Compounds > nattokinase
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

nattokinase

Description

nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6 [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID75310475
MeSH IDM0152203

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
FT-0660373
nattokinase
AKOS026750311
HMS3655P06
SB19503

Research Excerpts

Overview

Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease with a potent thrombolytic activity that possesses multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventative and treatment activities. It is an extract from a popular Japanese food, natto, which consists of boiled soybeans fermented with bacteria.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nattokinase (NK) is a promising alternative in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its potent fibrinolytic activity. "( Nattokinase crude extract enhances oral mucositis healing.
Fang, W; Fei, F; Gong, A; Li, L; Tang, Y; Yang, M; Yuan, T; Zhang, J, 2021)		3.51
"Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease with a potent thrombolytic activity that possesses multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventative and treatment activities. "( Stepwise Strategy to Identify Thrombin as a Hydrolytic Substrate for Nattokinase.
Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xu, F; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.4
"Nattokinase (NK) is an alkaline serine protease with strong thrombolytic activity produced by "( Microbial nattokinase: from synthesis to potential application.
Sheng, Y; Sun, X; Wang, C; Yan, L; Yang, J, 2023)		2.76
"Nattokinase is a promising thrombolytic drug due to its powerful fibrinolytic effect and few side effects. "( Improvement of the fibrinolytic activity, acid resistance and thermostability of nattokinase by surface charge engineering.
Chen, L; Huang, W; Li, J; Li, Y; Ma, A; Tang, X; Zhu, W, 2023)		2.58
"Nattokinase is an enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. "( Designing a less immunogenic nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto: a computational mutagenesis.
Aditama, R; Dwi Putra, SE; Tjoa, SEE; Vianney, YM, 2019)		2.25
"Nattokinase (NK) is an extract from a popular Japanese food, natto, which consists of boiled soybeans fermented with bacteria."( Development of a nattokinase-polysialic acid complex for advanced tumor treatment.
Chen, J; Deng, Y; Duan, L; Feng, R; Hu, Y; Kou, Y; Song, Y; Wang, S; Wang, T; Zhang, N, 2020)		1.62
"Nattokinase is a thrombolytic enzyme obtained from Japanese traditional food natto for prevention and cure of thrombosis-related cardiovascular diseases. "( Chitosan/casein based microparticles with a bilayer shell-core structure for oral delivery of nattokinase.
Lyu, X; Tong, Y; Wang, J; Yang, R; Ye, J; Zhang, X, 2020)		2.22
"Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease enzyme with fibrinolytic activity. "( Data Recorded in Real Life Support the Safety of Nattokinase in Patients with Vascular Diseases.
Cione, E; De Sarro, G; Di Mizio, G; Gallelli, G; Gallelli, L; Muraca, L; Palleria, C; Rubino, P; Salerno, M; Siniscalchi, A, 2021)		2.32
"Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme that has huge market value as a nutritional supplement for health promotion. "( Heterologous expression of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto using Pichia pastoris GS115 and assessment of its thrombolytic activity.
Chao, Z; Guangbo, Y; Lixin, M; Min, S; Wei, S; Yaping, W; Zunxi, H, 2021)		2.36
"Nattokinase (NK) is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with wide pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. "( High and Economical Nattokinase Production with Acetoin as a Useful Byproduct from Soybean Milk and Glucose.
Chen, Y; Li, Y; Shen, J; Wang, Z; Xiao, Z; Zhao, JY; Zhao, Y, 2022)		2.49
"As nattokinase is a protein, its stability restricts its usage to a greater extent, but this limitation can be overcome by nanoencapsulation."( Development of surface-engineered PLGA nanoparticulate-delivery system of Tet1-conjugated nattokinase enzyme for inhibition of Aβ
Al-Abbasi, FA; Anwar, F; Bhatt, PC; Kumar, V; Panda, BP; Verma, A, 2017)		1.19
"Nattokinase (NK) is an important serine-protease with direct fibrinolytic activity involving the prevention of cardiovascular disease as an antithrombotic agent. "( Stepwise modifications of genetic parts reinforce the secretory production of nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis.
Cheng, J; Cui, W; Guo, J; Han, L; Hao, W; Suo, F; Zhou, Z, 2018)		2.15
"Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic protease, which is used as a drug for treatment or a supplement for preventing thrombosis besides various industrial applications. "( Extracellular Production of a Potent and Chemically Resistant Nattokinase in Immobilized Escherichia coli Using Response Surface Methodology.
Berenjian, A; Ghasemi, Y; Ghoshoon, MB; Hemmati, S; Mohammadi, F; Morowvat, MH; Negahdaripour, M; Nezafat, N; Zamani, M, 2018)		2.16
"Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease of the subtilisin family; as a potent fibrinolytic enzyme, it is potentially useful for thrombosis therapy. "( Improvement of the acid resistance, catalytic efficiency, and thermostability of nattokinase by multisite-directed mutagenesis.
Cui, W; Han, L; Liu, Z; Zhao, H; Zhou, L; Zhou, Z, 2019)		2.18
"Nattokinase is a serine protease and is derived from natto, a traditional Japanese, fermented, soybean food meal. "( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		1.83
"Nattokinase (NK) is a strong fibrinolytic enzyme, which is produced in abundance by Bacillus subtilis natto. "( X-ray structure determination and deuteration of nattokinase.
Adachi, T; Chatake, T; Chiba-Kamosida, K; Kawaguchi, A; Morimoto, Y; Naito, S; Ogawa, M; Ohsugi, T; Sumi, H; Yanagisawa, Y; Yatagai, C, 2013)		2.09
"Nattokinase is a serine protease produced by Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of the soybean product natto. "( Thrombolytic effects in vivo of nattokinase in a carrageenan-induced rat model of thrombosis.
Chen, H; Chen, Q; Du, M; Lin, DH; Xu, J; Yang, X, 2014)		2.13
"Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease extracted from a traditional Japanese food called natto. "( Interactions between nattokinase and heparin/GAGs.
Linhardt, RJ; Zhang, F; Zhang, J, 2015)		2.18
"Nattokinase is an enzyme produced by Bacillus licheniformis and has potential to be used as a drug for treating cardiovascular disease due to its beneficial effects of preventing fibrin clots etc. "( High-level expression of nattokinase in Bacillus licheniformis by manipulating signal peptide and signal peptidase.
Cai, D; Chen, J; Chen, S; Chen, Y; Qiu, Y; Wei, X; Wen, Z, 2016)		2.18
"Nattokinase is an important fibrinolytic enzyme with therapeutic applications for cardiovascular diseases. "( Expression of nattokinase in Escherichia coli and renaturation of its inclusion body.
Fan, XM; Guo, PC; Jiang, WL; Li, HH; Luo, XY; Ni, H, 2016)		2.24
"Nattokinase is a single polypeptide chain composed of 275 amino acids (molecular weight 27,724) which displays strong fibrinolytic activity. "( Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction experiment of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto.
Chatake, T; Chiba-Kamoshida, K; Morimoto, Y; Naito, S; Ohsugi, T; Sumi, H; Yanagisawa, Y; Yasuda, I, 2010)		2.03
"Nattokinase is a novel fibrinolytic enzyme that is considered to be a promising agent for thrombosis therapy. "( Purification of nattokinase by reverse micelles extraction from fermentation broth: effect of temperature and phase volume ratio.
Chang, TS; Liu, HZ; Liu, JG; Xing, JM, 2006)		2.12
"Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with the potential for fighting cardiovascular diseases. "( Medium optimization for the production of recombinant nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using response surface methodology.
Chao, YP; Chen, PT; Chiang, CJ, )		1.82
"Nattokinase is a new fibrinolytic enzyme which cleaves directly cross-linked fibrin in vitro. "( Thrombolytic effect of nattokinase on a chemically induced thrombosis model in rat.
Fujii, R; Fujita, M; Hong, K; Ito, Y; Kariya, K; Nishimuro, S, 1995)		2.04

Effects

Nattokinase has been reported as an oral health product for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Nattokin enzyme has been expressed using several heterologous expression systems.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Nattokinase has been expressed using several heterologous expression systems."( Heterologous expression of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto using Pichia pastoris GS115 and assessment of its thrombolytic activity.
Chao, Z; Guangbo, Y; Lixin, M; Min, S; Wei, S; Yaping, W; Zunxi, H, 2021)		1.64
"Nattokinase has been growing in popularity for use as a dietary supplement for the benefit of cardiovascular health."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		1.11
"Nattokinase has been reported as an oral health product for the prevention of atherosclerosis. "( Secretory expression of a heterologous nattokinase in Lactococcus lactis.
Huan, L; Liang, X; Zhang, L; Zhong, J, 2007)		2.05

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Here, we present a safe and efficient protocol for the isolation of MSCs from 3D fibrin gels."( A safe and efficient method to retrieve mesenchymal stem cells from three-dimensional fibrin gels.
Carrion, B; Janson, IA; Kong, YP; Putnam, AJ, 2014)		0.4
" [Bacifrinase (ΔN24)], at a dose of 2mg/kg, did not show toxicity, adverse pharmacological effects, tissue necrosis or hemorrhagic effect after 72h of its administration in Swiss albino mice."( The N-terminal-truncated recombinant fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease improves its functional property, demonstrates in vivo anticoagulant and plasma defibrinogenation activity as well as pre-clinical safety in rodent model.
Bora, B; Chatterjee, A; Gogoi, D; Kurkalang, S; Mukherjee, AK; Ramani, S; Tripathy, D, 2018)		0.48

Pharmacokinetics

This study intended to detect nattokinase directly and immunologically. Little is known regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of this enzyme. The results further suggest that a larger, more extensive, pharmacokinetics study of nattokerase is warranted.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Little is known regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of this enzyme, and the bioavailability of nattokinase is currently unknown."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.6
"This study intended to (1) detect nattokinase directly and immunologically, (2) show that nattokinase and/or its metabolites were detectable in human blood following ingestion of a commercial preparation, and (3) chart a pharmacokinetic dosing effect for nattokinase."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.67
" A pharmacokinetic pattern was observed for nattokinase between baseline and 48 h postdose."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.65
" The results further suggest that a larger, more extensive, pharmacokinetic study of nattokinase is warranted."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.61

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Little is known regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of this enzyme, and the bioavailability of nattokinase is currently unknown."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.6
" Moreover, the highest bioavailability was achieved by W/O/W emulsions coated with 1:3 ratio complex at 80."( The structural and functional properties of soybean protein-polyglutamic acid complex effected the stability of W/O/W emulsion encapsulated Nattokinase.
Fan, B; Gao, Y; Hou, L; Hu, M; Li, D; Li, S; Tian, Z; Wang, F; Wen, W, 2023)		1.11

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"This study intended to (1) detect nattokinase directly and immunologically, (2) show that nattokinase and/or its metabolites were detectable in human blood following ingestion of a commercial preparation, and (3) chart a pharmacokinetic dosing effect for nattokinase."( A pilot study on the serum pharmacokinetics of nattokinase in humans following a single, oral, daily dose.
Ero, MP; Harvey, NR; Lewis, BH; Mihailovski, T; Ng, CM, )		0.67
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (153)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (0.65)18.7374
1990's4 (2.61)18.2507
2000's38 (24.84)29.6817
2010's69 (45.10)24.3611
2020's41 (26.80)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 60.43

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index60.43 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.12 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.77 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index187.12 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.79 (0.95)

This Compound (60.43)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials9 (5.70%)5.53%
Reviews13 (8.23%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (1.27%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other134 (84.81%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetoin
[no description available]		7.4110methyl ketone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.4110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.15102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.711
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.0310
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.7330benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.1710ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.110lactose
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		210erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		7.4110bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
ethyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.0710enoate ester
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.110dialdehydebiomarker
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.3110fluorescein isothiocyanate
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.110copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0810dihydrogen
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		7.2510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.110inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
bicinchoninic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		10.3772iditolfungal metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		6.25101peptide
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		7.4110
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.5110
genistein
[no description available]		2.41107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ginkgolic acid
[no description available]		2.2110hydroxybenzoic acid
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		3.711amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		3.7820
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		2.2110menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.5110monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-4-nitroanilide
succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-4-nitroanilide: chromogenic chymotrypsin substrate		2.0610
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		2.0710
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.3110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0310glycoside
chitosan
[no description available]		7.6920
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.1710inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		2.4820
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.2110monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		7.4820benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0810
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.2510
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		4.120
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.1510
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.1710
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.3110
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.3110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.0430
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.0430
Blood Clot
[description not available]		07.17300
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		07.17300
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.34120
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.4110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.4110
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.4110
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.5240
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.5240
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.610
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.610
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.610
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.5220
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.610
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.5220
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.610
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		08.9911
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.6722
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		05.6932
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		04.6722
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		05.6932
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.9911
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.2510
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.2510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3110
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.3110
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.3110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		0421
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		0421
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		0421
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		0921
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.6620
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.6620
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.8620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.8620
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.3110
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		07.3110
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.711
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		03.711
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.711
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.4110
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.4110
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		07.4110
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.4110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.1510
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.1510
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.1510
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.1510
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.1510
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.1510
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.1510
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.1510
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.1510
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.7830
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.7830
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.1710
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.1710
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.1710
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
[description not available]		08.3920
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		08.520
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.2110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.2110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.2110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.0410
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.0410
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.8421
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.8421
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemorrhage, Vitreous
[description not available]		02.9610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.9610
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.		02.9610
Infarct
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0410
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0410
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0410
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0410
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		01.9810
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		0210
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