An agent causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Because the size of the pupil is under the antagonistic control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, drugs affecting either system can cause miosis. Drugs that mimic or potentiate the parasympathetic input to the circular constrictor muscle and drugs that inhibit sympathetic input to the radial dilator muscle tend to contract the pupils.
ChEBI ID: 51068
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| carbachol | carbachol | |
| dapiprazole | dapiprazole | |
| echothiophate iodide | The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate. | ecothiopate iodide |
| physostigmine | physostigmine |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 9,483 (49.17) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 5,450 (28.26) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 2,843 (14.74) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 1,332 (6.91) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 177 (0.92) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 362 (1.76%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 343 (1.66%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 350 (1.70%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 2 (0.01%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 19,554 (94.87%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.0852 | 4 | 10 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.1254 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.0952 | 2 | 2 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 61.5362 | 2 | 2 |
| arylsulfatase A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 37.9330 | 1 | 1 |
| atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.9341 | 1 | 1 |
| Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1413 | 2 | 4 |
| Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Beta-lactamase | Escherichia coli K-12 | Potency | 5.0119 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.3096 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | Giardia intestinalis | Potency | 15.8114 | 1 | 1 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 100.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.9772 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.7482 | 2 | 2 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.0199 | 1 | 2 |
| GALC protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7079 | 1 | 1 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.3585 | 1 | 2 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 61.1306 | 1 | 1 |
| GLS protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.1806 | 2 | 3 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.5900 | 1 | 2 |
| glucokinase regulatory protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| hexokinase-4 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.0441 | 1 | 2 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0040 | 1 | 1 |
| M-phase phosphoprotein 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 1 |
| nonstructural protein 1 | Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1)) | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.5346 | 3 | 3 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 21.6028 | 2 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4889 | 1 | 1 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.3762 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 15.9556 | 2 | 2 |
| survival motor neuron protein isoform d | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.1940 | 2 | 3 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 29.9349 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.8570 | 2 | 2 |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.3786 | 1 | 1 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 13.8324 | 2 | 2 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0600 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 1.1770 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 2.0600 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 1.1770 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.6060 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.1730 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.0560 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.6720 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.6250 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.3270 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | IC50 | 0.6250 | 1 | 1 |
| 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Ki | 0.3270 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | IC50 | 3.1018 | 16 | 18 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Gallus gallus (chicken) | IC50 | 0.0200 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.9114 | 44 | 47 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 0.0269 | 3 | 3 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0416 | 5 | 7 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray) | IC50 | 0.3023 | 3 | 3 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | Ki | 0.0340 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Bos taurus (cattle) | IC50 | 0.7198 | 4 | 4 |
| Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase | Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) | IC50 | 0.0189 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.8570 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.8570 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.0083 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.8570 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0041 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1.1530 | 1 | 1 |
| Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.5260 | 1 | 1 |
| Bile salt export pump | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Bile salt export pump | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carboxylic ester hydrolase | Equus caballus (horse) | IC50 | 1.2630 | 3 | 3 |
| Carboxylic ester hydrolase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 0.0180 | 3 | 3 |
| Cholinesterase | Equus caballus (horse) | IC50 | 0.4081 | 10 | 10 |
| Cholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,455,053,333,334.3853 | 25 | 30 |
| Cholinesterase | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 0.2800 | 2 | 2 |
| Cholinesterase | Equus caballus (horse) | Ki | 0.0410 | 1 | 1 |
| Cholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 5.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.2000 | 1 | 1 |
| Delta-type opioid receptor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | IC50 | 1.1821 | 1 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | IC50 | 150.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Ki | 67.5911 | 4 | 4 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 41.1368 | 4 | 4 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 14.4639 | 7 | 13 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 135.4539 | 18 | 18 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 4.7822 | 5 | 5 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 10.8368 | 12 | 16 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 17.6728 | 7 | 7 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 23.3592 | 9 | 12 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 1.2977 | 15 | 15 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 25.4284 | 10 | 13 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.9900 | 2 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 149.3980 | 8 | 10 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 30.1886 | 10 | 10 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 13.8161 | 28 | 31 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 2.0626 | 4 | 4 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 12.6900 | 7 | 9 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 6.8330 | 13 | 13 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 15.5317 | 8 | 11 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 25.2000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | IC50 | 14.2475 | 6 | 8 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 37.6948 | 13 | 13 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 16.8249 | 7 | 10 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.3700 | 2 | 3 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 1.7000 | 3 | 4 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.6975 | 3 | 4 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.5600 | 4 | 5 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 0.4500 | 1 | 2 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Ki | 1.7500 | 3 | 4 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 1,108,477,796.2420 | 18 | 18 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | EC50 | 40.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | EC50 | 0.6500 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 17.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 1,936,025,008.0114 | 8 | 8 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 17.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 5,568,744,447.3554 | 9 | 9 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | EC50 | 9.9000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | EC50 | 0.7027 | 21 | 21 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 17.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 9.6071 | 7 | 7 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 17.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 9,120,110,011.0422 | 10 | 10 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 17.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | EC50 | 19,952,600,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholinesterase | Electrophorus electricus (electric eel) | K | 0.0343 | 1 | 1 |
| Acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Kc | 0.2500 | 1 | 1 |
| Cholinesterase | Equus caballus (horse) | K | 0.1208 | 3 | 3 |
| Delta-type opioid receptor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | K app | 45.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 5.6000 | 2 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | K app | 13.0553 | 13 | 19 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Kapp | 11.0024 | 2 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.2700 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | K app | 8.8862 | 13 | 18 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | KH | 0.0008 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | KL | 0.0120 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Km | 0.0460 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 1.3000 | 2 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | K app | 9.2971 | 12 | 17 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | KH | 0.0560 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | KL | 0.0084 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 0.1000 | 1 | 1 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | K app | 9.2971 | 12 | 17 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Homo sapiens (human) | ED50 | 2.0500 | 2 | 2 |
| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | K app | 9.2971 | 12 | 17 |