Gamma knife radiosurgery for thalamotomy in parkinsonian tremor: a five-year experience.
Copcutt, B; Duma, CM; Farokhi, HK; Jacques, DB; Kopyov, OV; Mark, RJ, 1998)		0.3
" Dosed rat tissue, blood and plasma were measured by both ICP-AES and ICP-MS."( Gadolinium determination in tissue samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in evaluation of the action of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
Frame, EM; Uzgiris, EE, 1998)		1.74
" The cumulative dose-response relationships for noradrenaline were determined in control conditions and subsequently in the presence of gadolinium (100 microM), a non-specific blocker of mechanosensitive channels."( Responses to noradrenaline of tail arteries in hypertensive, hypotensive and normotensive rats under different regimens of perfusion: role of the myogenic response.
Koshelev, VB; Machkov, VV; Mikhaleva, LM; Rodionov, IM; Tarasova, OS; Timin, EN; Vlasova, MA, 1998)		0.5
"Lecithin microcapsules containing gadolinium (Gd) were designed and prepared as a dosage form for intraarterial administration to accumulate Gd in tumors in neutron capture therapy."( Preparation of lecithin microcapsules by a dilution method using the Wurster process for intraarterial administration in gadolinium neutron capture therapy.
Akine, Y; Fujioka, K; Fukumori, Y; Ichikawa, H; Jono, K; Tokuuye, K, 1999)		0.79
" Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been found to decrease the inflammatory response at the proper dosage and timing of administration."( Detection of perivenous inflammation in a rat model of venous thrombosis using MRV.
Kadell, AM; Londy, FJ; Prince, MR; Strieter, RM; Wakefield, TW; Wrobleski, SK, )		0.13
" An increase in relative liver and kidney weights was recorded for males and females dosed at 6 mmol/kg."( [General toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (2)--Single dose intravenous toxicity study in dogs].
Bussi, S; Masters, RE; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Sekido, T; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" Vacuolation of renal tubular cells was common, expected, and known as an adaptive change of treatment with hypertonic solutions, and an increase in the incidence of local damage at the injection sites was due to irritation by repeated intravenous dosing with hypertonic solutions."( [General toxicity study of gadobenate dimeglumine formulation (E7155) (3)--4-week repeated dose intravenous toxicity study followed by 4-week recovery period in rats].
Aoki, T; Bussi, S; Masters, RE; Morisetti, A; Sagami, F; Tirone, P, 1999)		0.3
" The recovery of gadobutrol in the urine of group 1 was complete within 72 hours for both dosage levels."( Pharmacokinetics of 1M gadobutrol in patients with chronic renal failure.
Bremer, C; Ebert, W; Geens, V; Heindel, W; Reimer, P; Schaefer, RM; Tombach, B, 2000)		0.31
"1% of a clinical dosage of a Gd-based contrast medium."( Quantification of gadodiamide as Gd in serum, peritoneal dialysate and faeces by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and comparative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Joffe, P; Martinsen, I; Thomsen, HS, 2000)		0.31
" A dosage of 30-90 mL was used."( Gadolinium-based contrast: an alternative contrast agent for endovascular interventions.
Ferreira, LM; Parodi, JC, 2000)		1.75
" The presence of a dose-response relationship with IFNbeta therapy in MS is supported by available data."( Relationship between disease activity and dose-response relationships with beta interferon therapies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Jeffery, DR, 2000)		0.31
" The maximum tolerated dosage (MTD) was 22."( Reversible renal toxicity resulting from high single doses of the new radiosensitizer gadolinium texaphyrin.
Becerra, CR; Carbone, DP; Frenkel, EP; Rosenthal, DI; Toto, RD, 2000)		0.53
" Patients were randomized to one of three incremental dosing regimens."( A clinical comparison of the safety and efficacy of MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) and Omniscan (Gadodiamide) in magnetic resonance imaging in patients with central nervous system pathology.
Armstrong, MR; Barr, RG; Berger, BL; Czervionke, LF; Gonzalez, CF; Halford, HH; Kanal, E; Kuhn, MJ; Levin, JM; Low, RN; Runge, VM; Tanenbaum, LN; Wang, AM; Wong, W; Yuh, WT; Zoarski, GH, 2001)		0.31
" Both reviewers found the level of diagnostic information to be equivalent after the second dose of contrast for all three dosing regimens."( A clinical comparison of the safety and efficacy of MultiHance (gadobenate dimeglumine) and Omniscan (Gadodiamide) in magnetic resonance imaging in patients with central nervous system pathology.
Armstrong, MR; Barr, RG; Berger, BL; Czervionke, LF; Gonzalez, CF; Halford, HH; Kanal, E; Kuhn, MJ; Levin, JM; Low, RN; Runge, VM; Tanenbaum, LN; Wang, AM; Wong, W; Yuh, WT; Zoarski, GH, 2001)		0.31
" There was no significant difference between the maximum signal changes when 7-mm and 4-mm slice thickness using the same dosing regimens."( Brain MR perfusion imaging in humans.
Griffiths, PD; Hoggard, N; Wels, T; Wilkinson, ID, 2001)		0.31
" This gadobutrol dosage was then diluted with saline into twice the volume and administered as a bolus at twice the injection rate."( Intraindividual comparison of gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, and gadobutrol for pelvic 3D magnetic resonance angiography.
Bosk, S; Debatin, JF; Goyen, M; Herborn, CU; Lauenstein, TC; Ruehm, SG, 2003)		0.32
"To obtain high T(1)-relaxivity colloidal particles with a simultaneously high loading of amphiphilic Gd-chelates, a novel drug dosage form based on the phase organisation of amphiphilic gadolinium chelates with cholesterol was developed."( Novel high relaxivity colloidal particles based on the specific phase organisation of amphiphilic gadolinium chelates with cholesterol.
Gløgård, C; Klaveness, J; Stensrud, G, 2003)		0.73
" Preliminary data suggest that PTK/ZK can be administered safely on a continuous daily dosing schedule, efficacy data look promising, and DCE-MRI correlates with biological response."( Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: PTK787/ZK 222584.
Drevs, J; Dugan, M; Laurent, D; Morgan, B; Steward, WP; Thomas, AL; Unger, C; Vanhoefer, U; Wiedenmann, B, 2003)		0.32
"For MRA of the hepatic arteries and the portal veins, the higher concentrated Gd-DTPA contrast medium gadobutrol can be used at half the dosage recommended for the standard Gd-DTPA contrast medium."( [Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the arterial and portovenous system of the liver with varying concentrations of contrast medium].
Engeroff, B; Grabbe, E; Obenauer, S; Vosshenrich, R, 2003)		0.32
" But no relationship was observed between GdCl3 dosage and enzyme activities."( Modulation of Kupffer cells on hepatic drug metabolism.
Chen, J; Ding, H; Shi, GG; Tong, J; Wu, JY; Wu, SC; Yin, DK; Yuan, XF, 2004)		0.32
"To define radiographic dose-response relationships for proton radiosurgery using a rat brain model."( MRI changes in the rat hippocampus following proton radiosurgery.
Brisman, JL; Bussiere, MR; Chapman, PH; Chaves, T; Cole, AJ; Cosgrove, GR; Gonzalez, RG; Lee, PL; Loeffler, JS; Rabinov, JD, 2004)		0.32
"Although no treatment benefit was seen on the time to confirmed progression of disability, relapse- and MRI-related outcomes showed significant benefit with both dosing regimens tested, a result consistent with the outcomes of earlier clinical trials."( Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study.
Miller, A; Panitch, H; Paty, D; Weinshenker, B, 2004)		0.32
"3) or half dosage (65."( Renal functional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of a new rapid-clearance blood pool agent (p792) in sprague-dawley rats.
Claudon, M; Corot, C; Felblinger, J; Grenier, N; Mandry, D; Odille, F; Pedersen, M; Robert, P, 2005)		0.33
"Due to its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, P792 allows the use of a reduced dosage of gadolinium, resulting in less T2* effect without compromising T1 enhancement."( Renal functional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of a new rapid-clearance blood pool agent (p792) in sprague-dawley rats.
Claudon, M; Corot, C; Felblinger, J; Grenier, N; Mandry, D; Odille, F; Pedersen, M; Robert, P, 2005)		0.54
" At 1 and 2 hours after contrast media injection, pulmonary emboli were selectively visualized with high-signal intensity foci, independent of the dosage used."( Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of pulmonary emboli with a fibrin-specific contrast agent.
Botnar, RM; Buecker, A; Günther, RW; Katoh, M; Mahnken, AH; Parsons, EC; Spuentrup, E; Wiethoff, AJ, 2005)		0.33
" Dosing was continued at 5 mg/m2 every third month."( A pilot trial of combination therapy with mitoxantrone and interferon beta-1b using monthly gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Burdette, J; Chepuri, N; Durden, D; Jeffery, DR, 2005)		0.55
"05 mmol/kg bw of Gd-BOPTA and a superior image quality for both dosage regimen compared with the other sequences and was consequently applied for the main study."( Determinants of myocardial response in CMR perfusion imaging using Gd-BOPTA (Multihance).
Bornstedt, A; Fleck, E; Gebker, R; Gomaa, O; Jahnke, C; Nagel, E; Neuss, M; Paetsch, I; Schnackenburg, B, 2005)		0.33
" This is due to the fact that traditional chemotherapies lack specificity for B-lymphoma cells and blood-brain barrier prevents adequate chemotherapy dosing in the CNS without significant systemic side effects."( Management of central nervous system lymphomas using monoclonal antibodies: challenges and opportunities.
Wong, ET, 2005)		0.33
" The main effect of repeated dosing in both rats and monkeys was vacuolation in kidney proximal tubules without concomitant effect on kidney function."( Preclinical safety assessment of Vasovist (Gadofosveset trisodium), a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for angiography.
Graham, PB; Müller, S; Schweinfurth, H; Steger-Hartmann, T, 2006)		0.33
" Efficient magnetic resonance signal intensity enhancements and prolonged residence lifetime induced by this small molecular complex in vivo were demonstrated even with one-fifth of the standard dosage used in the clinic."( Fast water-exchange Gd3+-(DO3A-like) complex functionalized with aza-15-crown-5 showing prolonged residence lifetime in vivo.
Law, GL; Lei, H; Li, C; Li, YX; Man, K; Wong, WT, )		0.13
" Gadolinium enhancement was seen in decreasing volumes of tissue at dosage levels from 90 to 50 CGE."( MR spectroscopic changes in the rat hippocampus following proton radiosurgery.
Brisman, JL; Bussiere, MR; Chaves, T; Cheng, LL; Cole, AJ; Cosgrove, GR; Gonzalez, RG; Lee, PL; Loeffler, JS; Rabinov, JD, 2006)		1.24
" HO-1 expression was undetectable in hepatic parenchymal cells from rats receiving Methocel control or a single dose of ethinyl estradiol, however cytosolic HO-1 immunoreactivity in these cells after repeated dosing of ethinyl estradiol was pronounced."( Hepatic expression of heme oxygenase-1 and antioxidant response element-mediated genes following administration of ethinyl estradiol to rats.
Barron, AM; Leone, A; Lord, P; McMillian, MK; Morio, LA; Nie, AY; Parker, JB; Sawant, SP; Taggart, P, 2006)		0.33
" We hypothesized that a self-suspendable nanoparticulate dosage form, with a minimum amount of expients, could be formulated by complexing the negatively charged alendronate with gallium or gadolinium."( Nanosuspensions of alendronate with gallium or gadolinium attenuate neointimal hyperplasia in rats.
Berger, V; Eisenberg, G; Epstein, H; Gao, J; Golomb, G; Koroukhov, N; Levi, I, 2007)		0.79
"Quantitatively, a reduction of intraarterial gadolinium-chelate dosage in patients is possible down to 40% in the femoropopliteal artery and to 60% in the infrapopliteal arteries to acquire a CNR comparable to 100% of bolus length."( Effect of bolus length of intraarterial injections on contrast-enhanced MR-angiography in patients.
Aschwanden, M; Bilecen, D; Bongartz, G; Hashagen, C; Huegli, R; Jacob, AL; Jaeger, KA; Schulte, AC, 2007)		0.6
" Dose-response curves to methoxamine (alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist) were obtained in the absence or the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine."( Decreased intrahepatic response to alpha(1)-adrenergic agonists in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats is located in the sinusoidal area and depends on Kupffer cell function.
Abraldes, JG; Groszmann, RJ; Haq, O; Iwakiri, Y; Lee, CH; Loureiro-Silva, MR, 2007)		0.34
" We found that the dose-response curves for the two blocking effects of Gd(3+) shifted in parallel for Ba(2+), Sr(2+), and Ca(2+) currents through the wild-type channel, and for Ca(2+) currents through the selectivity filter mutation EEQE that lowers the blocking potency of Gd(3+)."( Block of CaV1.2 channels by Gd3+ reveals preopening transitions in the selectivity filter.
Babich, O; Reeves, J; Shirokov, R, 2007)		0.34
"The data support a positive association between gadolinium-based contrast agent administration and development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in the established renal failure population; in addition, there is a positive association between cumulative dose of gadodiamide used and dosing events."( Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: retrospective study of a renal replacement therapy cohort.
Collidge, TA; Jardine, AG; Mark, PB; Morris, ST; Roditi, GH; Simpson, K; Thomson, PC; Traynor, JP, 2007)		2.04
" The findings confirm transmetallation and release of toxic Gd ions in NSF and allow dose-response analysis at the histologic level."( Automated scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis for in situ quantification of gadolinium deposits in skin.
Abraham, JL; Thakral, C, 2007)		0.56
" The results obtained indicate that the tested compounds exerted a considerable cytotoxic activity upon the evaluated cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, which enabled the construction of dose-response curves and the calculation of the corresponding IC(50) values."( Cytotoxic activity of Gd(III)- and Dy(III)-complexes.
Kiefer, W; Kostova, I; Momekov, G, 2007)		0.34
"The feasibility of using Gd dendrimer-based macromolecules (Gd-G8 dendrimer) as a dual CT and MR contrast agent for monitoring convection-enhanced delivery of therapy in the brain is evaluated both in vitro and in vivo with optimal dosing established."( A dual CT-MR dendrimer contrast agent as a surrogate marker for convection-enhanced delivery of intracerebral macromolecular therapeutic agents.
Bernardo, M; Brechbiel, MW; Choyke, PL; Johnson, D; Lonser, R; Oldfield, EH; Regino, CA; Walbridge, S; Wong, KJ, )		0.13
" Using a dosing regimen to simulate the exposure seen in patients with severe renal impairment, we investigated the effect of excess ligand on Gd-deposition and the depletion of endogenous ions."( Gadolinium-based contrast agents and their potential role in the pathogenesis of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: the role of excess ligand.
Frenzel, T; Lengsfeld, P; Pietsch, H; Schirmer, H; Sieber, MA; Siegmund, F; Walter, J; Weinmann, HJ, 2008)		1.79
"5-T MRI system and a low incubation dosage of Gd, low detection cell numbers, and short incubation times is demonstrated on both loaded cells and hMSC-injected mouse brains."( Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a delivery system of gadolinium for effective human stem cell tracking.
Chen, YC; Chung, TH; Hsiao, JK; Huang, DM; Hung, Y; Liu, HM; Mou, CY; Tsai, CP; Yang, CS; Yao, M, 2008)		0.59
" Recent studies confirmed the association with infusion of the less stable linear GdBCAs, especially gadodiamide, and the role of high dosing of GdBCA, as performed in magnetic resonance angiography."( Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Bardin, T; Richette, P, 2010)		0.36
"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a fibrosing disorder associated with gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents dosed during renal insufficiency."( Gadolinium deposition in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: an examination of tissue using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
Brown, M; High, WA; Jackson, BP; Lanzirotti, A; Punshon, T; Ranville, JF, 2010)		2.04
" Growth curves supported the dose-response observations."( Effect of different classes of gadolinium-based contrast agents on control and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis-derived fibroblast proliferation.
Burden, AD; Edward, M; Jardine, AG; Newton, BB; Quinn, JA, 2010)		0.65
" No difference was observed in bone Gd concentrations and anomalies between patients dosed with Gd DTPA-BMA (Omniscan; n = 6) and Gd HP-DO3A (Prohance; n = 5)."( Incorporation of excess gadolinium into human bone from medical contrast agents.
Darrah, TH; Ellen Campbell, M; Hannigan, RE; Hauschka, PV; Poreda, RJ; Prutsman-Pfeiffer, JJ, 2009)		0.66
" The discrepancies between the actual and the estimated number of patients, and the various clinical manifestations can be explained by the comparatively smaller dosage of gadolinium-based contrast agents commonly administrated in Japan, in contrast to the higher dosages administrated in the USA and Europe."( Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a case report and review on Japanese patients.
Igarashi, A; Kawaguchi, M; Matsumoto, Y; Mitsuhashi, Y; Miyabe, C; Monma, F; Suzuki, T; Tsuboi, R, 2012)		0.57
" The objective of this study was to evaluate available evidence for various gadolinium dosing regimens used for CMR."( Gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance: administered dose in relationship to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines.
Arai, AE; Bluemke, DA; Lima, JA; Nacif, MS, 2012)		2.05
"Eight subjects were dosed rectally with radiolabelled and gadolinium-labelled gels to simulate microbicide gel and seminal fluid."( Quantification of the spatial distribution of rectally applied surrogates for microbicide and semen in colon with SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging.
Bakshi, RP; Caffo, BS; Cao, YJ; Du, Y; Fuchs, EJ; Grohskopf, LA; Hendrix, CW; Khan, WA; Lee, LA; Li, L; Macura, K; Wahl, RL, 2012)		0.62
"This article presents an overview of liver and biliary contrast agents including their mechanisms of action, dosage and elimination, current clinical indications, and potential future uses."( Use of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in the liver and biliary tract.
Lebedis, C; Luna, A; Soto, JA, 2012)		0.38
" Furthermore, the nanocomposite shows negligible cytotoxicity and no detectable tissue damage on mice after injection of high dosage of nanocomposite."( A Gd-doped Mg-Al-LDH/Au nanocomposite for CT/MR bimodal imagings and simultaneous drug delivery.
Bu, W; Hua, Y; Pan, L; Peng, W; Ren, Q; Shi, J; Wang, L; Xing, H; Zhang, K; Zhang, S; Zheng, X; Zhou, L, 2013)		0.39
" The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the micrometer Gd-TiO2 particles was similar to that of the nanometer P-25 particles at their respective optimum dosage but the former could be easily separated out by gravity."( Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using an integrated system of a new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor and micrometer Gd-doped TiO2 particles.
Cheng, Z; Huang, Y; Quan, X; Xiang, J; Xu, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Furthermore, the shape and size of the products can be further manipulated by adjusting the dosage of Cit(3-) and pH values in the initial solution."( Highly uniform and monodisperse GdOF:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Tm, Dy, Ho, Sm) microspheres: hydrothermal synthesis and tunable-luminescence properties.
Cheng, Z; Geng, D; Kang, X; Li, X; Lian, H; Lin, J; Shang, M; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The greater relaxation enhancement and more favorable dosing profile make blood-pool agents superior to standard agents for use in cerebral time-resolved MRA."( Improved quality and diagnostic confidence achieved by use of dose-reduced gadolinium blood-pool agents for time-resolved intracranial MR angiography.
Dehkharghani, S; Kang, J; Saindane, AM, 2014)		0.63
" Thus concentrations mimicking bolus dosing of PEG-DSPE coated SWCNT induce both acute and chronic vascular responses."( Vasoactive effects of stable aqueous suspensions of single walled carbon nanotubes in hamsters and mice.
Dewar, AM; Frame, MD; Mullick Chowdhury, S; Sitharaman, B, 2014)		0.4
" While the toxicity on liver tissue was not observed at low dosage (1."( An intravascular MRI contrast agent based on Gd(DO3A-Lys) for tumor angiography.
Chandrasekharan, P; Chuang, KH; He, T; Poh, Z; Raju, A; Robins, EG; Yang, CT, 2014)		0.4
"1512 patients were randomized and dosed (placebo n = 500; peginterferon beta-1a every 2 [n = 512] or 4 [n = 500] weeks)."( Effect of peginterferon beta-1a on MRI measures and achieving no evidence of disease activity: results from a randomized controlled trial in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Arnold, DL; Calabresi, PA; Deykin, A; Hung, S; Kieseier, BC; Liu, S; Sheikh, SI; Sperling, B; You, X; Zhu, Y, 2014)		0.4
" The aim of this study was to examine the influence of contrast agent dosage on HARM incidence in acute ischaemic stroke patients."( Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is associated with higher contrast agent dosage in acute ischaemic stroke.
Ebinger, M; Fiebach, JB; Jungehülsing, GJ; Ostwaldt, AC; Rozanski, M; Schaefer, T; Villringer, K, 2015)		0.42
"A higher dosage of Gadobutrol in acute stroke patients on initial MRI is associated with increased HARM incidence on follow-up."( Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is associated with higher contrast agent dosage in acute ischaemic stroke.
Ebinger, M; Fiebach, JB; Jungehülsing, GJ; Ostwaldt, AC; Rozanski, M; Schaefer, T; Villringer, K, 2015)		0.42
" • Incidence depends on contrast agent dosage on the previous day."( Hyperintense acute reperfusion marker is associated with higher contrast agent dosage in acute ischaemic stroke.
Ebinger, M; Fiebach, JB; Jungehülsing, GJ; Ostwaldt, AC; Rozanski, M; Schaefer, T; Villringer, K, 2015)		0.42
"This work provides validated mathematical expressions for contrast enhanced T1-weighted SGRE imaging and may provide guidance for contrast dosing and injection protocols, as well as for novel pulse sequence design."( Mathematical optimization of contrast concentration for T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo imaging.
Hernando, D; Reeder, SB; Smith, MR, 2016)		0.43
" We aimed to investigate the possible associations between a hyperintense appearance of the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted MR images in patients exposed to radiation and factors including, but not limited to, the cumulative number of contrast-enhanced MR images, amount of gadolinium administration, dosage of ionizing radiation, and patient demographics."( Hyperintense Dentate Nuclei on T1-Weighted MRI: Relation to Repeat Gadolinium Administration.
Adin, ME; Kleinberg, L; Mirbagheri, S; Vaidya, D; Yousem, DM; Zan, E, 2015)		0.83
" Dose calculations were based on the weight-independent effective dose model proposed by the EANM paediatric dosage card for use in paediatric nuclear medicine."( Recommended administered activities for (68)Ga-labelled peptides in paediatric nuclear medicine.
Beykan, S; Herrmann, K; Lassmann, M; Machado, JS, 2016)		0.43
" Consequently, the corresponding weight-dependent effective dose coefficients were rescaled according to the formalism of the EANM dosage card to determine the radiopharmaceutical class of  (68)Ga-labelled peptides ("multiples") and to calculate the baseline activities based on an upper limit for administered activity (185 MBq) in an adult."( Recommended administered activities for (68)Ga-labelled peptides in paediatric nuclear medicine.
Beykan, S; Herrmann, K; Lassmann, M; Machado, JS, 2016)		0.43
" The approved gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have historically been considered safe and well tolerated when used at recommended dosing levels."( Gadolinium-based contrast agent toxicity: a review of known and proposed mechanisms.
Branch, S; Rogosnitzky, M, 2016)		2.24
" Clinical Gd(III)-based CAs require high dosing concentrations and extended incubation times for cellular internalization."( Gd(III)-Gold Nanoconjugates Provide Remarkable Cell Labeling for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Carney, CE; Holbrook, RJ; MacRenaris, KW; Meade, TJ; Preslar, AT; Rammohan, N; Reichova, V; Rotz, MW, 2017)		0.46
" Developing efficient nanodrugs could reduce the dosage and greatly improve the therapeutic effects in cancer treatments."( Amino acid functionalized gadofullerene nanoparticles with superior antitumor activity via destruction of tumor vasculature in vivo.
Deng, R; Guan, M; Guo, J; Jia, W; Li, J; Li, X; Lu, Z; Shu, C; Sun, L; Wang, C; Yu, T; Zhang, Y; Zhen, M; Zhou, Y; Zou, T, 2017)		0.46
" Measurements of 24-hour urine Gd content before dosing and on the first and second days of therapy were performed."( Intravenous Calcium-/Zinc-Diethylene Triamine Penta-Acetic Acid in Patients With Presumed Gadolinium Deposition Disease: A Preliminary Report on 25 Patients.
Hickey, J; Hickey, L; Jay, M; Ramalho, M; Semelka, RC, 2018)		0.7
" Both cohorts received ATX-MS-1467 dosed at 25, 50, 100, 400, and 800 μg at 14-day intervals over 8 weeks, followed by 8 weeks with 4 additional 800-μg doses at 14-day intervals and 32 weeks off study medication."( Effects of ATX-MS-1467 immunotherapy over 16 weeks in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Barrell, K; Chataway, J; Martin, K; Sharrack, B; Stolt, P; Wraith, DC, 2018)		0.48
" Dose-response was characterized for standard and Gd-infused PAGAT polymer gel dosimeters by means of optical transmission/absorbance."( Feasibility of dose enhancement assessment: Preliminary results by means of Gd-infused polymer gel dosimeter and Monte Carlo study.
Chacón, D; Figueroa, RG; Guillen, Y; Santibáñez, M; Valente, M, 2018)		0.48
" This could be due to the choice of antiretroviral agent used in this study, the need for a combination of agents, as used in treating HIV infection, the short treatment period or dosing regimen, or the lack of a role of HERV expression in MS once the disease is established."( A phase II baseline versus treatment study to determine the efficacy of raltegravir (Isentress) in preventing progression of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis as determined by gadolinium-enhanced MRI: The INSPIRE study.
Adiutori, R; Altmann, D; Bianchi, L; Christensen, T; Giovannoni, G; Gold, J; Holden, D; MacManus, D; Marta, M; Meier, UC; Miller, D; Schmierer, K; Turner, B; Yousry, T, 2018)		0.67
" Standard dosing should be used and repeat administrations should be avoided unless necessary."( Gadolinium Deposition in the Brain: A Systematic Review of Existing Guidelines and Policy Statement Issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists.
Costa, AF; Hurrell, C; Maralani, PJ; McInnes, MDF; Schieda, N; Shewchuk, JR; van der Pol, CB; Verma, R, 2018)		1.92
" Instead, we propose a model for GBCA dosing on the basis of blood volume."( MRI gadolinium dosing on basis of blood volume.
Lai, S; Lima, JAC; Liu, CY, 2019)		1.07
"GBCA dosing on the basis of blood volume could improve the efficacy and safety of contrast-enhanced MRI studies."( MRI gadolinium dosing on basis of blood volume.
Lai, S; Lima, JAC; Liu, CY, 2019)		1.07
" We review available HSCAs and discuss dosing and age specifications for use in children."( Intravenous gadolinium-based hepatocyte-specific contrast agents (HSCAs) for contrast-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients: what the radiologist should know.
Anupindi, SA; Ayyala, RS; Callahan, MJ; Gee, MS; Trout, AT, 2019)		0.89
"Weekly 100 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DEN) dosing was used to generate liver fibrosis in male rats; control animals received vehicle."( Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Fibrin Deposition in the Liver as an Indicator of Tissue Injury and Inflammation.
Atanasova, I; Caravan, P; Fuchs, BC; Geraldes, CFGC; Guimaraes, AS; Leitão, HS; Masia, R; Shuvaev, S; Sojoodi, M; Tanabe, KK, 2020)		0.56
"A dosage of 175 μg/kg/min adenosine results in a higher proportion of SSO, which may be an indirect marker of adequate coronary vasodilatation and simultaneously offers similar safety compared to the standard 140 μg/kg/min dosage."( Splenic Switch-Off for Determining the Optimal Dosage for Adenosine Stress Cardiac MR in Terms of Stress Effectiveness and Patient Safety.
Forschner, M; Giusca, S; Hagstotz, S; Hofmann, N; Kelle, S; Korosoglou, G; Nunninger, P; Schueler, M; Wolf, D, 2020)		0.56
"It is unclear whether or at what dosage the decrease of IENFDs and the increase of TAS per IENFD found in the current animal model will appear in humans and if it translates into clinical symptoms."( Is Small Fiber Neuropathy Induced by Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents?
Berlandi, J; Bücker, P; Deike-Hofmann, K; Forsting, M; Jeibmann, A; Karst, U; Kleinschnitz, C; Martin, LF; Paulus, W; Radbruch, A; Richter, H; Schänzer, A; Schlemmer, HP; van Thriel, C, 2020)		0.83
" Purpose To perform a systematic review to establish an understanding of the dose-response relationship of intrathecal GBCAs and to characterize related adverse events, particularly at higher doses."( Safety of Intrathecal Administration of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Atyani, A; Chakraborty, S; McInnes, M; Patel, M; Salameh, JP, 2020)		0.83
" Further, ECV quantification may be affected by time, as well as the number and dosage of gadolinium (Gd) contrast administered."( Cardiac stress T1-mapping response and extracellular volume stability of MOLLI-based T1-mapping methods.
Burrage, MK; Chow, K; Ferreira, VM; Hann, E; Neubauer, S; Piechnik, SK; Popescu, IA; Shanmuganathan, M; Soundarajan, R; Zhang, Q, 2021)		0.84
" We sought to evaluate the potential toxicity of gadolinium in the rat brain up to 1-year after repeated gadodiamide dosing and tissue retention kinetics after a single administration."( Repeat and single dose administration of gadodiamide to rats to investigate concentration and location of gadolinium and the cell ultrastructure.
Castle, J; Crowder, JM; Davies, J; Evans, PM; Hibberd, MG; Larsen, M; Lowery, L; Marino, M; Smith, APL, 2021)		1.09
" Thus, there is no indication for age-based dose adaptation, and comparable plasma gadopiclenol concentrations are predicted to be achieved with body weight-based dosing in this population."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
" Thus, there is no indication for age-based dose adaptation, and comparable plasma gadopiclenol concentrations are predicted to be achieved with body weight–based dosing in this population."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Gadopiclenol in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 17 Years.
Grinberg, A; Jurkiewicz, E; Pasquiers, B; Tsvetkova, S, 2022)		0.72
" However, uncontrollable biodegradation behavior and biphasic dose-response prevent Zn from fulfilling its essential role in facilitating bone regeneration."( Modified Biodegradation Behavior Induced Beneficial Microenvironments for Bone Regeneration by Low Addition of Gadolinium in Zinc.
Dai, K; Jia, B; Qu, X; Yang, H; Zheng, Y, 2022)		0.93
" The distribution of patients receiving vaccine dosage was investigated."( Myocarditis Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Cardiac Imaging Findings in 118 Studies.
Azrumelashvili, T; Ebrahimian Sadabad, F; Emad, M; Hajati, A; Keshavarz, P; Mizandari, M; Nejati, SF; Raman, SS; Yazdanpanah, F, 2022)		0.72
" Standard interval dosing (SID) was defined as a regular maintenance interval of OCR infusion every 6 months, whereas extended interval dosing (EID) was defined as an OCR infusion delay of at least 4 weeks."( Is It Time for Ocrelizumab Extended Interval Dosing in Relapsing Remitting MS? Evidence from An Italian Multicenter Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Abbadessa, G; Avolio, C; Barone, S; Bonavita, S; Callari, G; Cellerino, M; D'Amico, E; Ferraro, D; Granella, F; Inglese, M; Lus, G; Messina, C; Patti, F; Signoriello, E; Sola, P; Tsantes, E; Valentino, P; Zanghì, A, 2022)		0.72
"73 m 2 ), using a dosage of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) similar to that commonly applied (0."( Skin Toxicity After Exposure to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Normal Renal Function, Using Clinical Approved Doses: Current Status of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.
Clement, O; Dekkers, IA; Gianolio, E; Karst, U; Mallio, CA; Nederveen, AJ; Parillo, M; Quattrocchi, CC; Radbruch, A; Ramalho, J; Ramalho, M; Rovira, À; Stroomberg, G; Van der Molen, AJ, 2023)		1.49
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (1 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Vitamins & Supplements1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Heaven Sent Wellgenix Balanced Essentials + Plus Liquid Vitamins Berry -- 32 fl ozHeaven SentVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Antimony, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Kelp, Barium, Beryllium, Biotin, Bismuth, Boron, Bromide, Omega 3, Cerium, Cesium, Chromium, citric acid, Cobalt, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Fluoride, Folate, Gadolinium, Gallium, Vitamin E, Glycine, Gold, Hafnium, Histidine, Holmium, Inositol, Iodine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Lanthanum, Leucine, Calcium Carbonate, Lithium, Lutetium, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, Nickel, Niobium, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Praseodymium, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Rhenium, Riboflavin, Rubidium, Samarium, Scandium, Selenium, Serine, Silicon, Silver, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Terbium, Thallium, Thiamin, Thorium, Threonine, Thulium, Tin, Titanium, Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zirconium2024-11-29 10:47:42

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
lanthanoid atom
f-block element atom
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (12,786)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990554 (4.33)18.7374
1990's2354 (18.41)18.2507
2000's3147 (24.61)29.6817
2010's4538 (35.49)24.3611
2020's2193 (17.15)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.06

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index98.06 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.57 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.15 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index184.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (98.06)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials519 (3.75%)5.53%
Reviews1,389 (10.04%)6.00%
Case Studies1,612 (11.65%)4.05%
Observational114 (0.82%)0.25%
Other10,204 (73.74%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		7.1710catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.610non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.7530amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.02404-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4220ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		8.8430monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.4220aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9710ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.77306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.8330azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.2510arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0710acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzene
[no description available]		7.7430aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0210benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.1510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.420amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		7.4820halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
carbamates
[no description available]		3.150amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.4720carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0310monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.6620amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		6.15230alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		10.73260cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.6290tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		5.39590halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.9740monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.4520gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		210(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		2.1510amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.48202-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		210catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.72100glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		1.9810aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		11.72012-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		3.5480sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.2550aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		4.22170alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		8.76100alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		1.99102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.1150carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.0710
histamine
[no description available]		4.7190aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		4.35200elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		13.71052diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.0810hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.1710dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		1.9910alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.5990alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		440cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		2.3110acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		9.82320metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		4.5851pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.87120monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.110nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		3.79100nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.73100monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.9740oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0710aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.68304-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.420acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.9940phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		7.8740carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.0310phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.4920pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.6830propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
putrescine
[no description available]		2.9640alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		3.3160azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		8.43250methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.0210aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.771002-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.8330divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		210N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		1.9410polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		8.5480polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		7.4120amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		7.3110pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4920methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		2.0310tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.5820pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		6.2742uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.74100isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.4420xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.2110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		7.8940benzenes;
organic amino compound
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.4420phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		210oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.1310
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.4820aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl-sn-glycerol
[no description available]		2.0510
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		2.4420aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
17-octadecynoic acid
octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.		210acetylenic fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
monounsaturated fatty acid;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.7530bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
beta-resorcylic acid
beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9810dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source		2.420
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		5.84290organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.6930aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		210quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		210guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.02101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.420imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		2.0110long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		210
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		710medium-chain fatty acid
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.4520
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		7.4620monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		8.3970acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.4770monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		4.1331aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		7.41201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		1.9910aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.1110amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.0850acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.9440guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.13101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		2.6930anthroic acid
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		8.5320pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.5670benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		1.9810ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.8921aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.6930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		2.9140hydroquinones
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.4520
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.9340amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		3.5720aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine: reported to have same biological activity as natural PAF-acether; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		210
caffeine
[no description available]		9.02140purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		9.93360aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.4220imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.7930dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		4.131N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		7.4420carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.9340hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.1310quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.0610pyridinium ion
cgp 37157
CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange		2.0510benzothiazepine
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.9140benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4620aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.7330organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9810clonidine;
imidazoline
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		2.0310aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine
[no description available]		2.4420organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
decamethonium
decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.		2.0310quaternary ammonium ionmuscle relaxant;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.11104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.87120acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.420dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		210benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		1.9810N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		22.31,24667pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dihydrocytochalasin b
dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells		2.0310
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.2110ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0110organic cation
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		12.14160piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0810organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.4420branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.110oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		210sulfonamide
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.0810benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.9540
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.0310dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		1.9310alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.01101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		210aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		3.95130aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.0540nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0110pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
furegrelate
furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d		2.4520benzofurans
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		10.0591chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.5280
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0210aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.3920dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.71100monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.9310azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.4220carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.3970isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		2.420isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.110isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.3720
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.4820phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.5220aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.0810hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.1510
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		8.2960monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.6561benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		1.99101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		1.9810ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.2660aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		8.3260organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		6.3351benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iomeprol
iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		4.3570benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		4.14160dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.6830organic molecular entity
iotrolan
iotrolan: nonionic, isotonic contrast medium designed for intrathecal use; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; DL-3-117 refers to stereoisomer; structure given in first source		2.6730organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		2.4620amidobenzoic acid
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		3.2560benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.1103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		7.7430organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.5420carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.3920secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		9.3760catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.6930benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		7.4120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lomustine
[no description available]		4.9321N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.150biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.7330chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
edaravone
[no description available]		3.2710pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
memantine
[no description available]		2.0110adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.3620piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.930guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.0710aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.420aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.6211aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate
N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source		2.0510
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.1110imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		7.596dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.0310N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		2.0410ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		2.0510alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		210naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0710maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.420aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		3.7821purine nucleoside
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.3920benzoic acids;
guanidines
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		8.8110benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		7.73480C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.6390aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.68302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7130C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.9240nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		3.1150nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		2.0310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.03103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.43201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.6432phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.9440aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		210barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.3660oxopurine
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0610aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0110guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		1.9610pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.7330dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		210pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		4.07150inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		3.1650arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0710isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		1.9810aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		1.9910aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.4220diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.2110benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		4.9321benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prometryne
Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.		2.0710diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.1310phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.1310phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.4420naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		7.4720
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.0410quinolines
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase		2.0310carbamate ester;
organonitrogen compound
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
s-methylisothiopseudouronium
S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source		2.4220
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410morpholines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.1950fluoride saltmutagen
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.0110pyridines
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.4320long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		7.610isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.01102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.1110isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.5380naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
temozolomide
[no description available]		5.9671imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0210benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		5.11170quaternary ammonium ion
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0610monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110trihydroxybenzoic acid
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.7130N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0610amino acid
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.0110N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		210acetamides
tyramine
[no description available]		2.4520monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		2.3820carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.730
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.9240inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		2.2110mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.8211011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		21016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		1.9910imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		5.63102glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		8.150pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.110benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.99404-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.72302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		4.15160ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		1.991011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.420non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		5.8211011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		1.9910
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		1.9810penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.0110organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.27602-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.9340nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.0110guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.21170chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		4.25170alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.1450L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.610corticosteroid hormone
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		5.56161aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.2860aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		2.0810alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		3.5280pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		3.72100glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.031017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.02103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.2560adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		2.4320uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		210pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.610kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.9340pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.0950D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.3970phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		9.61770ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		12.62171amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.4620amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		5.7171adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		9.3141organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.7830amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.9240quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		1.9910anilines;
primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		7.1110nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.4110cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.9340pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		1.9810lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.37161aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		3.5380
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.6290amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.88120alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.420cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		21014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.8440antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		5.07420diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		1.9410chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		2.1710dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.0810organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9910beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.09150mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.8521beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		8.2260amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.9640L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin
[no description available]		2.4110dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.87120erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.3720aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.150arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		2.4220alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		2.3720alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		1.9410alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		2.1110methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.8130boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.0810alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinylidene chloride
vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.		1.9910chloroethenescarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.4420tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		1.9710fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.1510fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		1.9410benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.2110primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.2510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.730acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.7590alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.4620bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.3920enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.4220amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		3.1850organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
diphenadione
diphenadione: major descriptor (66-86); on-line search PHENINDIONE (66-74); PHENINDIONE/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DIPHENADIONE (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610beta-triketone;
diarylmethane
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		11.542696-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		1.9410organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone
9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure		2.1110phenanthrenes
phthalic anhydride
phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.		2.01102-benzofurans;
cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride		allergen
1-nitronaphthalene
1-nitronaphthalene: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 1 position. 1-nitronaphthalene : A mononitronaphthalene substituted by a nitro group at position 1.. mononitronaphthalene : A nitronaphthalene carrying a single nitro group at unspecified position.. nitronaphthalene : A nitroarene that is naphthalene substituted by at least one nitro group.		1.9810mononitronaphthaleneenvironmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.610
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.4620pyrrolidin-2-ones
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.110C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.790mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		7.0610azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
phenidone
phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.5120
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.3520aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.3970xanthene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		8.0340benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.730dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
pseudocumene
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.110trimethylbenzeneneurotoxin
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4920trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroanisole
4-nitroanisole: dye intermediate; organic synthesis; structure. 4-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 4-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one the hydrogen meta to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.		1.98104-nitroanisoles
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		7.0310styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.9310quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
phenylurethane
[no description available]		2.3820
boric acid
[no description available]		2.7430boric acidsastringent
nonoxynol
Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.		210
ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.		210bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
fumigant;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		2.4110butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0810enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.6830primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
3,5-xylenol
3,5-xylenol: RN given refers to 3,5-isomer. 3,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		3.1410phenolsxenobiotic metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		7.6122pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		340mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		210azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		9.2840polyazaalkane;
triamine
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		2.4820hydroxyether
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		2.4120heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
methyl palmitate
[no description available]		7.4220fatty acid methyl estermetabolite
1-octadecene
octadec-1-ene : An octadecene with unsaturation at C-1.. octadecene : An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.		2.1110octadecene
bromphenol blue
Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.		2.08102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		4.41210aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
dibenzoylmethane
dibenzoylmethane : A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.		210aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0710anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
iodoantipyrine
[no description available]		1.9810
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		3.4980monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		19.8749648hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide		herbicide
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0710naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.1110naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
benzyl acetate
benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.		2.0210acetate ester;
benzyl ester		metabolite
ethyl acrylate
[no description available]		1.9910enoate ester
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		7.7630amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		7.0710alkylamine
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		2.0210
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9810methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0310dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0210organic molecular entity
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		210catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		3.0440ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.0110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.1110acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.7430indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.13101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		3.77100adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.9840cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.3601,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.321211,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		2.0410diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		340diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid
di-2-(ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.6830organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		3.6190organic cation
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		3.1650azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		3.98130organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.7330pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.5520mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
tetrapropylammonium
tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.1710quaternary ammonium ion
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.		2.0310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity		ultrasound contrast agent
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.520fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		2.0310thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
cuprizone
[no description available]		2.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		4.0540haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		1.981020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.0810bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		1.98101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.7730calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
rhein
[no description available]		2.2110dihydroxyanthraquinone
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.1510hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
cdta
CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710organooxygen compound
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.2110benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9540dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.7930pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.1110
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.4620thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0310ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		7.0310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		1.9810organonitrogen compound
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		1.9910abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.4110organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.21103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.2510
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.7230gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.9540organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.4820C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.0240amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		2.0210carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
uranyl acetate
uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920
maleimide
[no description available]		2.1710dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.96130dialdehydebiomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.5420organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4120isothiocyanateinsecticide
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		7.110
siderite
ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.		2.0310carbonate mineral;
carbonate salt;
iron molecular entity;
one-carbon compound
2-nitronaphthalene
2-nitronaphthalene : A mononitronaphthalene carrying a nitro group at position 2.		1.9810mononitronaphthalene
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is a metabolite of methyl tertiary-butyl ether.		2.02102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
manganese carbonate
[no description available]		7.1110
galactitol
[no description available]		1.9710hexitolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		8.5280acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
pentadecane
pentadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.		2.0310long-chain alkaneanimal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.4220
formal glycol
[no description available]		2.110cyclic acetal;
dioxolane
perfluoropentane
perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.2110fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon		radioopaque medium;
ultrasound contrast agent
pyridine n-oxide
pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.		2.0510pyridine N-oxidesdrug metabolite
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.1510
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.7130N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.1110enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
salicyl hydrazide
2-hydroxybenzohydrazide: structure in first source		2.110
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.1650pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxalic acid hydrazide
[no description available]		2.0710
pentadecanoic acid
pentadecanoic acid: in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat. pentadecanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing fifteen-carbon atoms.		2.4110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.1310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		2.0410phenylacetaldehydes
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		2.0110
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.24170
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		1.9910cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.7930alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.2510manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		8.7290zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		2.0310thorium molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.0810vanadium oxide
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		2.1310sulfide salt
cupric sulfide
copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.5820
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.2510
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		2.0210iron oxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.2510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2660alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.0110
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.7430organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.1710benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		6.14410aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		8.47702-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		3.3911corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.0110organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		2.7730sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
c.i. direct blue 1
[no description available]		2.0510
sulfuryl fluoride
sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant		2.610sulfuryl halidefumigant insecticide
squaric acid
[no description available]		210alicyclic ketone;
carbon oxoacid		metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		4.25170fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9910D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.01101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		2.1110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
streptomycin
[no description available]		5120antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.3160carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue
brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110organic molecular entity
dimethylnitramine
[no description available]		2.0110
cladribine
[no description available]		6.1632organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.1310diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
trioctylmethylammonium
trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.1110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
4-aminobenzhydrazide
4-aminobenzhydrazide: a Russian synthetic drug of acylhydrazide group; decreased uterus wt in rats; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for amino group		2.2110
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0410beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
triamcinolone hexacetonide
triamcinolone hexacetonide: structure		2.520corticosteroid hormone
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.630amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		1.9910sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
hepes
[no description available]		2.7230HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		7.46670f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.730cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		8.111810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		9.91360d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		9.971330elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		9.4260elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		8.5480chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		210actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		5.04420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		2.4720vanadium group element atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		6.06140elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		8.1150actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		9.57260f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
promethium
Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.		2.6330f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		7.4620manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.3820cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		5.11130iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		5.05420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		3.6290d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		10.8160copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		7.7330vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		10.61140manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		6.97940f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.8940actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		9.66280f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		11.07350titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		3.92130chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		2.1110actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		3.2360actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		2.4320monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4.59260cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		5.26510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		9.79100chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
curium
Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		5.32530f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		8.491810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		8.55950copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		4.9660titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.5520monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		4.72300f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		3.3970actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.5280elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		7.3720monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		5.87930f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		6.75740d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.78100titanium group element atom
californium
Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		1.9810actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.0310aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.0110mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.6430N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		3.0950D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		1.9810sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		7.6620chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.6780delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.7130iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.940nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		6.72101barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.4320metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		9.7180calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		3.1250metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5420inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.0210inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		3.3770dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		6.66210diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.1110diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
fluorine monoxide
[no description available]		2.8230oxygen halide
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		1.9610
cesium iodide
cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier		4.5570
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		3.1150deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.0810divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.6830
sizofiran
Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.		1.9910
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.730elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		1.9910aluminium sulfate
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		7.0110inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		7.6930cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		1.9510benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.420barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.3870
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		3.811101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.2510benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.6830ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
cesium fluoride
cesium fluoride: RN given refers to above cpd		2.0110
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		10.53200titanium oxidesfood colouring
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		2.4520
thorium nitrate
[no description available]		1.9610
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0310
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.41106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.3870acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		5.54610halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		2.4720tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		2.2110chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
molybdenum dioxide
[no description available]		7.3110
iodine
[no description available]		10.06130halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		7.0810osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		1.9910L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.9240indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
indium phosphide
indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP		2.0610
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		6.06281benzenes;
phenyl acetates
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.610beta-diketone
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.352011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.7430ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium
Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.		2.4220
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.5120
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.41203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.83110
aluminum oxide hydroxide
aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O		2.2110aluminium hydroxides;
aluminium oxides
alkenes
[no description available]		2.7530
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.1310organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		5.77270glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
alovudine
[no description available]		2.0310pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		1.9910adenosine 5'-phosphate
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		7.0210
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.4320inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		3.5680pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.0110ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gallium citrate
[no description available]		2.0710
2-methyl-3-furanthiol
2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice		2.0710heteroarene
ioxitalamic acid
ioxitalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; Telebrix 38 contains both sodium ioxitalamate & meglumine ioxitalamate; structure. iooxitalamic acid : An organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.		1.9910acetamides;
benzoic acids;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
2-benzimidazolylguanidine
2-benzimidazolylguanidine: effects chloride efflux in tissue; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120aminoimidazole
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.6790taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5
15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.		7.4720crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide
[no description available]		5.6132beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.8230peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		6.45140catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.7630
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.61905-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		2.0310organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		3.72100alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.7130chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		2.6530
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		4.9111benzamides;
carboxylic ester
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.110aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		6.73181conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9910penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		5.260alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer
fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.0310aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0210nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.3170acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
iso-sulfan blue
iso-sulfan blue: 2,5-disulfobenzylidene-isomer of sulfan blue; RN given refers to Na salt; structure in first source		2.4220
buserelin
Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.		1.9810oligopeptide
triclabendazole
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulotroban
sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.0510
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.0610aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.6620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		2.420naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		6.2942delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.21103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		2.0510N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		7.44203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.0310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
iopentol
[no description available]		1.9810amidobenzoic acid
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0810(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		4.74300
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.43203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.610imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0610methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4220tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		2.1710pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		8.1650organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
technetium tc 99m mertiatide
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.		3.8130
atorvastatin
[no description available]		6.0732aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.2650carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.4110biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		3.0640organoiodine compound
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.89263adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
terbium chloride
terbium chloride: RN given refers to the parent compound		2.0110
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		11.275410gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.14150trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		2.0610
edda
EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.		2.0210amino dicarboxylic acid;
ethylenediamine derivative;
glycine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
chelator
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.0310aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
carbogen
carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2		2.0510
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.2110hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.7330hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
adamantylidene
adamantylidene: structure		2.0410
methionine methyl ester
[no description available]		3.8120
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.12160D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.89120
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.5570azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.3160organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		5.1101N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.0110xanthene dyefluorochrome
phenylalanylphenylalanine
phenylalanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer		2.1510
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.		210phosphatidylglycerol
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0110aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.0210dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		210nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.9240glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		5.09160benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.3920cephalosporinfungal metabolite
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9910organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
bepafant
bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist		1.9810
iobitridol
[no description available]		2.2510benzenedicarboxamide;
hexol;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.5420nitride
erbium chloride
[no description available]		2.0810
iridium radioisotopes
Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.		3.0440
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		2.5120
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.0310boronic acids
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		3.5580phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.27601,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.1310one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid
perfluorononanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines.		2.0710fluoroalkanoic acidpersistent organic pollutant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		12.436512-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		9.21311,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
cresolphthalein
cresolphthalein: structure		7.0210
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone
1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source		2.1310
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		3.3220
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.420nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		2.0710disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sprodiamide
sprodiamide: a magnetic susceptibility-based MRI contrast agent; a diagnostic aid; RN given refers to anhydrous compound		3.85120
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
hesperetin
[no description available]		2.21103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mesoporphyrin ix
mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.		210
5-hydroxyuracil
5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma		2.5820hydroxypyrimidine
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.0310amino acid amide
gliclazide
18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor		2.0510
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		3.88110cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		2.0310perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730
4-carboxybiphenyl ether
4-carboxybiphenyl ether: structure given in first source. 4-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0210phenoxybenzoic acid
2-cresolphthalexon
2-cresolphthalexon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine
2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine: color reagent for serum iron; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source		2.4220tetramine
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.1110aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		1.9710
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
lanthanum trifluoride
lanthanum trifluoride: sputtered LaF3 film is used as a new MOS-type glucose sensor; RN given refers to cpd LaF3		2.0710
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0610azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
tetramethrin
tetramethrin: structure		2.0310cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
maleimides;
phthalimide insecticide		pyrethroid ester insecticide
gadolinium edta
gadolinium EDTA: contrast agent in NMR imaging		4.05150
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; used with 113mIn for bone scanning		2.1110
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin: musk fragrance; structure given in first source		2.0410tetralins
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.17103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.2510
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.1960iditolfungal metabolite
c.i. direct red 23
C.I. Direct Red 23: azo dye; structure in first source		2.1310
galaxolide
galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.		2.0410isochromenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound		fragrance
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		3.4260
goethite
[no description available]		2.0310
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110nucleoside triphosphate analogue
fluoromisonidazole
[no description available]		2.4520
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.07107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		2.08101-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
totarol
totarol: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Podocarpus nagi		2.0110diterpenoidmetabolite
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.93401,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.4720
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.9840D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		1.9710phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate
N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate: heterobifunctional reagent		1.9610
cyclic dtpa anhydride
diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid dianhydride: provides an efficient candidate as an imaging contrast agent for disease diagnosis		2.2510
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		9.3190cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		3.2660polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		2.2510
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.89120aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		4.17150oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.6930
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		1.9810
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.110primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		4.76300ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.9140xanthene dyefluorochrome
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.2510
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		210indolesfluorochrome
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		3.0950
fluorocitrate
fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.2110carbonyl compound
inositol 1-phosphate
1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.		1.9810
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		2.7330
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source		4.03130
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210benzodiazepine
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		7.110phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.110imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		8.96165hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide
[no description available]		2.1510diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
plutonium nitrate
plutonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pu-HNO3		7.0110
ml 9
[no description available]		3.620
benzamil
[no description available]		3.2660guanidines;
pyrazines
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.7130gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.67302-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
sr 140333
SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		2.9310
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.6830
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0110organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
aluminum phthalocyanine
aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine		2.1110organic molecular entity
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source		2.0710purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		2.0110phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		6.62630azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
egta acetoxymethyl ester
EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA		2.0610
n-(1-anilinonaphthalyl)-4-maleimide
[no description available]		1.9710
dysprosium dtpa
dysprosium DTPA: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not available 6/88		3.0850
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		11.941701
dansylsarcosine
[no description available]		210
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester: RN given refers to the 1,4-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)-5-isomer		2.0110
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.0410carbene;
methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		6.0432nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		8.72800fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0510methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.2110aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
neurotensin (8-13)
neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity		210
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate
technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical		2.730
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
hoe 694
3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger		210
cyclic adp-ribose
Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.		2.4620cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleotide-sugar		metabolite;
ryanodine receptor agonist
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.		2.01101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
crown compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		fluorochrome
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		2.9540dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
naadp
nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4220nicotinic acid dinucleotidecalcium channel agonist;
metabolite;
signalling molecule
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		2.0610monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.6830
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid)
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical; has been complexed with gadolinium (see Gd-DOTP) and holmium		210
pyrenedodecanoylcarnitine
pyrenedodecanoylcarnitine: RN given in first source; RN not in Chemline 4/85		2.3110
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.4620
methotrexate
[no description available]		9.2160dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n-iodoacetyl-3-(125i)iodotyrosine
N-iodoacetyl-3-iodotyrosine: structure given in first source		210
cci 103f
CCI 103F: hexafluorinated nitroimidazole; hypoxic cell marker; structure given in first source		2.0510
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.1105-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
(hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid
(hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid: a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0110
2,3-dihydro-5h-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one
2,3-dihydro-5H-oxazolo(3,2-a)thieno(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-one: structure given in first source		2.5720
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.6830amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate: thiol-specific spin label; structure given in first source. (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate : An aminooxyl that is pyrroline substituted by an oxidanediyl group at position 1, by methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 5 and 5, and by a [(methylsulfonyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3. It is a highly reactive thiol-specific spin label.		210aminoxyls;
pyrroline;
thiosulfonate ester		spin label
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.610D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.7130amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.0240secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a: a photodynamic sensitizer; structure given in first source		2.5220
4-boronophenylalanine
4-boronophenylalanine: neutron absorbing (10)B-cpd used in thermal neutron capturetherapy of malignant melanoma; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4220
n-methylglucosamine
N-methylglucosamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0210
vatalanib
[no description available]		3.1110monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		8.680oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
edotreotide
Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes		2.0410
nps-568
N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist		2.9540
dysprosium oxide
[no description available]		2.3920
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		3.8230
samarium oxide
[no description available]		2.5720
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		8.121670
gadolinium sulfoxylate
gadolinium sulfoxylate: used in radiation-protective screen; structure		5.99340
cerium phosphate
cerium phosphate: intermediate product in cerium-based technique for staining lysosomal enzymes		2.0710
gadolinium (+3) acetate
[no description available]		2.6930
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.7390chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
allysine
L-allysine : An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.		2.1510allysine;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoadipate semialdehyde;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-glutamylmethylamide
gamma-glutamylmethylamide: RN refers to L-isomer		2.0510
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.2510
cerous chloride
cerous chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeCl3		2.0810cerium coordination entity
thymidine 5'-4-nitrophenyl phosphate
thymidine 5'-4-nitrophenyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the mono-p-nitrophenyl ester of thymidine 5'-monophosphate.		2.0310aryl phosphate;
C-nitro compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		3.77110
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		4.6880
ytterbium dtpa
ytterbium DTPA: used in computer tomography; has higher K-edge than iodine		2.3920
vinylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		7.4110
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		2.7730
aminobutane bisphosphonate
aminobutane bisphosphonate: may be useful measure for controlling hypercalcemia in patients with carcinoma		1.9710
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		3.93120biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		4.15160amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.6930
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.0310
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.4120imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.0710indoles;
maleimides
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		4.32190divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.0110aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
emd 53998
EMD 53998: EMD 53998 is racemic; EMD 57439 is the (-)-isomer; EMD 57033 is the (+)-isomer		3.110
1,4,7-triazacyclononane
1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source		7.0510azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dioxocyclam
[no description available]		2.0110
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720iron coordination entity
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.62111-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		7.0810benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
sorafenib
[no description available]		4.1831(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
regadenoson
[no description available]		2.8830purine nucleoside
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.041012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		2.021011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		2.520
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		2.0510
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.7230
hafnia
Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)		3.6120
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.2860acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
zinc tetraphenylporphyrin
[no description available]		2.2510
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
fluorocholine
fluorocholine: a radiopharmaceutical agent		2.0810
n,n-dimethyl-n-(18f)fluoromethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium
[no description available]		2.5520
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.940
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.0131
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.7230inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		2.0110adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		3.3970
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9910L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.830N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.62232peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		8.2760oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		4.7190D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		8.3850oligopeptide
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.9140raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		1.9910
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.6461heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		1.9910
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		4.36200myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		4.497011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.9740tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		1.9910guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.0310
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.2110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		3.150cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.3820cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.4220homodetic cyclic peptide
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		10.18150
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		1.9910
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.3920tripeptide
sodium arsenite
sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.		2.2510arsenic molecular entity;
inorganic sodium salt		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
herbicide;
insecticide;
rodenticide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		4.32180cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.0210cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.110retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		4.37200icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		7.0410cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0510butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.1110resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2460retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		8.6590octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.9540macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		1.9810D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.9540benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		5.47620butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.41102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.9440aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		1.9810adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.4120prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.4520olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.730N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		1.9610oligopeptide
colfosceril palmitate
colfosceril palmitate: used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.		2.52201-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 32:0		mouse metabolite;
surfactant
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		2.4320
texas red
Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source		2.4520organic heteroheptacyclic compoundfluorochrome
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		210actinomycinmutagen
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.1231L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9710pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		7.4110hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		4.4820one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.5120metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.3110aminoxyls;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl
Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.		2.0710aminoxyls;
piperidones		radical scavenger
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.25102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		2.4620
2-amino-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine
2-amino-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine: structure in first source		2.0810
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.9740triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.08103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
elaidic acid
[no description available]		1.9910octadec-9-enoic acidfood component
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		5.6932diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.1310chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.420isomethyleugenol
1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene
1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene: structure in first source. [8]annulene : An antiaromatic annulene that is cyclooctane having four double bonds at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7.		2.0710
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.3260stilbene
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.9240vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		7.940diphosphate ion
iothalamate meglumine
Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.		2.3920amidobenzoic acid
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0110indolyl carboxylic acid
tram 34
TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source		2.0510organochlorine compound
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.1310oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0410purine nucleoside
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		210
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0110
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0210
alpha-methyltryptophan, (l)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		210diarylmethane
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.6380aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.0810
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.13101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		5.5380capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		7.1710cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		3.1450one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		1.9910organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.7230cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		3.1450thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.0710aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		3.9110
5-doxylstearate
[no description available]		1.9910aminoxyls
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.2110dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.9310benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		7.0210diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.6580stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.9240
hc-067047
HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.5220
yoda 1
yoda-1: small molecule activator of Piezo-1. yoda 1 : A member of the class of thiadiazoles that is 1,3,4-thiadiazole substituted by pyrazin-2-yl and (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a selective activator of mechanosensitive channel piezo1.		2.2110aromatic compound;
dichlorobenzene;
organic sulfide;
pyrazines;
thiadiazoles		glycine transporter 2 inhibitor;
piezo1 agonist
4-(n,n,n-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
4-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; d-Cat1 is a perdeuterated compound		1.9810
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source		2.5220
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.940cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.0810C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		4.27180alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.7430cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
quinine
[no description available]		2.9140cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
aprikalim
[no description available]		1.9810
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		3.1150
gea 3162
GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound		2.0210
3-deoxy-3-fluoroinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-tris(methylenephosphonate monoethyl ester)
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-tris(methylenephosphonate monoethyl ester): a (31)P NMR probe for measurement of divalent cations in biological systems; structure given in first source		1.9810
2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid: a bifunctional chelating agent		2.4120
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		210dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
4-azidophenylalanine
4-azidophenylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 4-azido-L-phenylalanine : A 4-azidophenylalanine that has L-configuration. It is used as a bioorthogonal click-chemistry reagent.. 4-azidophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine substituted by an azido group at position 4.		2.1110
7-doxylstearic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate
2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.0210
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules		2.110
sk&f-96356
1-(2-methylphenyl)-4-methylamino-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline: a K+-competitive fluorescent inhibitor of the H,K-ATPase; structure given in first source		2.0510
dtpa ferric chelate
[no description available]		2.1710
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		2.7130
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.7630
motexafin lutetium
motexafin lutetium: structure given in first source		2.420
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.1110
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.73100
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.7630organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
blister
blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.		2.5320cyclic ketone;
pyrroloquinoline;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		inhibitor
4-nitrocatechol
4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.		1.9810C-nitro compound;
catechols		human xenobiotic metabolite;
lipoxygenase inhibitor
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0110aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.9540quinoxaline derivative
6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid
6-hydrazinonicotinic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.2110quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.6530
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins		210
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.1510
fura-ffp18
fura-FFP18: an amphiphatic fluorescent calcium indicator; structure given in first source		2.0310
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0610organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		5.262
methanethiosulfonate
methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		8.71135sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.21107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		6.15172biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.94130prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.4220monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.420octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.420D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		210
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		210carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.5220retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		1.9810dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.0210leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		2.4520epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		1.9910prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
genistein
[no description available]		2.94407-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
kava
Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.		2.0710
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.9840oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.4620endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		2.4320stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		210F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.11102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
n,n-dimethylsphingenine
N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510aminodiol;
sphingoid;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.420retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		2.1710long-chain fatty acid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.4220thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		3.3220HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.		2.0110HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.99104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.42201-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.9640sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9710hydrochloride
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.2510pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		9.1331antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.2510cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.0110cyclodextrin
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.7130macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.4120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2101,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.		2.0310prostaglandins Jelectrophilic reagent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
metabolite
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.11101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.94401-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		8.3970cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		1.9910imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.0210
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.3920phosphatidylcholine(1+)
ag 127
AG 127: structure given in first source		2.0810
su 11248
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.0310
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		4.2250carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		3.3670carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.0810nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		3.3520
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		3.0140metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		5.48200alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		6.72430alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
oleylamine
oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.0810
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		3.2460alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		9.77310boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		5.38180alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.89100metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		9.5351boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2860metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
manganite
[no description available]		7.0810
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.7100boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4520cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		1.9610beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		4.19160boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.1850chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		1.9810alkaloid
nsc 600032
combretastatin A-1: from Combretum caffrum; structure given in first source		2.1510
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.8521butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		7.940alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.4620
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		10.22111cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		3.94120carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		11.38121monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		6.3270boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0610dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		3.3150
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9910cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210isoquinolines
manganese(iii)tetraphenylporphine sulfonate
manganese(III)tetraphenylporphine sulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
naltrindole benzofuran
naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source		2.1710morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.0210gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source		1.9910
meso-chlorin e(6) monoethylene diamine
meso-chlorin e(6) monoethylene diamine: RN given for (2S-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410
udp-n-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide
[no description available]		2.2510
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.3520triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		2.1102-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine
N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.		2.5120N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.		2.0210Cy5 dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		4.12140cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		4.09150
iodoresiniferatoxin
iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist		2.0210
mastoparan
[no description available]		2.0310mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		11.37200azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		3.5480carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		4.85100chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		8.82100chalcogen;
metalloid atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		7.4220alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.2460
gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid)
gadolinium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): used as MRI contrast agent		3.470
cefuzonam
cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		1.9910cephalosporinantibacterial drug
boron-10 atom
boron-10 atom : A stable isotope of boron with relative atomic mass 10.0129370, 19.9 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3+.		2.1710boron atom
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.4420maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid
latrunculin b
latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.		2.0510cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.110cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		3.42701,2-diglyceride
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.		2.0110HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
manoalide
manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.		210butenolide;
lactol;
sesterterpenoid		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		2.0710
sphingosine phosphorylcholine
sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent		2.0310
n-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-n,n,n-trimethylammonium chloride
N-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium: cationic lipid; structure given in first source		2.4820
1,2-bis(10(2',4'-hexadienoyloxy)decanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1,2-bis(10(2',4'-hexadienoyloxy)decanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: structure given in first source		2.110
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		2.0810
1,3'-diethyl-4,2'-quinolylthiacyanine iodide
cyanine dye 7: structure		2.1710
1-oleoyl-2-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1-oleoyl-2-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0110
asialo gm1 ganglioside
[no description available]		2.3920
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		2.4920organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		3.360nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		23.761,64281gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.0510diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		4.09150cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		1.9710
fedotozine
fedotozine: affects gastrointestinal motility in dogs		210
oxi 4503
Oxi 4503: diphosphate prodrug of cambretastatin A1		2.1710
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.4110beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		4.61100ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		2.4220
shu 508
SHU 508: intravenous saccharide echo contrast agent with transpulmonary capacity for left heart contrast; appears in Japanese literature as SH/TA-508		2.0310
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		4.4970phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholanic acid
cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains		2.0510cholanic acids
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		2.1310diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		2.0710
sacubitril
[no description available]		2.4110biphenyls
kb r7943
2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source		2.7230
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		2.0310cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.9540oligopeptide
18f-fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine
(18F)fluoroethyltyrosine: structure in first source		5.3541
muromonab-cd3
xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.		2.0610alkaloid;
macrocycle;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
marine metabolite
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		4.6211adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cabazitaxel
cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.		2.1510tetracyclic diterpenoidantineoplastic agent;
microtubule-stabilising agent
flag peptide
FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.		1.9910peptide
ytterbium trichloride
ytterbium trichloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. ytterbium(III) chloride : The trichloride salt of ytterbium(III).		2.0810inorganic chlorideNMR shift reagent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.43210aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
bm 567
BM 567: structure in first source		2.0710benzenes;
sulfonamide
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		5.6822aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
men 11420
[no description available]		2.9310
xestospongin a
xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge		2.7130
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.1110ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
sb 705498
SB 705498: structure in first source		2.1310
motexafin gadolinium
[no description available]		9.16122
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4110N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tae226
TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source		2.2510morpholines
sr 142948a
SR 142948A: structure in first source		210
zeolites
[no description available]		3.5780
tetramethylrhodamine
tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure		2.4820xanthene dye
ubiquinol
ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.		1.9910polyprenylhydroquinone;
ubiquinol		biomarker;
metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.3920alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		3.3360
arl-67156
6-N,N-diethyl-beta,gamma-dibromomethylene-D-ATP: an inhibitor of ecto-ATPase		2.0610
fmrfamide
FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)		2.0510
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.9911
nps r-467
NPS R-467: calcimimetic compound; structure given in first source		2.0310
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		3.511chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
xenon-129 atom
xenon-129 atom : The stable isotope of xenon with relative atomic mass 128.904780, 26.4 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.		2.2110xenon atom;
xenon(0)
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0510
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		210
cypate
Cypate: a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		2.1110
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.1310alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0310
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		2.0710polyoltoxin
regorafenib
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.420nystatins
f21
[no description available]		7.2510
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (z)-(1rs)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (Z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate: used as an insecticide agent. (Z)-(1S)-cis-tefluthrin : A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		2.03102,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.0510
1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane
1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source		2.4920
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		3.3220
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.8760
technetium tc 99m exametazime
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.		2.6730
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.79110benzoxazole
perferryl iron
[no description available]		2.610
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		4.02140
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		4.041301,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.6830
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		3.78110
titanocene
titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.		2.1110
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.6830
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		1.9810
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		2.0510borate salts
hypocrellin a
hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc		2.4920
thiacalix(4)arene
thiacalix(4)arene: structure in first source		2.1310
carbon-11 methionine
carbon-11 methionine: RN refers to L-methionine labeled with carbon-11		3.3820
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.6930organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7430
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.4920
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.7230
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.4120oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		3.1350polypeptide
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		1.9810
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.110
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.4720
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.9240peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		1.9910
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.4320
cucurbit(8)uril
cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges		2.2510
vasoactive intestinal peptide
vasoactive intestinal peptide (6-28): vasoactive intestinal peptide fragment		210
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		2.2110
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.77100
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.0110
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.0310
calcium crimson
calcium crimson: a fluorescent calcium indicator		210ammonium betaine;
sulfonamide		fluorochrome
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		3.1450glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		2.0210
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		4.7490
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.432201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.5220chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.110organotin acaricide
nsc 23766
NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.		2.110hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.0510
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.0510
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.420
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.4620
triazacyclononane
triazacyclononane: structure in first source		2.0310
chitosan
[no description available]		4.78280
nnc 55-0396
NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.		2.0710hydrochlorideangiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
potassium channel blocker;
T-type calcium channel blocker
tris(pyrazolyl)borate
tris(pyrazolyl)borate: structure in first source		2.1110
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		5.21150
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.0110
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.0110
optimark
[no description available]		11.68324
crolibulin
crolibulin: a vascular disrupting agent with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		3.6411neoflavonoid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.98103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		2.0110
raltegravir potassium
Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.		3.5611
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		2.0310
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		1.9710
sodium iodate
sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt		2.6730organic molecular entity
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.4420
gadofosveset trisodium
gadofosveset trisodium: a low molecular weight molecule chelated to Gadolinium, that strongly binds to plasma proteins; Vasovist is an injectable for imaging the vascular system by magnetic resonance angiography		18.6726131
gadofluorine m
gadofluorine M: a protein avid contrast agent		7.4620
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.		2.2510UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.4920
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.610acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		1.9810glycoside
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		7.610
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		3.2260
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.110BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.4320
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		1.9810
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.9440peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
silicotungstic acid
silicotungstic acid: RN given refers to parent compound; structure		1.9610
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		2.1110
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.4580
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4320
antibiotic cv-1
[no description available]		2.0610
apatinib
apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source		2.2110
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.2510
englerin a
[no description available]		2.1710cinnamate ester;
glycolate ester;
guaiane sesquiterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
technetium tc 99m gluceptate
[no description available]		2.0210
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		210
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		6.42190polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.0610
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		2.4520
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		2.0510peptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.2460ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.610
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		11.0841
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.7230monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.7530benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
ascorbate-2-phosphate
ascorbate-2-phosphate: inhibitor of ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfohydrolase from bovine liver. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate : An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.		2.1110aldonolactone phosphate
teriflunomide
[no description available]		6.1522(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
n,n'-bis(pyridoxal-5-phosphate)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid
[no description available]		8.16190
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		7.7130aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.0410
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.9240
nebacetin
Nebacetin: contains bacitracin and neomycin		1.9910
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		3.75100
clomipramine
sodium green: a new fluorescent sodium indicator; no further information available 3/96. sodium green : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethylmethammonium) salt of 5-({[4-(13-{4-[({3-carboxy-4-[(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-2,5-bis(methyloxy)phenyl}-1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecan-7-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-(methyloxy)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)-2-(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		2.4220quaternary ammonium saltfluorochrome
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.0510ketal
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.0310
maitotoxin
[no description available]		2.6930
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.4851
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.5920
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		2.730
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.0510
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		7.7220phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.9110
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.9140
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		2.4120cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		3.5110
contrast agent p792
contrast agent P792: a gadolinium macrocyclic compound based on a Gd-DOTA structure substituted by hydrophilic arms; rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging; structure in first source		3.6290
gadoxetic acid disodium
gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA: DTPA covalently linked to the lipoohilic ethoxybenzyl moiety; a contrast agent in MR imaging of hepatobiliary system		18.04637
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.1710
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.0110
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		1.9910
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		1.9710
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.730
ferric ammonium citrate
ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.		3.7730
ecallantide
ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic		2.0110
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		1.9910
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		2.1310
calciseptine
calciseptine: amino acid sequence given in first source; specific blocker of the L-type calcium channel; from black mamba venom		2.0410
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		4.3860
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		3.96130
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.0710
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		5.35180
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin
[no description available]		2.730
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.7230
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.4620
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		4.54250
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.9840
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		1.9810
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		3.5420
68ga-dotanoc
68Ga-DOTANOC: a PET imaging compound specific to somatostatin receptors subtypes 2 and 5; no further info available 10/2005		2.0410
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.71302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.27603',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4320guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.0810guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.6830guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.1102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		5.7422inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.8290folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
cyclic imp
Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate		mammalian metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		3.0950nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin
[no description available]		3.8221
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.1310cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		5.6151dacarbazine
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		2.3110L-valyl esterantiviral drug
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		2.0710pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog		2.0110
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.5180nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.4320nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.5220N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
bropirimine
[no description available]		1.9810pyrimidines
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.92403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.1350
amido black
Naphthol Blue Black: commercially available industrial azo dye; structure in first source. Amido Black 10B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Amido Black 10B (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide.		2.1110
arsenazo iii
Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.		2.4120
gtp gamma-4-azidoanilide
[no description available]		1.9910
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source		2.4220
2',4'-dichlorobenzamil amiloride
[no description available]		2.0110
texaphyrin
texaphyrin: structure in first source. texaphyrin : A class of synthetic expanded porphyrins with a 22 pi-electron aromatic system. They are named after the state of Texas where these compounds were first synthesised.		2.7630
eye
[no description available]		5.26160
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.3110
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.77110
technetium tc 99m bicisate
[no description available]		3.411
chlorotoxin
[no description available]		2.0310
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		2.3720
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		8.150
yo-pro 1
YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye		2.1310
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		1.9510
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.3820
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.4920
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		8.0140
tetrafluoroaluminate
tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation		2.1510
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.7430
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		027.0557523
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3310
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		020.2240314
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		022.0557523
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.3310
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		020.2240314
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		013.962781
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		020.8634554
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		020.8634554
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.711
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.8121
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.8121
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		014.911121
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.7220
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		010.5180
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.7220
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		017.7624713
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		017.7624713
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.67111
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		03.5980
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.67111
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		015.432015
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		020.8351026
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		015.432015
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		020.8351026
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		014.117610
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		014.117610
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		018.0310727
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.7130
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		018.0310727
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		07.6620
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		019.1421827
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		010.79410
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		010.79410
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		019.1421827
Carditis
[description not available]		017.032871
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		015.91645
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		017.032871
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		05.81110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		014.651266
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		06.71170
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		07.32190
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		014.651266
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		06.71170
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		010.99794
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		011.32747
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		016.32747
Devic Disease
[description not available]		07.99171
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		013.16833
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		07.99171
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		015.871306
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		015.871306
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		06.44240
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		06.44240
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		018.1916221
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		018.1916221
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		017.4511126
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		017.4511126
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		06.22520
Joint Pain
[description not available]		03.5270
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		05.3990
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		03.5270
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		05.3990
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		08.61182
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		08.25383
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		08.25383
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		08.61182
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		016.032883
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		016.032883
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.11150
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		011.66761
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.11150
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		011.66761
Bechterew Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0740
Arthritis, Spinal
[description not available]		03.3860
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		023.0990286
Spondylarthropathies
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.		03.0740
Apoplexy
[description not available]		012.97713
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		012.97713
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		015.931609
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		07.9540
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		015.931609
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.6514223
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		013.671005
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		013.671005
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5580
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		08.5580
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		013.071060
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.2660
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. It is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis.		03.340
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		03.2660
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		020.548554
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		012.78935
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		020.548554
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		012.78935
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		018.8418921
AL Amyloidosis
[description not available]		04.6170
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis
A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.		04.6170
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		010.42611
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		018.8418921
chronic COVID syndrome
[description not available]		03.0730
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		011.54792
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		06.3240
Metastase
[description not available]		09.06362
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		011.54792
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		09.06362
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		06.88251
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		05.16160
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		05.16160
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		011.91350
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		06.91350
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		07.1170
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		07.1170
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		012.06951
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		012.06951
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		05.6490
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		05.6490
Carcinomatous Meningitis
[description not available]		04.1850
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		05.87140
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		05.12170
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		010.87140
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		05.12170
Meningeal Carcinomatosis
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.		04.1850
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		07.22470
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.22470
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		07.4110
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		011.65765
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		05.5692
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		05.5692
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		011.65765
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
[description not available]		018.262973
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy
A chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of RENAL FAILURE. It is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. The pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. There is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.		018.262973
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		010.16279
Shingles
[description not available]		02.7330
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		04.02130
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		04.83120
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7330
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		09.83120
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.830
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2960
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.2960
Bleeding
[description not available]		08.08270
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		08.08270
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		014.711575
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		014.711575
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		018.9118328
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		06.32351
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		06.32351
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		08.76332
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		04.9381
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		08.76332
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		04.9381
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		019.91294
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		014.91294
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		05.34120
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		06.62111
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		03.5370
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		04.5690
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		04.5690
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		03.5370
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.0540
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.3110
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		03.0540
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral
An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)		02.3110
Adult Optic Nerve Glioma
[description not available]		03.250
Optic Nerve Glioma
Glial cell derived tumors arising from the optic nerve, usually presenting in childhood.		03.250
Anasarca
[description not available]		012.05714
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		016.9611915
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.3110
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		012.05714
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		016.9611915
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.5320
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.9240
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		07.67151
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		02.4520
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.9240
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		07.67151
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.4110
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		02.4520
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		09.81110
Myelopathy
[description not available]		010.01442
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.5980
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.74711
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		010.01442
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		09.74711
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		03.5980
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		05.26110
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		05.26110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		015.122114
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		015.122114
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		011.29700
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		08.24330
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		08.24330
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		011.29700
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		019.5717381
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.4110
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.4110
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		019.5717381
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.5450
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.4170
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.4170
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.5450
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		06.73320
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		06.73320
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		03.1350
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		03.1350
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
[description not available]		09.2260
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		07.49211
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.		04.2260
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		07.49211
Atheroma
[description not available]		011.25361
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		09.4780
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		014.32962
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		012.282414
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		015.621548
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		015.621548
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		012.282414
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		07.96131
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		03.85110
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6920
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.640
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		016.826437
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		09.34293
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		016.826437
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.640
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		07.18331
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		07.18331
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		03.0240
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.2230
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.65190
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.65190
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		05.36130
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		05.36130
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		04.85330
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.89800
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		015.831173
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		015.831173
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		09.03293
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		09.03293
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.22110
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.22110
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		02.8730
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
[description not available]		02.4110
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.		02.4110
Aortic Valve Disease 1
[description not available]		02.7620
Bilateral Superior Caval Veins
[description not available]		02.4110
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		06.26121
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.		02.7620
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4110
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		07.4110
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.930
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.81231
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.36200
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		09.4450
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		09.4450
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		03.420
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		04.6650
ARSA Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4620
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.		02.4620
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		02.4420
ALCAPA
[description not available]		02.4110
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		010.39852
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		010.39852
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		03.1240
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		04.12150
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		04.12150
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.9640
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		06.36110
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		05.86210
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		06.36110
Ganglioglioma
Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.		03.6690
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		04.21160
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		04.21160
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		012.43600
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.64623
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		07.4620
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		011.64623
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		05.87230
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		06.63150
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		06.63150
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		08.8540
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.8220
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		04.3770
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.8220
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		04.3770
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		08.21380
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		08.21380
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.6620
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.6290
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		02.6320
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.4620
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		03.6290
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		09.1350
Infarct
[description not available]		06.74211
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		013.4611411
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		016.7325120
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		013.4611411
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		016.7325120
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.4110
Castleman Disease
Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.		02.4110
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.930
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		08.92520
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		010.94371
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.930
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		08.92520
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		010.94371
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		05.7761
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.		05.7761
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		03.3310
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		012.07747
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		03.5120
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		012.07747
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		03.3310
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.5420
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		010.84382
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		010.84382
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		04.1760
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.9740
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4920
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.9740
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.4920
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		05.01100
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		010.01100
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.3110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.8330
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.3110
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		011.22200
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		06.38270
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		012.59582
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		04.91130
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		06.38270
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		012.59582
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		04.91130
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Dermatoses
[description not available]		012.43920
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		02.4110
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		012.43920
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		06.83231
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		06.83231
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		08.97323
Encephalitis, Limbic
[description not available]		02.4110
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		013.97323
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0640
Clinical Deterioration
A critical disease progression, often measured by a set of clinical parameters, which activates HOSPITAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM.		02.4110
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		05.44130
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		07.7620
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		05.44130
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		011.16456
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		016.16456
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		016.911475
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
[description not available]		06.69170
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia
[description not available]		08.66421
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		010.75651
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		010.75651
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		02.4110
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.1330
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.1330
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		03.5370
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		03.1450
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.1450
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.2160
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.5180
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.9630
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.5180
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		04.2160
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		012.02613
Esophageal Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.		02.4110
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		012.02613
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Neurolymphomatosis
Infiltration of the nervous system by malignant lymphoma cells.		02.4110
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.4110
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		07.16201
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		011.921033
IgG4 Related Systemic Disease
[description not available]		03.8830
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease
A spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 plays a pathophysiologic role. It can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of IgG4-positive PLASMA CELLS, further infiltrated by T helper cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) when linked to progressive FIBROSIS and eventual organ damage.		03.8830
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.6770
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		07.69201
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		08.5680
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.5680
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		03.3150
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		03.3150
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		08.02111
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.4580
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		08.02111
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		04.4580
Back Ache
[description not available]		06.18121
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		05.91170
Pott Disease
[description not available]		05.3490
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		06.18121
HbS Disease
[description not available]		05.65161
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		03.8290
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		05.65161
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		03.8290
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		05.72160
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		05.4631
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.4110
Drop Attack
[description not available]		03.3650
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		08.3650
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.06140
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		011.35483
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		011.35483
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		017.47431
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		012.47431
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.1250
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		04.1250
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		09.3540
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		04.3540
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		012.78925
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		02.610
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		04.1131
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.610
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		04.1131
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		05.59120
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		011.31200
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		05.5450
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		010.87471
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		010.87471
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		04.3241
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		04.3241
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		03.4470
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		09.62294
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		09.62294
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		07.54271
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		07.54271
Brown-Sequard Disease
[description not available]		02.830
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		09.34553
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.65191
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		014.34553
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.65191
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0860
Ache
[description not available]		09.85392
Palsy
[description not available]		08.81110
Amyotrophic Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.7130
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		05.0860
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		09.85392
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		03.81110
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)		03.7130
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		06.4182
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		05.6461
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		06.4182
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		011.63181
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		011.63181
Collagenous Fibroma
[description not available]		02.4110
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		010.7512
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		08.4140
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		08.4140
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		010.64862
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		010.64862
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		03.2150
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		03.2150
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		02.7220
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.04120
Granulomas
[description not available]		05.09160
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		05.09160
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		05.27121
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		05.27121
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.7430
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.64350
Adnexal Torsion
[description not available]		07.4110
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		03.620
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		03.9340
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.7430
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.64350
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		09.36180
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.7430
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.7430
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.81110
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.91132
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		03.81110
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		05.36220
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		010.36220
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		05.42130
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		05.42130
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		07.56191
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		012.56191
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		09.59250
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		06.41180
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		06.41180
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		07.8264
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		012.8264
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		03.3660
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		012.85456
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		012.85456
Breathlessness
[description not available]		03.95120
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		03.95120
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.57240
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.57240
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		06.83120
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		05.3790
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		011.95943
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		08.0120
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.1340
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.6930
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.81231
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		07.81231
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		03.2460
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.9630
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		05.54160
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.5150
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		04.4740
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.4360
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.4110
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		08.37240
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		08.37240
Hip Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.		03.9240
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.18140
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.02110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.18140
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.02110
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		04.12100
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		04.12100
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		04.2190
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		04.02120
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		05.75180
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		05.75180
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		07.87370
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		07.5119
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		07.5119
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		06.03250
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		06.03250
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		05.35200
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		05.35200
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		010.38446
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		010.38446
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		08.27361
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		08.27361
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.		06.65111
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		03.5750
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		03.5750
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.920
Prolapse
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.		02.610
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.610
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		011.74131
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		05.0331
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		010.0331
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		03.5520
Asystole
[description not available]		04.6690
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		04.6690
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		04.96140
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		03.940
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		03.8840
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		03.940
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain
[description not available]		05.46140
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		05.2480
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.78100
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.76580
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.76580
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.5120
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		05.54160
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.610
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		05.24190
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		05.54160
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.5210
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.610
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		06.02190
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		06.02190
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		04.3550
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		04.3550
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4870
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.4870
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.610
Mucopolysaccharidosis III
Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.		02.610
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		08.3460
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.2860
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		04.1860
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		03.73100
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		09.1860
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.5210
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		0580
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.5210
Dysautonomia
[description not available]		02.610
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.7530
Cardiac Papillary Fibroelastoma
Primary tumors, predominantly of the CARDIAC VALVES, characterized by multiple papillary frond structures. Although histologically benign, they may result in complications (e.g., valve dysfunction, EMBOLISM; STROKE; and SUDDEN DEATH).		02.610
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		05.48140
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		05.71180
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		05.71180
Femoracetabular Impingement
A pathological mechanical process that can lead to hip failure. It is caused by abnormalities of the ACETABULUM and/or FEMUR combined with rigorous hip motion, leading to repetitive collisions that damage the soft tissue structures.		03.93110
Fisher Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7830
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		010.75330
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		05.4782
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		05.01150
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.250
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		03.250
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		04.8110
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		04.67100
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		04.8110
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		04.67100
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries
[description not available]		05.370
Transposition of Great Vessels
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.		05.370
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		05.51110
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		021.321324
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		016.321324
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.0550
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.0550
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.610
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.610
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.610
Atypical Lipoma
[description not available]		05.54160
Lipoma
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.		05.54160
EBV Infections
[description not available]		04.1940
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.6730
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.6730
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		04.1940
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		02.6920
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.610
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.9840
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.610
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.9840
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		06.96150
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		04.3840
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		04.3840
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		05.27110
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		05.3590
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		05.27110
Embolus
[description not available]		03.7530
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		03.7530
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		011.12634
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		04.61100
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		011.12634
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		04.61100
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		09.24390
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		09.24390
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.13160
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		03.7430
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		03.7430
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		03.4560
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.26500
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.5480
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.7230
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.5480
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.7230
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.4560
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.26500
Cerebral Microangiopathies
[description not available]		03.9830
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.		03.9830
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		04.260
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		04.260
Aura
[description not available]		07.67131
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.5520
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		07.67131
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.5520
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		03.0130
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).		03.0130
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		010.9284
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		011.92514
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		010.9284
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		011.92514
Blood Clot
[description not available]		010.42432
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		015.42432
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.85290
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.85290
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		06.6790
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		06.6790
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		016.769719
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		016.769719
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		09291
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		09291
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.9240
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		04.7970
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		03.9240
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		04.260
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.7930
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.7930
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		05.22110
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		05.22110
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.6320
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
[description not available]		05.5790
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy
[description not available]		02.930
Vestibular Neuronitis
Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)		02.930
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.610
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.610
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		05.2180
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt
[description not available]		04.75110
Cerebellar Dyssynergia
[description not available]		02.4920
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.6390
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		03.6390
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
[description not available]		08.5210
Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part
A variety of rare sarcoma having a reticulated fibrous stroma enclosing groups of sarcoma cells, which resemble epithelial cells and are enclosed in alveoli walled with connective tissue. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring between 15 and 35 years of age. It appears in the muscles of the extremities in adults and most commonly in the head and neck regions of children. Though slow-growing, it commonly metastasizes to the lungs, brain, bones, and lymph nodes. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1365)		03.5210
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.5520
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		08.05310
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		06.93161
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		06.93161
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.5911
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		03.5911
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)		02.2110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		04.0140
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		04.0140
Fournier Disease
[description not available]		03.1210
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.4950
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.6730
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.6730
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.4880
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.6530
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.4680
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.7330
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		03.6530
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		09.4680
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		010.33130
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		010.67453
Neoplasms, Skull Base
[description not available]		04.66100
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.03350
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		010.67453
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.9240
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.9240
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		05.35131
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		05.35131
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		03.5980
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.2110
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		08.5980
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		05.34120
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		05.34120
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.94360
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		011.49230
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		06.49230
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.9140
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.9140
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		05.8781
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		09.45210
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.3441
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.9840
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		02.9840
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		07.08131
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.9940
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.9940
Xanthoma
[description not available]		03.8940
Hypophysitis
Inflammation of the PITUITARY GLAND.		03.1710
Anti-PIT-1 Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1710
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		0550
Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.8530
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		010.13551
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.8530
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		010.13551
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		06.6871
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		06.21130
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		06.21130
Arthropathies
[description not available]		08.07440
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		08.07440
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.2510
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.2510
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		06.32141
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		011.32141
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		04.2360
MELAS
[description not available]		03.1710
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		03.1710
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.5420
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		06.84241
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.9740
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		06.84241
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		05.7441
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		09.24231
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		09.24231
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		05.7441
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		04.77110
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.3110
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		05.46140
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		05.46140
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.46670
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		06.46670
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.4660
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		03.4660
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		03.3460
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.81110
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		03.81110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		012.971067
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		012.971067
Angiitis
[description not available]		04.5990
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.5990
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.6320
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.78110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		05.2660
No-Reflow Phenomenon
Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.		02.2510
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.63100
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		010.88282
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		010.88282
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.6411
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.6411
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		04.2460
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		07.69322
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		04.65100
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		012.69322
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		04.65100
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.2510
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.5380
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.830
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.360
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		03.360
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis
[description not available]		03.2350
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.2960
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.2960
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.8630
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.8630
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.8630
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		016.3110818
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		016.3110818
Bayes Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5920
Fibroid
[description not available]		05.61120
Myofibroma
A benign tumor that consists chiefly of fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE, with variable numbers of MUSCLE CELLS forming portions of the neoplasm (From Stedman's, 27th ed).		02.2510
Myofibromatosis
A condition characterized by multiple formations of myofibromas (LEIOMYOMA).		02.4820
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		05.61120
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		08.95330
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		08.95330
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		04.3470
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.69100
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		04.69100
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).		07.2510
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		04.5790
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		02.5720
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.2510
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.2510
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		04.2160
Bell Palsy
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)		09.2160
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.1250
Hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.		09.82120
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		03.1250
Acrania
[description not available]		02.5520
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.5520
Cyst
[description not available]		07.65480
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.09310
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.940
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Adenolymphoma
A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.		04.5251
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5351
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		05.58100
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		05.58100
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.7730
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.7730
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		05.3241
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		05.3241
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.5720
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.7430
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.7430
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.2510
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.2510
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.4370
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.2510
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.2510
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		05.37130
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		05.37130
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		011.93543
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.2510
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.2510
Coronary Vessel Anomalies
Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.		02.9840
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		04.87130
Hyperthermia
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.		07.2510
Emesis
[description not available]		04.5151
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		04.5151
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		05.2970
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		05.2970
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.5720
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.2510
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		013.81693
Central Nervous System Cysts
Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.		02.4920
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Compressive lesion affecting the nerve roots of the CAUDA EQUINA (e.g., compression, herniation, inflammation, rupture, or stenosis), which controls the function of the bladder and bowel. Symptoms may include neurological dysfunction of bladder or bowels, loss of sexual sensation and altered sensation or paralysis in the lower extremities.		02.2510
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		02.2510
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.4920
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.4920
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3110
Isolated Non-compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
[description not available]		011.77121
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		09.18253
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		08.06201
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		014.18253
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		08.06201
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		02.3110
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		02.3110
Distal Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.3110
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.9940
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.9940
Distal Myopathies
A heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive MUSCULAR ATROPHY and MUSCLE WEAKNESS beginning in the hands, the legs, or the feet. Most are adult-onset autosomal dominant forms. Others are autosomal recessive.		02.3110
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		03.4570
DIPG Brain Tumors
[description not available]		02.3110
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
A rare, aggressive brain tumor that forms in the GLIAL CELLS in the PONS.		02.3110
Brain Stem Neoplasms
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.		03.4570
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.8110
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.8110
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		011.21523
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		011.61706
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		011.61706
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.1150
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		07.97111
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		07.97111
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.9540
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.9540
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.3110
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		02.3110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.830
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.830
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		08.1850
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		03.1850
Aneurysm, Coronary
[description not available]		04.2360
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.4720
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		09.04340
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		07.2510
Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		09.04340
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		06.76410
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		06.76410
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.4110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		04.0550
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		04.0550
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		03.2310
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		09.77901
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		09.77901
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.3110
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.3110
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		04.28180
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		07.46183
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular
[description not available]		02.4920
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.		02.4920
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.4110
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		06.2180
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.3110
Astroblastoma
[description not available]		03.2960
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)		03.2960
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		05.2660
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.5820
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.3110
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.3110
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		02.3110
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.3110
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		02.3110
Injuries, Wrist
[description not available]		02.9940
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.3110
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3110
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.5720
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		02.3110
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.5720
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.1510
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		02.1510
Leukoaraiosis
Non-specific white matter changes in the BRAIN, often seen after age 65. Changes include loss of AXONS; MYELIN pallor, GLIOSIS, loss of ependymal cells, and enlarged perivascular spaces. Leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for DEMENTIA and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		02.5220
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		03.9140
Placenta Praevia
[description not available]		03.7530
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		08.9140
Placenta Previa
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.		03.7530
Focal Clonic Seizures
[description not available]		02.1510
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		04.8171
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		02.1510
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.2660
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		04.8171
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		03.2660
Epilepsy, Partial, Motor
A disorder characterized by recurrent localized paroxysmal discharges of cerebral neurons that give rise to seizures that have motor manifestations. The majority of partial motor seizures originate in the FRONTAL LOBE (see also EPILEPSY, FRONTAL LOBE). Motor seizures may manifest as tonic or clonic movements involving the face, one limb or one side of the body. A variety of more complex patterns of movement, including abnormal posturing of extremities, may also occur.		02.1510
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		04.4980
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		04.4980
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		04.1431
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		04.1431
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.6290
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		06.19121
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		05.6161
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.520
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.4480
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		06.27190
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.4720
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		08.520
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		09.24291
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		09.24291
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.360
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		08.360
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		04.76110
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		09.76110
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
[description not available]		04.7921
Fibroma, Ossifying
A benign central bone tumor, usually of the jaws (especially the mandible), composed of fibrous connective tissue within which bone is formed.		02.1510
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		06.47240
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		02.4920
Benign Infratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4320
Joint Loose Bodies
Fibrous, bony, cartilaginous and osteocartilaginous fragments in a synovial joint. Major causes are osteochondritis dissecans, synovial chondromatosis, osteophytes, fractured articular surfaces and damaged menisci.		04.5150
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.5220
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.62191
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.62191
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.5220
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		02.1510
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		09.95433
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		03.6630
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		03.6330
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		03.6630
Phlebitis, Sagittal Sinus, Septic
[description not available]		02.1710
Sinus Pericranii
Rare vascular anomaly involving a communication between the intracranial and extracranial venous circulation via diploe, the central spongy layer of cranial bone. It is often characterized by dilated venous structures on the scalp due to abnormal drainage from the intracranial venous sinuses. Sinus pericranii can be congenital or traumatic in origin.		02.4920
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.1710
Prediabetes
[description not available]		02.1710
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.1710
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		016.38463
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		011.47280
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		05.8481
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.730
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.1710
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.730
Mesenchymoma
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		02.1710
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		03.520
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1710
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		05.66180
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		05.66180
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4820
Acoustic Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.4270
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		05.32210
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		05.32210
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1710
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.9540
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.1710
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		05.3472
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.1231
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		03.5611
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.1710
Anton Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.7230
Endoleak
Postoperative hemorrhage from an endovascular AORTIC ANEURYSM repaired with endoluminal placement of stent grafts (BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION). It is associated with pressurization, expansion, and eventual rupture of the aneurysm.		02.7830
Seroma
Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.		02.1710
Brain Dead
[description not available]		02.5320
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.9740
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.9740
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		04.1560
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		04.1560
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.4120
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.4120
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.5220
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.5220
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.4620
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.4420
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.1710
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms
Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.		02.1710
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		010.41140
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.9440
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.1710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.7430
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.7430
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		04.981
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		09.981
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		06.03101
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		06.03101
Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.5320
Myxoid Liposarcoma
[description not available]		02.5520
Liposarcoma, Myxoid
A liposarcoma containing round mesenchymal cells and a myxoid extracellular matrix in stroma.		02.5520
Coxa Plana
[description not available]		04.3570
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		03.95130
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)		03.1450
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		02.1710
Pyrexia
[description not available]		06.89151
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		06.89151
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.7330
Cardiac Murmurs
[description not available]		02.4620
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		03.0910
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.5470
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.6630
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.150
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.150
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		02.1710
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		07.37131
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		07.37131
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		02.1710
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		03.3620
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		011.63626
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		011.63626
Cervical Spondylosis
[description not available]		03.3860
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.		08.3860
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		03.8821
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		04.1131
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		03.8221
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		03.5911
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		03.8821
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		04.1131
Osteoma
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1230
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.4420
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.4420
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		06.27130
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		06.27130
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.7230
Otospongiosis
[description not available]		03.2960
Otosclerosis
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.		03.2960
Fibroadenoma
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.71110
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		06.26190
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.1710
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		07.1710
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		05.8190
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.1710
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.6761
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.83320
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.0930
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.8820
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		015.11162
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		015.11162
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		07.7330
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.8330
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.7330
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.8330
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.2110
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.2110
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		03.0910
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.520
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		0420
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		05.3140
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.4351
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		03.4820
Uterine Rupture
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.		03.1210
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		03.1210
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		03.1210
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		05.3140
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.4351
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		0420
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial
[description not available]		03.3260
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.03101
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		03.1210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		03.1210
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		03.1150
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		04.4441
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		06.2772
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		06.2772
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		04.4441
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		04.3670
Cockett Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.4320
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		05.12170
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.12170
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		09.37361
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		09.37361
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		02.6120
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.1210
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		03.1210
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		04.9650
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		03.8640
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.1210
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		03.1210
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		09.9650
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		08.8640
Cranial Airocele
[description not available]		02.4920
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.9340
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.2110
Hives
[description not available]		02.9940
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.2110
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.9940
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		07.1791
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.2110
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.2110
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.2110
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.4620
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		03.2560
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.		02.2110
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		03.2560
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		02.7830
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.4480
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.03140
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		04.03140
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		04.4480
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.4420
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.4420
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		0531
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		02.2110
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		02.2110
Amnesia, Transient Global
A syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. It primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. During the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. The condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each TEMPORAL LOBE. Complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp429-30)		02.2110
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		07.4920
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.1550
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		04.1331
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.5120
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.05290
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		08.05290
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		05.7171
Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.1110
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.4320
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		07.9640
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		04.3170
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.4820
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		02.4820
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		03.6730
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		03.6730
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5490
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.3260
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.3260
Alogia
[description not available]		02.4520
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.4520
Day Blindness
[description not available]		06.52120
Toxocariasis
Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.		02.0810
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		02.9440
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.8540
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.8540
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		09.9960
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.0810
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		06.33141
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		06.33141
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow
[description not available]		03.8540
Bone Marrow Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.		03.8540
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
[description not available]		02.0810
Adipose Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		03.3920
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		013.22496
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		013.22496
Epidermal Cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.		04.71110
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		02.7230
Infarct of the Spleen
[description not available]		02.0810
Situs Inversus
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.		02.0810
Asplenia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5120
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		04.9991
Solitary Fibrous Tumors
Rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the PLEURA (see SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR, PLEURAL). They also are found in extrapleural sites.		02.0810
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.5120
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		05.4251
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		0590
Coracohumeral Impingement
[description not available]		03.3420
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		05.4251
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.		03.3420
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		05.0331
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.5330
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		04.5330
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		03.1150
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		05.2541
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.2560
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		03.2560
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.7730
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.730
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.7730
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.730
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.4820
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.4820
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0810
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.4420
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0810
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.		02.110
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.6430
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.580
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		03.580
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		03.3420
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		03.3420
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3420
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		03.3420
Aneurysm, Iliac
[description not available]		02.730
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases
[description not available]		03.3920
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1860
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.4120
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.4120
Angioma, Venous, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0810
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		010.68190
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		02.110
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		06.2790
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		03.1250
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.110
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.110
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.98411
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		05.25121
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.470
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		05.25121
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		04.64100
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.		02.0810
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		03.5180
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		03.0110
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		05.8680
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		05.4960
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		03.0110
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		05.4960
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome
[description not available]		03.470
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.		08.470
Linitis Plastica
A condition where the stomach wall becomes thickened, rubbery and loses its ability to distend. The stomach assumes a leather bottle shape. It is most often seen in adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The term is often used synonymously with diffuse adenocarcinoma of the stomach.		02.110
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
[description not available]		02.4920
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.9540
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.4920
Multiple Hemangioblastomas
[description not available]		05.1101
Hemangioblastoma
A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)		05.1101
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		09.38105
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.2860
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		09.38105
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.2860
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		0590
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		09.0831
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		04.5390
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4220
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.0810
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		09.37252
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		09.37252
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.110
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component
[description not available]		03.1550
Gliosarcoma
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)		03.1550
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		06.65170
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		06.65170
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.7100
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.7100
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		08.3970
Synovial Cyst
Non-neoplastic tumor-like lesions at joints, developed from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE of a joint through the JOINT CAPSULE into the periarticular tissues. They are filled with SYNOVIAL FLUID with a smooth and translucent appearance. A synovial cyst can develop from any joint, but most commonly at the back of the knee, where it is known as POPLITEAL CYST.		08.5180
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		04.1860
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		02.110
Injuries, Whiplash
[description not available]		02.110
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		04.3370
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		04.3370
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		02.110
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		02.110
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		04.0250
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		05.46150
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.6330
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		02.110
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Bone Spur
[description not available]		02.110
Adenomyosis
The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.		03.8921
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1110
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		02.1110
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.110
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.110
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		04.4380
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		04.4380
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		010.01150
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.9540
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		09.75525
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		09.75525
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.4920
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.110
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.4920
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.110
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.110
Spinal Curvatures
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).		02.110
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.110
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		04.550
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.110
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.110
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.110
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.110
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		02.110
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.110
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		02.4820
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.4220
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		07.4220
Osteochondritis Dissecans
A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.		04.0831
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		03.1150
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.110
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.8640
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.110
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		03.8640
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.110
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.110
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		04.1330
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.1330
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		08.8640
Angiomyolipoma
A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4320
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		04.1860
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		04.1860
Bimalleolar Ankle Fractures
[description not available]		02.110
Ankle Fractures
Fractures of any of the bones of the ANKLE.		02.110
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		05.05160
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		05.05160
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.110
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.5220
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.5220
Neoplasms, Vascular
[description not available]		02.9540
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		05.2541
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3541
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		04.3541
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet
[description not available]		03.6430
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).		08.6430
Elephant Man Disease
[description not available]		04.2920
Proteus Syndrome
Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.		04.2920
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		06.56102
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		06.56102
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		03.0110
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		03.0110
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.1150
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		03.1150
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.110
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.110
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.1550
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.4420
Angioleiomyoma
[description not available]		07.110
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		010.86324
Indigestion
[description not available]		03.3920
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		03.3920
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.4920
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		04.0550
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		09.0550
Colonic Diverticulosis
[description not available]		03.4811
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		09.3741
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		04.8842
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		06.1770
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		06.1770
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.7230
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.7230
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		05.01150
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.1110
Odontalgia
[description not available]		02.110
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		02.110
Bruise
[description not available]		02.4320
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.1110
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		04.551
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.4320
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.4920
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.4920
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		05.4153
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		06.81132
Gangliocytoma
[description not available]		04.370
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.0250
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.730
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.9240
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.730
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.9240
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		03.0110
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		03.0110
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.7230
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
[description not available]		02.4720
Orbital Pseudotumor
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).		02.4720
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		07.17211
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		012.17211
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		02.7130
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.4520
Parotiditis
[description not available]		02.6930
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.3870
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.3870
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		04.5251
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.5220
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.5220
Mucocele
A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.4420
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.1110
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		07.1110
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.1110
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.6430
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		03.2560
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		03.2760
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.5180
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		03.2760
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		03.1150
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.1150
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.5580
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.1550
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		03.71100
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		03.71100
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.		02.1110
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.1110
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.1110
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.1110
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.1110
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		03.3520
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		03.2960
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		03.2960
Rhabdoid Tumor
A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)		02.7830
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.8370
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		03.8720
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.3720
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.8370
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8720
Chondromatosis, Synovial
Rare, benign, chronic, progressive metaplasia in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membranes of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae. Some of the metaplastic foci can become detached producing loose bodies. When the loose bodies undergo secondary calcification, the condition is called synovial osteochondromatosis.		02.7630
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.1110
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.1110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		03.6730
Thalassemias
[description not available]		02.1110
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		07.1110
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.6730
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		02.5320
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1110
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.6530
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.1110
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		03.6530
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.1310
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		05.78150
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.4420
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.4420
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		03.2960
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		03.86120
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.86120
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.4320
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		04.1960
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		02.1310
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		02.1310
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		02.4420
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.4220
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		014.826770
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.1110
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		014.826770
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		02.4920
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath
[description not available]		04.2160
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.		04.2160
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		03.3920
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		03.6230
Itching
[description not available]		03.4120
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.0310
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		03.0310
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.4120
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		06.1462
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
POEMS Syndrome
A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)		02.1110
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.1531
Choked Disk
[description not available]		03.150
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		04.3270
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		03.150
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		04.3270
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		04.1531
Cold Injury
A physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. Examples of cold injury are FROSTBITE and CHILBLAINS.		02.1310
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0310
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		03.0310
Craniomandibular Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.		02.1310
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		09.88183
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction
[description not available]		02.9540
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		04.5150
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		09.5150
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
[description not available]		02.4420
Glomangioma
[description not available]		03.2660
Double Outlet Right Ventricle
Incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the AORTA and the PULMONARY ARTERY arise from the RIGHT VENTRICLE. The only outlet of the LEFT VENTRICLE is a large ventricular septal defect (VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS or VSD). The various subtypes are classified by the location of the septal defect, such as subaortic, subpulmonary, or noncommitted.		02.1310
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		02.1310
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		03.3820
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		03.8940
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4220
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.1631
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis
[description not available]		05.9491
Neurocysticercosis
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)		05.9491
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.1310
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		03.2860
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.7330
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		03.6830
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm
[description not available]		02.1310
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.1310
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.		02.1310
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		04.1230
Orbital Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		05.53160
Fibrous Histiocytoma of Tendon Sheath
[description not available]		02.1310
Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
A tumor arising in the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath. It is characterized by OSTEOCLAST-like GIANT CELLS; FOAM CELLS; pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-laden MACROPHAGES and inflammatory infiltrate. It is classified either as diffuse or localized tenosynovitis.		02.1310
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.6293
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		07.36102
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		07.36102
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		012.6293
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		09.6560
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.1310
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.1310
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		02.1310
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		03.1550
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.1310
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.1310
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		07.9440
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		02.4420
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.1310
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.1510
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.4420
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.4920
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.4920
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		02.4320
Earache
Pain in the ear.		02.1510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1310
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.1510
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.9140
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		02.9140
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		02.1310
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.7330
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.7330
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		02.1510
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1510
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.1510
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular
A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.1510
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.9440
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.9440
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		0650
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		0650
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		03.3820
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		03.3820
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.7130
Atresia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.5530
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.7130
Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		03.470
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		03.3870
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.4120
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.4120
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4420
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.9140
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		03.8121
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		04.0450
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.9610
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.9610
Cephalopelvic Disproportion
A condition in which the HEAD of the FETUS is larger than the mother's PELVIS through which the fetal head must pass during a vaginal delivery.		02.9610
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4320
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.4320
MODS
[description not available]		02.9240
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.9240
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		03.5180
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		08.5180
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.7130
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.7130
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.4120
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.4120
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		05.3270
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		05.3270
Giant Osteoid Osteoma
[description not available]		02.0410
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.9240
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		07.9240
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		02.4220
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0510
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		03.2560
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.0510
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		04.8880
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		04.8880
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.4420
Ureterocele
A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.		02.0510
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.4420
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.8520
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.8520
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.0410
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.0410
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.4420
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		02.4420
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.9610
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.5930
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.9610
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		02.9610
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.5930
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.9610
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		03.8440
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		03.1250
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		03.1250
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		05.3472
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		05.3472
Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.		02.0510
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.0510
Keratocysts
[description not available]		02.7330
Jaw Cysts
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.		02.4620
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		04.5251
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.7230
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.0510
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.0510
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)		02.0510
Glenohumeral Dislocation
[description not available]		02.730
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.4420
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.0510
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		08.81142
ADPKD
[description not available]		08.1250
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		03.1250
Lassitude
[description not available]		05.2741
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		05.2741
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.3520
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		03.3520
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0510
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		02.4320
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		02.4320
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		05.73200
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		04.7770
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		04.7770
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		05.09100
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		05.09100
Hemangioma, Capillary
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6530
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.9540
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		02.7130
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.9540
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.4420
Basilar Steal Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9540
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.4120
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.4120
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		03.821
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		04.7221
Cartilage Fractures
[description not available]		03.3320
Aesthesioneuroblastoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory
A malignant olfactory neuroblastoma arising from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate. It is uncommon (3% of nasal tumors) and rarely is associated with the production of excess hormones (e.g., SIADH, Cushing Syndrome). It has a high propensity for multiple local recurrences and bony metastases. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3rd ed, p1245; J Laryngol Otol 1998 Jul;112(7):628-33)		02.0510
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9240
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.9240
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.730
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.4220
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.730
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.4220
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		05.2341
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms
Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)		05.2341
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		07.4320
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.4320
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		02.0510
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.6930
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.6930
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.4620
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.0510
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.0510
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		04.3441
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		04.3441
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8740
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.4620
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		02.4420
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.4620
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		02.0510
Chloasma
[description not available]		03.3220
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.0510
Neurocutaneous Disorders
[description not available]		04.5730
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		03.3220
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		05.4151
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		05.65102
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		05.65102
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		08.4311
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		02.4420
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		02.4420
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		02.0510
Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)		02.0510
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive
[description not available]		02.0510
Neuroaspergillosis
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)		02.0510
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.4220
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		04.5290
Epidural Neoplasm, Malignant
[description not available]		03.8340
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.0510
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.6230
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		05.2570
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		05.2570
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.7230
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.0510
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.4120
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		02.0510
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.4120
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		09.9990
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.0510
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		02.0510
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		02.0510
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.0710
Infections, RNA Virus
[description not available]		02.0510
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.0510
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		02.9240
Melanoma, Amelanotic
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4220
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		02.4420
Cerebrospinal Fluid Effusion, Subdural
[description not available]		04.4380
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		02.4420
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.7230
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
[description not available]		02.4120
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.		02.4120
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		03.0950
Benign Optic Nerve Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.1250
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.0510
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.0510
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)		03.690
Neuroma
A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3770
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		04.0450
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		04.0450
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		04.131
Embolic Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.4411
Catastrophic Illness
An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.		02.0510
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.9840
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.2560
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		02.9240
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.5180
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.4620
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.4120
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.86130
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		04.0150
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.4220
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		09.86130
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		04.0150
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		03.8240
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.6930
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.6930
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0510
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.0510
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.0510
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.0510
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0510
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.0510
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		02.0510
Antopol Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.4320
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.4320
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0510
Fibrous Dysplasia, Monostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE involving only one bone.		02.4120
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.6930
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.9240
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.3320
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3320
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		02.0510
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		04.4280
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		02.0510
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.4420
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		07.4420
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus
[description not available]		02.9240
Angiomatosis
A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.		02.0510
Angiofibroma
A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0510
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		02.0510
Lymphatic Abnormalities
Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.		02.0510
Angio-Osteohypertrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
C-C Fistula
[description not available]		02.4520
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		03.3870
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		03.3870
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.0510
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).		04.6461
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenocystic Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.3770
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3770
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.		04.3140
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		02.730
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Pinealoma
Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)		02.0610
Flank Pain
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.		02.9710
Acute Renal Colic
[description not available]		02.9710
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		03.3420
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.9710
Renal Colic
A severe intermittent and spasmodic pain in the lower back radiating to the groin, scrotum, and labia which is most commonly caused by a kidney stone (RENAL CALCULUS) passing through the URETER or by other urinary track blockage. It is often associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, restlessness, dull pain, frequent urination, and HEMATURIA.		02.9710
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0510
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		02.0510
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		02.9710
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		02.9710
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		05.390
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		05.390
Brachial Plexopathy
[description not available]		04.3340
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)		04.3340
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.0510
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.4620
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease
[description not available]		02.7230
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		06.11111
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.0610
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		06.11111
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4520
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.4520
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		04.61100
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		07.4120
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		04.61100
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		03.3870
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		08.3870
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		03.2760
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.4420
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.4420
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		03.470
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		04.85130
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		02.7130
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		09.85130
Bed Sores
[description not available]		02.0610
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		02.0610
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.7330
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.		02.0610
Knee Dislocation
Slippage of the FEMUR off the TIBIA.		02.0510
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.9140
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.7230
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.7230
Agrammatic Broca Aphasia
[description not available]		02.0610
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.3520
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.9810
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		03.6230
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.9810
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.4120
Sclera Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Zellweger Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.		02.0610
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		03.71100
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		03.71100
Air Embolism
[description not available]		02.9340
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0610
Chemodectoma
[description not available]		03.2460
Glomus Tympanicum Tumor
A rare PARAGANGLIOMA involving the GLOMUS TYMPANICUM, a collection of chemoreceptor tissue adjacent to the TYMPANIC CAVITY. It can cause TINNITUS and conductive hearing loss (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE).		02.0610
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.0710
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		02.4420
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		07.4420
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		02.9810
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.3620
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		02.4420
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		02.4420
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.0710
Esophageal Dysmotility
[description not available]		02.0710
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.0710
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.4820
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		04.1230
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.4320
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		04.1230
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral
[description not available]		05.0960
Deafness Unilateral
[description not available]		02.7430
Neurofibromatosis 2
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.		05.0960
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.9810
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		03.6230
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		03.4611
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.0710
Granulomatosis, Lipid
[description not available]		02.0710
Erdheim-Chester Disease
A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.		02.0710
Luft Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0710
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		02.0710
Peliosis Hepatis
A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.		02.0810
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.9140
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.9140
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		02.0710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.0710
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.4220
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
[description not available]		03.3420
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.0710
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.4220
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.4320
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.4320
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		03.3820
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		03.3820
Central Nervous System Schistosomiasis
[description not available]		02.0710
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.9910
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.9910
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.0710
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid
[description not available]		02.4420
Carcinoma, Endometrioid
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.		02.4420
Diseases of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.0710
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.0710
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture
[description not available]		02.0710
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.7230
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.7230
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		02.9910
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.9910
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		02.9910
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.0710
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.0710
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		02.4120
Bartonella henselae Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Cat-Scratch Disease
A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.		02.0710
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.0510
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.0510
Angiolipoma
A benign neoplasm composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4820
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.730
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
[description not available]		02.0810
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive
A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)		02.0810
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Histiocytosis, Sinus
Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.		02.0810
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		02.7230
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		02.7230
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.9340
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.0710
Cranial Nerve V Injury
[description not available]		02.0810
Cranial Nerve XII Injury
[description not available]		02.4320
Dermoid
[description not available]		02.4420
Cystic Echinococcosis
[description not available]		03.2660
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.4220
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		02.0810
Adenoma, Hepatocellular
[description not available]		02.4220
Chondrosteoma
[description not available]		02.7130
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		03.2560
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.0810
Adenoma, Oxyphilic
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.		03.6230
Criss-cross Heart
[description not available]		02.4120
Spondylisthesis
[description not available]		03.3320
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.0110
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		05.2141
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		03.7921
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		02.6930
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		02.6930
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.9210
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		03.3120
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.9210
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.150
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.0110
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0110
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		07.3260
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		02.0110
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		02.0110
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.4220
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.4220
Nevoxanthoendothelioma
[description not available]		02.0110
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.0110
Dysarthosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Malignant Neurilemmoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Amentia
[description not available]		02.0110
Angiomatosis Retinae
[description not available]		03.0950
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.0110
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.		03.0950
Basilar Artery Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.730
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.0110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		08.61240
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.0110
Ganglion Cysts
Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.7130
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.6660
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		02.0110
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.420
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.0110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.6930
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		04.7110
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.6930
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		04.7110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.6930
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		02.9310
Carotid Body Tumor
Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.		02.6730
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.0110
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.8121
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.0110
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.0110
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		01.9310
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		01.9310
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3220
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.6830
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.0110
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.0110
Paraparesis
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.		02.0110
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		03.0950
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		03.0950
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		02.0110
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.9310
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.9310
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.0210
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.0210
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		03.3320
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.0110
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		02.9310
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		02.9310
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.0110
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.0110
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		03.3220
Fifth Phacomatosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.		02.0210
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.0110
Neurocytoma
A benign brain tumor composed of neural elements which most often arise from the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the walls of the lateral ventricles. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations may reveal expression of neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin and cells containing microtubuli, neurosecretory granules, and presynaptic vesicles. (From Acta Med Port 1994 Feb;7(2):113-9)		03.3220
Frontal Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.		03.3320
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.4120
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.0210
Adenosis of Breast
[description not available]		05.3280
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.		05.3280
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.4120
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.4120
Baker Cyst
[description not available]		02.0210
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.0210
Acquired Meningocele
[description not available]		03.3220
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		02.0210
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		02.0210
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		02.0210
Angiomyxoma
[description not available]		03.1150
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.6930
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		02.0210
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6830
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.		02.0210
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		02.4120
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		05.52160
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
[description not available]		03.7920
Retrocochlear Diseases
Pathological processes involving the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. When hearing loss is due to retrocochlear pathology, it is called retrocochlear hearing loss.		03.411
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.4320
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.0210
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.0210
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		07.0210
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.0210
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		02.6930
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		02.6930
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.0210
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0210
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		02.4120
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Vaginal Discharge
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.		02.0210
Benedict Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		02.0210
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		02.0210
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		02.420
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.0210
Ganglioneuroblastoma
A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with HORNER SYNDROME and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea.		02.0210
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.9240
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.9240
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		03.4111
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		02.0210
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)		02.0210
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		02.6930
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0210
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0210
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
[description not available]		03.0850
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.		03.0850
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.4120
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.4120
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		04.7120
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		04.7120
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		02.0210
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		02.0210
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		02.0210
Legionellosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.		02.0210
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.0310
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.0310
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.0310
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0310
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0310
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		03.3120
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.9240
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		03.3520
Central European Encephalitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Convergent Strabismus
[description not available]		02.0310
Esotropia
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.		02.0310
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.0310
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.0310
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)		02.0310
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.		02.0310
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		07.0310
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.		02.0310
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		02.0310
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		09.6499
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		09.6499
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.730
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.0310
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.4220
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		02.9240
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4120
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		02.4120
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		02.9240
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		02.0310
Common Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
[description not available]		03.8121
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.4120
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.4120
Sprains
[description not available]		02.4120
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		02.6930
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		02.4120
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		02.4420
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		02.4420
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0310
Theca Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0310
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.0310
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0310
AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System
Inflammation of ARTERIES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that occurs in patients with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME or AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.		02.0310
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		02.4220
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		02.4220
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0310
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.4120
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.4120
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		02.0310
Common Migraine
[description not available]		02.0310
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0310
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		03.630
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		03.630
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		02.0310
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0310
Adenomatous Polyps
Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Cholangioma
[description not available]		03.630
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		03.630
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0310
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.9240
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		07.9240
Chondroma
A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4220
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		04.7121
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		04.7121
Articulation Disorders
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.		02.0410
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated
[description not available]		02.4220
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0410
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell
A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		02.0410
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)		02.4220
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.6930
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.6930
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.0410
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4220
Cardiovascular Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		02.0410
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0410
Ascites, Gelatinous
[description not available]		02.4220
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
A peritoneal adenocarcinoma characterized by build-up of MUCUS in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. Mucus secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. The majority of cases represent tumor spread from a primary low-grade mucinous neoplasm of the APPENDIX (NCI Thesaurus).		02.4220
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.9240
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		02.9240
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.6230
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		02.9610
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.3320
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9610
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.9610
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.9610
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3720
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6730
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.3720
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.2741
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.4751
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		03.9950
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		03.9950
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		0450
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		0450
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		03.2460
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.3920
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.3920
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		02.910
Rida
[description not available]		02.3920
Apoplexy, Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9810
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		01.9810
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		01.9810
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		01.9810
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		02.910
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		03.320
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		03.7821
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.7821
Multiple Neurofibromas
[description not available]		03.3120
Neurofibromatoses
A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)		03.3120
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.8240
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		03.8240
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.3920
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.4890
Diffuse Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular
Diffuse outgrowth arising from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE; SYNOVIAL BURSA; or TENDON sheath around the joint cavity, with extension to surrounding soft tissue. It is characterized by pigmented HEMOSIDERIN-containing MACROPHAGES; FOAM CELLS; and multinucleated GIANT CELLS. It usually occurs in the hands and feet, and around large joints, such as in the ankle and knee joints.		01.9810
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.910
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.910
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.940
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.940
Grippe
[description not available]		02.910
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.910
Meniscitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		02.8940
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.940
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural
[description not available]		02.6830
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		02.420
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		01.9810
Conjunctival Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.910
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		04.2940
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Gastrin-Producing Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		04.2940
Gastrinoma
A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).		01.9810
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		02.8940
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		02.6830
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.2360
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.6730
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.6730
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		01.9810
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.0850
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada)
[description not available]		01.9810
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)		01.9810
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.8140
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		03.8140
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3920
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.3920
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic
[description not available]		01.9810
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		03.7821
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		03.7821
Creeping Eruption
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.0850
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.0850
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.3920
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.3920
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		01.9810
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		01.9810
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		01.9810
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		01.9810
Pus
[description not available]		02.940
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		01.9810
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		01.9810
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.320
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		01.9810
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		03.7621
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)		01.9810
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		01.9810
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		02.3820
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		01.9810
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.6930
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		01.9810
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.6930
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		01.9810
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		01.9810
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		01.9810
Acne
[description not available]		01.9810
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9810
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		03.7921
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		03.7921
Nevi, Intradermal
[description not available]		01.9810
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		01.9810
Blue Nevi
[description not available]		01.9810
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		01.9810
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.320
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.320
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.910
Fat Necrosis
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.		02.3920
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		01.9910
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.3920
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		04.721
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		01.9910
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.3920
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.320
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.320
Cherubism
A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.		02.910
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		02.910
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		02.910
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9910
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		01.9910
Benign Pilomatricoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.3920
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.6830
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		02.3920
Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue
[description not available]		01.9910
Sarcoma, Clear Cell
A sarcoma of young adults occurring in the lower extremities and acral regions. It is found intimately bound to tendons as a circumscribed but unencapsulated melanin-bearing tumor of neuroectodermal origin. Clear cell sarcoma is associated with a specific t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation.		01.9910
Cystic Hygroma Colli
[description not available]		02.910
Chorioadenoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		01.9910
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		01.9910
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		01.9910
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		01.9910
Primate Diseases
Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.		01.9910
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		03.3120
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		03.3120
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		01.9910
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		01.9910
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.2360
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		08.2360
Phlegmon
[description not available]		04.4851
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9910
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		04.4851
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		03.150
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
[description not available]		01.9910
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9910
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9910
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.6830
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		02.6830
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		01.9910
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		01.9910
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		01.9910
SC Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemoglobin SC Disease
One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.		01.9910
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.3920
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		01.9910
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		01.9910
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		02.6830
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		07.6830
Adenoma, Villous
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		03.7821
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		01.9910
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		01.9910
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		01.9910
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		01.9910
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram
[description not available]		02.9110
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9910
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9910
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9910
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		01.9910
Myelolipoma
A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.		02.9110
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		01.9910
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.9110
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.9110
Anaplasia
Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells.		01.9910
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		03.3220
Impotence
[description not available]		06.9910
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		01.9910
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9910
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9910
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9910
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9910
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		01.9910
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		01.9910
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		01.9910
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.3920
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		01.9910
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		01.9910
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		01.9910
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		01.9910
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		01.9910
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9910
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		06.9910
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.		02.420
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.940
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.6730
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9910
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.940
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		02.6730
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.3120
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.3120
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		01.9910
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		01.9910
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6830
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.6830
Granuloma Annulare
Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.		01.9910
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		01.9910
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9910
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		01.9910
Synovioma
[description not available]		03.5930
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		03.5930
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Infections, Lentivirus
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		02.9110
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		08.320
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		01.9910
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		01.9910
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.3920
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.3920
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9910
Branchial Cleft Cyst
[description not available]		01.9910
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Infection
[description not available]		0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		0210
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Bile Duct Cysts
[description not available]		0210
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.4120
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.420
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		0210
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		0210
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		0210
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		0210
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		0210
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		04.3522
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		03.7921
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		02.420
Leriche Syndrome
A condition caused by occlusion of terminal aorta, the primary branches of the ABDOMINAL AORTA, as in aortoiliac obstruction. Leriche syndrome usually occurs in males and is characterized by IMPOTENCE, absence of a pulse in the femoral arteries, weakness and numbness in the lower back, buttocks, hips, and lower limbs.		0210
Cranial Nerve I Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Bone Hypertrophy
[description not available]		0210
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0710
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.9210
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		0210
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		03.3911
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		0210
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		0210
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.		02.3920
Deficiency, Protein S
[description not available]		0210
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		0210
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		0210
Dextrocardia
A congenital defect in which the heart is located on the right side of the THORAX instead of on the left side (levocardia, the normal position). When dextrocardia is accompanied with inverted HEART ATRIA, a right-sided STOMACH, and a left-sided LIVER, the combination is called dextrocardia with SITUS INVERSUS. Dextrocardia may adversely affect other thoracic organs.		0210
Ear Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		03.8140
Capillaria hepatica Infection
[description not available]		0210
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.		0210
Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysm
[description not available]		03.7921
Ethmoid Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.		02.3920
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.3920
Sinusitis, Sphenoid
[description not available]		0210
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3920
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		03.3911
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		03.3911
Fibrous Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9210
Myoepithelial Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Myoepithelioma
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.		0210
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		0210
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		0210
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		02.3920
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		0210
Osteosarcoma, Juxtacortical
A form of osteogenic sarcoma of relatively low malignancy, probably arising from the periosteum and initially involving cortical bone and adjacent connective tissue. It occurs in middle-aged as well as young adults and most commonly affects the lower part of the femoral shaft. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		0210
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		0210
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		03.821
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		0210
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		0210
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		0210
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.0110
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.3911
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.3911
Aortitis, Syphilitic
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.0110
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		02.0110
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.3920
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		02.0110
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.0110
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.0110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.0110
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.0110
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.0110
Nelson Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.		02.9210
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		02.0110
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.0110
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.8940
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.8940
Mucopolysaccharidosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.		01.9810
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
[description not available]		01.9810
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		01.9810
ARC
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		01.9810
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9810
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Varices
[description not available]		01.9810
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		01.9810
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		01.9810
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		01.9810
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		01.9710
Iris Neoplasms
Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.		01.9710
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		01.9710
Lymphangitis
A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9710
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		01.9710
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		01.9710
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		01.9710
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		01.9710
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		01.9710
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		01.9710
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		01.9710
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		02.3820
Blood Vessel Tumors
[description not available]		01.9710
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9710
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		01.9710
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		06.7840
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		06.7840
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		01.9710
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		01.9710
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		01.9710
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9710
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.		01.9710
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9610
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		01.9510
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		01.9410
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		01.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9410
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9410
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9410
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9410