cell-substrate adhesion

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules. [GOC:mah, GOC:pf]

Cell-substrate adhesion is a fundamental biological process that enables cells to attach to and interact with their surrounding environment. It plays a crucial role in tissue development, wound healing, and immune responses. This intricate process involves a complex interplay of molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and intracellular signaling pathways.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are proteins that reside on the cell surface and mediate the attachment of cells to other cells or to the ECM. These molecules exhibit a remarkable diversity, reflecting the wide range of adhesion requirements in different cell types and tissues. CAMs can be classified into several families, including integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) members.

Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that consist of an α subunit and a β subunit. They play a central role in cell-ECM adhesion. The extracellular domains of integrins bind to specific ECM components, such as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, while their intracellular domains interact with cytoskeletal components and intracellular signaling molecules.

Cadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion. They form adherens junctions, which are specialized cell-cell contacts that provide structural integrity and facilitate cell-cell communication. Cadherins are crucial for tissue morphogenesis and the maintenance of tissue architecture.

Selectins are transmembrane proteins that mediate transient cell-cell interactions, particularly in the immune system. They bind to specific carbohydrate ligands on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells, facilitating leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation.

IgSF members are a diverse group of proteins that participate in both cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion. They exhibit a modular structure consisting of immunoglobulin-like domains that mediate protein-protein interactions.

The ECM is a complex network of macromolecules that surrounds cells and provides structural support, promotes cell adhesion, and regulates cell behavior. Major ECM components include collagens, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans. These molecules interact with each other and with cell surface receptors to create a dynamic and interconnected network.

Cell-substrate adhesion is not a static process but rather a dynamic equilibrium that is influenced by various factors, including mechanical forces, intracellular signaling pathways, and environmental cues. When cells adhere to a substrate, they generate forces that can deform the ECM and trigger intracellular signaling events. These signals, in turn, can regulate gene expression, cell migration, and cell proliferation.

Cell-substrate adhesion plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including:

* **Tissue development:** Cell adhesion is essential for the formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development.
* **Wound healing:** During wound healing, cells adhere to the ECM, forming a scaffold for new tissue growth and repair.
* **Immune responses:** Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium is crucial for leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation and infection.
* **Cancer metastasis:** Cancer cells often lose their normal adhesion properties, allowing them to detach from the primary tumor and invade other tissues.

Disruptions in cell-substrate adhesion can lead to various pathological conditions, including:

* **Genetic disorders:** Mutations in genes encoding cell adhesion molecules can cause developmental defects and other diseases.
* **Inflammatory diseases:** Chronic inflammation can disrupt cell-substrate adhesion and contribute to tissue damage.
* **Cancer:** Disruptions in cell adhesion can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

In conclusion, cell-substrate adhesion is a complex and dynamic process that is essential for maintaining tissue integrity, regulating cell behavior, and mediating various physiological processes. Understanding the mechanisms of cell adhesion is crucial for developing therapies for a wide range of diseases.'
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Proteins (11)

Compounds (806)