Compounds > cholecystokinin
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cholecystokinin

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Description

Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID16129670
SCHEMBL ID3045554
MeSH IDM0004235

Synonyms (10)

Synonym
gtpl860
cck-33
cholecystokinin
ccris 3307
9011-97-6
cholecystokinin 33
00xi8w60qf ,
unii-00xi8w60qf
cecekin vitrum
SCHEMBL3045554

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates the exocrine pancreas, gastric motility, and appetite. It acts in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in adult rats to suppress food intake. Full agonists have not stimulated more weight loss than dieting.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells and regulates the exocrine pancreas, gastric motility, and appetite. "( 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol potently induces cholecystokinin secretion in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells via cannabinoid receptor CB1.
Hira, T; Hirooka, R; Ochiai, K; Sakaino, M; Takeuchi, S, 2021)		2.33
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an appetite-suppressing hormone that acts in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in adult rats to suppress food intake. "( Cholecystokinin acts in the dorsomedial hypothalamus of young male rats to suppress appetite in a nitric oxide-dependent manner.
Crosby, KM; Rust, VA, 2021)		3.51
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone typically produced in the gut after food intake, with positive effects on obesity and glucose metabolism in mouse models and human subjects."( Cholecystokinin attenuates β-cell apoptosis in both mouse and human islets.
Anzia, L; Baan, M; Bartosiak, JT; Blumer, JT; Davis, DB; Desouza, AH; Fontaine, DA; Han, J; Kibbe, CR; Kim, HT; Sacotte, SJ; Umhoefer, H; Williams, RA, 2022)		2.89
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a key regulator of appetite, working through the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R); however, full agonists have not stimulated more weight loss than dieting."( Discovery of a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Cholecystokinin Action at CCK1R in Normal and Elevated Cholesterol.
Christopoulos, A; Coudrat, T; Dengler, DG; Desai, AJ; Dong, M; Furness, SGB; Harikumar, KG; Miller, LJ; Sergienko, EA; Sexton, PM; Wootten, D, 2021)		1.6
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone mainly secreted by small intestinal endocrine I-cells and functions as a regulator of gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and satiety. "( Molecular cloning of cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK-A receptor and mechanism of CCK-induced gastrointestinal motility in Suncus murinus.
Honda, W; Miura, T; Sakai, T; Sakata, I; Sekiya, H; Takemi, S; Wada, R; Yokota, N, 2022)		2.48
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important enzyme for gall-bladder motility."( Serum cholecystokinin levels can be a predictive factor for difficult cholecystectomy: Decreased cholecystokinin receptor levels.
Acar, E; Caglayangil, S; Çınar, S; Eraldemir, FC; Utkan, NZ; Vural, Ç; Yaprak Bayrak, B; Yılmaz, TU, 2022)		1.92
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that modulates processes such as digestion, satiety, and anxiety. "( Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: precursor identification and neuroanatomical relationships with other neuronal signalling systems.
Anadón, R; Barreiro-Iglesias, A; Elphick, MR; López-Varela, E; Robledo, D; Rodicio, MC; Sobrido-Cameán, D; Yáñez-Guerra, LA, 2020)		3.44
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut-derived peptide that potently promotes satiety and facilitates gastric function in part by activating G protein-coupled CCK1 receptors on primary vagal afferent neurons. "( Contributing mechanisms underlying desensitization of cholecystokinin-induced activation of primary nodose ganglia neurons.
Fowler, DK; Kowalski, CW; Lindberg, JEM; Peters, JH; Simasko, SM, 2020)		2.25
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone which regulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. "( Circadian variations in plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and gastrin in man.
Fahrenkrug, J; Jørgensen, HL; Rehfeld, JF; Sennels, HP, 2020)		2.26
"Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a gut-brain peptide which exerts a wide range of biological activities in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system."( Cholecystokinin-8 attenuates methamphetamine-induced inflammatory activation of microglial cells through CCK2 receptor.
An, M; Cong, B; Gou, H; Hao, L; Ma, C; Sun, D; Wen, D; Xie, B, 2020)		2.72
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone originally known for its effects on gallbladder contraction and release of digestive enzymes. "( Expression of Cholecystokinin and its Receptors in the Intestinal Tract of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Healthy Controls.
Gilliam-Vigh, H; Jorsal, T; Knop, FK; Pedersen, J; Poulsen, SS; Rehfeld, JF; Vilsbøll, T, 2021)		2.42
"Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone with important roles in metabolic physiology and the maintenance of normal nutritional status, as well as potential roles in the prevention and management of obesity, currently one of the dominant causes of direct or indirect morbidity and mortality. "( Roles of Cholecystokinin in the Nutritional Continuum. Physiology and Potential Therapeutics.
Harikumar, KG; Miller, LJ; Sexton, PM; Wootten, D, 2021)		2.48
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important neuro-intestinal peptide hormone produced by the enteroendocrine I-cells in the upper part of small intestine. "( Update on the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Effect of Cholecystokinin and Cholecystokinin-1 Receptor on the Formation of Cholesterol Gallstones.
Portincasa, P; Wang, DQ; Wang, HH, 2019)		2.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone secreted from I-cells of the gut, as well as neurons in the enteric and central nervous system, that binds and activates CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors to mediate its biological actions. "( Cholecystokinin (CCK) and related adjunct peptide therapies for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Flatt, PR; Irwin, N; Pathak, V, 2018)		3.37
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety hormone that is highly expressed in brain regions like the hippocampus. "( Cholecystokinin and Alzheimer's disease: a biomarker of metabolic function, neural integrity, and cognitive performance.
Anantharam, V; Hoscheidt, S; Kanthasamy, A; Klinedinst, B; McLimans, KE; Pappas, C; Plagman, A; Willette, AA, 2019)		3.4
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that functions in digestive organs and the CNS. "( Cholecystokinin Downregulates Psoriatic Inflammation by Its Possible Self-Regulatory Effect on Epidermal Keratinocytes.
Fujiyama, T; Funakoshi, A; Ito, T; Shimauchi, T; Tatsuno, K; Tokura, Y, 2019)		3.4
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide synthesized by several cell types, whose immunomodulatory activity has been reported in experimental models of inflammation."( Cholecystokinin Modulates the Mucosal Inflammatory Response and Prevents the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction.
Giusti, H; Ribeiro, AB; Saia, RS, 2020)		2.72
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulator of appetite and energy intake in man. "( Long-acting CCK analogue NN9056 lowers food intake and body weight in obese Göttingen Minipigs.
Bugge, A; Christoffersen, BØ; Clausen, TR; Fels, JJ; Kirk, RK; Pyke, C; Sanfridson, A; Sensfuss, U; Skyggebjerg, RB; Uldam, HK; Vestergaard, B, 2020)		2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important modulator of gallbladder motility which functions by activating CCK type-A receptor (CCKAR)."( Variants in CCK and CCKAR genes to susceptibility to biliary tract cancers and stones: a population-based study in Shanghai, China.
Cheng, JR; Chu, LW; Gao, J; Gao, YT; Hsing, AW; Shen, MC; Tan, YT; Vogtmann, E; Wang, BS; Xu, HL, 2013)		1.11
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety hormone produced by discrete enteroendocrine cells scattered among absorptive cells of the small intestine. "( Immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 mediates fat-stimulated cholecystokinin secretion.
Chandra, R; Freedman, NJ; Liddle, RA; Shahid, RA; Vigna, SR; Wang, Y, 2013)		2.06
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that is (among others) reportedly involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. "( The role of cholecystokinin in the induction of aggressive behavior: a focus on the available experimental data (review).
Katsouni, E; Lappas, D; Skandali, N; Tsakiris, S; Zarros, A, 2013)		2.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that has been identified in trigeminal ganglion neurons. "( Expression of cholecystokinin, gastrin, and their receptors in the mouse cornea.
Alcalde, I; Alonso-Ron, C; Belmonte, C; Gallar, J; Gonzalez-Coto, AF; Meana, Á; Merayo-Lloves, J, 2014)		2.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a classic gut hormone that is also expressed in the pancreatic islet, where it is highly up-regulated with obesity. "( Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Regulates Cholecystokinin Production in β-Cells to Protect From Apoptosis.
Battiola, TJ; Davis, DB; Kimple, ME; Linnemann, AK; Neuman, JC; Wisinski, JA, 2015)		2.14
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a well-known gut hormone that shows anorexigenic effects via action at peripheral and central receptors. "( Presynaptically mediated effects of cholecystokinin-8 on the excitability of area postrema neurons in rat brain slices.
Funahashi, M; Hirai, Y; Inoue, N; Maezawa, H; Sugeta, S; Yamazaki, Y, 2015)		2.13
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone that acts via two receptors. "( Nonsulfated cholecystokinins in the small intestine of pigs and rats.
Agersnap, M; Rehfeld, JF, 2015)		2.24
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone produced in the gut and brain with beneficial effects on digestion, satiety, and insulin secretion. "( Cholecystokinin expression in the β-cell leads to increased β-cell area in aged mice and protects from streptozotocin-induced diabetes and apoptosis.
Baan, M; Davis, DB; Engler, KA; Erhardt, DP; Kibbe, CR; Lavine, JA; Meske, LM; Sacotte, KA; Sirinvaravong, S; Umhoefer, HM, 2015)		3.3
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide expressed in neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), a region implicated in satiety and stress."( Postsynaptic Depolarization Enhances GABA Drive to Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Neurons through Somatodendritic Cholecystokinin Release.
Baimoukhametova, DV; Bains, JS; Crosby, KM; Pittman, QJ, 2015)		1.35
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in understanding the acquisition and extinction of fear. "( Exploring the association between a cholecystokinin promoter polymorphism (rs1799923) and posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans.
Badour, CL; Hamner, M; Hirsch, RL; Mandel, H; Wang, Z; Zhang, J, 2015)		2.13
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone that induces exocytotic amylase release in pancreatic acinar cells. "( Involvement of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate phosphorylation and translocation in cholecystokinin-induced amylase release in rat pancreatic acini.
Katsumata-Kato, O; Narita, T; Satoh, K; Seo, Y; Sugiya, H, 2016)		2.09
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a classic gut hormone. "( Cholecystokinin expression in tumors: biogenetic and diagnostic implications.
Rehfeld, JF, 2016)		3.32
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a widely expressed neuropeptide system originally discovered in the gut. "( Nonsulfated cholecystokinins in cerebral neurons.
Agersnap, M; Harkany, T; Hökfelt, T; Rehfeld, JF; Zhang, MD, 2016)		2.26
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important regulator of pancreatic enzyme secretion in adult mammals and teleosteans. "( Involvement of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the daily pattern of gastrointestinal regulation of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared under different feeding regimes.
Jordal, AO; Moyano, FJ; Navarro-Guillén, C; Rønnestad, I; Yúfera, M, 2017)		2.25
"Cholecystokinin [CCK] is a peptide released as a hormone by the proximal gut in response to the presence of peptones and fatty acid in the gut. "( Mechanisms of action of CCK to activate central vagal afferent terminals.
Hermann, GE; Rogers, RC, 2008)		1.79
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone released from enteroendocrine cells lining the intestinal mucosa in response to feeding."( Abdominal vagal signalling: a novel role for cholecystokinin in circulatory control?
Sartor, DM; Verberne, AJ, 2008)		1.33
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a brain-gut peptide with broad biological activities. "( [The relationship between SNP of cholecystokinin gene and certain mental status and its forensic significance].
Ding, M; Li, ZJ; Pang, H; Sun, XF; Wang, BJ; Yang, J, 2008)		2.07
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a short acting satiating peptide hormone produced in the proximal small intestine. "( Lack of tolerance development with long-term administration of PEGylated cholecystokinin.
Buyse, J; Cokelaere, M; Decuypere, E; León-Tamariz, F; Pottel, H; Verbaeys, I, 2009)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an endogenous neuropeptide that induces anxiety states in behavioral studies in both animals and humans."( Cholecystokinin excites interneurons in rat basolateral amygdala.
Chung, L; Moore, SD, 2009)		2.52
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide neurotransmitter whose production requires proteolytic processing of the proCCK precursor to generate active CCK8 neuropeptide in brain. "( Cathepsin L plays a major role in cholecystokinin production in mouse brain cortex and in pituitary AtT-20 cells: protease gene knockout and inhibitor studies.
Beinfeld, MC; Cadel, S; Foulon, T; Funkelstein, L; Hook, V; Kitagawa, K; Peters, C; Reinheckel, T; Toneff, T, 2009)		2.07
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that is released from the gut in response to nutrients such as lipids to lower food intake. "( Intestinal cholecystokinin controls glucose production through a neuronal network.
Chari, M; Cheung, GW; Kokorovic, A; Lam, CK; Lam, TK, 2009)		2.19
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a physiologically important gastrointestinal and neuronal peptide hormone, with roles in stimulating gallbladder contraction, pancreatic secretion, gastrointestinal motility and satiety. "( Therapeutic potential for novel drugs targeting the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor.
Cawston, EE; Miller, LJ, 2010)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiation peptide released during meals in response to lipid intake; it regulates pancreatic digestive enzymes that are required for absorption of nutrients. "( Cholecystokinin knockout mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Jandacek, RJ; Kindel, TL; King, A; Lo, CM; Raybould, HE; Rider, T; Samuelson, LC; Tso, P; Woods, SC, 2010)		3.25
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone secreted from the I-cells of the intestine and it has important physiological actions related to appetite regulation and satiety. "( Acute and chronic effects of dietary fatty acids on cholecystokinin expression, storage and secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells.
Bruen, CM; Giblin, L; Green, BD; Hand, KV; O'Halloran, F, 2010)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety peptide and a potential anti-diabetic agent, which exists in different forms (e.g. "( Cholecystokinin-8 increases the satiety ratio in diabetic rats more than cholecystokinin-33.
Larsen, CJ; Sayegh, AI; Washington, MC, 2010)		3.25
"Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a neuropeptide involved in the mediation of pain."( L-364,718 potentiates electroacupuncture analgesia through cck-a receptor of pain-related neurons in the nucleus parafascicularis.
Gao, HR; Jiao, RS; Qiao, HQ; Shi, TF; Xu, MY; Yang, CX; Yang, DX; Zhang, D; Zhang, GW, 2011)		1.09
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an abundant neuropeptide involved in normal behaviour and pathophysiological conditions. "( Requirement for CB1 but not GABAB receptors in the cholecystokinin mediated inhibition of GABA release from cholecystokinin expressing basket cells.
Lee, SH; Soltesz, I, 2011)		2.06
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) serves as a gastrointestinal hormone and also functions as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS). "( Topical cholecystokinin depresses itch-associated scratching behavior in mice.
Bito, T; Fukamachi, S; Kabashima, K; Kobayashi, M; Kuroda, E; Mori, T; Nakamura, M; Sakabe, J; Shiraishi, N; Tokura, Y, 2011)		2.25
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety factor that is released from the gut during feeding and acts to terminate short-term food intake."( Loss of acute satiety response to cholecystokinin in pregnant rats.
Grattan, DR; Ladyman, SR; Sapsford, TJ, 2011)		1.37
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide that acts as a peripheral hormone and as a central neurotransmitter. "( Cholecystokinin (CCK) assays.
Corsi, M; Trist, DG, 2001)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent regulator of visceral functions as a consequence of its actions on vago-vagal reflex circuit elements. "( Systemic cholecystokinin amplifies vago-vagal reflex responses recorded in vagal motor neurones.
Hermann, GE; Rogers, RC; Viard, E, 2012)		2.24
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the mammalian brain. "( Cholecystokinin knock-down in the basolateral amygdala has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in mice.
Del Boca, C; Kieffer, BL; Koebel, P; Le Merrer, J; Lutz, PE, 2012)		3.26
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a rapidly degraded gastrointestinal peptide that stimulates satiety and insulin secretion. "( Beneficial effects of the novel cholecystokinin agonist (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 in mouse models of obesity/diabetes.
Flatt, PR; Frizelle, P; Irwin, N; Moffett, RC; Montgomery, IA; O'Harte, FPM, 2012)		2.11
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that induces bile release into the intestinal lumen which in turn aids in fat digestion and absorption in the intestine. "( Cholecystokinin elevates mouse plasma lipids.
Guo, Z; Lin, X; Okoro, EU; Yang, H; Zhou, L, 2012)		3.26
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone with potential therapeutic promise for obesity-diabetes. "( Beneficial effects of (pGlu-Gln)-CCK-8 on energy intake and metabolism in high fat fed mice are associated with alterations of hypothalamic gene expression.
Flatt, PR; Irwin, N; Montgomery, IA, 2013)		1.83
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone secreted by the I-cells of the upper small intestine in response to fat, protein, and some nonnutrients, for example, camostat, and a peptide/neurotransmitter secreted by neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. "( The role of cholecystokinin receptors in the short-term control of food intake.
Sayegh, AI, 2013)		2.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an early marker of both neuronal and endocrine cell lineages in the developing gastrointestinal tract. "( Spatiotemporal expression pattern of DsRedT3/CCK gene construct during postnatal development of myenteric plexus in transgenic mice.
Bagyánszki, M; Bódi, N; Fekete, E; Máté, Z; Poles, MZ; Szabó, G; Talapka, P, 2013)		1.83
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important physiologic mediator that regulates satiety and gastric emptying. "( Soybean beta-conglycinin peptone suppresses food intake and gastric emptying by increasing plasma cholecystokinin levels in rats.
Hara, H; Nishi, T; Tomita, F, 2003)		1.98
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone released from the I-cells of the upper small intestine. "( Cholecystokinin activates specific enteric neurons in the rat small intestine.
Ritter, RC; Sayegh, AI, 2003)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulatory peptide hormone, predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, and a neurotransmitter present throughout the nervous system. "( Cholecystokinin antagonists: pharmacological and therapeutic potential.
Herranz, R, 2003)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a postprandial hormone that elicits a satiating effect and regulates feeding behaviour. "( Regulation of leptin distribution between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by cholecystokinin receptors.
Cano, V; Ezquerra, L; Ramos, MP; Ruiz-Gayo, M, 2003)		1.99
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a classical brain-gut peptide that exerts a variety of physiological actions in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. "( Cholecystokinin and learning and memory processes.
Belcheva, I; Belcheva, S; Hadjiivanova, C, 2003)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) IS a regulatory peptide that acts via two receptor subtypes, CCK1-R and CCK2-R. "( Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical cells via CCK2 receptors coupled to the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A signaling cascade.
Aragona, F; Malendowicz, LK; Mazzocchi, G; Nussdorfer, GG; Spinazzi, R, 2004)		3.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major peptide hormone in the gut and a major peptide transmitter in the brain. "( On the tissue-specific processing of procholecystokinin in the brain and gut--a short review.
Bungaard, JR; Friis-Hansen, L; Goetze, JP; Rehfeld, JF, 2003)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a brain-gut peptide; it functions both as a neuropeptide and as a gut hormone. "( Involvement of endogenous CCK and CCK1 receptors in colonic motor function.
Bálint, A; Burghardt, B; D'Amato, M; Varga, G, 2004)		1.77
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a member of a family of gastrointestinal peptides known to physiologically regulate pancreatic protein secretion, gallbladder contractility, and gut motility. "( Cholecystokinin-induced gastroprotection: a review of current protective mechanisms.
Mercer, DW; West, SD, 2004)		3.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone discovered in the small intestine. "( Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Cholecystokinin.
Rehfeld, JF, 2004)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin, or CCK, is a 33-amino acid peptide, originally considered a gut hormone, that acts via two subtypes of receptors, named CCK1-R and CCK2-R. "( Cholecystokinin and adrenal-cortex secretion.
Mazzocchi, G; Nussdorfer, GG; Spinazzi, R, 2005)		3.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide found in high concentrations throughout the central nervous system, where it is involved in numerous physiological functions."( Cholecystokinin and endogenous opioid peptides: interactive influence on pain, cognition, and emotion.
Drolet, G; Hebb, AL; Poulin, JF; Roach, SP; Zacharko, RM, 2005)		2.49
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone which is found both in the gastrointestinal tract throughout the human small intestine and nerves in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system and in the central nervous system. "( CCK1 antagonists: are they ready for clinical use?
Beglinger, C; D'Amato, M; Peter, SA, 2006)		1.78
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an established brain-gut peptide that plays an important regulatory role in gastrointestinal function."( Cholecystokinin hyperresponsiveness in functional dyspepsia.
Chua, AS; Keeling, PW, 2006)		2.5
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an endogenous anti-opioid peptide in the central nervous system. "( Involvement of endogenous cholecystokinin in tolerance to morphine antinociception in the nucleus accumbens of rats.
Xiong, W; Yu, LC, 2006)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a brain gut peptide that plays an important role in satiety. "( Unraveling the obesity of OLETF rats.
Moran, TH, 2008)		1.79
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut-brain peptide has been described to be able to induce mitosis according to recent studies. "( Cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK receptor expression by human gliomas: Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine stimulatory loop.
Adams, EF; Buchfelder, M; Oikonomou, E, 2008)		3.23
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide found in both gut and brain. "( Prenatal expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the central nervous system (CNS) of mouse.
Giacobini, P; Wray, S, 2008)		2.1
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut peptide which induces a syndrome of satiety, including reduced food intake and reduced exploratory behaviors. "( Analysis of the behavioral activity of C- and N-terminal fragments of cholecystokinin octapeptide.
Crawley, JN; Gaudreau, P; St-Pierre, S, 1984)		1.94
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide present in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). "( Benzodiazepines antagonize cholecystokinin-induced activation of rat hippocampal neurones.
Bradwejn, J; de Montigny, C, )		1.87
"Cholecystokinin is a candidate mediator of the fat-stimulated gastrocolonic response."( Role of cholecystokinin in the gastrocolonic response to a fat meal.
Cohen, S; London, R; Renny, A; Snape, WJ; Sun, EA, 1983)		1.42
"Cholecystokinin, therefore, is an effective humoral releaser of pancreatic polypeptide in humans and may play an important role in the intestinal phase of release of pancreatic polypeptide."( Release of pancreatic polypeptide in humans by infusion of cholecystokinin.
Devitt, P; Guzman, S; Hejtmancik, KE; Lonovics, J; Rayford, PL; Suddith, RL; Thompson, JC, 1980)		1.23
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant of pancreatic enzyme secretion. "( Supramaximal inhibition of cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic amylase release involves desensitization to cytoplasmic Ca2+.
Gylfe, E; Nilsson, J; Sjödin, L, 1994)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone that regulates pancreatic endocrine functions via CCKA receptors. "( Evidence for cholecystokinin receptor subtype in endocrine pancreas.
Hafner, B; He, X; Knittel, JJ; Verspohl, EJ, 1994)		2.1
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone that acts through a G protein-coupled receptor to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion. "( A role for cholecystokinin-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in regulated secretion by the pancreatic acinar cell.
Abraham, RT; Lutz, MP; Miller, LJ; Sutor, SL, 1993)		2.12
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide present in large amounts in gut, brain, and neurons innervating lymphatic tissues. "( Cholecystokinin effect on human lymphocyte ionized calcium and mitogenesis.
Adrian, TE; Ferrara, A; Margolis, DS; McMillen, MA; Schaefer, HC; Zucker, KA, 1995)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal hormone known to physiologically regulate pancreatic protein secretion and gallbladder contractility. "( Cholecystokinin is a potent protective agent against alcohol-induced gastric injury in the rat. Role of endogenous prostaglandins.
Barreto, JC; Cross, JM; Mercer, DW; Miller, TA; Russell, DH; Strobel, NH, 1995)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin is a principal mediator of intestinal fat-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion, indicating that it is an important physiological enterogastrone. "( Somatostatin is released in response to cholecystokinin by activation of type A CCK receptors.
Chuang, CN; Lloyd, KC; Maxwell, V; Soll, AH; Walsh, JH; Wong, HC, 1994)		2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important trophic hormone for the pancreas, and CCK receptors are present on pancreatic carcinoma cells. "( Enhancement of the cytotoxicity of cisplatin by the cholecystokinin antagonist MK-329 in a human pancreatic cancer cell line.
Hom, DK; Howell, SB; Jamshidipour, R; Pinho, EB, 1994)		1.98
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that exerts numerous effects in the gut. "( Localization of cholecystokinin A and cholecystokinin B/gastrin receptors in the canine upper gastrointestinal tract.
Mantyh, CR; Pappas, TN; Vigna, SR, 1994)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide that is colocalised with mesolimbic DA and exerts complex modulatory actions on DA function."( Evidence for the contribution of CCKB receptor mechanisms to individual differences in amphetamine-induced locomotion.
Higgins, GA; Sellers, EM; Sills, TL; Tomkins, DM; Vaccarino, FJ, 1994)		1.01
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major neurotransmitter in the PAG and CCK receptors are heterogeneously distributed within the PAG."( Characterization of the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on neurons in the periaqueductal gray of the rat: immunocytochemical and in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies.
Behbehani, MM; Beitz, AJ; Chandler, S; Liu, H; Shipley, MT, 1994)		1.29
"Cholecystokinin is a classical gastrointestinal hormone that is produced by discrete endocrine cells of the upper small intestine. "( Regulation of cholecystokinin synthesis and secretion in rat intestine.
Liddle, RA, 1994)		2.09
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone endowed with several important biological activities, both in the central and peripheral nervous system. "( Solution conformation of CCK9, a cholecystokinin analog.
Amodeo, P; D'Ursi, A; Moroder, L; Picone, D; Temussi, PA, 1993)		2.01
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neurotransmitter found in high density in the brains of mammals. "( Neurobiological investigations into the role of cholecystokinin in panic disorder.
Bradwejn, J, 1993)		1.98
"Cholecystokinin is thought to be an important factor regulating the growth of human pancreatic cancers. "( Loxiglumide (CR1505), a cholecystokinin antagonist, specifically inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer lines xenografted into nude mice.
Fukumoto, M; Hayashi, H; Imamura, M; Kawabata, K; Manabe, T; Masai, Y; Morimoto, H; Nio, Y; Tsubono, M, 1993)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that suppresses food intake and gastric emptying when injected into healthy animals."( The role of cholecystokinin in interleukin-1-induced anorexia.
Daun, JM; McCarthy, DO, 1993)		1.39
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide released after feeding. "( [Expression of the gene of cholecystokinin. Demonstration from duodenal biopsies in man].
Bentouimou, N; Blottière, HM; Bruley des Varannes, S; Galmiche, JP; Leray, V; Zerbib, F, )		1.87
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an abundant neurotransmitter peptide in the brain. "( Impaired release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from synaptosomes in old rats.
Funakoshi, A; Masuda, M; Miyasaka, K; Ohta, M; Tanaka, Y, 1995)		2.06
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide neurotransmitter that was originally isolated from the gastrointestinal system, but which is extensively and abundantly distributed within the central nervous system (CNS). "( Cholecystokinin in psychiatric research: a time for cautious excitement.
Abelson, JL, )		3.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent stimulus of pancreatic enzyme secretion and growth and is known to influence the flow of biliary secretions. "( Devazepide-induced hyperplasia in the rat liver and bile ducts.
Axelson, J; Ihse, I; Ohlsson, B; Rehfeld, JF, )		1.57
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide that can be found in the cerebral cortex in high concentrations and is involved in learning and memory as well as neurodegenerative processes. "( Cholecystokinin peptides and receptor binding in Alzheimer's disease.
Gottfries, CG; Harro, J; Löfberg, C; Oreland, L, 1996)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide recently implicated in affective disorders. "( Different molecular forms of cholecystokinin and CCKB receptor binding in the rat brain after chronic antidepressant treatment.
Allikmets, L; Harro, J; Löfberg, C; Matto, V; Oreland, L; Pähkla, R; Rägo, L, 1997)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important bioactive peptide which stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and is also a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. "( Aging impairs release of central and peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) in male but not in female rats.
Funakoshi, A; Kanai, S; Miyasaka, K; Ohta, M, 1997)		2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important hormonal regulator of the digestive process. "( Cholecystokinin cells.
Liddle, RA, 1997)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulatory peptide released into the circulation after the ingestion of food. "( Plasma cholecystokinin concentrations in 3-day-old lambs: effect of the duration of fasting preceding a sucking bout.
Alster, P; Andersson, R; Nowak, R; Orgeur, P; Piketty, V; Uvnäs-Moberg, K, )		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a vasodilator and prevents gastric injury from ethanol. "( Effects of cholecystokinin on gastric injury and gastric mucosal blood flow.
Chang, L; Cross, JM; Mercer, DW, )		1.96
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent neuropeptide expressed in the small intestine and in the central nervous system. "( Mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A signaling pathways stimulate cholecystokinin transcription via activation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein.
Hansen, TV; Nielsen, FC; Rehfeld, JF, 1999)		1.97
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a multifunctional regulatory peptide, which acts through two main subtypes of receptors, named CCK-A and CCK-B. "( Cholecystokinin, acting through the A receptor subtype, stimulates the proliferative activity of adrenocortical cells and thymocytes in the rat.
Brelinska, R; de Caro, R; Jedrzejczak, N; Malendowicz, LK; Markowska, A; Nowak, M; Nussdorfer, GG; Tretjer, M, 1999)		3.19
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide originally discovered in the gastrointestinal tract but also found in high density in the mammalian brain. "( CCK-B receptor: chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry and pharmacology.
Noble, F; Roques, BP, 1999)		1.75
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an abundant neurotransmitter in brain. "( Dose response of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin.
Abelson, JL; Liberzon, I, 1999)		1.75
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulatory peptide that is primarily expressed in two adult cell types: endocrine cells of the intestine and neurons of the central nervous system. "( Murine prenatal expression of cholecystokinin in neural crest, enteric neurons, and enteroendocrine cells.
Gillespie, PJ; Lay, JM; Samuelson, LC, 1999)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) acts as an anti-opioid peptide. "( Cholecystokinin/opioid interactions.
Alster, P; de Araúja Lucas, G; Hökfelt, T; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Xu, XJ, 1999)		3.19
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone which controls a number of important functions during the process of digestion. "( The effects of cholecystokinin on stimulation-induced feeding and self-stimulation.
Bielajew, C; Konkle, AT; Kubelka, SL, 2000)		2.1
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major gastrointestinal hormone that plays an important role in stimulation of pancreatic secretion and gall-bladder contraction, regulation of gastrointestinal motility and induction of satiety. "( Pathophysiological role of cholecystokinin in humans.
Otsuki, M, 2000)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major gastrointestinal neuropeptide that is secreted in response to food ingestion. "( Gastric effects of cholecystokinin and its interaction with leptin on brainstem neuronal activity in neonatal rats.
Attele, AS; Dey, L; Xie, JT; Yuan, CS, 2000)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone that regulates pancreatic endocrine functions via CCK(A) receptors. "( Biological effects of newly synthesized cholecystokinin analogs.
LaMura, M; Verspohl, EJ, 2000)		2.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a 33-amino-acid peptide found in high levels in the gut and brain involved in mediating the satiety response to meals."( Plasma cholecystokinin levels in Prader-Willi syndrome and obese subjects.
Butler, MG; Carlson, MG; Feurer, ID; Schmidt, DE; Thompson, T, 2000)		1.48
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone with well-known secretory and trophic effects on the pancreas. "( Cholecystokinin does not affect the pancreatic contents of epidermal growth factor or its receptor.
Ohlsson, B; Rehfeld, JF; Sundler, F, 2000)		3.19
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent intestinal hormone that regulates several digestive functions. "( Peptones stimulate intestinal cholecystokinin gene transcription via cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding factors.
Bernard, C; Chayvialle, J; Cordier-Bussat, M; Ratineau, C; Sutter, A; Vinson, C, 2001)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important satiety factor, acting via the vagus nerve to influence central feeding centers. "( Expression and regulation of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptors in rat nodose and dorsal root ganglia.
Broberger, C; Dockray, G; Hökfelt, T; Holmberg, K; Shi, TJ, 2001)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide expressed in the small intestine and in the central and peripheral nervous system. "( Cholecystokinin gene transcription: promoter elements, transcription factors and signaling pathways.
Hansen, TV, 2001)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a physiological antagonist of opioid-mediated antinociception and may be involved in some chronic pain states where opioids have reduced effect. "( Increased level of cholecystokinin in cerebrospinal fluid is associated with chronic pain-like behavior in spinally injured rats.
Alster, P; Hao, JX; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Wu, WP; Xu, XJ, 2001)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a polipeptide having many functions in digestive system (regulating motor activity and secretion) and acting as a neuromodulator in central and peripheral nervous systems. "( [Cholecystokinin--hormone and neuromodulator].
Pietkiewicz, W; Sztuka-Pietkiewicz, A; Zdrojewicz, Z, 2001)		2.66
"Cholecystokinin is a regulatory peptide, that acts through two subtypes of receptors, 1 and 2. "( Cholecystokinin stimulates aldosterone secretion from dispersed rat zona glomerulosa cells, acting through cholecystokinin receptors 1 and 2 coupled with the adenylate cyclase-dependent cascade.
Gottardo, L; Majchrzak, M; Malendowicz, LK; Nowak, M; Nussdorfer, GG; Tortorella, C, 2001)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin is a useful diagnostic adjunct to cholescintigraphy. "( Cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy: clinical indications and proper methodology.
Ziessman, HA, 2001)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuroendocrine peptide expressed in I-cells of the small intestine and in central and peripheral neurons. "( Regulation of neuronal cholecystokinin gene transcription.
Hansen, TV; Nielsen, FC, 2001)		2.06
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone closely related chemically to gastrin."( Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on cholecystokinin antagonists.
Gupta, SP, 2002)		1.28
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potential mediator of gastrointestinal vasodilatation during digestion. "( Cholecystokinin selectively affects presympathetic vasomotor neurons and sympathetic vasomotor outflow.
Sartor, DM; Verberne, AJ, 2002)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide which is colocalized with dopamine (DA) in neurons of the mesolimbic-frontocortical and nigrostriatal DA system. "( Brain potential signs of slowed stimulus processing following cholecystokinin in Parkinson's disease.
Born, J; Fischer, S; Hagenah, J; Kis, B; Smolnik, R; Vieregge, P, 2002)		2
"Cholecystokinin is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. "( Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying by acting on both proximal stomach and pylorus.
Debas, HT; Yamagishi, T, 1978)		3.14
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant for enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells. "( The effect of cycloheximide on cholecystokinin-evoked pancreatic juice of the anaesthetized rat.
Sewell, WA; Young, JA, 1978)		1.99
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut peptide whose proposed effect on satiety is thought to be related to gastric volume and to be signaled through vagal afferent fibers to the medial hypothalamus. "( Cholecystokinin and satiety: effect of hypothalamic obesity and gastric bubble insertion.
Boosalis, MG; Bray, GA; Cohen, H; Gemayel, N; Laine, L; Lee, A, 1992)		3.17
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide found high density in the cerebral cortex, the amygdala and the hippocampus of the mammalian brain. "( [Is cholecystokinin a biological support in panic attacks?].
Bourin, M; Bradwejn, J; Koszycki, D, )		2.13
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent neuropeptide hormone with activity on various gastrointestinal organs during the digestive process. "( The inhibition effect of cholecystokinin in human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte proliferation, and reversal by the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist L-364718.
Elitsur, Y; Luk, GD, 1991)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin is a major regulator of postprandial gut function; stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction and diminishing food intake."( Accelerated in vitro degradation of CCK-58 in blood and plasma of patients with acute pancreatitis.
Calam, J; Eberlein, GA; Eysselein, VE; Goebell, H; Schaeffer, M; Springer, CJ, 1991)		1
"1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide which is co-localized within some mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine neurons. "( Concentration of cholecystokinin in cerebrospinal fluid is decreased in psychosis: relationship to symptoms and drug response.
Beinfeld, MC; Garver, DL, 1991)		1.24
"Cholecystokinin is a choleretic in dogs. "( The effect of cholecystokinin-receptor antagonists on cholecystokinin-stimulated bile flow in dogs.
Andrus, C; Kaminski, DL; Schlarman, D; Westfall, S, 1991)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin is a peptide produced by neuroendocrine cells in gut and neurons in brain and gut. "( Effect of cholecystokinin receptor blockade on human lymphocyte proliferation.
Ferrara, A; McMillen, MA; Modlin, IM; Schaefer, HC; Zucker, KA, 1990)		2.12
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peripheral and central mediator of short-term satiety. "( Abrogation of peripheral cholecystokinin-satiety in the capsaicin treated rat.
MacLean, DB, 1985)		2.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone produced by discrete endocrine cells in the upper small intestine and released after ingestion of a meal. "( Dietary regulation of rat intestinal cholecystokinin gene expression.
Carter, JD; Liddle, RA; McDonald, AR, 1988)		1.99
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide which is present in brain and intestine and which stimulates gall bladder contraction and pancreatic secretion. "( Level of expression and chromosome mapping of the mouse cholecystokinin gene: implications for murine models of genetic obesity.
Barton, DE; Francke, U; Friedman, JM; Schneider, BS, 1989)		1.97
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a well-characterized gastrointestinal hormone which is released into the general circulation after meals. "( Cholecystokinin in the entero-insular axis.
Baba, S; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M, 1989)		3.16
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a polypeptid released postprandially by the upper intestinal mucosa. "( Influence of food on plasma cholecystokinin and gastrin in patients with partial gastric resections and Roux-en-Y anastomosis.
Bruch, HP; Eberlein, G; Mössner, J; Regner, UF; Zeeh, JM, 1989)		2.01
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide originally isolated from the gut. "( The use of cholecystokinin in schizophrenia: a review.
Green, MC; Montgomery, SA, 1988)		2.11
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. "( Action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L364,718 on gastric emptying in the rat.
Dimaline, R; Dockray, GJ; Green, T; Peikin, S, 1988)		2.08
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormonal regulator of the motility of the gallbladder. "( Antispasmodic activity on the gallbladder of the mouse of CR 1409 (lorglumide) a potent antagonist of peripheral CCK.
Bani, M; Cereda, R; Chistè, R; Makovec, F; Pacini, MA; Revel, L; Rovati, LC, 1987)		1.72
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a heterogeneous gut hormone which is also synthetized in extra-intestinal endocrine cells and neurons. "( Cholecystokinin peptides as local modulators of thyroidal calcitonin secretion in the dog?
Laurberg, P; Rehfeld, JF, 1987)		3.16
"Cholecystokinin is an important peptide hormone, which occurs naturally in molecular forms ranging in length from 4 to 58 amino acid residues and varying in charge from acidic to basic. "( Extraction of cholecystokinin peptides from biological fluids using octadecylsilane-packed cartridges.
Bouska, JB; Go, VL; Miller, LJ, 1986)		2.07
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide found in brain and intestine. "( Differential expression of the mouse cholecystokinin gene during brain and gut development.
Friedman, J; Powell, D; Schneider, BS, 1985)		1.98

Effects

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has a number of roles in the central nervous system. Can reduce the analgesic effect of activation of mu (micro), delta (delta) and kappa (kappa) opioid receptors. Has a potent stimulatory effect on gastrointestinal motility.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to produce satiety not only in a variety of animal species but in man as well. Recent research has identified CCK as having potential antipsychotic effects in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has a number of roles in the central nervous system and can reduce the analgesic effect of activation of mu (micro), delta (delta) and kappa (kappa) opioid receptors. "( Cholecystokinin fails to block the spinal inhibitory effects of nociceptin in sham operated and neuropathic rats.
Dickenson, AH; Maie, IA, 2004)		3.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has a potent stimulatory effect on gastrointestinal motility. "( Participation of serotonin and substance P in the action of cholecystokinin on colonic motility.
Owyang, C; Wiley, J, 1987)		1.96
"Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) has been shown to exhibit pharmacological preconditioning and cardioprotective effects. "( Cholecystokinin-mediated pharmacological preconditioning effects on ischemic rat hearts: Possible signaling pathways.
Cheng, Y; Lin, X; Liu, M; Wang, B; Wu, M; Zhou, B, 2021)		3.51
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as one of the first gastrointestinal hormones to reduce overeating and suppress appetite by activating the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R)."( Screening for positive allosteric modulators of cholecystokinin type 1 receptor potentially useful for management of obesity.
Dengler, DG; Harikumar, KG; Miller, LJ; Sergienko, EA; Sun, Q, 2022)		1.7
"A cholecystokinin (CCK) system has been identified in white adipose tissue (WAT). "( The cholecystokinin receptor agonist, CCK-8, induces adiponectin production in rat white adipose tissue.
Del Olmo, N; Merino, B; Plaza, A; Ruiz-Gayo, M, 2019)		1.79
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been thought to act only indirectly on human pancreatic acinar cells via vagal nerve stimulation, rather than by direct CCK receptor activation as on rodent pancreatic acinar cells. "( Direct activation of cytosolic Ca2+ signaling and enzyme secretion by cholecystokinin in human pancreatic acinar cells.
Booth, D; Chvanov, M; Criddle, DN; Gerasimenko, JV; Gerasimenko, OV; Ghaneh, P; Green, GM; McLaughlin, E; Mukherjee, R; Murphy, JA; Neoptolemos, JP; Petersen, OH; Raraty, MG; Reeve, JR; Sherwood, M; Sutton, R; Tepikin, AV, 2008)		2.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to activate RhoA and Rac1, as well as reorganize the actin cytoskeleton and, thereby, modify acinar morphology and amylase secretion in mouse pancreatic acini. "( CCK activates RhoA and Rac1 differentially through Galpha13 and Galphaq in mouse pancreatic acini.
Bi, Y; Ernst, SA; Ji, B; Sabbatini, ME; Williams, JA, 2010)		1.8
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be both pro-nociceptive and "anti-opioid" by actions on pain-modulatory cells within the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). "( Activation of descending pain-facilitatory pathways from the rostral ventromedial medulla by cholecystokinin elicits release of prostaglandin-E₂ in the spinal cord.
Badghisi, H; Herman, DS; Holt, SC; Lai, J; Largent-Milnes, TM; Marshall, TM; Porreca, F; Vanderah, TW; Zuber, K, 2012)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be a contributory mediator in acute pancreatitis (AP). "( Cholecystokinin blockade triggers earlier and enhanced intra-acinar oxygen free radical generation in acute pancreatitis induced by pancreatic duct obstruction in rats.
de Dios, I; de la Mano, AM; Manso, MA; Uruñuela, A, 2003)		3.2
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in anxiety disorders. "( Involvement of dorsolateral periaqueductal gray cholecystokinin-2 receptors in the regulation of a panic-related behavior in rats.
Bertoglio, LJ; Zangrossi, H, 2005)		2.03
"Cholecystokinin has been found within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract; however, its effect on intestinal motility has not been studied. "( Alterations in motor function of the small intestine from intravenous and intraluminal cholecystokinin.
Mathias, JR; McGuigan, JE; Sninsky, CA; Wolfe, MM, 1984)		1.93
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested as a putative satiety factor, whose site of action is in the hypothalamus. "( In vitro, release of cholecystokinin from hypothalamus and frontal cortex of Sprague-Dawley, Zucker lean (Fa/-) and obese (fa/fa) rats.
Finkelstein, J; Go, VL; Micevych, PE; Yaksh, TL, )		1.89
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as a signal for the syndrome of satiety in a variety of species. "( Nucleus tractus solitarius lesions block the behavioral actions of cholecystokinin.
Crawley, JN; Schwaber, JS, )		1.81
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as a signal for the syndrome of satiety in a variety of species. "( Abolition of the behavioral effects of cholecystokinin following bilateral radiofrequency lesions of the parvocellular subdivision of the nucleus tractus solitarius.
Crawley, JN; Schwaber, JS, 1984)		1.98
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to elicit insulin secretion and increased insulin availability has been shown to correlate with increased satiety attributed to reduced size of spontaneously occurring meals. "( CCK, endogenous insulin condition and satiety in free-fed rats.
Vanderweele, DA, 1982)		1.71
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in the feedback control of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion in healthy subjects."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori restores the inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin on postprandial gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients.
Domschke, W; Gillessen, A; Konturek, JW; Konturek, SJ, 1995)		1.25
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to reduce the spinal antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists such as morphine. "( Differential modulation of alpha 2-adrenergic and opioid spinal antinociception by cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin antagonists in the rat dorsal horn: an electrophysiological study.
Dickenson, AH; Hewett, K; Sullivan, AF, 1994)		1.96
"Cholecystokinin has been shown to inhibit acid secretion by activation of type A CCK receptors and through a mechanism involving somatostatin."( Somatostatin is released in response to cholecystokinin by activation of type A CCK receptors.
Chuang, CN; Lloyd, KC; Maxwell, V; Soll, AH; Walsh, JH; Wong, HC, 1994)		1.28
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as a modulator of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesolimbic DA pathway, a primary pathway implicated in the effects of cocaine related to its abuse. "( Effects of cholecystokinin antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats and monkeys.
Massey, BW; Vanover, KE; Woolverton, WL, 1994)		2.12
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to stimulate the growth of both normal pancreas and azaserine-induced putative preneoplastic pancreatic lesions in the rat. "( Stimulation of growth of azaserine-induced putative preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas is mediated specifically by way of cholecystokinin-A receptors.
Bell, RH; Longnecker, DS; Povoski, SP; Roebuck, BD; Zhou, W, 1993)		1.94
"1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to diminish opioid analgesia. "( Cholecystokinin as a factor in the enhanced potency of spinal morphine following carrageenin inflammation.
Dickenson, AH; Stanfa, LC, 1993)		2.35
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in the feedback control of gastric acid secretion in healthy subjects but its contribution to secretory disorders in DU patients has been little examined."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and gastrin-somatostatin link in duodenal ulcer patients.
Bielański, W; Domschke, W; Konturek, JW; Konturek, SJ, 1996)		1.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to decrease meal size in many species including humans."( Devazepide increases food intake in male but not female Zucker rats.
Greenberg, D; Strohmayer, AJ, 1996)		1.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to modulate insulin output. "( Pancreatic endocrine dysfunction in rats not expressing the cholecystokinin-A receptor.
Funakoshi, A; Ikeda, S; Jimi, A; Kanai, S; Kawanami, T; Kono, A; Masuda, M; Miyasaka, K; Nagai, T; Yasunami, Y, 1996)		1.98
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in stress and anxiety disorders. "( Cholecystokinin peptides and receptors in the rat brain during stress.
Harro, J; Löfberg, C; Oreland, L; Rehfeld, JF, 1996)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated in regulating ingestive behavior, particularly satiety."( Lean (Fa/Fa) but not obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats release cholecystokinin at PVN after a gavaged meal.
Backus, RC; De Fanti, BA; Gietzen, DW; Hamilton, JS; Horwitz, BA, 1998)		1.27
"Cholecystokinin also has been investigated as a possible prophylactic agent."( New approaches to understanding the etiology and treatment of total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis.
Amii, LA; Moss, RL, 1999)		1.02
"Cholecystokinin-58 has been shown to be the major form of cholecystokinin (CCK) released to the circulation upon lumenal stimulation of the small intestine in humans and dogs. "( Canine vagus nerve stores cholecystokinin-58 and -8 but releases only cholecystokinin-8 upon electrical vagal stimulation.
Chang, TM; Chey, WY; Lee, KY; Roth, FL; Thagesen, H, 2000)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be involved in the development and course of acute pancreatitis. "( Acute taurodeoxycholate-induced pancreatitis in the rat is associated with hyperCCKemia.
Axelson, J; Ihse, I; Ohlsson, B; Rehfeld, JF; Stenram, U, 2000)		1.75
"Cholecystokinin and bombesin have been shown to promote pancreatic growth and development of azaserine-induced acidophilic atypical acinar cell nodules in rat pancreas after treatment for 16 weeks. "( Effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin on development of azaserine-induced pancreatic tumours in rats: modulation by the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist lorglumide.
Appel, MJ; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Meijers, M; Rovati, LC; van Garderen-Hoetmer, A; Woutersen, RA, 1992)		2.12
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed to serve as a satiety signal in animals and humans. "( Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans.
Beglinger, C; Drewe, J; Gadient, A; Rovati, LC, 1992)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to be a powerful stimulus for somatostatin release from isolated canine fundic D-cells in short-term culture. "( Role of cholecystokinin in the control of gastric somatostatin in the rat: in vivo and in vitro studies.
Arnold, R; Eissele, R; Koop, H; Koop, I; Schaar, M, 1991)		2.16
"Cholecystokinin has been implicated as a neuroendocrine regulatory factor in control of satiety."( Cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine methionine responses to feeding in anorexia nervosa.
Harty, RF; McGuigan, JE; Pearson, PH; Solomon, TE, 1991)		2.45
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to increase cytosolic calcium and stimulate enzyme release from pancreatic acinar cells and a rat acinar cell line, AR42J. "( Effects of cholecystokinin on cytosolic calcium in human pancreatic cancer cells.
Cheung, JY; Kramer, ST; Smith, JP, 1991)		2.11
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA has been detected by in situ hybridization histochemistry using two different oligonucleotide probes in small to medium-sized neurons of layers II-III and X of Rexed and in large neurons of layer IX in the rat spinal cord at cervical, thoracic and lumbo-sacral levels. "( Cholecystokinin mRNA detection in rat spinal cord motoneurons but not in dorsal root ganglia neurons.
Halleux, P; Menu, R; Schiffmann, SN; Teugels, E; Vanderhaeghen, JJ, 1991)		3.17
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to promote pancreatic growth and azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats. "( Role of cholecystokinin in the development of BOP-induced pancreatic lesions in hamsters.
Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Meijers, M; Rovati, LC; van Garderen-Hoetmer, A; Woutersen, RA, 1990)		2.16
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been localized by the immunogold technique in a type of endocrine cell of the dog duodenum characterized by small (166 +/- 38 nm) secretory granules with fairly dense, homogeneous core separated from its enveloping membrane by a thin clear space. "( Ultrastructural localization of cholecystokinin in endocrine cells of the dog duodenum by the immunogold technique.
Capella, C; Malesci, A; Rindi, G; Solcia, E; Usellini, L, 1985)		2
"Cholecystokinin previously has been characterized by chromatographic and immunological techniques. "( New molecular forms of cholecystokinin. Microsequence analysis of forms previously characterized by chromatographic methods.
Ben-Avram, CM; Eysselein, V; Reeve, JR; Shively, JE; Walsh, JH, 1986)		2.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. "( Effects of the specific cholecystokinin antagonist L 364,718 in experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat.
Ahrén, B; Sjövall, S; Stenram, U, 1988)		2.02
"Cholecystokinin peptides have been isolated in both the brain and gastrointestinal tract, and changes in concentration in the brain and in plasma have been shown to vary with feeding."( Role of cholecystokinin and opioid peptides in control of food intake.
Baile, CA; Della-Fera, MA; McLaughlin, CL, 1986)		1.43
"Both cholecystokinin and bombesin have been shown to promote pancreatic carcinogenesis in the azaserine-rat model. "( Influence of cholecystokinin antagonist on the effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin on azaserine-induced lesions in rat pancreas.
de Jong, AJ; Douglas, BR; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Rovati, LC; Woutersen, RA, 1989)		1.16
"Cholecystokinin has been implicated as a satiety factor in mammals because it inhibits feeding through peripheral and central mechanisms. "( CCK-8 inhibits feeding-specific neurons in Navanax, an opisthobranch mollusc.
Elde, RP; Madsen, AJ; Zimering, MB, )		1.57
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to produce satiety not only in a variety of animal species but in man as well. "( Satiety effects of cholecystokinin and ceruletide in lean and obese man.
Stacher, G, 1985)		2.04
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been implicated as a neurotransmitter, and recent research has identified CCK as having potential antipsychotic effects in patients with chronic schizophrenia. "( Is cholecystokinin therapeutic in chronic schizophrenia?
Boza, RA; Rotondo, DJ, 1985)		2.33

Actions

Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system via an interaction with dopamine and other neurotransmitters. CCK promotes triglyceride storage and adiponectin production in white adipose tissue (WAT)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a critical role in regulating eating and metabolism. "( Dissecting a disynaptic central amygdala-parasubthalamic nucleus neural circuit that mediates cholecystokinin-induced eating suppression.
Cai, H; Cho, TS; Fang, C; Sanchez, MR; Schmit, MB; Schnapp, WI; Wang, Y, 2022)		2.38
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) promotes triglyceride storage and adiponectin production in white adipose tissue (WAT), suggesting that CCK modulates WAT homeostasis. "( Cholecystokinin promotes functional expression of the aquaglycerol channel aquaporin 7 in adipocytes.
Merino, B; Plaza, A; Ruiz-Gayo, M, 2022)		3.61
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in the regulation of postprandial gastric motor activity which was found to be abnormal in duodenal ulcer patients. "( The influence of cholecystokinin on gastric myoelectrical activity in duodenal ulcer following Helicobacter pylori eradication--an electrogastrographic study.
Bobrzyński, A; Budzyński, A; Konturek, PC; Konturek, SJ; Lorens, K; Thor, P, 2002)		2.1
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in postprandial gallbladder contraction and may also have pacifying behavioral effects, such as inducing satiety and calming in infants. "( Low plasma cholecystokinin levels in colicky infants.
Huhtala, V; Korvenranta, H; Lehtonen, L; Uvnäs-Moberg, K, 2003)		2.15
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in regeneration after acute pancreatitis in rats. "( Cholecystokinin-1 receptor protein up-regulation during pancreatic regeneration after acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis in rats.
Fukumitsu, K; Nakamura, H; Otsuki, M; Taguchi, M; Tashiro, M; Yamaguchi, T; Yoshikawa, H, 2004)		3.21
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a major role in the regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion based on its binding to the CCK-A receptor (CCK-AR). "( Immunohistochemical analysis of cholecystokinin A receptor distribution in the rat pancreas.
Funahashi, H; Hirayama, M; Horie, S; Inoue, S; Kageyama, H; Kato, S; Kita, T; Sakurai, J; Shioda, S; Takenoya, F; Young Lee, E, 2005)		2.05
"Cholecystokinin levels were lower in hippocampus, septum, thalamus, mesencephalon, and pons in knock-out mice than wild-type mice."( Cholecystokinin levels in prohormone convertase 2 knock-out mouse brain regions reveal a complex phenotype of region-specific alterations.
Beinfeld, MC; Blum, A; Fanous, S; Marchand, JE; Vishnuvardhan, D, 2005)		2.49
"Cholecystokinin increase with enteral feeding may up-regulate gut immune response. "( Cholecystokinin-stimulated monocytes produce inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids.
Bernstein, LH; Brogan, DA; Claus, RE; Cunningham, ME; McMillen, MA; Shaw-Stiffel, TA; Tinghitella, TJ, 1995)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in both the alimentary tract and the central nervous system (CNS). "( Cholecystokinin in anxiety.
den Boer, JA; Kahn, RS; van Megen, HJ; Westenberg, HG, 1996)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin had a lower expression after botulinum toxin injections."( Expression of neurotransmitter genes in rat spinal motoneurons after chemodenervation with botulinum toxin.
Burgunder, JM; Jung, HH; Lauterburg, T, 1997)		1.02
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. "( Cholecystokinin A and B receptors are differentially expressed in normal pancreas and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Barber, MT; Biswas, S; Miknyocki, S; Ruggeri, B; Waldman, SA; Weinberg, DS, 1997)		3.18
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in regulating the biliary motility in herbivorous and carnivorous animals. "( Somatic electrical nerve stimulation regulates the motility of sphincter of Oddi in rabbits and cats: evidence for a somatovisceral reflex mediated by cholecystokinin.
Chiu, JH; Hong, CY; Kuo, YL; Lui, WY; Wu, CW, 1999)		1.94
"Cholecystokinin is known to inhibit gastric emptying."( Cefaclor, a cephalosporin antibiotic, delays gastric emptying rate by a CCK-A receptor-mediated mechanism in the rat.
Bozkurt, A; Deniz, M; Yegen, BC, 2000)		1.03
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system via an interaction with dopamine and other neurotransmitters. "( Polymorphisms of the CCK, CCKAR and CCKBR genes: an association with alcoholism study.
Harada, S; Okubo, T, 2001)		1.75

Treatment

Cholecystokinin (CCK) treatment increases the biosynthesis and secretion of pancreatic proteins. Pretreatment with CCK did not potentiate corticotropin-releasing factor-induced somatostatin release in food-deprived rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cholecystokinin (CCK) treatment increases the biosynthesis and secretion of pancreatic proteins, increases the levels of PDI and the 43 kDa binding protein, and reduces levels of BiP."( Changes in levels of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum proteins that function in translocation and maturation of secretory proteins in response to cholecystokinin.
Austen, BM; He, M; Robinson, A; Westwood, OM, 1993)		1.21
"Pretreatment with cholecystokinin did not potentiate corticotropin-releasing factor-induced somatostatin release in food-deprived rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor releases somatostatin through a cholinergic, vagal pathway in freely fed rats.
Smedh, U; Uvnäs-Moberg, K, 1994)		0.61
"pre-treatment with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), at a dose of 0.3 ng, decreased tail-flick latencies at 35 and 50 V."( The role of spinal cholecystokinin B receptors in thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic mice.
Kamei, J; Zushida, K, 2001)		0.96
"Rats treated with cholecystokinin developed more acidophilic atypical acinar cell nodules, adenomas and adenocarcinomas than control animals."( Role of cholecystokinin in dietary fat-promoted azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats.
Appel, MJ; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Meijers, M; Rovati, LC; Sprij-Mooij, D; Van Garderen-Hoetmer, A; Woutersen, RA, 1992)		1.04

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study supports the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a safe and effective treatment for biliary dyskinesia in the pediatric population."( Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of biliary dyskinesia is safe and effective in the pediatric population.
Hofeldt, M; Huffman, K; Maxwell, D; Nestor, J; Richmond, B, 2008)		0.35
" Proglumide was well tolerated at all doses without any serious adverse events."( Safety and Dosing Study of a Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis.
Bansal, S; Cao, H; Cheema, A; Gay, MD; Kwagyan, J; Lewis, JH; Nadella, S; Rabiee, A; Shivapurkar, N; Smith, CI; Smith, JP, 2022)		1.01

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetics of loxiglumide in plasma after the first single dose of 400 mg is characterized by a lag time of 16 +/- 4 min, a rapid invasion (kinv = 10 h-1), a Cmax of 11."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of repeated oral doses of loxiglumide.
Chisté, R; Giacovelli, G; Rovati, LC; Setnikar, I, 1989)		0.28
" infusion the plasma levels were consistent with an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model represented by the equation C (mg/l) = 43."( Pharmacokinetics of loxiglumide after single intravenous or oral doses in man.
Chisté, R; Makovec, F; Rovati, LC; Setnikar, I; Warrington, SJ, 1988)		0.27
" The aim of this study was to compare the in vivo half-life and metabolism of CCK-58 with that of synthetic CCK-8."( Comparison of clearance and metabolism of infused cholecystokinins 8 and 58 in dogs.
Bünte, RH; Eberlein, GA; Eysselein, VE; Goebell, H; Grandt, D; Hoffmann, P; Reeve, JR, 1993)		0.54
" The peptides were given to 12 dogs as an intravenous (IV) bolus injection to determine the half-life of circulating CCK."( Comparison of clearance and metabolism of infused cholecystokinins 8 and 58 in dogs.
Bünte, RH; Eberlein, GA; Eysselein, VE; Goebell, H; Grandt, D; Hoffmann, P; Reeve, JR, 1993)		0.54
"The longer half-life of CCK-58 compared with CCK-8 and the minimal conversion into smaller forms during constant IV infusion are consistent with the finding that CCK-58 is not only the major stored form but also the circulating form of CCK after endogenous stimulation in dogs."( Comparison of clearance and metabolism of infused cholecystokinins 8 and 58 in dogs.
Bünte, RH; Eberlein, GA; Eysselein, VE; Goebell, H; Grandt, D; Hoffmann, P; Reeve, JR, 1993)		0.54
" injection was fitted to a bi-exponential with a distribution half-life of 15 min and with an elimination half-life of 8 hours for intact PEG10kDa-[(123)I]-CCK-10."( Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of PEG-10kDa-cholecystokinin-10 in rats after different routes of administration.
Buyse, J; Cokelaere, M; De Cuyper, M; de Witte, P; León-Tamariz, F; Van Boven, M; Verbaeys, I; Verbruggen, A, 2010)		0.61

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Microdialysis was combined with a highly sensitive sequential multiple antigen radioimmunoassay to simultaneously measure extracellular cholecystokinin and neurotensin fragments from discrete regions of the rat brain in vivo."( Dual determination of extracellular cholecystokinin and neurotensin fragments in rat forebrain: microdialysis combined with a sequential multiple antigen radioimmunoassay.
Erdelyi, E; Evans, CJ; Maidment, NT; Rudolph, VR; Siddall, BJ, 1991)		0.76
" The in situ hybridization technique was combined with immunocytochemistry on the same tissue section to localize the peptide or enzyme within its respective mRNA-containing somata."( Cholecystokinin and tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNAs in neurons of rat mesencephalon: peptide/monoamine coexistence studies using in situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry.
Brené, S; Brownstein, M; Chai, SY; Dagerlind, A; Dixon, J; Hökfelt, T; Huan, R; Persson, H; Schalling, M; Seroogy, K, 1989)		1.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Potent and selective CCK-B agonists with good bioavailability have been designed by modifying the natural CCK-8 peptide."( [Study of induced effects by selective CCKB agonists cholecystokinin in the nociception and behavior in rodents].
Corringer, PJ; Dauge, V; Derrien, M; Durieux, C; Noble, F; Roques, BP, 1992)		0.53
" Together these results demonstrate that CCK analogues with increased in vivo bioavailability can affect food intake beyond a single meal."( Potent and sustained satiety actions of a cholecystokinin octapeptide analogue.
Ameglio, PJ; Lombard, MA; McHugh, PR; Moran, TH; Sawyer, TK; Seeb, DH, 1992)		0.55
" Receptor capacity is regulated by internalization, recycling, degradation, synthesis, and modification of bioavailability without migration of the receptor."( [Regulation of acinar cell receptors of the pancreas by peptides].
Fischbach, W; Mössner, J, 1986)		0.27
" The wider range in latent and ejection period following fatty meal probably reflected the variations in time of the release into circulation and the duration of bioavailability of endogenous cholecystokinin."( The gallbladder emptying response to sequential exogenous and endogenous cholecystokinin.
Bobba, VR; Krishnamurthy, GT; Langrell, K, 1984)		0.69
" These results indicate that FK480 is a potent, competitive, and specific CCK receptor antagonist on the exocrine pancreas in vivo, having oral bioavailability and a long biological half-life."( Effects of a new benzodiazepine derivative cholecystokinin receptor antagonist FK480 on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized rats.
Otsuki, M; Tachibana, I, 1994)		0.55
" These results suggest that the half-life of loxiglumide given by oral route is longer than that by sc route or that the bioavailability of oral loxiglumide is higher than that of sc dose."( Duration and potency of anticholecystokinin action of subcutaneous and oral loxiglumide on cerulein-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion.
Otsuki, M; Watanabe, N, 1993)		0.58
" The absolute oral bioavailability of compound 61 was 22% in rats."( Novel nonpeptide CCK-B antagonists: design and development of quinazolinone derivatives as potent, selective, and orally active CCK-B antagonists.
Field, M; Hinton, J; Meecham, K; Pablo, J; Padia, JK; Pinnock, R; Roth, BD; Singh, L; Suman-Chauhan, N; Trivedi, BK; Webdale, L, 1998)		0.3
"These results indicate marked differences in the ability of C18 fatty acids to reduce food intake that appear not to be related to rate of absorption but may partially be explained by CCK release."( The effects of intestinal infusion of long-chain fatty acids on food intake in humans.
Arnold, M; Conlon, CA; Francis, J; French, SJ; Meijer, G; Mutuma, ST; Read, NW, 2000)		0.31
"Supramolecular aggregates obtained by self-aggregation of five new cationic amphiphilic CCK8 peptides have been obtained in water solution and characterized for: (i) aggregate structure and stability; (ii) CCK8 peptide conformation and bioavailability on the external aggregate surface; and (iii) for their cell binding properties."( Amphiphilic CCK peptides assembled in supramolecular aggregates: structural investigations and in vitro studies.
Accardo, A; Morelli, G; Morisco, A; Palladino, P; Palumbo, R; Tesauro, D, 2011)		0.37
" Improved knowledge of how to stimulate bile release using food ingredients will be useful to improve in vitro-in vivo correlation of bioavailability testing of hydrophobic drugs."( Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying.
Chalkley, L; Costigan, C; Cox, EF; Gowland, PA; Hoad, CL; Ison, R; Marciani, L; Robinson, M; Shepherd, V; Singh, G; Spiller, RC; Totman, JJ, 2013)		0.39
" Coinjection of the NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon (PA) with radiolabeled gastrin and other peptide analogs has been recently proposed as a new promising strategy to increase bioavailability and tumor-localization of radiopeptides in tumor sites."( Radiolabeled gastrin/CCK analogs in tumor diagnosis: towards higher stability and improved tumor targeting.
De Jong, M; Kaloudi, A; Krenning, EP; Maina, T; Nock, BA, 2015)		0.42
"The Food and Drug Administration in 2006 required that all pancreatic enzyme products demonstrate bioavailability of lipase, amylase, and protease in the proximal small intestine."( Study of the gastrointestinal bioavailability of a pancreatic extract product (Zenpep) in chronic pancreatitis patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Karnik, N; Lieb, JG; Patel, D; Toskes, PP, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

Postprandial gallbladder contraction is mainly regulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) Little is known about the dose-response relationship between CCK release and gallbladders contraction. Basal levels of CCK appear to play an important role in the expression and/or control of anxiety-related behaviors in rats.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Calcitonin in pharmacological dosage inhibits the secretion of enzymes in the human pancreas without influencing the production of fluid and bicarbonate."( Inhibition of pancreatic secretion of enzymes by calcitonin.
Goebell, H; Hotz, J, 1976)		0.26
" Dose-response curves constructed from peak responses showed that the maximal responses to CCK-OP (37."( Interaction of acetylcholine and cholecystokinin with dispersed smooth muscle cells.
Bitar, KN; Makhlouf, GM; Zfass, AM, 1979)		0.54
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine, histamine, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol were similar for the muscle of either part of the colon."( Comparison of proximal and distal colonic muscle of the rabbit.
Cohen, S; Snape, WJ; Tucker, HJ, 1979)		0.26
" From dose-response curves it appears that, on a molar basis, the potency of secretin was 20 times higher than that of VIP."( In vitro interactions of gastrointestinal hormones on cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate levels and amylase output in the rat pancreas.
Christophe, J; De Neef, P; Deschodt-Lanckman, M; Labrie, F; Robberecht, P, 1975)		0.25
" In vitro dose-response curves to gastrin I, CCK, and the octapeptide of CCK (OP) demonstrated that both CCK and OP were partial agonists on the LES muscle."( Mechanism of cholecystokinin inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter pressure.
Cohen, S; DiMarino, AJ; Fisher, RS, 1975)		0.62
" For both CCK-OP and carbamylcholine there was close agreement between the dose-response curve for stimulation of calcium outflux and that for increase of cellular cyclic GMP."( Action of cholecystokinin, cholinergic agents, and A-23187 on accumulation of guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells.
Christophe, JP; Conlon, TP; Frandsen, EK; Gardner, JD; Krishna, G, 1976)		0.66
" In three dose-response experiments in which the perfusing glucose concentration was increased at 30-min intervals from an initial concentration of 25 mg/dl to a final concentration of 300 mg/dl, progressive increases in IRS release were noted at glucose concentrations of 100 mg/dl and above."( Release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the pancreas in response to glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide.
Arimura, A; Dobbs, RE; Harris, V; Ipp, E; Unger, RH; Vale, W, 1977)		0.47
" A submaximal gastrin dose added with OP-CCK, shifted the OP-CCK dose-response curve to the left and significantly reduced the D50, but the calculated maximal response (CMR) did not change."( Interaction between gastrin, CCK, and secretin on canine antral smooth muscle in vitro.
Berkowitz, JM; Fara, JW; Praissman, M, 1979)		0.26
" (2) At the end of 2 years, the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion to cholecystokinin was unchanged but the maximal bicarbonate and water secretion in response to high doses of secretin were increased."( Chronic alcoholism and canine exocrine pancreas secretion. A long term follow-up study.
Palasciano, G; Sarles, H; Tiscornia, O, 1977)		0.48
" The dose-response curves for pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output did not differ with the two techniques."( [Pancreatic dose-response curves to cholecystokinin in dogs (author's transl)].
Dermol, P; Mendes de Oliveira, JP; Sarles, H; Singer, MV, 1978)		0.53
" Complete dose-response curves were determined for the effect of these peptides on the force and frequency of contraction for muscle strips and for the effect on amplitude of the plateau and frequency of the action potential for single cells."( Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle.
Go, VL; Morgan, KG; Schmalz, PF; Szurszewski, JH, 1978)		0.26
" The changes produced by secretin and glucagon in the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ suggest that the inhibition might be of a non-competitive type."( The inhibitory effect of secretin and glucagon on pressure responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in isolated guinea-pig stomach.
Gerner, T; Haffner, JF, 1978)		0.49
" When pre-exposed to gastrin, the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ was flattened, with reduced maximal response, simulating a non-competitive interaction."( Interactions of cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ) and gastrin on motor activity of isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus.
Gerner, T; Haffner, JF, 1978)		0.6
" The dose-response curves for pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output did not differ with the two techniques."( Pancreatic dose-response curves to cholecystokinin determined by two techniques in dogs.
Sarles, H; Singer, MV, 1978)		0.54
"3 These peptide secretagogues were divided into the gastrin group and the CCK-PZ group according to the time course of the depolarizations and the shape of the dose-response curve."( The effects of gastrin and gastrin analogues on pancreatic acinar cell membrane potential and resistance.
Iwatsuki, N; Kato, K; Nishiyama, A, 1977)		0.26
" Under such conditions the increase in output of pancreatic trypsin and bile salt occurred simultaneously, the dose-response curves being almost superimposable."( Similar sensitivities of pancreatic and biliary secretion to cholecystokinin plus secretin infusion.
Knill, JR; Macgregor, IL; Meyer, JH, 1976)		0.5
"In four dogs with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas, dose-response studies of pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion were done with intravenous infusions of secretin, octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK), and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)."( Effect of extragastric and truncal vagotomy on pancreatic secretion in the dog.
Debas, HT; Grossman, MI; Konturek, SJ, 1975)		0.44
" Dose-response analysis showed that maximal bicarbonate response to VIP was about 17% of that to secretin."( Comparison of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide on pancreatic secretion in dogs.
Dembinski, A; Konturek, SJ; Krol, R; Thor, P, 1975)		0.25
" Prior addition of submaximal doses of gastrin shifted the dose-response curve of OP-CCK to the right, but neither the slope nor the calculated maximal response (CMR) was significantly changed."( Interaction between octapeptide-cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin on cat gallbladder in vitro.
Berkowitz, JM; Chowdhury, JR; Fara, JW; Praissman, M, 1975)		0.54
" In rat pancreatic acini, 1 microM okadaic acid shifted the cholecystokinin (CCK) dose-response curve for stimulating amylase release to the right without reducing maximal secretion."( Effects of okadaic acid indicate a role for dephosphorylation in pancreatic stimulus-secretion coupling.
Wagner, AC; Williams, JA; Wishart, MJ; Yule, DI, 1992)		0.53
" The presence of forskolin in the incubation medium resulted in significant upward shifts of the dose-response curves for both peptides."( Effects of brain-gut related peptides on cAMP levels in myenteric ganglia of guinea-pig small intestine.
Baidan, LV; Fertel, RH; Wood, JD, 1992)		0.28
" Bolus dosing significantly increased parameters of mucosal mass along the length of the small intestine in association with an increase in two hour accumulation of vincristine arrested metaphases in small intestinal crypts."( Effects of bolus doses of fat on small intestinal structure and on release of gastrin, cholecystokinin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and enteroglucagon.
Bloom, SR; Ghatei, MA; Jenkins, AP; Thompson, RP, 1992)		0.51
" Both antagonists caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for CCK-8s on the monkey iris sphincter."( Cholecystokinin contracts isolated human and monkey iris sphincters; a study with CCK receptor antagonists.
Almegård, B; Bill, A; Stjernschantz, J, 1992)		1.73
" Dose-response curves to known agonists cholecystokinin (CCK), bethanechol, and KCl were constructed alone and in the presence of atropine (10(-6) mol/L), tetrodotoxin (10(-6) mol/L), and different bile salts, namely, taurodeoxycholate, tauroursodeoxycholate, taurocholate, glycodeoxycholate, and glycoursodeoxycholate."( The influence of bile salts on small intestinal motility in the guinea pig in vitro.
Shaffer, EA; Xu, Q, 1992)		0.55
"5 mg/kg) shifted the dose-response curve to CCK-8 (25-3,200 pmol."( Effect of CCK antagonist L 364718 on meal-induced pancreatic secretion in rats.
O'Rourke, MF; Reidelberger, RD; Solomon, TE, 1990)		0.28
" The dose-response curve for CCK8 was shifted 3 fold toward higher concentrations of CCK8 4 days after PBD, but on 7 and 14 days after PBD returned to the same curve as the transected rats (control)."( [Effect of pancreatico-biliary diversion on endogenous CCK secretion, pancreatic enzyme synthesis, and amylase release].
Bamba, T; Hosoda, S; Ishizuka, Y, 1990)		0.28
"Both insulin and glucocorticosteroid (GS) deficiency causes a reduction of amylase synthesis and changes in the dose-response curve of cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulated enzyme secretion in rats."( Pancreatic enzyme synthesis and secretion are independently regulated by insulin and glucocorticosteroids.
Mössner, J; Secknus, R; Sommer, C; Spiekermann, G, 1990)		0.48
" Dose-response curves of tissue extracts from the brain and ileum and of serum were parallel to the dose-response curve of synthetic human gastrin, suggesting the existence of gastrin or a peptide immunologically similar to gastrin in those chicken tissues."( Tissue and plasma levels of immunoreactive gastrin and cholecystokinin in chickens with and without bombesin.
Chowdhury, P; Inoue, K; McKay, D; Rayford, PL, 1991)		0.53
" Moreover, the biphasic dose-response curve for CCK-stimulated enzyme secretion from monensin-treated acini suggests that pancreatic acini also possess a third, previously unrecognized class of very low affinity CCK receptors."( Down-regulation and recycling of high affinity cholecystokinin receptors on pancreatic acinar cells.
Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Menozzi, D; Vinayek, R, 1991)		0.54
" The dose-response curve of the antagonistic action was bell-shaped."( A cholecystokinin agonist/antagonist according to dose and time of action: effect on food intake.
Cohen, Y; Gourch, A; Jacquot, C; Martinez, J; Orosco, M; Rodriguez, M, 1990)		1
" A dose-response curve to both carbamoylcholine and cholecystokinin is reported, demonstrating the ability of the cells to respond to hormonal stimulation with a transient Ca++ peak."( Fluorimetric study of intracellular Ca++ homeostasis in isolated rat pancreatic acini.
Maggi, V; Morelli, N; Palasciano, G; Palmieri, VO; Tomanelli, M; Velardi, A, 1990)		0.53
" The model was used to demonstrate a dose-response curve to bolus administration of exogenous cholecystokinin (0."( In vivo comparison of inhibition with proglumide and CR-1409 of cholecystokinin-induced pressure in the biliary tract of the guinea pig.
Hashimoto, T; MacLellan, DG; Poston, GJ; Thompson, JC; Townsend, CM; Upp, JR, 1990)		0.74
" Effects were noted after intraduodenal fat instillation and after dosage with exogenous cholecystokinin inducing plasma cholecystokinin concentrations similar to those after intraduodenal fat instillation."( Role of cholecystokinin and the cholinergic system in intestinal stimulation of gallbladder contraction in man.
Hopman, WP; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Rosenbusch, G, 1990)		0.94
"9 micrograms tetrodotoxin intracamerally had no clear effect on the dose-response relationship for CCK-8."( Cholecystokinin causes contraction of the pupillary sphincter in monkeys but not in cats, rabbits, rats and guinea-pigs: antagonism by lorglumide.
Almegård, B; Andersson, SE; Bill, A, 1990)		1.72
" Schild analysis of the CCK dose-response curve indicates that L-364,718 and CR1409 exert their inhibitory effects on CCK-8-stimulated chief cell responses in a competitive manner."( Effects of CCK-receptor antagonists on CCK-stimulated pepsinogen secretion and calcium increase in isolated guinea pig gastric chief cells.
Konda, Y; Matozaki, T; Nagao, M; Nakano, O; Nishisaki, H; Sakamoto, C, 1990)		0.28
" The gallbladder emptied in a dose-response manner to the intravenous administration of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-OP)."( Feline cholescintigraphy. Studies on role of cholecystokinin in regulation of gallbladder function.
Fisher, RS; Krevsky, B; Maurer, AH; Niewiarowski, T, 1990)		0.75
" On the other hand, a dose-response curve of CCK-stimulated amylase secretion from alcoholic acini was markedly reduced with both basal and maximal secretion decreased to only 40% of controls."( Cholecystokinin-induced secretion and synthesis of amylase and cationic trypsinogen by pancreatic acini isolated from rats given an ethanol diet.
Ananda Rao, G; Kiefer, MA; Largman, C; Larkin, EC; Sankaran, H; Tsukamoto, H, 1985)		1.71
" Single injections of neurotensin (1, 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg), somatostatin (5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg) and substance P (1, 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg) induced relaxation followed by contraction, but their dose-response relations were obscure."( Effects of gastrointestinal hormones and their related compounds on gastric motility in the rat.
Muto, N; Tani, S, 1985)		0.27
"Application of a single dose of a new type of proteinase inhibitor camostate (FOY-305) via orogastric tube was used in rats to study the dose-response relationship of resulting pancreatic stimulation."( Stimulation of pancreatic secretory process in the rat by low-molecular weight proteinase inhibitor. I. Dose-response study on enzyme content and secretion, cholecystokinin release and pancreatic fine structure.
Adler, G; Kern, HF; Koop, I; Rausch, U; Rudolff, D; Weidenbach, F; Weidenbach, H, 1987)		0.47
" L364718 caused a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve of CCK8."( Effect of L364718, a new CCK antagonist, on amylase secretion in isolated rat pancreatic acini.
Chowdhury, P; Hosotani, R; McKay, D; Rayford, PL, 1988)		0.27
" L364,718 (3-100 nM), proglumide (1-10 mM), and the proglumide derivative CR1409 (1-30 microM) each caused a progressive rightward shift in the CCK-8 dose-response curve without a change in maximal amylase secretion."( Characterization of a new CCK antagonist, L364,718: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Liang, JP; Louie, DS; Owyang, C, 1988)		0.27
" The caerulein dose-response curve was gradually shifted to the right by increasing doses of CR 1409, indicating competitive-like kinetics."( Comparative effects of CCK receptor antagonists on rat pancreatic secretion in vivo.
Grendell, JH; Niederau, C; Niederau, M; Strohmeyer, G, 1989)		0.28
" Studies in vitro dispersed rat pancreatic acini showed that GRF added to the incubation medium of these acini caused an increase in basal amylase release and shifted to the left the amylase dose-response curve to caerulein and urecholine but failed to affect the amylase response to VIP."( Effects of growth hormone releasing factor on pancreatic secretion in vivo and in vitro.
Bilski, J; Jaworek, J; Konturek, SJ; Mochizuki, T; Yanaihara, C; Yanaihara, N, 1989)		0.28
" Loxiglumide caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the dose-response curve for CCK-8-stimulated amylase release without altering the maximal response."( [Inhibitory effect of a new proglumide derivative, loxiglumide, on CCK action in isolated rat pancreatic acini].
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Fujisawa, T; Koide, M; Nakamura, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Tani, S, 1989)		0.28
" In 2-h dose-response studies, there was a fivefold increase in sensitivity to acetylcholine when fragments were preincubated 1 h with iso-OMPA."( Inhibition of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase and amylase release from canine pancreas.
Borner, JW; Dressel, TD; Goodale, RL; Miller, J; Oguchi, Y, 1989)		0.28
" In the isolated acini, CR 1392 caused a parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve for amylase secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8)."( Effects of a new proglumide analogue CR 1392 on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat.
Baba, S; Fujii, M; Fujisawa, T; Koide, M; Nakamura, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Tani, S, 1989)		0.48
" The most effective inhibitory dosage with maximal carbachol (10(-5) M; 30."( Prostaglandin E analogue inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion.
Adrian, TE; Bilchik, AJ; Modlin, IM; Zucker, KA, 1989)		0.28
" The present study shows a clear dose-response relationship for the trophic effect of CCK-LP on the rat pancreas and indicates that the growth effect of a supramaximal dose includes components of regeneration secondary to damage."( The effects of graded doses of a cholecystokinin-like peptide with and without secretin on pancreatic growth and synthesis of RNA and polyamines in rats.
Haarstad, H; Petersen, H, 1989)		0.56
"03 mg/kg) caused a parallel, rightward shift in the dose-response curve to CCK-8 [1-128 nmol/kg, half-maximal effective dose (ED50) increased 16-fold] but did not alter the maximal response, consistent with competitive-like kinetics."( Potent cholecystokinin antagonist L 364718 stimulates food intake in rats.
O'Rourke, MF; Reidelberger, RD, 1989)		0.73
" The dose-response relationships for somatostatin release and inhibition of aminopyrine uptake were similar."( Inhibition of acid formation and stimulation of somatostatin release by cholecystokinin-related peptides in rabbit gastric glands.
Bengtsson, P; Lundqvist, G; Nilsson, G, 1989)		0.51
" In vitro dose-response showed a maximum at 10(-9)M cholecystokinin-octopeptide (CCK-OP) in transplant and control."( Acinar structure and function in canine pancreatic autografts with duct drainage into the urinary bladder.
Fraser, RB; MacAulay, MA; Macdonald, AS; Morais, A, 1985)		0.52
" Atropine shifted the dose-response curve of CCK-OP in pylorus, duodenum and antrum to the right suggesting a neural action of CCK-OP."( Effect of the novel cholecystokinin receptor antagonist CR-1392 on cholecystokinin-induced antroduodenal and pyloric motor activity in vivo.
Allescher, HD; Daniel, EE; Fox, JE; Kostolanska, F; Rovati, LA, 1989)		0.6
"Lys-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) was ineffective to modify the self-stimulation behaviour when administered alone while a 150 pmol BC-197 dosage was able to antagonize the decreasing effect of 150 pmol CCK-8 on ICSS."( Similar potencies of CCK-8 and its analogue BOC(Nle28;Nle31)CCK27-33 on the self-stimulation behaviour both are antagonized by a newly synthesized cyclic CCK analogue.
De Witte, P; Heidbreder, C; Roques, BP, )		0.13
" Close correlation between the decrease in gall bladder volume and the dosage of CCK or the increments in plasma CCK-bioactivity was observed."( CCK receptor antagonism by loxiglumide and gall bladder contractions in response to cholecystokinin, sham feeding and ordinary feeding in man.
Bogdal, J; Konturek, JW; Konturek, SJ; Kurek, A; Oleksy, J; Rovati, L, 1989)		0.5
" In chronic pancreatic fistula dogs, dose-response studies were performed to determine the effect of proglumide on the pancreatic responses to octapeptide of CCK (CCK-OP), intravenous bethanechol, intraduodenal amino acids, and intraduodenal fat."( Role of cholecystokinin in pancreatic exocrine response to intraluminal amino acids and fat.
Stabile, BE; Stubbs, RS, 1985)		0.7
" The dose-response curves for CCK8 were shifted in parallel to the right by 10(-6) to 10(-5) M of the three benzodiazepines, although the maximum response to CCK8 was depressed by higher concentrations."( Cholecystokinin antagonism by benzodiazepines in the contractile response of the isolated guinea-pig gallbladder.
Kubota, K; Matsuda, I; Sugaya, K; Sunagane, N; Uruno, T, 1985)		1.71
"25 x 10(-5) M CPZ throughout the dose-response curve."( Effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder contraction: the role of calcium.
Davison, JS; Pomeranz, IS; Shaffer, EA, 1988)		0.55
" Dose-response quantitative generalization was obtained by using 1 and 2 micrograms/kg caerulein."( Neuroleptic-like properties of cholecystokinin analogs: distinctive mechanisms underlying similar behavioral profiles depending on the route of administration.
De Witte, P; Gewiss, M; Roques, B; Vanderhaeghen, JJ, )		0.42
" The first response, most notably involving a decrease in phosphatidylinositol content, was (a) observed at lower carbachol concentrations in dose-response studies, (b) inhibited by incubation in Ca2+-free media containing 1 mM EGTA, (c) associated with increases in inositol monophosphate production, and (d) provoked by all tissue secretagogues (carbachol, cholecystokinin, secretin, insulin, dibutyryl cAMP and the ionophore A23187), regardless of whether their mechanism of action primarily involved Ca2+ mobilization or cAMP generation."( Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and phosphatidylinositol 4',5-diphosphate hydrolysis are separable responses during secretagogue action in the rat pancreas.
Davis, JS; Farese, RV; Larson, RE; Orchard, JL; Sabir, MA, 1985)		0.44
" Proglumide shifted the dose-response curves of the inhibitory as well as excitatory effects of CCK analogues to the right."( Structure-activity relationship of subtypes of cholecystokinin receptors in the cat lower esophageal sphincter.
Goyal, RK; Rattan, S, 1986)		0.53
" Proglumide and CR-1392 caused a rightward and parallel shift, respectively, in the dose-response curve of CCK8 stimulated pancreatic protein secretion in anesthetized rats, demonstrating a competitive-like mechanism of inhibition."( The anti-CCK effect of glutaramic acid derivatives in anesthetized and conscious rats.
Nagy, I; Pap, A; Takács, T; Varró, V, 1988)		0.27
" In contrast, 2-3 mo after pylorectomy, the normal dose-response inhibition to CCK was intact."( Pylorectomy reduces the satiety action of cholecystokinin.
Hostetler, AM; McHugh, PR; Moran, TH; Shnayder, L, 1988)		0.54
" The threshold effective dosage for inhibition of intake increased with age up to 10 days of age."( Cholecystokinin inhibits independent ingestion in neonatal rats.
McHugh, PR; Moran, TH; Robinson, PH, 1988)		1.72
" The dose-response curve of CCK for pepsinogen secretion was superimposed on that for the binding to its receptors."( Cholecystokinin-stimulated pepsinogen secretion and cholecystokinin receptors on gastric chief cells in guinea pigs.
Adachi, H; Aoki, E; Honda, T; Noguchi, M; Ohnishi, S; Sato, S; Torizuka, K, 1987)		1.72
" The observed bioactivity was not due to gastrin because: radioimmunoassay of the brain homogenates for gastrin revealed very low or nondetectable levels of gastrin; amylase release dose-response curves for standard CCK8 and the brain homogenate were identical; and proglumide, a competitive antagonist of CCK8, inhibited homogenate CCK-induced enzyme release with a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve."( Bioassayable cholecystokinin in the brain of the goldfish, Carassius auratus.
Khan, SJ; Peeke, HV; Raghupathy, E; Sankaran, H; Wong, A, )		0.5
" However, receptivity is influenced by prior sexual experience and/or exposure to sex steroids, as well as the steroid dosage administered before testing."( Cholecystokinin stimulates and inhibits lordosis behavior in female rats.
Babcock, AM; Bloch, GJ; Gorski, RA; Micevych, PE, 1987)		1.72
" On the other hand, acute ingestion of same dosage of FOY-305 caused a marked (20-fold) and sustained elevation of plasma CCK levels."( Effect of synthetic trypsin inhibitor on plasma immunoreactive cholecystokinin in rats.
Himeno, S; Kanayama, S; Kitani, T; Shinomura, Y; Tarui, S; Yamasaki, Y, 1987)		0.51
" All the subcellular liver fractions caused an approximately 70% decrease in the CCK-effect, as calculated from dose-response relationships."( Inactivation of cholecystokinin octapeptide by normal and cirrhotic liver in rats.
Berger, Z; Pap, A; Ungi, I; Varró, V, 1986)		0.62
" The results were as follows: progesterone at all doses studied completely abolished spontaneous phasic contractions; progesterone produced a concentration-dependent decrease in resting tension; the hormone significantly decreased the maximal contractile response to each of the agonists but had no effect on either the ED50 of the acetylcholine and cholecystokinin dose-response curves; and estrogen priming is not necessary to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of progesterone."( Influence of progesterone on guinea pig gallbladder motility in vitro.
Davis, M; Ryan, JP, 1986)		0.44
"5 ng CCK-8) of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) resulted in a 3-fold greater maximal concentration of ICT and an 80% steeper slope of the dose-response curve compared to those of pair-fed control animals."( Increased pancreatic acinar content and secretion of cationic trypsinogen following 30-day continuous ethanol intoxication in rats.
Delgado, G; Deveney, CW; Largman, C; Reidelberger, RD; Sankaran, H; Tsukamoto, H, 1986)		0.62
"Two beta-carbolines, methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) and ethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCE), caused the parallel shift of the dose-response curve for cholecystokinin (CCK) in isolated guinea-pig gallbladder muscle."( Beta-carbolines selectively antagonize the cholecystokinin action in isolated guinea-pig gallbladder muscle.
Itonaga, M; Kubota, K, 1986)		0.73
" The compounds are competitive and specific CCK-antagonists, causing a parallel right shift of the cumulative dose-response curve of the agonist."( New glutaramic acid derivatives with potent competitive and specific cholecystokinin-antagonistic activity.
Bani, M; Chistè, R; Makovec, F; Pacini, MA; Rovati, LA; Setnikar, I, 1985)		0.5
" Full dose-response curves to gastrin I, cholecystokinin, and secretin were constructed for the pyloric muscle of the opossum studied at its length of optimal tension development, Lo."( The hormonal regulation of pyloric sphincter function.
Cohen, S; Fisher, RS; Lipshutz, W, 1973)		0.52
" There is no tachyphylaxis but, generally, a good dose-response relationship."( The actions of caerulein on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract and the gall bladder.
Bertaccini, G; De Caro, G; Endean, R; Erspamer, V; Impicciatore, M, 1968)		0.25
" A dose-response relation was found between the concentration of ACh and the amylase output."( Influences of ionic environments on ACh-induced secretory responses in isolated perfused pancreas of rats.
Habara, Y, 1980)		0.26
" Furthermore, CB converted the biphasic dose-response curve for CCK8-induced amylase release to a monophasic shape, such that the amylase release stimulated by a high concentration of CCK8 (10 nM) was augmented."( Effects of high concentrations of secretagogues on the morphology and secretory activity of the pancreas: a role for microfilaments.
Burnham, DB; Williams, JA, 1982)		0.26
" The configuration of the dose-response curve for cholecystokinin-stimulated enzyme secretion did not change when the incubation time was increased from 20 to 30, 45, or 60 min."( Cholecystokinin-induced restricted stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion.
Barlas, N; Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT, 1982)		1.96
" The dose-response curve in diabetic acini was similarly shaped, but shifted three-fold towards higher concentration."( Effect of diabetes mellitus on the regulation of enzyme secretion by isolated rat pancreatic acini.
Otsuki, M; Williams, JA, 1982)		0.26
" In adults the CCK-8 dose-response curve for amylase release from dispersed pancreatic acini of obese rats was similar to that of lean rats, indicating normal sensitivity in vitro."( Decreased pancreatic exocrine response to cholecystokinin in Zucker obese rats.
Baile, CA; McLaughlin, CL; Peikin, SR, 1982)		0.53
"Determinations of dose-response curves for synthetic secretin and for the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) in the isolated perfused rat pancreas reveal that both secretin and CCK stimulate the pancreatic secretory flow and enzyme secretion."( The action of synthetic secretin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide and combinations of these hormones on the secretion of the isolated perfused rat pancreas.
Kasper, H; Sommer, H, 1981)		0.76
" Cycloheximide acted on the steps by which secretagogues mobilize cellular Ca2+ because the dose-response curve for 45Ca2+ efflux was shifted to the same extent as that for amylase release, whereas the dose-response curve for amylase release induced by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was not altered."( Protein synthesis inhibitors enhance secretagogue sensitivity of in vitro rat pancreatic acini.
Otsuki, M; Williams, JA, 1982)		0.26
" The dose-response curves for CCK8 were similarly shaped in both CCK8-treated and control rats, but they were shifted 3- to 10-fold toward higher concentrations of CCK8 after 7 and 14 days of CCK8 treatment."( Amylase secretion by isolated pancreatic acini after chronic cholecystokinin treatment in vivo.
Otsuki, M; Williams, JA, 1983)		0.51
" The dose-response relationship coincides with the known concentration dependence of the stimulation of amylase release by these agents."( Intracellular free calcium concentrations in isolated pancreatic acini; effects of secretagogues.
Korenbrot, JI; Ochs, DL; Williams, JA, 1983)		0.27
" Dose-response curves to AVP and to oCRF were obtained, and the response to a low dose of oCRF was potentiated by a low dose of AVP."( Effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides on corticotrophin release from quarters of rat anterior pituitary gland in vitro.
Adrian, TE; Bloom, SR; Gillham, B; Jones, MT; Nicholson, SA, 1984)		0.27
" The increase in the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and the increase in [32P]Pi incorporation into PtdA commenced at the same concentration of carbachol in dose-response studies."( Effects of carbachol and pancreozymin (cholecystokinin-octapeptide) on polyphosphoinositide metabolism in the rat pancreas in vitro.
Davis, JS; Farese, RV; Larson, RE; Orchard, JL, 1984)		0.54
" Doses of stimulants were chosen from dose-response experiments to avoid supramaximal amounts which inhibited the pancreatic response."( Secretin-pancreozymin test with synthetic secretin and cholecystokinin octapeptide.
Berger, Z; Pap, A; Varró, V, 1983)		0.51
" Dose-response curves to CCK for amylase release shifted to the right with increase in proglumide concentration."( In vitro and in vivo effect of proglumide on cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release in mouse pancreatic acini.
Akanuma, Y; Iwamoto, Y; Nakamura, R, 1984)		0.53
" The configuration of the dose-response curve for CCK8, however, in the presence of ethanol was similar to that of the control."( Effect of ethanol on cholecystokinin-induced enzyme secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini.
Deveney, CW; Geokas, MC; Lewin, MB; Sankaran, H; Wendland, MF; Wong, A, 1984)		0.59
" The dose-response curve for pancreozymin-C-octapeptide in calcium-free medium is shifted to lower peptide concentrations, compared to the curve in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium."( Rat pancreas adenylate cyclase: VII. Effect of extracellular calcium on pancreozymin-induced cyclic AMP formation.
Bonting, SL; de Pont, JJ; Renckens, BA; van Emst-de Vries, SE, 1980)		0.26
" The span of the dose-response curves was wide, suggesting the existence of receptor heterogeneity."( Receptors on smooth muscle cells: characterization by contraction and specific antagonists.
Bitar, KN; Makhlouf, GM, 1982)		0.26
" The muscle strips were challenged with either acetylcholine or the octapeptide of cholecystokinin and dose-response relationships were determined."( Effect of progesterone pretreatment on guinea pig gallbladder motility in vitro.
Pellecchia, D; Ryan, JP, 1982)		0.49
" The effect by this route, however, was not behaviorally specific: BBS produced equivalent inhibitions of food and water intake at every point on the dose-response curve, and produced a marked increase in grooming which dominated the behavioral display."( Effects of peripheral and central bombesin on feeding behavior of rats.
Gibbs, J; Kulkosky, PJ; Smith, GP, 1981)		0.26
" A dose-response study of the competetion of CCK-8 with [3H]-dopamine binding indicates an IC50 for the peptide of 450 nM; desulfated CCK-8 and the related peptide caerulin are at least 4-fold less active than CCK-8."( Modulation of [3H]-dopamine binding by cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8).
Murphy, RB; Schuster, DI, )		0.4
" Both CCK-8-NS and CCK-8-SE enhanced the latency of passive avoidance after all forms of treatment while showing different dose-response patterns depending on time of administration."( Modulation of passive avoidance behaviour of rats by intracerebroventricular administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate ester and nonsulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide.
Fekete, M; Kádár, T; Telegdy, G, 1981)		0.48
" Inhibition by proglumide was competitive and resulted in a parallel rightward shift of the cholecystokinin dose-response curve."( Cholecystokinin-induced contraction of dispersed smooth muscle cells.
Collins, SM; Gardner, JD, 1982)		1.93
" CCK-27-32-NH2 caused a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve for the stimulation of amylase secretion caused by cholecystokinin and inhibited binding of 125I-labeled cholecystokinin to pancreatic acini."( Cholecystokinin-27-32-amide. A member of a new class of cholecystokinin receptor antagonists.
Briet, C; Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Martinez, J; Spanarkel, M, 1983)		1.91
"05), without any significant shift of the normalized dose-response curves."( Defective gallbladder contractility in the ground squirrel and prairie dog during the early stages of cholesterol gallstone formation.
Davison, JS; Fridhandler, TM; Shaffer, EA, 1983)		0.27
" Tremorolytic potency (ED50) was calculated from dose-response curves."( Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), ceruletide and analogues of ceruletide: effects on tremors induced by oxotremorine, harmine and ibogaine. A comparison with prolyl-leucylglycine amide (MIF), anti-Parkinsonian drugs and clonazepam.
Zetler, G, 1983)		1.71
" Comparison of dose-response curves prepared in each animal indicated that the sensitivity of the cystic duct was significantly lower than that of the gallbladder."( Cholecystokinin constricts the canine cystic duct.
Clanachan, AS; Courtney, DF; Scott, GW, 1983)		1.71
"To establish the sensitivity of the gallbladder in relation to plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin, a dose-response study was performed in five normal volunteers."( Infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide in man: relation between plasma cholecystokinin concentrations and gallbladder emptying rates.
Chadwick, VS; FitzPatrick, ML; Maton, PN; Selden, AC, 1984)		0.87
" The dose-response curves for CCK8 were similarly shaped in both CCK8-pretreated and control rats but shifted threefold toward higher concentrations of CCK8 2 or 14 h after CCK8 treatment."( Amylase secretion by isolated pancreatic acini after acute cholecystokinin treatment in vivo.
Baba, S; Hootman, SR; Ohki, A; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Williams, JA, 1984)		0.51
"Verified bilateral abdominal vagotomy (with hepatic branch intact) did not alter the ability of 20% pure cholecystokinin (CCK) or octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) to inhibit sham feeding of liquid diet in dose-response studies for male Sprague-Dawley rats with open gastric fistula."( Vagotomy does not alter cholecystokinin's inhibition of sham feeding.
Kraly, FS, 1984)		0.79
"An investigation was undertaken to test whether the dose-response curve of a cholecystokinin-like agent (ceruletide) could be established by administering it in graded doses sequentially on the same day."( A new scintigraphic technique for cholecystokinin gallbladder dose-response study: validation in rabbits.
Bobba, VR; Krishnamurthy, GT; Langrell, K; Turner, FE, )		0.64
" The serum concentrations of immunoreactive glucagon during infusion of the lowest active dosage of glucagon and insulin hypoglycemia were 801 +/- 55 and 322 +/- 12 pg/ml, respectively."( Hormonal effects on the pylorus.
Fisher, RS; Phaosawasdi, K, 1982)		0.26
" Dose-response curves to cholecystokinin and acetylcholine were first established."( In vitro effects of pancreatic polypeptide and motilin on contractility of human gallbladder.
Davison, JS; Pomeranz, IS; Shaffer, EA, 1983)		0.57
" Alterations in phosphorylation produced by carbachol were dose-dependent (maximal at 1-3 microM) and consistent with the dose-response relationship for carbachol-induced amylase secretion."( Effects of carbachol, cholecystokinin, and insulin on protein phosphorylation in isolated pancreatic acini.
Burnham, DB; Williams, JA, 1982)		0.58
" In either type of experiment the dose-response lines of naloxone against caerulein were very shallow as compared with those against morphine."( Caerulein and morphine: an attempt to differentiate their antinociceptive effects.
Zetler, G, 1982)		0.26
" Released CCK-8 immunoreactivity showed parallelism when dilutions were compared with the CCK-8 dose-response curve and eluted similarly to synthetic CCK-8 on Sephadex G-50 superfine chromatography."( In vitro release of cholecystokinin octapeptide-like immunoreactivity from rat brain synaptosomes.
Hudson, A; Klaff, LJ; Sheppard, M; Tyler, M, 1981)		0.59
" The downward portion of the dose-response curve has been referred to as "high-dose" inhibition."( Novel CCK analogues and bombesin: a detailed analysis between phosphoinositide breakdown and high-dose inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion in three rodent species.
Bianchi, BR; Lin, CW; Miller, TR; Witte, DG, 1994)		0.29
" For each antagonist, we determined the dose-response effects, specificity of peptide antagonism, and biological stability in serum using Indo-1AM-based flow cytometric assays."( Effects of neuropeptide analogues on calcium flux and proliferation in lung cancer cell lines.
Alford, C; Bunn, PA; Chan, D; Gera, L; Jewett, P; Mochzuki, T; Stewart, J; Tagawa, M; Tolley, R; Yanaihara, N, 1994)		0.29
" The dose-response relationship for CCK-induced secretion is bell-shaped, with a characteristic supramaximal inhibition."( Supramaximal inhibition of cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic amylase release involves desensitization to cytoplasmic Ca2+.
Gylfe, E; Nilsson, J; Sjödin, L, 1994)		0.59
" The cholecystokinin dose-response with a somatostatin-14 background was then repeated with the addition of atropine (10 micrograms/kg/h)."( Somatostatin inhibits cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic protein secretion via cholinergic pathways.
Brodish, RJ; Fink, AS; Kuvshinoff, BW; McFadden, DW, 1995)		1.12
"6 mumol progesterone, a secondary increase in steroid concentration in portal and mesenteric blood plasma occurred 35-40 min after dosing or 10-15 min after an intravenous (i."( Preliminary evidence for the enterohepatic circulation of progesterone in the pig.
Prime, GR; Pullar, RA; Symonds, HW, )		0.13
"Postprandial gallbladder contraction is mainly regulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), but little is known about the dose-response relationship between CCK release and gallbladder contraction, in particular after meals with differing fat content."( Role of nutrient fat and cholecystokinin in regulation of gallbladder emptying in man.
Fried, M; Froehlich, F; Gonvers, JJ, 1995)		0.84
" The dosage form of FK480 is a soft capsule containing a solution of FK480 in a mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and glycerol to improve its bioavailability."( Mechanism of optical isomerization of (S)-N-[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3,4,6,7- tetrahydro-4-oxopyrrolo[3,2,1-jk] [1,4]-benzodiazepine-3-yl]-1H- indole-2-carboxamide (FK480) in soft capsules containing polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol.
Fukuyama, S; Kihara, N; Koda, S; Morokoshi, N; Nakashima, K; Yasuda, T, 1994)		0.29
" Data revealed that, in mice, the CCKA receptor antagonist, devazepide (formerly L-364,718, MK-329), produced a clear anxiolytic-like profile with an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve centered around 5 micrograms/kg."( The effects of CCKA and CCKB antagonists on activity in the black/white exploration model of anxiety in mice.
Dourish, CT; Hendrie, CA; Neill, JC; Shepherd, JK, 1993)		0.29
" To further evaluate the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in regulating acid output in humans, dose-response curves were constructed to CCK8 or G17 (6."( Cholecystokinin is a physiological regulator of gastric acid secretion in man.
Aufderhaar, U; Bauerfeind, P; Beglinger, C; Burckhardt, B; Delco, F; Ensinck, JW; Gyr, K; Ketterer, S; Meier, R, 1994)		2.01
") were administered 30 min before determination of cocaine dose-response functions using a cumulative dosing method."( Effects of cholecystokinin antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats and monkeys.
Massey, BW; Vanover, KE; Woolverton, WL, 1994)		0.68
" The antagonism produced by FK480 was competitive in nature because intraduodenal as well as intravenous infusion of FK480 (50-250 nmol/kg/hr) caused a parallel rightward shift of the entire dose-response curve for cerulein-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion without altering the maximal increase."( Effects of a new benzodiazepine derivative cholecystokinin receptor antagonist FK480 on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized rats.
Otsuki, M; Tachibana, I, 1994)		0.55
" Dose-response studies indicated the following rank order of potency: Suc-CCK-7 > or = Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 > or = CCK-8 > or = (Nle28,31)-CCK-8 >> desulfated CCK-8 = CCK-4 = 0 in the case of ip administration and Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 >> Suc-CCK-7 > or = CCK-8 > or = (Nle28,31)-CCK-8 >> desulfated CCK-8 = CCK-4 = 0 in the case of icv administration."( Cholecystokinin octapeptide analogues suppress food intake via central CCK-A receptors in mice.
Baba, S; Himori, N; Hirosue, Y; Inui, A; Kasuga, M; Miura, M; Nakajima, M; Nakajima, Y; Okita, M; Teranishi, A, 1993)		1.73
" When single doses of bombesin were infused for 2 h (31, 62, 125, 250 pmol/kg/h; one dose per day; order randomized; n = 8), a similar dose-response relationship was seen, both for peak amylase response and cumulative output over basal."( Mechanism of bombesin-induced pancreatic secretion in unanesthetized rats.
Liehr, RM; Reidelberger, RD; Solomon, TE; Varga, G, )		0.13
" Tetrodotoxin (1 mumol/L) and atropine (1 mumol/L) caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for CCK-8-stimulated sphincter relaxation."( Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors on the human sphincter of Oddi.
Concepcion, W; Cox, KL; Esquivel, CO; Itasaka, H; Nakazato, P; Tokunaga, Y, 1993)		0.61
"1-10 mumol/kg) produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve for the secretory rate, bicarbonate and protein outputs."( Effects of peptide histidine isoleucine on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anaesthetized dogs.
Chiba, S; Iwatsuki, K; Ren, LM, )		0.13
" Gallbladder contractility, measured in vitro in response to CCK, decreased 23% in animals on the 1% cholesterol diet; cisapride restored the CCK dose-response curve to normal."( Cisapride improves gallbladder contractility and bile lipid composition in an animal model of gallstone disease.
Shaffer, EA; Xu, QW, 1993)		0.29
") did not shift the apomorphine dose-response curve (0."( Comparison of the effects of the cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, PD 134308, and the cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, L-364,718, on dopamine neuronal activity in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
Christoffersen, CL; Meltzer, LT; Razmpour, A; Serpa, KA, 1993)		0.57
" CCK-8 caused a half-maximal increase in [3H]IP3 at 2 nM, and the dose-response curve was monophasic, whereas with gastrin the curve was biphasic, with an EC50 of the initial component (20% maximal) at 38 nM and the second component at 10 microM."( Gastrin and CCK activate phospholipase C and stimulate pepsinogen release by interacting with two distinct receptors.
Jensen, RT; Qian, JM; Rowley, WH, 1993)		0.29
" The ID50S and the slopes of the dose-response functions of the two peptides were not significantly different."( Comparison of the satiating potencies of cholecystokinin-33 and cholecystokinin-8.
Gibbs, J; Melville, LD; Smith, GP, 1993)		0.55
" In acini prepared from the camostate-treated rats, responsiveness to both CCK-8 and carbamylcholine was greatly decreased with no shift in the dose-response curves compared to control acini prepared from saline-treated rats."( Chronic oral administration of synthetic trypsin inhibitor camostate reduces amylase release from isolated rat pancreatic acini.
Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Tani, S, 1995)		0.29
" The inhibition of intake was completely abolished by prior dosing with 100 micrograms of the CCKA receptor antagonist Devazepide given ICV."( Intracerebroventricular injection of CCK reduces operant sugar intake in pigs.
Baldwin, BA; Sukhchai, S, 1996)		0.29
"5-200 ng/kg/h CCK dose-response and 125 ng/kg/h secretin studies."( The effect of pancreatic denervation and atropine on the cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic exocrine response.
Berry, SM; Fink, AS; Kuvshinoff, BW; McFadden, DW, 1996)		0.54
"h-1) evoked a characteristic biphasic dose-response curve for pancreatic juice and protein output in the LETO rats, whereas the OLETF rats were totally insensitive to CCK-8 stimulation."( Defect in pancreatic exocrine and endocrine response to CCK in genetically diabetic OLETF rats.
Akiyama, T; Furumi, K; Kanagawa, K; Otsuki, M; Shiohara, H; Tachibana, I; Watanabe, N, 1996)		0.29
" The dose-response curve for the three drugs was biphasic, suggesting that other mechanisms are operative at higher doses."( Pharmacological evaluation of IQM-95,333, a highly selective CCKA receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like activity in animal models.
Ballaz, S; Barber, A; Del Río, J; Fortuño, A; García-López, MT; Gómez-Monterrey, I; González-Muñiz, R; Herranz, R; Martin-Martínez, M, 1997)		0.3
" Dose-response experiments revealed the following potencies for SOM secretion: G-17s = CCK-8s > G-17 ns >> CCK-8ns."( Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep.
Shulkes, A; Zavros, Y, 1997)		1.74
"To assess the effect of octreotide, at the clinical dosage used after pancreatic surgery, on gastric emptying in healthy volunteers."( The effect of octreotide on gastric emptying at a dosage used to prevent complications after pancreatic surgery: a randomised, placebo controlled study in volunteers.
Akkermans, LM; Gouma, DJ; Jansen, JB; van Berge Henegouwen, MI; van Gulik, TM, 1997)		0.3
" Octreotide administered at the clinical dosage for pancreatic surgery accelerates gastric emptying, mainly by shortening the lag time."( The effect of octreotide on gastric emptying at a dosage used to prevent complications after pancreatic surgery: a randomised, placebo controlled study in volunteers.
Akkermans, LM; Gouma, DJ; Jansen, JB; van Berge Henegouwen, MI; van Gulik, TM, 1997)		0.3
" This rightward shift of the morphine dose-response curve was reversed by the intrathecal administration of either the CCKA receptor antagonist, lorglumide, or the CCKB receptor antagonist, PD135, 158."( Pentobarbital antagonism of morphine analgesia mediated by spinal cholecystokinin.
Fujimoto, JM; Lin, W; Rady, JJ, 1998)		0.54
" Dose-response relationships were not different between groups."( Plasma cholecystokinin and gallbladder responses to increasing doses of bombesin in celiac disease.
Hopman, WP; Jansen, JB; Rosenbusch, G; Thimister, PW, 1998)		0.76
" Intravenous and intraduodenal infusion of LCRF1-35 elicited nearly identical dose-response curves."( Bioactivity of intraduodenally and intravenously infused fragments of luminal cholecystokinin releasing factor (LCRF).
Greeley, GH; Green, GM; Liddle, RA; Reeve, JR; Spannagel, AW; Yanaihara, N, 1998)		0.53
" Dose-response curves of gallbladder strips to cholecystokinin (CCK), bethanechol, and potassium (K+) were constructed in vitro."( The basis for progesterone impairment of gallbladder contractility in male guinea pigs in vitro.
Kiaii, B; Shaffer, EA; Xu, QW, 1998)		0.56
" In streptolysin-O permeabilized acini, 10 nM adrenomedullin shifted the calcium dose-response curve to the right, indicating that adrenomedullin inhibits calcium-induced amylase secretion by reducing calcium sensitivity of the pancreatic exocytotic machinery."( Inhibition of stimulated amylase secretion by adrenomedullin in rat pancreatic acini.
Fujita, T; Mine, T; Ohnishi, H; Tanaka, Y; Tsuchida, T, 1999)		0.3
" UDCA treatment enhanced gallbladder contractility in vitro: Dose-response curves for acetylcholine and cholecystokinin were both shifted to the left, and the maximal contractile stress generated in response to cholecystokinin was higher in the treated group, whereas the maximal acetylcholine-induced stress was not increased."( Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on in vitro gallbladder contractility in patients with cholesterol gallstones.
Doornewaard, H; Hoebers, FJ; Portincasa, P; van de Heijning, BJ; van de Meeberg, PC; van Erpecum, KJ; Vanberge-Henegouwen, GP, 1999)		0.52
" Morphine analgesia was inhibited by dynorphin as shown by a rightward shift of the morphine dose-response curve."( Antianalgesic action of dynorphin A mediated by spinal cholecystokinin.
Fujimoto, JM; Holmes, BB; Rady, JJ, 1999)		0.55
" Significant elevations in HR and BP were seen at all doses, without clear dose-response relationships."( Dose response of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin.
Abelson, JL; Liberzon, I, 1999)		0.3
" Atropine displaced the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine to the right so that in the presence of 7 microM atropine a concentration of 1 mM carbamylcholine now gave an optimal rate of enzyme secretion."( Morphological changes in rat pancreatic slices associated with inhibition of enzyme secretion by high concentrations of secretagogues.
Savion, N; Selinger, Z, 1978)		0.26
", necessity of an anxiogenic baseline, drug and receptor specificity, as well as the dose-response nature of the interaction, were discussed."( The inability of CCK to block (or CCK antagonists to substitute for) the stimulus effects of chlordiazepoxide.
Fox, MA; Levine, ES; Riley, AL, )		0.13
" Both lorglumide and PD-135,158 induced a significant shift to the left in the morphine dose-response curves as well as a significant decrease in ED50 of the STR."( Stimulation of either cholecystokinin receptor subtype reduces while antagonists potentiate or sensitize a morphine-induced excitatory response.
Cacheiro, RG; Cruz, TN; Felicio, LF; Flório, JC; Mazzini, BK; Nasello, AG, 2001)		0.63
" The comparison of CCK-8 and JMV-180 dose-response curves of amylase release to those of PtdIns and PtdOH labelling with [(32)P]-Pi showed the existence of an amplification mechanism between phospholipase C and amylase release for both agonists."( The cholecystokinin analogues JMV-180 and CCK-8 stimulate phospholipase C through the same binding site of CCK(A) receptor in rat pancreatic acini.
Claro, E; Ramos, B; Salido, GM; Sarri, E, 2001)		0.87
" The effect of selective concentrations of CCK(1) and CCK(2) receptor antagonists (L-364,718 and JB93182, respectively) was determined on agonist concentration-effect (E/[A]) curves obtained by cumulative dosing with sulphated CCK."( Pharmacological characterization of cholecystokinin receptors mediating contraction of human gallbladder and ascending colon.
Morton, MF; Shankley, NP; Tavares, IA; Welsh, NJ, 2002)		0.59
" This effect did not differ between the 10 and 20 microg dosage of CCK-8S."( Dose-response relationships of intranasal cholecystokinin and the P300 event-related brain potential.
Czehak, N; Denecke, H; Pietrowsky, R, 2002)		0.58
" One 30/20 mg/kg/day monkey developed the signs of toxicity noted above and a possible dosing injury, and this monkey was sacrificed in extremis on Day 29."( Toxicity of ammonium perfluorooctanoate in male cynomolgus monkeys after oral dosing for 6 months.
Butenhoff, J; Costa, G; Elcombe, C; Farrar, D; Hansen, K; Iwai, H; Jung, R; Kennedy, G; Lieder, P; Olsen, G; Thomford, P, 2002)		0.31
" Basal endogenous levels of Cholecystokinin, as well as exogenous dosage of Cholecystokinin agonists and/or anxiolytic agents, appear to play an important role in the expression and/or control of anxiety-related behaviors in rats."( Effect of intraperitoneal mRNA antisense-oligodeoxynucleotides to cholecystokinin on anxiety-like and learning behaviors in rats: association with pre-experimental stress.
Bourin, M; Buriakovsky, I; Cohen, H; Kotler, M; Matar, MA; Zeev, K, 2002)		0.85
" The CCK dose-response curve for TyrP for sites in each kinase was similar."( Phosphospecific site tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK and proline-rich kinase 2 is differentially regulated by cholecystokinin receptor type A activation in pancreatic acini.
Bragado, MJ; García-Marin, LJ; Jensen, RT; Pace, A; Tapia, JA, 2003)		0.53
"4 microg/kg) and a shift of the dose-response curve to the left."( c-Kit mutant mouse behavioral phenotype: altered meal patterns and CCK sensitivity but normal daily food intake and body weight.
Chi, MM; Powley, TL, 2003)		0.32
" Adding charcoal to the model overcame the suggested beneficial effect of CCK alone in the dosing arm."( The use of cholecystokinin as an adjunctive treatment for toxin ingestion.
Hofbauer, RD; Holger, JS, 2004)		0.71
" Previous studies indicate a saturable dose-response curve on the magnitude of the late positive complex of the auditory event-related potential (AERP) with increasing doses of intranasally administered CCK-8S."( Repetitive intranasal administration of cholecystokinin potentiates its central nervous effects.
Denecke, H; Feldkamp, J; Fritzen, R; Meyer, F; Pietrowsky, R, 2004)		0.59
" CCK in the RVM also acutely displaced the spinal morphine antinociceptive dose-response curve to the right."( Cholecystokinin in the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance.
Gardell, LR; Herman, DS; Lai, J; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Stiller, CO; Vanderah, TW; Xie, JY, 2005)		1.77
" However, the dose-response curve against dermorphine inhibition of the response to CCK-8 was bell-shaped and the highest SR concentration also significantly decreased the mu-withdrawal response."( Involvement of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the opioid inhibition of the response to cholecystokinin and acute withdrawal response.
Amico, MC; Morrone, LA; Palmery, M; Romanelli, L; Tucci, P; Valeri, P, 2005)		0.55
" The dose-response curve showed that the OM rats had an increased sensitivity to the serotonergic agonist."( Effect of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and cholecystokinin on food intake of Osborne-Mendel and S5B/P1 rats.
Bray, GA; Ishihara, Y; White, CL; York, DA, 2007)		0.6
" The control group was immunized with same dosage of HSA."( Effects of active immunization against cholecystokinin 8 on performance, contents of serum hormones, and expressions of CCK gene and CCK receptor gene in pigs.
Bing, Y; Chen, D; Chen, X; Ding, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, K, 2007)		0.61
" Cholecystokinin-8 stimulation induced a typical biphasic dose-response curve for amylase secretion in acinar cells isolated from both PKC delta(-/-) and wild type mice, with maximal stimulation at 10-pmol/L CCK."( Protein kinase C delta-mediated processes in cholecystokinin-8-stimulated pancreatic acini.
Cheriyan, S; Gorelick, FS; Kolodecik, TR; Lugea, A; Pandol, SJ; Reeve, JR; Thrower, EC; Wang, J; Yuan, J, 2009)		1.52
" Previous animal model studies have utilised a range of olanzapine dosages, however the dosage that better mimics the human scenario of olanzapine-induced weight gain is unclear."( Olanzapine treatment and metabolic dysfunction: a dose response study in female Sprague Dawley rats.
Deng, C; Huang, XF; Weston-Green, K, 2011)		0.37
" However, the literature lacks meal pattern analysis and an appropriate dose-response curve for this peptide."( The short term satiety peptide cholecystokinin reduces meal size and prolongs intermeal interval.
Lateef, DM; Sayegh, AI; Washington, MC, 2011)		0.66
" PK steady state appeared to be achieved after 3 days of dosing and PK exposures had a moderate accumulation of 20-40 % across doses."( Multiple once-daily subcutaneous doses of pasireotide were well tolerated in healthy male volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, Phase I study.
Beglinger, C; Bouillaud, E; Darstein, C; Hu, K; Mohideen, P; Wang, Y, 2012)		0.38
" While the hypophagic effects of exogenous CCK are attenuated in food-deprived rats, CCK dose-response relationships for NTS and hypothalamic activation in fed and fasted rats are unknown."( Overnight food deprivation markedly attenuates hindbrain noradrenergic, glucagon-like peptide-1, and hypothalamic neural responses to exogenous cholecystokinin in male rats.
Maniscalco, JW; Rinaman, L, 2013)		0.59
"The largest gall bladder volume change in Study 1 was observed with fat, which therefore became the dose-response ingredient in Study 2, where the maximum % gall bladder volume change correlated well with CCK."( Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying.
Chalkley, L; Costigan, C; Cox, EF; Gowland, PA; Hoad, CL; Ison, R; Marciani, L; Robinson, M; Shepherd, V; Singh, G; Spiller, RC; Totman, JJ, 2013)		0.39
" Animals were anesthetized, euthanized, and their bloods collected by cardiac puncture for dosage of cholecystokinin (CCK) and other biochemical parameters."( Supplementation with a new trypsin inhibitor from peanut is associated with reduced fasting glucose, weight control, and increased plasma CCK secretion in an animal model.
Carneiro, MA; de Carvalho, FM; Lima, VC; Machado, RJ; Maciel, BL; Morais, AH; Santos, EA; Serquiz, AC; Serquiz, RP; Uchôa, AF, 2016)		0.65
" Guar fiber containing >85% dietary fiber, with clear solubility and negligible taste impact, may be an ideal natural dietary fiber for use in food and supplement applications at low dosage levels for appetite control."( Role of guar fiber in appetite control.
Rao, TP, 2016)		0.43
" dosing for 13 weeks."( Long-acting CCK analogue NN9056 lowers food intake and body weight in obese Göttingen Minipigs.
Bugge, A; Christoffersen, BØ; Clausen, TR; Fels, JJ; Kirk, RK; Pyke, C; Sanfridson, A; Sensfuss, U; Skyggebjerg, RB; Uldam, HK; Vestergaard, B, 2020)		0.56
" 13-weeks daily dosing with NN9056 produced the expected pancreatic pathological findings in rats."( Cholecystokinin-1 receptor agonist induced pathological findings in the exocrine pancreas of non-human primates.
Andersen, DW; Bugge, A; Clausen, TR; de Boer, AS; Kirk, RK; Nyborg, NCB; Thorup, I; Wulff, BS, 2020)		2
" Blank-Saporin rats offered low- or high-fat purified diet also demonstrated a dose-response inhibition of intake that reached significance with 1 µg/kg of CCK for both diets."( Leptin receptor-expressing cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus contribute to enhanced CCK-induced satiety following central leptin injection.
Ahn, W; Harris, RBS; Latremouille, J, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (2)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346883Human CCK2 receptor (Cholecystokinin receptors)1993The Journal of biological chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 268, Issue:24
Functional characterization of a human brain cholecystokinin-B receptor. A trophic effect of cholecystokinin and gastrin.
AID1346809Rat CCK1 receptor (Cholecystokinin receptors)1980Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Nov, Volume: 77, Issue:11
Distinct cholecystokinin receptors in brain and pancreas.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (10,427)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904911 (47.10)18.7374
1990's2766 (26.53)18.2507
2000's1548 (14.85)29.6817
2010's947 (9.08)24.3611
2020's255 (2.45)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 97.23

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index97.23 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.34 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.30 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index182.85 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (97.23)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials466 (4.27%)5.53%
Reviews1,089 (9.98%)6.00%
Case Studies61 (0.56%)4.05%
Observational6 (0.05%)0.25%
Other9,292 (85.14%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effect of Bile Acid Secretion and Sequestration on GLP-1 Secretion [NCT02445508]15 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
177Lu-PP-F11N for Receptor Targeted Therapy and Imaging (Theranostics) of Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer - a Pilot and a Phase I Study. [NCT02088645]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Recruiting
Effect of Cholecystokinin on Binge Eating in Bulimia Nervosa [NCT00308776]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit subjects)
The Impact of Gall Bladder Emptying and Bile Acids on the Human GLP-1-secretion [NCT01656057]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Evaluation of Gallbladder Contractility Using Both CCK and Milk Consecutively [NCT02748525]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-03Completed
[NCT02497313]15 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT02748525 (4) [back to overview]Gallbladder Ejection Fraction
NCT02748525 (4) [back to overview]Gallbladder Ejection Fraction
NCT02748525 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Received Cholecystectomy
NCT02748525 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Reported Abdominal Pain at 6 Months

Gallbladder Ejection Fraction

Patient will receive CCK, be scanned, and the ejection fraction will be measured. (NCT02748525)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after CCK administration

Interventionpercentage of ejection of tracer (Mean)
CCK Then Milk15

[back to top]

Gallbladder Ejection Fraction

Patient will receive CCK, be scanned, and the ejection fraction will be measured. Then milk will be administered, repeat scan and ejection fraction will be measured. (NCT02748525)
Timeframe: 45 minutes after milk administration

Interventionpercentage of ejection of tracer (Mean)
CCK Then Milk30

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Received Cholecystectomy

(NCT02748525)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CCK Then Milk18

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Reported Abdominal Pain at 6 Months

Significant pain scale at follow up was defined as 5 or greater on a scale of 0-10, with 10 being the most severe pain. (NCT02748525)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CCK Then Milk6

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2-keto-4-methylvalerate
alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.		2.37202-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		11.371570amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-aminovaleric acid
5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		2.8840hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		9.0340monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		7.3720aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.6730ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.0750azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		6.9710amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.3820fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.3670amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		1.9410amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
choline
[no description available]		5.07140cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.6630tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		7.4910halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		12.23552chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		1.9810monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.6630trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		5.2643medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		5.7942(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.1410aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		4140catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		3.4520glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.261022-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		210alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.5880sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.3970aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		5.6240alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		1.9710aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		7.61192alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		2.21102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		16.3643515carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		10.841161aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		5.1941elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.8840diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.3620hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.0210dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.3520alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.4780cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.62141acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0110metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0110pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.3520monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		9.43263aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.730phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9510propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.3720saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
putrescine
[no description available]		3.0750alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.42202-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9510N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		2.8940polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		2.6730polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		7.2510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		1.9610sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
taurine
[no description available]		8.4880amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.1110primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.6730pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		5.4341uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.4470isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		3.150non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		4.6990phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.420non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.3920
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		1.9910amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		8.2360non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		1.9610benzenes;
organic amino compound
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.8940benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		4.5440monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		15.6733726aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		3.2460methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		1.9610imidazoles
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9810dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		2.4220tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		3.1450organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		1.9810amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.6730organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610phenols
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		1.9710monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.0110
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		1.9610
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.4120aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		4.0140quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		6.48173guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		1.9910aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		1.9810tryptamines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		5.1862indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		1.9910
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.4320oxopurine
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		1.97101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		8.32117acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		7.6330monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		210catechols
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.3820alpha-amino acid ester
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.1310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.3920aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		3.1750amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.0410acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		3.830guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		8.55412dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		3.4720carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		1.9610pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		8.0850benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
baclofen
[no description available]		8.69100amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		3.0950(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
benoxathian
benoxathian: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4120
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		5.3941benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		9.58260carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		3.72100
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		1.9810organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.0410amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		210azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		1.9510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		11.7240purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.5890aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		1.9910imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		12.53722benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9810N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		3.3670hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.7230benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		1.9610aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.6630benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.0950aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		1.9710monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.5780organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		6.24111aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		11.42124benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		9.06312-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		1.9410aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		6.9810dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.67301,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.4780clonidine;
imidazoline
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		210
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclo(leucylglycine)
cyclo(leucylglycine): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0610
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.4620piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		4.8942medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		3.7630dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		5.44200primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		3.2260alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		1.9710diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		7.313411,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		1.9710organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		8.3370benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		1.9510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.0310amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		1.9510acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		4.3660pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		2.3720imidothiocarbamic ester
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.8740oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.6630ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.2510organic cation
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.6830monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		1.9810organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton
Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.		1.9610organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		3.0650
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		1.9810N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.7821benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		1.9810phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.110benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.78100
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.6630aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9910ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.7130aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		5.73160(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		2.1310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		1.9910anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.2510aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.4670ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.38201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.7521nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		9.0540(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.07501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		8.0650chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		7.57752benzoate ester
guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.2260monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
go 6976
[no description available]		2.0610indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.3260methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.940azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		210carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.580isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		8.15471aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		8.2160haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		1.9710harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		9.33200quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		6.9510barbiturates
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		210aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		7.16111benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		210tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		210piperidines
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		3.7930dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.46230aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		3.7330benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		4.281903-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		1.9710organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		7.3620carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.3720secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.98400catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
itopride
[no description available]		3.4111benzamides
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.940cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.420aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.730cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		3.150monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		12.6697medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
lavendustin a
lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source		1.9910aromatic amine
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		9.8442monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		1.9610benzodiazepine
lorglumide
lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.		8.061150benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
dichlorobenzene;
glutamic acid derivative
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.7130chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		2.420aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		1.9810anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		1.9710organic molecular entity
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.0610primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.3820nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
medazepam
Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.		1.9610organic molecular entity
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.8640ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		12.9642guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.3520benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		1.9810aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
nocodazole
[no description available]		210aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.1110beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		6.8181benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		3.3670alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.6830maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		7.6730beta-carbolines
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		210aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.0110benzoic acids;
guanidines
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		6.63230quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.0950benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.29170C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.4670nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.3920isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		1.9810organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		7.6730phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.17111aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		5.26121carbazoles
oxethazaine
[no description available]		1.9610amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		5.28170benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		6.9610N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		1.9510carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.4820aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		1.99101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.6930phenylalanine derivative
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.5580benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.8840aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.2660aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.83120barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.7630barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.9402,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.74110aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.4111primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		2.0810monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		1.9710arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.3970guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.3820acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		2.3920dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		12.58173pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		6.05281inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		7.73122aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.1110aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.6730aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		1.9610benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9410benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		7.6530benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		17.3839247benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		5.7360xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		1.9610oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0110phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		1.9810phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		7.24321naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.6630aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		1.9610piperazines;
pyridines
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0210secondary carboxamide
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.11101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		3.4920organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		7.1110tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		1.9810methoxybenzenes
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		3.24601,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.0210imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.1410organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sk&f 97541
3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist		210
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.5890fluoride saltmutagen
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		3.7430
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		1.9810ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		9.4470aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		210long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		1.9310substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.64302-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		5.3131benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
tegafur
[no description available]		2.6730organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		5.441benzodiazepine
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.0650phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.260benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		2.3520monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.3820phosphoramide
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.3520dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		1.9610imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		6.23150N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.0110N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0610amino acid
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		1.9810triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.3720N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.9640oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		1.9710dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		1.9510aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.4120chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
urethane
[no description available]		2.3720carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.6930
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		1.9910aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0110
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.37201,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.14101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.3511mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		3.0510acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		6.1625011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		1.9610ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.3470alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		5.66260imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		10.06140glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		3.7430pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		4.23180pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		9.19502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		2.3720
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.88401-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		9.832310ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		5.746111beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		2.3520tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.3720non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		1.951011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.763017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		5.83310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.3620N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.2460organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.76302-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		3.0650dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		3.3970guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.3920chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		9.04150alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		4.6990L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.3520C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		7.65281aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		13.34894amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.35200aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		1.9410pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.2160carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		8.2447glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.081017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		1.9410bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		5.96350aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		9.4670pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		1.9610benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.420adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		1.9610uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.9140pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.6430D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.92130phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		9.6161amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5130ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		4.4111butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		9.88591amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		7.3920amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.3720amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		3.5110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9910organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		13.51424amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.0650quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		1.9710nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9710pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		11.472lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		6.7320aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		12.01745amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.663020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.27190alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		9.26190antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		5.64300diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.0910formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.452017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		1.9810isoindoles
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9410beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.661mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9710nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.3720non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.9240amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		3.4780amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		1.981020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		9.7671L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		11.47608erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		4.1131aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.09510arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		6.9910aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		3.4920fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.8940benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		1.9410primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.110bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		4.145012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		6.41330amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.99106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.2110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		1.9610glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		3.711
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.3920pyrrolidin-2-ones
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		1.9810naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.5380mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		2.0410naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9710biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9810
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.0850xanthene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		1.9810benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		1.9810organic molecular entity
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9810butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.36705-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		1.9510quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		1.9510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.0410epoxide;
organochlorine compound
acrolein
[no description available]		2.4320enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4620cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0810short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.420pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.3360mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		3.7430peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		1.9510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.0410aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		1.9510monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		7.46670hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.420naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		6.9810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		7.9340amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		2.452020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		4.8560methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		2.3820D-aldohexose derivative
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.3820dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.2510organic molecular entity
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		5.75160azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		1.9910indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.25101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.9340adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.3620cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.520isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		4.57801,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		5.962511,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		7.3920diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		1.9610organic cation
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.0110calcium saltnutraceutical
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		7.4220monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.6430azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		8.4580mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		2.4120fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		3.260ergoline alkaloid
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.6830amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.8640bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
n-pentyl nitrite
Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.		4.3160nitrite estersvasodilator agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		7.14162bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.0650bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.		2.3820acyl sulfate;
adenosine bisphosphate;
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		4140benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		4.47230dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		1.9710amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		1.9510
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.420thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.3720
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		1.9510ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide
Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.		2.3820iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		1.981017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.773017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		3.7821methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		5.04130amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
tricaprylin
tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.		2.6730octanoate ester;
triglyceride		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		1.9610carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4320dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		210long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		1.9910arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		1.9910arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
diisopropylnitrosamine
[no description available]		1.9610
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.6830acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol
[no description available]		1.9710
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.7461cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
mannoheptulose
Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.		1.9810D-manno-heptulose
hexafluoroacetone
hexafluoroacetone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. hexafluoroacetone : A ketone that is acetone in which all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by fluoro groups.		2.0110ketone;
perfluorinated compound		NMR chemical shift reference compound
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		1.9610nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		1.9810
allylglycine
Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.		2.9140
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9610alkali metal hydroxide
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		1.9510hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		1.9910enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		5.1790selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)ammonium
denatonium: a potent bittering agent		2.0610amino acid amide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.48121tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.0610benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.2260aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		7.3720benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.01102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		1.9510thioxanthenes
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.3520fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ioglycamic acid
Ioglycamic Acid: A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract.		3.4620amidobenzoic acid
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.0510dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.9140fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.66301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
denatonium benzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		2.36202-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
tocamphyl
[no description available]		1.9810carboxylic ester
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		6.21260amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
xylamidine
xylamidine: structure		1.9710
bipiperidyl mustard
bipiperidyl mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.3670f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.1310d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.66100elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		3.110metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.0110manganese group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		11.54380manganese group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.0510cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.7230f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.3720copper group element atom;
elemental gold
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		5.3180magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		7.0810mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		1.9610D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.110sodium phosphate
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		5.8271barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.2110calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9710metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9510dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		1.9410diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.3520diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
sulfur trioxide
sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0910sulfur oxide
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		4.4651
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.3920epoxide
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		4.790
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		210barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.6930
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.4320ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		8.82120S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
urobilinogen
Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.		1.9410bilaneshuman metabolite
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		1.9910beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		5.51670acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		3.9130halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.6730carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
cresyl violet
cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.		1.9810
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.1102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9610
iodine
[no description available]		2.0210halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.1150L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.3470benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		4.921chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
chloroprene
Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.		1.9710chloroolefin
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		6.93131bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		4.121603',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.3720
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0110
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		8.81480glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		3.0550pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		4.4870ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		1.9810penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
vanadyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.0210metal sulfate;
vanadium coordination entity
clanobutin
clanobutin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3820benzamides
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		2.940
etoposide
[no description available]		2.3110beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		11.893310peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		2.420organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
tertatolol
tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210thiochromane
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		210hexachlorobiphenyl
4-methylhistamine
4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.		1.9610aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		histamine agonist;
metabolite
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.6830butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		1.9510L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		3.411aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.51805-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		4.01140alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		3.6180cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure		1.9610
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		1.9710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source		210polychlorinated dibenzofuran
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		8.46651
lidofenin
[no description available]		3.3160amino acid amide
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).		4.12160ketone;
nitrosamine		carcinogenic agent
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		5.1631aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.420alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		1.97101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		1.9610diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		4.93370acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.3341cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		710monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		8.05450aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0210delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0710benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		3.3670pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.03103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		6.9810N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.43203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		4.38210
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.0110salicylamides
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.2110imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
naxagolide
naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).		1.9710organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		15.3715840organic molecular entity
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0810beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
enadoline
enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer		1.9810
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.0710biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		9.1750adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.6730trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
edda
EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.		2.3720amino dicarboxylic acid;
ethylenediamine derivative;
glycine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
chelator
colestipol
Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.		1.9810
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.3520hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.		210pentachlorobiphenyl;
trichlorobenzene
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.110D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.03102-benzofuransfluorochrome
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.4820organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.0910N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		1.9810methylguaninemutagen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		210dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
4-aminomethylbenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzoic acids
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.420cephalosporinfungal metabolite
lathosterol
lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.1103beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid;
Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mci-196
colestimide: a 2-methylimidazole-epichlorohydrin polymer; bile acid and methotrexate anion-exchange resin		2.0410
cr 1392
[no description available]		7.8940
web 2086
WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9810organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		14.55135glutamic acid derivative
methacycline
[no description available]		1.97101,2-diglyceride
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.93401,2,3-triazole
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		1.9810imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.08102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.5220dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		3.4720
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		6.07323-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
tricaprin
tricaprin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by capric (decanoic) acid.		1.9810decanoate ester;
triglyceride
tyrosyltyrosine
tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.		9.83124tyrosyltyrosineMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		4.1850
pipequaline
pipequaline: anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative; structure given in first source		1.9610
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		2.0710disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.8840
sulfolithocholylglycine
sulfoglycolithocholic acid : The 3-O-sulfo derivative of glycolithocholic acid.		1.9610bile acid glycine conjugate;
steroid sulfate
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		210
magnolol
[no description available]		2.0510biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.0510biphenyls
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		1.9810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510aminoalkylpyridine;
primary amine		histamine agonist;
metabolite
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.0510aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
fluorescein dilaurate
fluorescein dilaurate: used in pancreatic function test		4.1650
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		3.75100azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
biotinamide
biotin amide : A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from biotin.		2.0110biotins;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
a 8947
A 8947: RN & structure given in first source. azimsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a nitrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by a 4,6-dipyrimidin-2-yl group while a hydrogen attached to the other urea nitrogen has been replaced by a [1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]sulfonyl group. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of broad-leaved and sedge weeds in paddy fields and other aquatic situations.		1.9910aromatic ether;
biaryl;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazole pesticide;
tetrazoles		EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
herbicide
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.97101,3-thiazoles
5-thio-d-glucose
5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose		3.4920
dimyristoyl diglyceride
1,2 ditetradecanoylglycerol : A 1,2-diglyceride in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specifed as tetradecanoyl.		1.98101,2-diglyceride;
tetradecanoate ester
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		5.651503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol
[no description available]		1.9710
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.4203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
dextromoramide
Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.		7.3420morpholines;
N-acylpyrrolidine		opioid analgesic
butyloxycarbonyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalaninamide
[no description available]		2.6830
3-maleimidobenzoyl n-hydroxysuccinimide
3-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide: coupling reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
benzoylphenylalanine
N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.		2.08102-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins		3.3670
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.0110
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		2.940
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester
disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent		1.9610
suphepa
Suphepa: used for the determination of chymotrypsin in stools in diagnosis of pancreatic disease		1.9510
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.8840cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		3.7100polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		1.9910
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.420chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		2.9240heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.88120aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		2.3720
sr141716
[no description available]		4.460amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		1.9810
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.0510ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.3920xanthene dyefluorochrome
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.9340diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		1.9710
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source		2.3720beta-carbolines
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine
beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.		2.0810diamino acid;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		bacterial metabolite;
neurotoxin
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.3820
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptide
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		1.9710
cgp 35348
CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors		1.9810
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.6630beta-carbolines
cv 6209
CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.		1.9810inositol phosphate
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide
[no description available]		1.9710
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)-
enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes		210oligopeptide
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.0940proanthocyanidin
sr 95531
[no description available]		2.4220methoxybenzenes
sepimostate mesilate
sepimostate mesilate: used in therapy of pancreatitis; structure given in first source		1.9810
ml 9
[no description available]		210
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		2.2510
dynorphin (1-8)
dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin		2.6630
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.730gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		3.08502-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
ci 988
PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source		7.11470
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		12.14380
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Phe-L-Glu)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Phe : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of L-phenylalanine.. gamma-glutamylphenylalanine : A dipeptide composed of glutamic acid and phenylalanine joined together by a peptide linkage.		2.2110dipeptidehuman urinary metabolite
3-monoiodothyronine
3-monoiodothyronine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
aluminum phthalocyanine
aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine		2.0110organic molecular entity
toosendanin
[no description available]		2.0110
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide: found in rat brain		3.1510
way 100135
WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source		2.3920piperazines
tifluadom
tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source		2.3820benzodiazepine
morphiceptin, n-me-phe(3)-
morphiceptin, N-Me-Phe(3)-: RN given refers to D-prolinamide, all L-isomer		1.9910
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		2.3920
sr 48692
SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist		2.3920N-acyl-amino acid
meglumine iotroxinate
meglumine iotroxinate: Contrast media for intravenous cholecystography		3.0610
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		5.9293fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
renzapride
[no description available]		3.1210
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		710
rb 101
RB 101: structure given in first source; inhibits enkephalinase and aminopeptidases; biologically cleaved at disulfide to produce inhibitors of both aminopeptidase N and neutral endopeptidase		4.4770
293b cpd
6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane: RN given for (trans-(+-))-isomer		2.04101-benzopyran
egta acetoxymethyl ester
EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA		3.6630
phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl phenylalaninamide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl phenylalaninamide: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 11/90; involved in transmitter release		210
a 71623
A 71623: structure given in first source; a cholecystokinin-A receptor agonist		5.23160
enkephalin-leu, arg(6)-
[no description available]		3.3811
sr 27897
SR 27897: structure given in first source; a CCK(A) receptor antagonist		5.34131indolyl carboxylic acid
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl)
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity		2.6930
pd 117302
PD 117302: RSD-921 is the ((+)-trans)-isomer		1.9710
rc 3095
bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin		2.3820
ym 022
YM 022: a potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.6390
saclofen
saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist		210organochlorine compound
luzindole
luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.4420acetamides;
indoles		melatonin receptor antagonist
inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate
[no description available]		1.9910
ru 24926
RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source		1.9610
vasotocin, 1-(beta-mercapto-(beta, beta-cyclopentamethylene)propionic acid)-tyr(om3)(2)-orn(8)-
[no description available]		2.3820
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0210acetate esterfluorochrome
pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine: anorexigenic peptide isolated from urine of patients with anorexia nervosa & from urine of fasted rats & mice		2.0510
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.9510nitrogen oxoacid
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
cholecystokinin (27-33)
[no description available]		4.36210
lhrh, gln(8)-
[no description available]		1.9910
proctolin
proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates		2.420
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)-
[no description available]		1.9710organic molecular entity
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-gly(7)-leu(8)-
enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-Gly(7)-Leu(8)-: from bovine adrenal medulla; has 35% the opiate receptor binding activity of Met-enkephalin		1.9610
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		1.9910
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain		4.9540
kyotorphin
kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.		1.9810dipeptide
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)-
angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist		1.9910organic molecular entity
cyclic adp-ribose
Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.		5.33100cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleotide-sugar		metabolite;
ryanodine receptor agonist
hydroxycitric acid
hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.0610carbonyl compound
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510diarylmethane
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
naadp
nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.		10.33100nicotinic acid dinucleotidecalcium channel agonist;
metabolite;
signalling molecule
kelatorphan
kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source		1.9810
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.940
glicentin
Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.		2.4220
gyki 53655
GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist		1.9910
s 20928
[no description available]		710
sri 63072
SRI 63072: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist		1.9610
n(6)-2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0110
phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl-phenylalanine
[no description available]		1.9910
cholecystokinin 33 (10-20)
[no description available]		8.0650
tyrosyl-glycyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalanyl-glycine
tyrosyl-glycyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalanyl-glycine: glycine-extended post-translational processing intermediate of progastrin		1.9710
foy 251
4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid: RN given refers to monomethanesulfonate		1.9610
tyrosyl-seryl(o-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(o-t-butyl)
tyrosyl-seryl(O-t-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine(O-t-butyl): RN given refers to L-Thr-L-Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-L-Phe-L-Leu cpd; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/90		2.940
cholecystokinin (26-33), n-methyl-nle(28,31)-
[no description available]		2.3820
ksg 504
KSG 504: has superior selectivity and affinity to CCK-A receptors; derived from proglumide		1.9810
1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone
1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone: a diphenylpyrazolidinone; cholecystokin antagonist; decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity; LY288513 and LY288512 are optical isomers of LlY262691		4.88110
cgp 52432
[no description available]		2.3920dichlorobenzene
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		4.4751amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
fr 120480
FR 120480: cholecystokinin antagonist; structure given in first source		3.7100N-acyl-amino acid
l 740093
L 740093: a CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source		4.0240
aspartame
[no description available]		3.8321carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.6430D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.1150amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asperlicin c
asperlicin C: cholecystokinin antagonist; from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source; MF C25-H18-N4-O2. asperlicin C : A member of the class of asperlicins in which the core 6,7-dihydroquinazolino[3,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-5,13-dione skeleton is substituted at the 7 pro-S position by an indol-3-ylmethyl group. It is a cholecystokinin antagonist.		1.9710asperlicins;
indoles;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		Aspergillus metabolite;
cholecystokinin antagonist
peptide elongation factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.		2.7230
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0710azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
phenylalanylarginine
phenylalanylarginine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Phe-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0710dipeptidemetabolite
evodiamine
[no description available]		2.0110beta-carbolines
arginylarginine
Arg-Arg : A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.		1.9910dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		2.1710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.4110chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
platycodin d
platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9910triterpenoid saponinmetabolite
cholecystokinin 9
cholecystokinin 9: nonapeptide		5.83221
jmv 179
JMV 179: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist		2.940
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		3.7721
nicotinamide 1,n(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide: structure		2.0110
prolyl-lysyl-glycinamide
prolyl-lysyl-glycinamide: protective against puromycin-induced amnesia in mice; RN given refers to (L-Pro-L-Lys)-isomer		1.9610
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		8.71100biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		14.62351amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		13.892897
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.420imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
homocysteic acid
homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.		1.9910homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0110pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
histidylleucine
His-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-leucine residues.		1.9710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
l 365031
L 365031: CCK antagonist		2.3820
pd 140376
PD 140376: a highly selective antagonist radioligand for the cholecystokinin(B)-gastrin receptor in guinea pig cerebral cortex & gastric mucosa; structure given in first source		1.9810
neomyosuppressin
neomyosuppressin: myoinhibiting neuropeptide from the grey fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata & Drosophila		1.9810
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.94012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythritol
[no description available]		5.4253butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		4.84110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.723017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		3.964011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		1.9910monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.0850
acivicin
[no description available]		1.9810isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		8.1150acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		6.9610
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.7330bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nsc 141537
diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure		2.1510trichothecene
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.3920
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		4.33200inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		4.1450
bradykinin
[no description available]		7.13260oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
elastin
[no description available]		1.9410oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		3.4720amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		5.5131
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		12.811142heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
d-tagatose
D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.		210D-tagatose
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		6.54370myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.347011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate
casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein		2.0610
puromycin
[no description available]		2.6630puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		3.360bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		3.7100guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
nivalenol
nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer		7.110trichothecene
psicose, (d)-isomer
[no description available]		3.811monosaccharide
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.3820cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.3620benzazocine
miglitol
[no description available]		7.110piperidines
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.6930
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0510
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		14.5647751,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		2.420morphinane alkaloid
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.2510butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		1.9510acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4120retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		10.4151icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon
phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.		3.5220deoxyaldohexose phosphate;
dipeptide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.2510resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.3520retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
latrunculin a
latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.		210cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
palmitoleic acid
hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.3920hexadec-9-enoic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		11.52767octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.2660macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
phenylalanine amide
phenylalanine amide: inhibits an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. L-phenylalanine amide : An amino acid amide derived from L-phenylalanine.		2.9110amino acid amide;
phenylalanine derivative
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.7621D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.89110benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		4.49230butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		11.4994peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
lycopene
[no description available]		3.1610acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.7330aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0110adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		1.9710olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.9240N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.4570actinomycinmutagen
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		3.92130carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		17.311792pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0310amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
cinnamtannin b-1
cinnamtannin B-1: COX2 Inhibitor from bay wood and bark of Cinnamomum cassia; structure in second source. cinnamtannin B-1 : A proanthocyanidin found in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.		7.0510proanthocyanidincyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tyrosine o-sulfate
O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		6.6150aryl sulfate;
L-tyrosine derivative;
O-sulfoamino acid		human metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		5.7742one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		7.420chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		7.0210organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.9402-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		1.9510triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.08103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.940isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		1.9610benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		3.0750cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		7.98222vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		2.4220phosphocholinesdetergent
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		1.9610
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.6930indolyl carboxylic acid
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0110
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.0110
alpha-methyltryptophan, (l)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		2.4520thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0110diarylmethane
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.1710aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.0610
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		1.9810diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		1.97101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
urb 597
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1110biphenyls
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		8.9720capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		9.5961imidazoles
benzotript
benzotript: anti-gastrinic; active group is amide; structure		3.4880
thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.		6.9610hydrazines;
thiocarboxamide;
thioureas
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		4.4451one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		1.9810organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		8.99124cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.3720thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.7421cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		5.3921stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		3.3770bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
nadp
[no description available]		5.41110
t 0070907
T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source		2.2110carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.171017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.7471C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4820aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		2.5220
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0410acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		6.1240alkali metal atom
adrafinil
[no description available]		1.9610diarylmethane
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		1.9710salicylamides
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		9.591714beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		5.7842cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
n-benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-phenylalanine methyl ester
[no description available]		2.0510
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		4.2160
boc-tyr(s03)-nle-gly-trp-nle-asp-2-phenylethyl ester
JMV 180: distinguishes high-affinity cholecystokinin receptors from low-affinity cholecystokinin receptors; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		6.67300
ici 154129
ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
asperlicin
asperlicin: cholecystokinin antagonist; isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source		6.44240
7-chloro-thiokynurenate
7-chlorothiokynurenic acid: glycine site antagonist of NMDA receptor		210
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.4120primary aliphatic amine
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		3.0950dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.1310benzazepine
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		210
a 65186
A 65186: type A CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; A-70104 is the dicyclohexylammonium salt of A-65186		4.4970
n-benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-valyl-glycine diazomethane
N-benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-valyl-glycine diazomethane: synthetic peptide based on the structure of human proteinase inhibitor		2.0110
cholecystokinin pentapeptide
cholecystokinin pentapeptide: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.940
cholecystokinin (26-33)
cholecystokinin (26-33): cholecystokinin receptor antagonists		3.68100
cionin
cionin: disulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinin & gastrin; from the neural ganglion of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis; amino acid sequence given in first source		5.180
bay-e 4609
Aplanin: oligosaccharide containing glucose as monomeric unit with an additional N-containing moiety		2.3620
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.1710
cholecystokinin (27-33), tert-butyloxycarbonyl-nle(28,31)-
cholecystokinin (27-33), tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Nle(28,31)-: cholecystokinin agonist		3.2360
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		2.0110adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
6-nitrotryptophan
[no description available]		1.9710
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		3.1450naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.6830
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		1.9510organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		3.2860quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		210quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		14.41729
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		1.9310
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone
2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist		3.84110quinazolines
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.4620alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.1510organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6830monocarboxylic acid anion
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.420sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		7.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		11.837114biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		5.44200prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.730monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		210fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		1.9910trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		6.1391octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		1.9810D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.0510hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.7230
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.7330retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		210epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
rumenic acid
9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-cis,11-trans-stereochemistry.		2.0810octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		1.9510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		1.9810linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.7530linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		7.6530harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.61907-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		7.3620harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.4120alpha-humulene
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		7.47207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		1.99107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.9640aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.4520endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		2.3620epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
plaunotol
plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.		1.9810diterpenoid;
primary alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
iobenguane (131i)
3-((aminoiminomethyl)thio)-2-propenoic acid: potent agonist at GABA-receptors; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89		210
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		2.3820stilbenoid
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.06102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.0210menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.3820cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.38201-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.0210
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.0110sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
codeine
[no description available]		2.6330morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
oleyl alcohol
oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		8.3611fatty alcohol 18:1;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
nonionic surfactant
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.9240aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		2.3420morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.3520morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		10.43853morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.0810morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.5180antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		5.8721cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4120macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		13.941643morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
7-benzylidenenaltrexone
7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist		210phenanthrenes
alpha-neoendorphin
alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family		3.0610
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.3720
atosiban
[no description available]		2.9340oligopeptide
bc 264
BC 264: a selective CCK-B agonist; do not confuse with pBC 264 (propionyl-BC 264)		4.79320
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		2.4220oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		2.4220
herbimycin
herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.		2.7301,4-benzoquinones;
lactam;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
apoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		4.4840peptide
gv 150013x
GV 150013X: CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.4220benzodiazepine
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		1.9810
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		9.271650benzodiazepine
enprostil
Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.		1.9810
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.03101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.36201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.3620cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		10.61140
neurokinin b
Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.		9.790polypeptide
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.730
rioprostil
Rioprostil: A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.		1.9710aliphatic alcohol
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		2.0110monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.4420piperazines
biliverdine
[no description available]		1.9710
2-oleoylglycerol
2-oleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is (9Z)-octadecenoyl.		6.17322-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol
ag-490
[no description available]		2.0210catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.4320carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.		1.9910cinnamate ester;
hydroquinones;
methyl ester		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		2.0310cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.01101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		210
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		1.9510metalloid atom;
pnictogen
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.2160alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.8740alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		1.9610boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		1.9610morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		2.0210alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.4320metal atom;
pnictogen
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9710metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		6.77180cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		1.9610morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		1.9510beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		3.1810phenanthrenes
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.4120chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		210styrenes
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		8.0750alkaloid
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		7.110trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.4201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.260cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		1.9610thyronine
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.4580monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		1.9810morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.4111amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2560isoquinolines
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		2.0210oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		3.86120
n-methylnaloxone
N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone		210
litorin
litorin: nona-peptide similar to bombesin isolated from skin of Litoria aurea		4.3160
neuromedin c
neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		3.4880
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9610
naltrindole benzofuran
naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source		210morphinane alkaloid
uroguanylin
uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)		2.1510
n-methyllevallorphan
N-methyllevallorphan: RN given refers to iodide		1.9710
a 71378
A 71378: CCK agonist with high potency & selectivity for CCK-A receptors		3.0950
guanylin
guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)		2.1510
delta sleep-inducing peptide, n-tyr-
[no description available]		1.9610
pbc 264
pBC 264: CCK agonist; RN given refers to 3H-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd not avail 10/90; do not confuse with BC 264		3.2360
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		5.61102triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		3.0850isoquinolines
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		710carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0310cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9410ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		2.940
mastoparan
[no description available]		1.9710mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		6.77800azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		6.6290chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
octadecylsilane
[no description available]		6.9610
t 0632
T 0632: structure given in first source		210
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		210
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.15160maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.8740amidobenzoic acid
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		2.3520cholestanoid
buniodyl
buniodyl: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9410cinnamic acids
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		1.97101,2-diglyceride
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid
SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.7730
manoalide
manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.		1.9810butenolide;
lactol;
sesterterpenoid		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
metabolite
igmesine
[no description available]		2.3920
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor		1.9910
pd 136450
PD 136450: gastrin receptor antagonist; dipeptoid which resembles the carboxy-terminal moiety of gastrin		1.9810
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor		2.1103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
bc 197
[no description available]		3.3870
zy 17617b
CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6830
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.4220
dihydrexidine
[no description available]		2.0410phenanthridines
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.7330
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.2510naphthyridine derivative
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		4.2741
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		1.9710isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		3.4780diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		2.6830nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		4.07150cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
fostriecin
fostriecin: compound contains a conjugated triene and an unsaturated lactone; from Streptomyces pulveraceus; structure given in second source. fostriecin : A structurally unique, naturally-occurring phosphate monoester isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II as well as several protein phosphatase including PP2A and PPA4, and exhibits potent antitumor activity against several cancer cell lines.		2.01102-pyranones;
olefinic compound;
phosphate monoester;
polyketide;
primary allylic alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
topoisomerase II inhibitor
org 2766
Org 2766: ACTH 4-9 (H-Met(O)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-OH) analog in which 4-Met position of fragment substituted by 4-Met sulfoxide, 8-Arg replaced by 8-D-Lys & 9-Trp replaced by 9-Phe; RN given refers to (D-Lys)-isomer		2.3820
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		2.6630
nocloprost
nocloprost: phalloidin transport inhibitor		1.9810
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		1.9710
oleoyl-estrone
oleoyl-estrone: induces the loss of body fat in rats		2.4420
vildagliptin
[no description available]		7.110amino acid amide
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		4.4111beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		6.9172dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		9.06150ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		2.6430
phenylalanyl-valine
phenylalanyl-valine: structure in first source. Phe-Val : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-valine residues.		2.2110dipeptidemetabolite
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		1.9410phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biie 0246
BIIE 0246: a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
butabindide
butabindide: structure given in first source		1.9910
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here		2.0210
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		2.0310cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		18.191,03521oligopeptide
brl 37344
BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0810bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
sr 146131
SR 146131: a cholecystokinin subtype 1 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.9540
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		12.922287organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.4270aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
n-(2-naphthalenesulfonyl)aspartyl-(2-phenethyl)amide
N-(2-naphthalenesulfonyl)aspartyl-(2-phenethyl)amide: structure given in first source; cholecystokinin receptor antagonist		2.9340
shu 9119
SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source		2.4420
pd 140548
[no description available]		2.730
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.1710ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
ym-254890
YM-254890: structure in first source		2.0510
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		3.4211fatty acid ester
bim 23027
BIM 23027: somatostatin receptor agonist		210
pasireotide
pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.		3.4611homodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		antineoplastic agent
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		4.8240alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
fmrfamide
FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)		8.78110
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		3.6920
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		3.7430peptide
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		7.110trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
substance p
[no description available]		2.0110
isotocin
isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure		1.9710
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		1.9710
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		3.0950
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		3.68100alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.8840
fumiquinazoline a
fumiquinazoline A: structure in first source. fumiquinazoline A : A fumiquinazoline that consists of imidazoindole and pyrazinoquinazoline units connected by a methylene group.		2.0310fumiquinazoline;
imidazoindole;
pyrazinoquinazoline
gb-115
[no description available]		2.8130
potassium cyanate
potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO		1.9710cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound		herbicide
mitoquinone
mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity		2.1110
technetium tc 99m disofenin
Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)		8.94232
technetium tc 99m mebrofenin
technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin: hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical		3.4920
chlorocitric acid
chlorocitric acid: (threo)-isomer is effective as anorectic; RN given refers to ((R*,R*)-(-))-isomer		3.9820
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		3.3570
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
xenopsin
xenopsin: peptide containing 8 amino acids from Xenopus laevis and other organisms		2.3720
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		6.47590benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		1.9810
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.52130
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		10.23740
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		7.8940
inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		3.110
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.8840
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.0510
neosolaniol
neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer		2.1510
physalaemin
Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.		5.6680
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		1.9910
carbon-11 methionine
carbon-11 methionine: RN refers to L-methionine labeled with carbon-11		2.2510
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.2941organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		1.9710
calcitonin
[no description available]		2.4220
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		1.9610
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		1.9710
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		16.1736314oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		15.7213713
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		8.98411
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.9970polypeptide
(dtpa-phe(1))-octreotide
SDZ 215-811: potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors		3.1710
gr 82334
GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist		210
somatostatin, n-tyr(1)-
[no description available]		2.3720
somatostatin, tyr(11)-
[no description available]		1.9610
bombesin, tyr(4)-
[no description available]		1.9810
cholecystokinin (1-14)
[no description available]		4.3460
glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37)
[no description available]		1.9810
leucosulfakinin
leucosulfakinin: sulfated neuropeptide from head extracts of cockroach Leucophaea maderae; sequence homology with gastrin & cholecystokinin		7.8940
cholecystokinin (26-32), tyr-gly-nle(28,31) phenethyl ester-
[no description available]		3.69100
perisulfakinin
perisulfakinin: has sequence similarity to gastrin and cholecystokinin; isolated from American cockroach; amino acid seq. given in first source		1.9710
nociceptin
[no description available]		10.2860organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
cholera toxin, b subunit (50-64)
[no description available]		1.9710
fibrinopeptide b
Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.		2.0510
gastrin heptadecapeptide, nle(15)-
gastrin heptadecapeptide, Nle(15)-: minigastrin II is the hydrogen sulfate ester of the minigastrin I		2.3820
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		2.3820
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas		4.4851
drosulfakinin ii
drosulfakinin II: Drosophila homologue to the vertebrate neuropeptide cholecystokinin; 15 amino acid residues given in first source		1.9710
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		22.031,24042
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		20.9648844peptide hormone
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		11.64180
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		9.56461
somatostatin-28
prosomatostatin: see also preprosomatostatins: 75037-28-4		1.9710
sauvagine
sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues		3.0610
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		12.582231
heliodermin
heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties		2.3820
peptide phi
Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.		7.31141
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		4.86110
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.4120
ac 187
[no description available]		2.7130
cortistatin 14
cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0810
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)
[no description available]		3.8430
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.830
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.3670
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.8220lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		22.2532398
gamma-endorphin
gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 17-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-16).		3.0610
alpha-endorphin
alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).		1.9610
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		7.5191
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		15.492713
ceruletide diethylamine
ceruletide diethylamine: RN given refers to unspecified salt. ceruletide diethylamine : The diethylamine salt of ceruletide.		6.9610organoammonium saltdiagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		8.4342gastrinantineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.0310
exendin (9-39)
exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4		2.1110
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.3720glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.4720
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		5.711601,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.0510chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		1.9910alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
nsc 23766
NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.		2.0410hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.2510
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.3920
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		7.4320
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		7.940organic lithium saltfluorochrome
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.0510
ranatensin
ranatensin: undecapeptide isolated from skin of Rana pipiens		1.9510
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.823403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
osteum
[no description available]		6271organic molecular entity
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.0910lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
lactisole
lactisole: structure in first source		4.3711
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		3.3611
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		5.5761monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		3.110organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		8.2260
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		2.8740
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		5.7742
rimorphin
rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin		1.9910
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		1.9610
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		15.792497peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
apelin-13 peptide
apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.		2.4820oligopeptideantihypertensive agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
biomarker;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
drosulfakinin 1
drosulfakinin 1: Drosophila homologue to the vertebrate neuropeptide cholecystokinin; 10 amino acid residues given in first source; FMRF-related peptide found in neuronal tissues		2.6730
corazonin protein, insect
corazonin protein, insect: cardioactive peptide; isolated from a variety of insects		2.0310
jnj-31020028
[no description available]		2.0810
mannans
[no description available]		3.620
alexa fluor 546
Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye		2.0410organic heteropentacyclic compoundfluorochrome
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate
taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.		3.1650steroid sulfate oxoanionhuman metabolite
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		7.43381
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0810
l 365209
L 365209: oxytocin antagonist; synthetic derivative of L 156373; structure given in first source		1.9710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		9.3365
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		9.8571
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		4.0531
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		16.084584
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.2650polypeptide
ac3174
AC3174: exenatide analog with antihypertensive, cardioprotective, insulin-sensitizing, and renoprotective effects		2.5420
jmv 236
JMV 236: cholecystokinin antagonist		7.9240
neuromedin b
neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord		4.1750
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.6430
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.3620
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.3520
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0810
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.6730monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.8621benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tetronothiodin
tetronothiodin: from Streptomyces sp. NR0489; structure given in first source; cholecystokinin receptor antagonist		8.7730
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		210
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		7.46310
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		9.71661
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.7530aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)-
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist		210
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.0310
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.9240
semaglutide
[no description available]		2.4110lipopeptide;
polypeptide		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		3.2560ketal
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		1.9810
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates		2.110trichothecene
technetium tc 99m lidofenin
Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.		6.9221
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		2.4220
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0710
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		9.05444
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		2.3820
gamma2-msh
gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.		3.1110
sdz co 611
SDZ CO 611: structure given in first source; an Amadori compound of octreotide		1.9810
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		2.3720
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		1.9710
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		3.0950cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
carboxypeptidase b
Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.		2.940
peptide yy
peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source		13.71161
glucagon-like peptide 2
Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.		13.0582
calpastatin
calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).		2.0510polypeptideEC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9410
gastrin i
gastrin I: heptadecapeptide amide, H-Pyr-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2		2.9240
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		8.8130
mesotocin
[no description available]		3.0810
deltakephalin
deltakephalin: synthetic, potent specific agonist for opiate delta receptors		2.3820
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		2.6630
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		1.9810
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.5720
ht-2 toxin
HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.		2.1510
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		5.8271
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		16.99691
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.0410
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.580
triciribine
triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.		2.2110
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.9140
antipain
Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.		1.9610
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		21.4528879
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.7530
cholecystokinin 39
cholecystokinin 39: contains 39 amino acids; 6 amino acid residues added on to cholecystokinin		4.64280
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.6530
protopanaxadiol
protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.0510
fusarenon-x
fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure		2.110
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		1.9610
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.0650
somatostatin, trp(8)-
[no description available]		1.9610
protopanaxatriol
protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.0510
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		8.136303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine
[no description available]		6.9610purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.9340guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		4.05150guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.98102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		7.3620inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		2.3820inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		1.9510folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
cyclic imp
Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.		1.96103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate		mammalian metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		4.07150nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine
7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.		1.98107-methylguanine
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		8.2460benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0210dacarbazine
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.1650benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		3.76110nucleoside triphosphate analogue
nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide
nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide: structure given in first source		2.0110
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0420carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3h)-one
1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3H)-one: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation		1.9710
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.9340nucleoside diphosphate analogue
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.3820
clozapine n-oxide
clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source		2.1710dibenzodiazepine
gtp gamma-4-azidoanilide
[no description available]		1.9710
8-aminoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate) 5'-ribofuranosyl ester
8-aminoadenosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate) 5'-ribofuranosyl ester: a derivative of cADPR, a metabolite of NAD		2.420
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		4.82340
crt 0066101
CRT 0066101: protein kinase D inhibitor with antineoplastic activity		2.0610
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		8.37233
eye
[no description available]		3.2260
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		4.7421oligosaccharide
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		3.8521
cortagine
cortagine: chimeric peptide, [Glu(21),Ala(40)][sauvagine(1-12)]x[human/rat corticotropin-releasing factor(14-30)]x[sauvagine(30-40)]		2.0510
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.3820
pd 135158
PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source		4.34200
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.3920
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		8.05790
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		3.2160
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		5.81170
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		17.9118015
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.9140
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		06.03280
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		06.32370
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		013.56526
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		013.56526
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		010.07101
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		011.86488
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		011.86488
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.66100
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		09.3242
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.66100
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.3242
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.59170
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.76110
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		03.8630
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.491510
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.7110
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		05.03160
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		03.8630
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.0221
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		010.98190
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		08.360
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		08.360
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		022.62354107
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		020.9933580
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		023.511574
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		010.33701
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		018.511574
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		010.1270
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		017.725545
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.211665
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		017.725545
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		011.63741
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		08.87152
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		012.56602
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		013.87152
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.4110
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.5920
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.33281
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		010.4234
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.33281
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		010.4234
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.5920
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.8530
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.		02.8530
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.34770
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.4110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.4110
Allodynia
[description not available]		014.55292
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.4110
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.4110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.4110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		014.3941214
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.3620
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		010.27318
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.27318
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		02.7830
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		06.7541
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		05.4341
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		09411
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		010.4341
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		09411
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		06.7541
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4420
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.64130
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.4420
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.64130
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		015.09365
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		09.85762
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		012.25792
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		09.85762
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6930
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		07.610
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.6930
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		07.16151
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		08.34141
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		07.16151
Compulsive Eating
[description not available]		03.6420
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		03.9911
Leanness
[description not available]		07.2785
Malnourishment
[description not available]		03.4720
Hypernutrition
[description not available]		02.7620
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		03.4720
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.8220
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.01140
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.8220
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.01140
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.610
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.7430
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		03.2360
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.7430
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		03.2360
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.0440
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.0440
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		06.56220
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		06.56220
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		014.4811510
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.4820
Ache
[description not available]		015.121176
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		013.76610
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		08.76610
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		015.121176
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		012.22121
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		07.22121
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.610
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.610
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		04.76110
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.93250
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.0140
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		04.76110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.93250
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.0140
Achalasia
[description not available]		07131
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		07131
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.79280
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.79280
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		08.87135
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		08.87135
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		012.714112
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		012.714112
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.08408
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		05.0970
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		05.0970
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		010.67310
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		09.64262
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		013.76896
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		09.64262
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		012.216111
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		012.216111
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		0450
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.99310
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.2510
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.99310
Esophageal Dysmotility
[description not available]		03.6730
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		010.79324
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		010.79324
Agyria-Pachygyria-Band Spectrum
[description not available]		02.520
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.1710
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		06.04200
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		06.04200
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		03.1710
Indigestion
[description not available]		010.45212
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		010.45212
Acetonemia
[description not available]		06.1532
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.5220
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.7230
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.7230
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		012.56181
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		09.51454
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		014.51454
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		07.56181
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		08.16363
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		05.8180
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		05.8180
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.520
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.520
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.8930
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2510
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.8930
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		011.42211
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.7930
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.4420
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		016.142586
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		03.2310
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.2310
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		016.142586
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		03.2310
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		013.8331
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		011.36742
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.77150
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		011.36742
Anoxemia
[description not available]		05.4882
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		05.4882
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		010.38216
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		010.38216
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.9840
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		07.5220
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.5220
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.02292
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.6830
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		09.37173
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.02292
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.6830
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		09.37173
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.1510
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.730
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.1510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.8840
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		08.8840
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.4220
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		08.06241
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		08.06241
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		08.0610
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.0610
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		07.4861
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		012.4861
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.0740
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.0740
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.9931
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.9931
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		08.8640
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		06.66140
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		06.66140
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		08.8640
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.1710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		08.21352
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		010.27693
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		010.27693
Aura
[description not available]		05.89170
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		010.89170
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.260
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.260
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		07.26132
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		012.26132
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		09.82198
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		06.52180
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		06.52180
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1710
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1710
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.7530
Binge Eating
[description not available]		09.41162
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		09.41162
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.5911
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		05.22120
MODS
[description not available]		03.1210
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		09.89143
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.1210
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		015.32202
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		0310
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		010.32202
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.4300
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.4300
Emesis
[description not available]		04.7110
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		04.7110
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		013.45420
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		04.63100
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.3381
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		07.13151
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		012.13151
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		04.2970
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.2970
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		07.7330
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.7330
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		016.4332110
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		07.15410
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		05.1880
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		07.15410
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		016.4332110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		05.1880
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.2460
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		08.2460
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		08.8211
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0810
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.0810
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		09.47115
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		04.1131
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		04.1131
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6960
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		04.6960
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.7430
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.7430
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.9440
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.9440
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.0490
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.6290
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.9340
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.6290
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.9340
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.68100
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.92130
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		02.110
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.68100
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		02.110
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.92130
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.4520
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.4520
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.940
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.940
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.		04.3740
Embolus
[description not available]		02.110
Metastase
[description not available]		02.8940
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.7230
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.8940
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.7430
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.7430
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.590
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.590
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		02.110
Cranial Nerve X Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Steatorrhea
A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.		02.3920
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		03.8321
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.9140
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		03.97140
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.9140
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		02.110
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		08.05251
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		03.1650
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		03.1650
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.1110
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4620
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		03.630
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		03.630
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.4620
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		04.2870
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		04.2870
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		03.3520
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		03.3520
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		03.0310
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.1310
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		02.420
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		08.08172
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		07.2220
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		07.2220
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.1970
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.1970
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		02.1110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.9140
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.9140
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		06.3860
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		06.3860
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1310
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1310
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.1310
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		0450
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		0450
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.131
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.6630
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.1310
Psychoses
[description not available]		05.770
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		05.770
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		03.69100
Gastrin-Producing Tumor
[description not available]		02.4320
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		03.69100
Gastrinoma
A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).		02.4320
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04140
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1310
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		02.4420
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		02.4420
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.7330
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.3970
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		05.8451
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.3970
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.7330
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		03.9950
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		02.1310
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.21180
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		04.21180
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.52345
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		05.6771
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.52345
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.8440
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.8440
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0410
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.0410
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		010.8281
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.3420
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.0410
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		04.0730
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		04.0730
Adipocere
[description not available]		03.150
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		05.0760
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		05.270
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		05.270
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		05.4931
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		010.1803
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		05.4931
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		03.2160
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.3170
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.3170
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		013.452382
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.4220
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.7720
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		04.5840
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		04.5390
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		04.5390
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.420
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		06.73150
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		03.5930
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		09.05411
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		09.05411
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.6630
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		02.9610
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		03.630
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.37280
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.37280
Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome
[description not available]		09.9350
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.9810
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.9810
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.0510
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.3720
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.3720
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.4120
Acalculous Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.		06.6341
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.0610
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.7330
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.4720
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.4720
Itching
[description not available]		02.0610
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0610
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		04.6832
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.0610
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.6930
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.7230
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.7230
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		06.76141
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0710
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		02.0710
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		07.7282
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		07.7282
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0710
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		03.3770
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.0710
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.4320
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		03.3770
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.0710
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		02.4320
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.1760
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		02.0710
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.83231
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Infection
[description not available]		03.8220
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.8220
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6730
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.6730
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.4320
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.0850
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.9850
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		02.0810
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4620
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.6830
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.6830
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		012.04867
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		012.04867
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.9140
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.9140
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		04.1460
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.0650
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		06.5260
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		08.0650
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		06.5260
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.9140
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.0110
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0110
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.1560
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.1560
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		02.4220
Acinar Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.3220
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)		03.3220
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		02.9210
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.9310
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		03.3320
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		03.3320
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.9310
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		013291
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		02.6530
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		04.661
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		04.661
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		02.4220
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.4220
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.3820
Helminthiasis, Animal
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0110
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		08.0450
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		08.75110
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		03.75110
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9310
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9310
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9310
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		01.9310
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		05.11460
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		05.44110
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9310
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3420
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		04.9590
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.3420
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		07.7381
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		03.5590
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		07.7381
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		03.5590
Abdominal Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.		03.2720
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.3420
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.3420
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		04.66110
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		01.9410
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		05.1870
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.3520
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		01.9410
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		010.08450
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		04.9460
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		04.9460
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.0110
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		02.9310
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.74120
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.74120
Pyrexia
[description not available]		05.4580
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		05.4580
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.3920
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.411
Cholecystolithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.		03.3420
Bleeding
[description not available]		03.4980
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		03.4980
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.9310
Neuroses
[description not available]		02.9310
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		02.9310
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		02.9310
Marasmus
[description not available]		04.6160
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		04.6160
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4320
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4320
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.6930
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.6930
Niemann-Pick Disease
[description not available]		07.0210
Niemann-Pick Diseases
A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.		02.0210
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		04.7221
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		04.7221
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		04.0730
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		04.0730
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.0210
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		07.0210
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		05.47110
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		05.47110
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		03.2260
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		03.2260
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		02.0210
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.4111
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.4111
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.0310
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.0310
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.0310
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.0310
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.0310
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0310
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		02.0310
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		02.0310
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.2770
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		09.2770
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		04.69110
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		04.69110
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		07.64104
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		07.64104
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		08.4211
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8240
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		03.8240
Deficiency, Yang
[description not available]		02.0310
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.0310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0310
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		07.4220
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.9610
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.9610
Gastric Dilatation
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.		04.0731
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		03.3420
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		03.3420
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		03.4311
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.9140
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.9140
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9410
Icterus
[description not available]		09.9490
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9410
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		04.9490
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		04.8481
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9410
Apudoma
A general term collectively applied to tumors associated with the APUD CELLS series, irrespective of their specific identification.		03.5630
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		05.5290
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		05.5290
Cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.6730
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.6730
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		02.6430
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.3720
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.6430
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.3720
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		08.82204
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		04.8580
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		04.8580
Anochlesia
[description not available]		04.1360
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.3620
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.3620
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9610
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9610
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		01.9610
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		05.46110
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.5730
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		05.46110
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.5730
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9610
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9610
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.8710
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.8710
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		03.0650
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		06.92210
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		06.92210
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9610
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.660
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9610
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.660
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		02.8840
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.2670
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		04.2670
Amentia
[description not available]		03.2160
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		08.2160
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		04.4450
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.8710
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		04.4450
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.8710
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		03.9750
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		03.9750
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.7271
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.5961
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		02.3520
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		02.3520
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.6530
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.6530
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.8940
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		01.9610
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.2820
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		08.2820
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.8840
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.8840
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		02.8810
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8810
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		02.8810
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		01.9610
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.8810
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.8810
Alactasia
[description not available]		03.2820
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		03.2820
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.13120
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.13120
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		03.98140
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.3620
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9610
Duodenal Reflux
[description not available]		04.68110
Bile Reflux
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.		08.4780
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3670
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.3620
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.6530
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.3620
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.6530
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9610
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.3720
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		01.9610
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.8710
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		05.84230
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Trichostrongylosis
Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.		01.9610
Trichostrongyloidiasis
Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.		01.9610
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		01.9610
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.8710
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		06.04111
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		06.04111
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		03.5730
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		05.28131
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		03.2920
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.3620
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.3620
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.15170
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		09.15170
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		05.23120
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.3720
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		01.9510
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		01.9810
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		01.9810
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
[description not available]		03.2360
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral
A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.		03.2360
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.3720
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.3720
Duodenal Obstruction
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.		01.9810
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9810
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9810
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		01.9810
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6630
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Proctocolitis
Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.		01.9810
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.420
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		03.0850
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.420
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		01.9810
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9810
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.6730
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.6730
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		03.2920
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.2920
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		01.9810
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		08.0850
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		03.0850
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.5930
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		03.320
Adenoma, alpha-Cell
[description not available]		03.5930
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.6530
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		03.320
Somatostatinoma
A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.		03.3120
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		01.9810
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		03.3711
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		01.9810
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		03.3711
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.3711
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.910
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.8940
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.910
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		04.3930
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.910
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		04.3930
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		07.33102
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		012.33102
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoma, Small Cell
A sarcoma characterized by the presence of small cells, cells measuring 9-14 micrometers with a faint or indistinct rim of cytoplasm and an oval-to-elongated nucleus with relatively dense chromatin. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		01.9810
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		01.9810
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9810
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.3620
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.3620
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.840
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		03.840
Cholangioma
[description not available]		02.6630
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		04.0631
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		02.6630
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.3820
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		01.9810
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9910
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		01.9910
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.3720
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		01.9910
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.420
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		01.9910
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		02.910
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		01.9910
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		01.9910
Phlegmon
[description not available]		01.9910
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		03.0750
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.3920
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		01.9910
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		02.3820
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		03.260
Lassitude
[description not available]		01.9910
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		01.9910
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.420
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.420
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		01.9910
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		01.9910
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.6232
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.6232
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.2640
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		04.2640
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		03.5930
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		03.5930
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		01.9910
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		01.9910
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		06.9910
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		01.9910
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		01.9910
Cancer of Endocrine Gland
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.		01.9910
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.3720
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		0210
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		0210
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		0210
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive
A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)		0210
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		0210
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		0210
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.3220
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		0210
Calcinosis-Raynaud Phenomenon-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasia
[description not available]		0210
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		0210
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		08.5630
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.45110
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		0210
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		0210
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		0210
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		03.3320
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		03.3320
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		02.730
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		0210
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.9210
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		0210
Audiogenic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.4120
Epilepsy, Reflex
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)		02.4120
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple
[description not available]		0210
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		0210
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		0210
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		0210
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.9210
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.9210
Flatus
[description not available]		03.3911
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.3911
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		0210
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		0210
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.9210
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		02.9210
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.9210
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		02.9210
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0110
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0110
Ostertagiasis
A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.		02.0110
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.		02.0110
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.6530
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.3520
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.3620
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.3520
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		07.3620
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		06.2281
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		03.9650
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.7840
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		04.5960
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.8610
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		01.9510
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		01.9510
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8710
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		03.2820
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		03.2820
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.2720
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.2720
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9510
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		01.9510
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		03.3370
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.3620
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.3620
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.3620
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		01.9510
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		01.9510
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		07.3620
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.561
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.561
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9510
Xeroderma
[description not available]		01.9510
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		01.9510
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.3620
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		01.9510
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		01.9510
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.6430
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.3520
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.6430
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9510
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9510
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		02.8610
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		02.8610
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.5530
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		03.5530
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		01.9510
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		01.9510
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		01.9510
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		01.9810
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.6730
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.3820
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7621
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.3820
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		01.9710
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		01.9710
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		01.9710
Acoustic Neuroma
[description not available]		06.9710
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		03.3611
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		08.3611
Siamese Twins
[description not available]		02.8910
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.6630
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.6630
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		01.9710
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		01.9710
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9710
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9710
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		01.9710
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9710
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		01.9710
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		01.9710
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		01.9710
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.9750
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		08.9750
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		01.9710
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		01.9710
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		01.9710
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		01.9710
Chemodectoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		01.9710
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)		01.9710
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9710
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.8810
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9610
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9610
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.8910
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		02.8910
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.8910
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		01.9710
Bulbar Palsy
[description not available]		01.9710
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9710
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.3720
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.3720
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.3620
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.8810
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.8810
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.8810
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		01.9610
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		01.9610
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.8810
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Borna Disease
An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.		01.9710
Nelson Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.		01.9710
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		01.9710
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		01.9710
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9710
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.3620
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.3620
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		01.9610
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		01.9410
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		03.3311
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.0450
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.0450
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.3311
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		01.9410
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		03.2720
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3420
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		01.9410
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.3420
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		01.9410
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		01.9510
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		01.9510
Emaciation
Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).		03.2720
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		02.8610
Parotiditis
[description not available]		01.9410
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		01.9510
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9510
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9510
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9510
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		01.9510
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9510
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		01.9510
Cramp
[description not available]		01.9510
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		01.9510
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.8610
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.8610
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9410
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		01.9410
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9410
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9410
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		01.9410
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		01.9410
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		01.9410
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.8610
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.3520
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9410
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.3520
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		01.9410
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		01.9410
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.3520
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3520
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9410
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		01.9410
Salivary Gland Fistula
A fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity.		01.9410
Afferent Loop Syndrome
A complication of gastrojejunostomy (BILLROTH II PROCEDURE), a reconstructive GASTROENTEROSTOMY. It is caused by acute (complete) or chronic (intermittent) obstruction of the afferent jejunal loop due to HERNIA, intussusception, kinking, VOLVULUS, etc. It is characterized by PAIN and VOMITING of BILE-stained fluid.		01.9410
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		01.9410
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Pneumoretroperitoneum
[description not available]		01.9410
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		01.9410
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9410
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		01.9410