Compounds > aluminum oxide
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

aluminum oxide

Description

Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9989226
CHEBI ID30187
MeSH IDM0000828

Synonyms (211)

Synonym
delta alumina
alundum
ketjen b
dispal m
microgrit wca
a1-3438 t 1/8''
a 1 (sorbent)
aluminum trioxide
ludox cl
alumite (oxide)
abramant
dotment 358
g 2 (oxide)
khp 2
poraminar
compalox
dispal alumina
einecs 215-691-6
ka 101
alon c
catapal s
fasertonerde
hsdb 506
eta-alumina
lucalox
cab-o-grip
abrasit
q-loid a 30
exolon xw 60
faserton
ps 1 (alumina)
ai3-02904
aluminum oxide (fibrous forms)
a1-1401 p(ms)
diadur
g 0 (oxide)
aluminum oxide (brockmann) (form)
jubenon r
a1-0109 p
abramax
aluminum oxide (ignited)
alcoa f 1
aluminum oxide (al2o3)
ccris 6605
gk (oxide)
hypalox ii
aluminium oxide
aluminum oxide (brockmann)
aloxite
brockmann, aluminum oxide
aluminum sesquioxide
catapal sb alumina
dural
a1-1404 t 3/16''
alundum 600
a1-3970 p
a1-4126 e 1/16''
saffie
neobead c
a1-4028 t 3/16''
dotment 324
la 6
f 360 (alumina)
aluminum oxide (2:3)
a1-3980 t 5/32''
a1-3945 e 1/16''
aluminite 37
dialuminum trioxide
a1-3916 p
conopal
fiber fp
almite
martoxin
theta alumina
a1-0104 t 3/16''
rc 172dbm
aluminum oxide
alumina ceramic
1344-28-1
oxide, aluminum
einecs 254-434-2
ec 215-691-6
lmi26o6933 ,
aluminum oxide [nf]
unii-lmi26o6933
aluminum lake
aluminium oxide [who-dd]
aluminum oxide, anhydrous [ep impurity]
aluminium oxide [mart.]
alumina [hpus]
aluminium lake
alumina [inci]
aluminum oxide [mi]
aluminum oxide [hsdb]
aluminum oxide [ii]
aluminum oxide, anhydrous
aluminum (ii) oxide
DTXSID1052791
gamma alumina
PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
aluminiumoxid
alpha alumina
double-pass aao template 2.5 cm(d: 100nm,hole depth: 60 mum)
beta-aluminum oxide
12737-16-5
12522-88-2
AKOS030228258
beta-aluminium oxide
DB11342
aluminum oxide, mesoporous
v type aao template(hole depth :500 nm)
single-pass aao template(hd: 500nm,size:2x2cm)
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(d: 300nm,hole depth: 50 mum)
double-pass aao template(hd:60-80nm d:1.2cm)
v type aao template(hole depth:260 nm)
double-pass aao template 2.5 cm(d: 300nm,hole depth: 60 mum)
aao double-pass filter membrane 300 nm(d: 25 mm, hole depth: 300 nm)
double-pass aao template 2.5 cm(d: 50nm,hole depth: 60 mum)
double-pass aao template(hd:60-80nm d:2.5cm)
transferable aao ultrathin films 60-70 nm(hd: 40nm, s:>/=1cm2)
v type aao template(pore diameter: 90-40 nm)
single-pass aao template(hd: 300nm,size:2x2cm)
double-pass aao template(hd:20-40nm d:2.5cm)
aao double-pass filter membrane 300 nm(d: 47 mm, hole depth: 300 nm)
transferable aao ultrathin films 100-110 nm(hd: 70nm, s:>/=1cm2)
aao double-pass filter membrane 400 nm(d: 25 mm, hole depth: 400 nm)
aao double-pass filter membrane 200 nm(d: 25 mm, hole depth: 200 nm)
single-pass aao template thickness 5mum(d: 100nm, square 2cm)
single-pass aao template thickness 50mum(d: 400nm, square 2cm)
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(d: 50nm,hole depth: 50 mum)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 5mum,hd:20-30 nm)
transferable aao ultrathin films 100-110 nm(hd: 80nm, s:>/=1cm2)
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(d:40-60nm,hole depth: 40-70 mum)
transferable aao ultrathin films 60-70 nm(hd: 50nm, s:>/=1cm2)
aluminum oxide nanowires
single-pass aao template thickness 5mum(d: 200nm, square 2cm)
single-pass aao template thickness 50mum(d: 200nm, square 2cm)
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(hd:400nm)
double-pass aao template(hd:20-40nm d:1.2cm)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 300nm, hd:40-50 nm)
single-pass aao template(thickness:5mum, hd:300nm)
single-pass aao template(hd: 200nm,size:2x2cm)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 1mum,hd:5-10 nm)
aao double-pass filter membrane 400 nm(d: 47 mm, hole depth: 400 nm)
transferable aao ultrathin films 100-110 nm(hd: 60nm, s:>/=1cm2)
gamma-alumina oxide nanopowder
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(d: 100nm,hole depth: 50 mum)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 60mum, hd: 60-80 nm)
single-pass aao template thickness 50mum(d: 50nm, square 2cm)
double-pass aao template 1.2 cm(d: 200nm,hole depth: 50 mum)
large aperture aao template 300-350nm
single-pass aao template(hd: 400nm,size:2x2cm)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 60mum, hd:20-30 nm)
single-pass aao template(hd: 700nm,size:2x2cm)
v type aao template(pore diameter: 450 nm)
large aperture aao template 180-250nm
aao double-pass filter membrane 200 nm(d: 47 mm, hole depth: 200 nm)
single-pass aao template thickness 50mum(d: 100nm, square 2cm)
transferable aao ultrathin films 60-70 nm(hd: 30nm, s:>/=1cm2)
transferable aao ultrathin films 100-110 nm(hd: 90nm, s:>/=1cm2)
single-pass aao template thickness 5mum(d: 50nm, square 2cm)
dialuminum;oxygen(2-)
aluminum oxide, sp,99.999%
alpha- alumina oxide nanopowder
aluminum oxide g
aluminum oxide, 99.99% metals basis, 56mum, powder
aluminum oxide, ar
alumina (alpha) nanopowder
alumina (gamma) nanopowder
aluminum oxide substrate, 10x10x0.5mm, polished two sides, c plane
single-pass aao template(thickness: 50nm,hd:5-10 nm)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 300nm, hd:60-80 nm)
single-pass aao template(thickness:300nm, hd:80-100nm)
single-pass aao template(hd: 600nm,size:2x2cm)
single-pass aao template(thickness:60mum, hd:300nm)
large aperture aao template 250-300nm
single-pass aao template(thickness: 300nm,hd:20-30 nm)
single-pass aao template(thickness: 5mum, hd: 60-80 nm)
double-pass aao template 2.5 cm(d: 200nm,hole depth: 60 mum)
single-pass aao template thickness 5mum(d: 400nm, square 2cm)
double-pass aao template 2.5 cm(d: 400nm,hole depth: 60 mum)
Q177342
aluminum oxide nanopowder
alumina slurry polishing
nano alumina dispersion
aluminium oxide nanopowder
aluminium oxide dispersion
aluminum oxide dispersion
iron oxide dispersion
al2o3 alumina spherical powder / aluminum oxide spherical powder
aluminium oxide nanowires
nano aluminum oxide
alumina al2o3 powder / aluminum oxide powder
aluminium oxide sputtering target
aluminum oxide gamma
alumina sputtering target
gamma-aluminium oxide
eta-aluminum oxide
alumina 200c
allumina anidra
triossido di allumino
aluminum oxide, anhydrous (ep impurity)
allumina attivata
sapphire 30 special order
alumite
chebi:30187
delta-aluminum oxide
allumino ossido
aluminium oxide (mart.)
allumina porosa
sesquiossido di allumino

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

In this paper we studied the effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on the accumulation and biomarkers of toxic action of lead (Pb) when co-administered to rats in subacute experiment. The material exhibiting the most toxic response was the iron and aluminum oxide coated engineered material.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Nickel alloy showed high carcinogenic and toxic potencies, whereas other materials showed no evidence of them."( Evaluation of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity associated with orthopedic implants in mice.
Hayashi, K; Ishinishi, N; Sugioka, Y; Takamura, K; Yamada, T, 1994)		0.29
" The results indicate that precipitated and fumed amorphous silica tested at equivalent doses are equally as toxic to AM lavaged from two species of rodents as crystalline silica; gelled silica is more toxic than crystalline."( Influence of particle dose on the cytotoxicity of hamster and rat pulmonary alveolar macrophage in vitro.
Cheu, J; Radike, M; Reilman, R; Rice, C; Warshawsky, D, 1994)		0.29
" The results revealed the following: (1) inorganic analysis, following strong acid extraction, showed a prevalence of Al and Fe; (2) seawater release of soluble contaminants was confined to Fe and Mn, whereas Al levels were not changed by suspending increasing sample amounts in seawater; (3) the most severe toxicity to sea urchin embryos was exerted by a 2% water column from the red sludge holding pond and by soil and sludge collected near the plant reactor; (4) sludge supernatant was the most toxic sample to sperm and offspring."( Toxicity of bauxite manufacturing by-products in sea urchin embryos.
De Biase, A; laccarino, M; Meriç, S; Pagano, G; Petruzzelli, D; Tünay, O; Warnau, M, 2002)		0.31
" The results from these studies demonstrated that for both inhalation and instillation, only the TiO(2) particle formulations with the largest components of both alumina and amorphous silica surface treatments produced mildly adverse pulmonary effects when compared to the base reference control particles."( Comparative pulmonary toxicity inhalation and instillation studies with different TiO2 particle formulations: impact of surface treatments on particle toxicity.
Brock, WJ; Lee, KP; Reed, KL; Warheit, DB; Webb, TR, 2005)		0.33
" (iii) Exposures of nTiO(2), nZnO and nAl(2)O(3) produced toxic effects on zebrafish embryos and larvae, which was not different from the effects caused by exposing to their bulk counterparts."( Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage.
Duan, Z; Lang, Y; Li, Y; Qi, R; Zhu, L; Zhu, X, 2008)		0.35
" In our conditions, carbon nanotubes were more toxic than metal oxide nanoparticles."( In vitro investigation of oxide nanoparticle and carbon nanotube toxicity and intracellular accumulation in A549 human pneumocytes.
Carrière, M; Gouget, B; Herlin-Boime, N; Mayne-L'hermite, M; Reynaud, C; Simon-Deckers, A, 2008)		0.35
" The unique nature of nanomaterials may be associated with potentially toxic effects."( Evaluation of genotoxic effects of oral exposure to aluminum oxide nanomaterials in rat bone marrow.
Balasubramanyam, A; Grover, P; Hussain, SM; Mahboob, M; Misra, S; Rahman, MF; Sailaja, N, 2009)		0.35
" To determine whether there could be adverse biological effects from exposure to particulate wear debris after total hip replacement (THR), we investigated the in vitro genotoxic effects of alumina ceramic (Al(2)O(3)) particles in comparison with cobalt-chrome metal (CoCr alloy) particles."( The in vitro genotoxicity of orthopaedic ceramic (Al2O3) and metal (CoCr alloy) particles.
Case, CP; Jones, E; Tsaousi, A, 2010)		0.36
" Al2O3, CeO2 and TiO2 showed little adverse effects on cell proliferation and cell viability."( Comparative cytotoxicity of Al2O3, CeO2, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to human lung cells.
Baek, M; Choi, SJ; Kim, IS, 2010)		0.36
" Results implied that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may not be totally responsible for the adverse effects exerted on the invertebrate."( Responses of Ceriodaphnia dubia to TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles: a dynamic nano-toxicity assessment of energy budget distribution.
Czymmek, KJ; Huang, CP; Li, M, 2011)		0.37
" However, only a few studies to date have evaluated the safety of nano-sized materials and their potential adverse effects on biological systems."( In vivo toxicity of nano-alumina on mice neurobehavioral profiles and the potential mechanisms.
Bai, R; Chen, CY; Gao, FP; Ji, JW; Li, MQ; Niu, Q; Wang, ZW; Zhang, C; Zhang, QL, )		0.13
" However, their role in the presence of other toxic substances is not well understood."( Synergistic toxic effect of nano-Al2O3 and As(V) on Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Forthaus, BE; Hu, J; Wang, D; Wang, J, 2011)		0.37
" Thus, a mechanistic and systematic evaluation of the potential biological and toxic effects of SiO2NP becomes crucial in order to assess their complete safe applicability limits."( Activation of stress-related signalling pathway in human cells upon SiO2 nanoparticles exposure as an early indicator of cytotoxicity.
Bakos, G; Davies, AM; Dawson, K; Edwards, C; Hanrahan, J; Kelleher, D; Lynch, I; Mohamed, BM; Prina-Mello, A; Salvati, A; Tormey, L; Verma, NK; Volkov, Y; Williams, Y, 2011)		0.37
"The extraction of alumina from bauxite produces a highly toxic residue, termed bauxite refinery residue (BRR) or red mud."( Toxicity of raw and neutralized bauxite refinery residue liquors to the freshwater cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia and the marine amphipod Paracalliope australis.
Clark, MW; Howe, PL; Johnston, M; Reichelt-Brushett, A, 2011)		0.37
"This study aims to investigate and compare the toxic effects of four types of metal oxide (ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3)) nanoparticles with similar primary size (∼20 nm) on human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL1) in vitro."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
"The HFL1 cells were exposed to the nanoparticles, and toxic effects were analyzed by using MTT assay, cellular morphology observation and Hoechst 33 258 staining."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
"50 mg/mL and the toxic effects are obviously displayed in dose-dependent manner."( ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2,) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Pu, YP; Tang, M; Yin, LH; Zhang, XQ, 2011)		0.37
" Moreover, treatment with antioxidants or SOD-3 overexpression not only suppressed oxidative stress but also prevented adverse effects on locomotion behaviors from Al(2)O(3)-NPs exposure."( Chronic Al2O3-nanoparticle exposure causes neurotoxic effects on locomotion behaviors by inducing severe ROS production and disruption of ROS defense mechanisms in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Li, Y; Pu, Y; Tang, M; Wang, D; Wu, Q; Yu, S, 2012)		0.38
"In this study, we investigated genetic mechanisms of neurotransmitters in regulating the formation of adverse effects on locomotion behavior in Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs)-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans."( Transmissions of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate are required for the formation of neurotoxicity from Al2O3-NPs in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Li, Y; Tang, M; Wang, D; Wu, Q; Yu, S, 2013)		0.39
" As, Co, Cr, V), high exchangeable Na, and induce an adverse effect on test species across a range of trophic levels."( Ecotoxicity of fluvial sediments downstream of the Ajka red mud spill, Hungary.
Ánton, AD; Feigl, V; Gruiz, K; Jarvis, AP; Klebercz, O; Mayes, WM, 2012)		0.38
"Nowadays, manufactured nano-particles of aluminum oxide (nano-alumina) have been widely used in many fields with the rapidly developed nano-technology, but their basic toxic data are scarce."( Lysosomes involved in the cellular toxicity of nano-alumina: combined effects of particle size and chemical composition.
Di Gioacchino, M; Niu, Q; Piao, L; Sabbioni, E; Wang, J; Xu, L; Zhang, Q, )		0.13
" Results indicated nanospheres were more stable in water and slowly released ions, while higher surface area nanorods initially released more ions and were more toxic but generally less stable."( Fate and toxicity of CuO nanospheres and nanorods used in Al/CuO nanothermites before and after combustion.
Bednar, AJ; Johnson, DR; Kennedy, AJ; Laird, JG; Lounds, CD; Melby, NL; Moser, RD; Nellums, RR; Son, SF; Steevens, JA, 2013)		0.39
" The computed LD50 at 24 and 48 h were 15."( Studies on fate and toxicity of nanoalumina in male albino rats: Lethality, bioaccumulation and genotoxicity.
Ali, AA; El-Ala, KS; Morsy, GM, 2016)		0.43
" The malondialdehyde levels indicated that smaller γ-Al2O3 (5 nm) NPs were more toxic than larger γ-Al2O3 (0."( Evaluation of alpha and gamma aluminum oxide nanoparticle accumulation, toxicity, and depuration in Artemia salina larvae.
Arslan, Z; Ates, M; Bogatu, C; Daniels, J; Demir, V; Farah, IO, 2015)		0.42
"Because of an increase in the commercial applications of manufactured nanoparticles, the issue of potential adverse health effects of nanoparticles following intended or unintended exposure is rapidly gaining attention."( A 13-week repeated-dose oral toxicity and bioaccumulation of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in mice.
Cho, MH; Han, BS; Kim, JH; Kim, Y; Lee, BS; Lee, S; Park, EJ; Sim, J; Yoon, C, 2015)		0.42
" The material exhibiting the most toxic response was the iron and aluminum oxide coated engineered material registering a 66-67% 15-min EC50 level for pH 4 and 5 SLEs, respectively."( Screening the toxicity of phosphorous-removal adsorbents using a bioluminescence inhibition test.
Barnhill, DK; Biscardi, PG; Duranceau, SJ, 2016)		0.43
"The commercial usage of Al2O3 nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) has gone up significantly in the recent times, enhancing the risk of environmental contamination with these agents and their consequent adverse effects on living systems."( Cytotoxicity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on Allium cepa root tip--effects of oxidative stress generation and biouptake.
Alex, SA; Chandrasekaran, N; Kavitha, S; Kumar, D; Mukherjee, A; Rajeshwari, A, 2015)		0.42
" Six MeOx NPs (Al2O3, Fe3O4, MgO, SiO2, TiO2, WO3) did not show toxic effects below 100 µg/mL."( Toxicity of 11 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Three Mammalian Cell Types In Vitro.
Heinlaan, M; Ivask, A; Kahru, A; Kakinen, A; Kisand, V; Madler, L; Pokhrel, S; Shimmo, R; Sihtmae, M; Titma, T; Vija, H; Visnapuu, M, 2015)		0.42
" Based on the established boundaries of toxicity and the classification of toxicity, the 99mTc-Al2O3 nanocolloids can be classified into conditionally moderately toxic substances."( [STUDYING ACUTE TOXICITY OF NEW RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL 99MTC-AL2O3 NANOCOLLOIDS FOR ONCOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS].
Chernov, VI; Nesterov, EA; Skuridin, VS; Titskaya, AA; Varlamova, NV, 2015)		0.42
"With the rapid development of the nano-industry, concerns about their potential adverse health effects have been raised."( Biodistribution and toxicity of spherical aluminum oxide nanoparticles.
Cho, MH; Jeong, U; Kim, DW; Kim, Y; Lee, GH; Park, EJ; Yoon, C, 2016)		0.43
" On the contrary, minor phytotoxicity of nAl₂O₃ was only observed in maize, and no obvious toxic effects were found in the other four metal oxide NPs."( Assessment of the Phytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Two Crop Plants, Maize (Zea mays L.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Chen, J; Dou, R; Gao, X; Mao, C; Wang, L; Yang, Z, 2015)		0.42
"In this paper we studied the effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) on the accumulation and biomarkers of toxic action of lead (Pb) when co-administered to rats in subacute experiment."( [Lead toxicity in its joint administration with the aluminium oxide nanoparticles to rats].
Gmoshinsky, IV; Khotimchenko, SA; Mustafina, OK; Shumakova, AA; Soto, SKh; Trushina, EN, 2015)		0.42
"Direct toxicity assessment (DTA) results provide the scale of the actual adverse effect of contaminated environmental samples."( Direct toxicity assessment - Methods, evaluation, interpretation.
Feigl, V; Fekete-Kertész, I; Gruiz, K; Hajdu, C; Kunglné-Nagy, Z; Molnár, M; Vaszita, E, 2016)		0.43
" The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated the safe use of alumina in several medical devices and aluminum hydroxide in over-the-counter drugs, which included a review of human and animal safety data."( Safety Assessment of Alumina and Aluminum Hydroxide as Used in Cosmetics.
Andersen, FA; Becker, LC; Belsito, DV; Bergfeld, WF; Boyer, I; Hill, RA; Klaassen, CD; Liebler, DC; Marks, JG; Shank, RC; Slaga, TJ; Snyder, PW, 2016)		0.43
" The aim was to investigate how nano-sized aluminum oxide (410 nm) can alter the toxic effects of thiacloprid, even if no sorption between particles and the insecticide takes place."( Nano-sized Al2O3 reduces acute toxic effects of thiacloprid on the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius.
Anwander, R; Crone, B; Guluzada, L; Haderlein, SB; Huhn, C; Jäger, L; Karst, U; Köhler, HR; Liang, Y; Lorenz, CS; Luo, L; Triebskorn, R; Wicht, AJ, 2017)		0.46
" Considering the toxic effects of Al on brain as its target tissue, in this study, the toxicity of nanoparticles, microparticles, and ionic forms of Al on rat brain and isolated mitochondria was evaluated."( Size-Dependent Neurotoxicity of Aluminum Oxide Particles: a Comparison Between Nano- and Micrometer Size on the Basis of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage.
Jahani, D; Mirshafa, A; Nazari, M; Shaki, F, 2018)		0.48
" No other adverse events were observed."( Safety and Efficacy of a Novel 730 nm Picosecond Titanium Sapphire Laser for the Treatment of Benign Pigmented Lesions.
Angra, K; Lipp, MB; Wu, DC, 2021)		0.62
"The novel 730 nm picosecond titanium sapphire laser is a safe and effective treatment for benign pigmented lesions."( Safety and Efficacy of a Novel 730 nm Picosecond Titanium Sapphire Laser for the Treatment of Benign Pigmented Lesions.
Angra, K; Lipp, MB; Wu, DC, 2021)		0.62
"0-mm balloon may be an effective and safe technique for balloon-uncrossable CTO lesions."( Efficacy and safety of balloon-assisted microdissection with Sapphire® II 1.0-mm balloon in balloon-uncrossable chronic total occlusion lesions.
Du, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		0.56
"Efficient and safe nanopesticides play an important role in pest control due to enhancing target efficiency and reducing undesirable side effects, which has become a hot spot in pesticide formulation research."( Preparation and Size Control of Efficient and Safe Nanopesticides by Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates-Assisted Method.
Cui, B; Cui, H; Gao, F; Guo, L; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhao, X, 2021)		0.62
"A 730 nm picosecond-domain laser was developed to improve the clearance of pigmented lesion and reduce adverse events."( Treatment of facial and non-facial lentigines with a 730 nm picosecond titanium: Sapphire laser is safe and effective.
Bhawan, J; Feng, H; Kauvar, ANB; Schomacker, K; Singh, G; Sun, R; Ugonabo, N, 2022)		0.72
" The results showed good clearance with no adverse events and good subject satisfaction in patients with skin type II-III."( Treatment of facial and non-facial lentigines with a 730 nm picosecond titanium: Sapphire laser is safe and effective.
Bhawan, J; Feng, H; Kauvar, ANB; Schomacker, K; Singh, G; Sun, R; Ugonabo, N, 2022)		0.72
"The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of neurodevelopmental toxicity of alumina nanoparticles (AlNPs) on zebrafish larvae, specifically, the toxic effects of AlNPs of different particle sizes and of dissolved aluminum ions."( Neurodevelopmental toxicity of alumina nanoparticles to zebrafish larvae: Toxic effects of particle sizes and ions.
Chen, J; Fan, R; Gao, X; Zhang, Q, 2021)		0.62
" Safety was evaluated in terms of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."( Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Canagliflozin Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: SAPPHIRE, a Long-Term, Large-Scale Post-Marketing Surveillance.
Hamada, K; Inagaki, N; Iwasaki, T; Mori-Anai, K; Nangaku, M; Sakata, Y; Sasaki, K, 2022)		0.72
" Adverse drug reactions occurred in 10."( Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Canagliflozin Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan: SAPPHIRE, a Long-Term, Large-Scale Post-Marketing Surveillance.
Hamada, K; Inagaki, N; Iwasaki, T; Mori-Anai, K; Nangaku, M; Sakata, Y; Sasaki, K, 2022)		0.72
" The present study revealed that the toxic effects were more when these nanoparticle doses are used in combination."( Aluminum oxide and zinc oxide induced nanotoxicity in rat brain, heart, and lung.
Jafaar, KS; Kamel, MA; Kesari, KK; Roychoudhury, S; Slama, P; Yousef, MI, 2022)		0.72
"The 730 nm picosecond laser is safe and effective for the treatment of freckles in Asian patients."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a 730 nm picosecond titanium sapphire laser and a 755 nm picosecond alexandrite laser for the treatment of freckles in Asian patients: A two-center randomized, split-face, controlled trial.
Cai, P; Ge, Y; Guo, L; Huang, Y; Lin, T; Shi, H; Wu, Q; Yang, Y; Zeng, R; Zhang, M; Zhao, H; Zhao, W; Zheng, H, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The application of ultrasound combined with biomass (transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C."( Removal of mercury from sediment by ultrasound combined with biomass (transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii).
He, Z; Sayre, RT; Siripornadulsil, S; Traina, SJ; Weavers, LK, 2011)		0.37
"In this paper, a new method of nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn SPE combined with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS)-CE-UV detection was developed for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples."( Nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn solid-phase extraction combined with field-amplified sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples.
Duan, J; He, M; Hu, B, 2012)		0.38
"This work is an attempt in order to help towards understanding the influence of the adsorption process on the removal of a VOC (acetaldehyde, CH3CHO) using cyclic non thermal plasma (NTP) combined with a packed-bed of a catalyst support, α-Al2O3."( Acetaldehyde removal using an atmospheric non-thermal plasma combined with a packed bed: role of the adsorption process.
Duten, X; Hassouni, K; Jestin, P; Klett, C; Tieng, S; Touchard, S; Vega-González, A, 2014)		0.4
" Prior to microfiltration, a chemical pretreatment was carried out with aluminium sulphate in combination with a polymeric retention aid."( Treatment of textile dyehouse effluent using ceramic membrane based process in combination with chemical pretreatment.
Bandyopadhyay, S; Bhattacharya, P; Ghosh, S; Majumdar, S, 2013)		0.39

Bioavailability

The purpose of the present research was to determine the ability of nano-aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to adsorb the munitions constituents cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and tungsten (W)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A pre-requisite for a potential systemic toxic effect of the emitted platinum is its bioavailability which was investigated using laboratory animals."( Bioavailability of fine dispersed platinum as emitted from automotive catalytic converters: a model study.
Artelt, S; Creutzenberg, O; Heinrich, U; Kock, H; Levsen, K; Nachtigall, D; Rühle, T; Schlögl, R, 1999)		0.3
"Intraparticle diffusion in microporous amorphous oxides of aluminum, iron, and manganese affects contaminant mobility and bioavailability in soils and sediments."( Predicting divalent metal sorption to hydrous Al, Fe, and Mn oxides.
Axe, L; Trivedi, P, 2001)		0.31
"A laboratory incubation study was conducted to estimate geochemical speciation and in vitro bioavailability of arsenic as a function of soil properties."( Fate and bioavailability of arsenic in organo-arsenical pesticide-applied soils. Part-I: incubation study.
Datta, R; Sarkar, D; Sharma, S, 2005)		0.33
"Palladium model particles similar to those emitted from catalytic car exhaust converters were prepared and characterized with the intention of providing a standardized material for investigations of the chemical behavior and bioavailability of traffic related Pd emissions."( Preparation and characterization of Pd/Al2O3 and Pd nanoparticles as standardized test material for chemical and biochemical studies of traffic related emissions.
Leopold, K; Maier, M; Schuster, M, 2008)		0.35
" Therefore, once released in the environment, NPs such as nano-Al(2)O(3) will strongly alter the environmental transport, fate, and bioavailability of HOCs and could be potentially more toxic due to the adsorbed toxic chemicals."( Sorption of phenanthrene by nanosized alumina coated with sequentially extracted humic acids.
Xing, B; Yang, K; Zhu, L, 2010)		0.36
" adsorbed on different metal oxides) in environment on Cd bioavailability were studied."( [Bioavailability of adsorbed Cd on typical oxides of sediment in Phragmites australis].
Jia, YF; Liu, L; Wang, H; Wang, SY; Wu, X; Zhu, HJ, 2009)		0.35
" The behavior of NPs in soil will control their mobility and their bioavailability to soil organisms."( Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: fate, behavior, and effects on soil invertebrates.
Lofts, S; Loureiro, S; Soares, AM; Svendsen, C; Tourinho, PS; van Gestel, CA, 2012)		0.38
" The bioavailability of trace metals is likely low as elemental enrichments were not observed in foraminiferal test chemistry."( Deep-sea foraminifera from the Cassidaigne Canyon (NW Mediterranean): assessing the environmental impact of bauxite red mud disposal.
Biscara, L; Buscail, R; Chabaud, G; Cossa, D; Fabri, MC; Fontanier, C; Galaup, S; Koho, K; Pigot, L; Reichart, GJ, 2012)		0.38
" Interaction with soil particles is expected to govern the transport, bioavailability and persistence of prions in soil environments."( Attachment of pathogenic prion protein to model oxide surfaces.
Jacobson, KH; Kuech, TR; Pedersen, JA, 2013)		0.39
" For soil As, all the three amendments could transform the non-specifically adsorbed As fraction to hydrous oxides Fe/Al fractions (by Fe(0) and red mud) or specifically adsorbed As fraction (by zeolite), therefore reduced the bioavailability of soil As."( Arsenic stabilization by zero-valent iron, bauxite residue, and zeolite at a contaminated site planting Panax notoginseng.
Liao, XY; Lin, LY; Wen, Y; Yan, XL; Zhang, WB, 2013)		0.39
" After combustion, particles sintered into larger, micrometer-scale aggregates, which may lower toxicity potential to pelagic organisms due to deposition from water to sediment and reduced bioavailability after complexation with sediment organic matter."( Fate and toxicity of CuO nanospheres and nanorods used in Al/CuO nanothermites before and after combustion.
Bednar, AJ; Johnson, DR; Kennedy, AJ; Laird, JG; Lounds, CD; Melby, NL; Moser, RD; Nellums, RR; Son, SF; Steevens, JA, 2013)		0.39
" The bioavailability of the aluminum oxide nanoparticles has been studied with respect to their aggregation behavior in the system and correlated with the toxicity endpoints."( Ceriodaphnia dubia as a potential bio-indicator for assessing acute aluminum oxide nanoparticle toxicity in fresh water environment.
Chakravarty, S; Chandrasekaran, N; Dalai, S; Humayun, A; Mukherjee, A; Pakrashi, S, 2013)		0.39
" The purpose of the present research was to determine the ability of nano-aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to adsorb the munitions constituents cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and tungsten (W) from aqueous solution as a first step in determining the long-term exposure, transport, and bioavailability implications of such interactions."( Influence of carbon and metal oxide nanomaterials on aqueous concentrations of the munition constituents cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and tungsten.
Alvarez, PJ; Bednar, AJ; Brame, JA; Kennedy, AJ; Lounds, CD; Scott, AM; Stanley, JK, 2014)		0.4
" The findings were further substantiated by a detailed analysis of hydrodynamic stability, bioavailability and dissolution of ions from the nanoparticles over the exposure period."( Trophic transfer potential of aluminium oxide nanoparticles using representative primary producer (Chlorella ellipsoides) and a primary consumer (Ceriodaphnia dubia).
Chandrasekaran, N; Dalai, S; Mukherjee, A; Pakrashi, S, 2014)		0.4
" Adsorption, desorption, and precipitation reactions at environmental interfaces govern the reactivity, speciation, mobility, and bioavailability of inositol hexakisphosphates in terrestrial and aquatic environments."( Mechanism of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate sorption on amorphous aluminum hydroxide: spectroscopic evidence for rapid surface precipitation.
Feng, X; Li, W; Liu, F; Sparks, DL; Yan, Y; Yang, J; Zheng, A, 2014)		0.4
" Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation."( Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts.
Arnold, IM; Karyakina, NA; Krewski, D; Momoli, F; Willhite, CC; Wisniewski, TM; Yenugadhati, N; Yokel, RA, 2014)		0.4
"The use of live bacterial reporters as sensing entities in whole-cell biosensors allows the investigation of the biological effects of a tested sample, as well as the bioavailability of its components."( A miniature porous aluminum oxide-based flow-cell for online water quality monitoring using bacterial sensor cells.
Belkin, S; Heideman, R; Ingham, CJ; Rosen, R; Schreuder, E; Yagur-Kroll, S, 2015)		0.42
" This study will provide valuable information on the use of biochars for reducing the bioavailability of pesticides."( Influence of Al-oxide on pesticide sorption to woody biochars with different surface areas.
Dong, H; Li, J; Li, S; Li, Y; Lü, J; Shou, J; Zhong, J, 2016)		0.43
" Zn-arsenate precipitates could significantly decrease the concentration of Zn in aqueous solution and decrease the bioavailability and mobilization of Zn in soils."( Macroscopic and microscopic investigation of adsorption and precipitation of Zn on γ-alumina in the absence and presence of As.
Fan, JX; Fan, TT; Gong, H; Li, W; Liu, C; Sparks, DL; Wang, YJ; Zhou, DM; Zhu, MQ, 2017)		0.46
" As sorption measurements on pristine or defecated nano-Al2O3 did not reveal any sorptive interaction with thiacloprid, we can exclude sorption-based reduction of thiacloprid bioavailability as a mechanism behind our results."( Nano-sized Al2O3 reduces acute toxic effects of thiacloprid on the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius.
Anwander, R; Crone, B; Guluzada, L; Haderlein, SB; Huhn, C; Jäger, L; Karst, U; Köhler, HR; Liang, Y; Lorenz, CS; Luo, L; Triebskorn, R; Wicht, AJ, 2017)		0.46
" The power chain before surface treatment without water absorption had a water absorption rate of approximately 4%, whereas a modified chain had a water absorption rate of approximately 2%-4%."( Surface Treatment on Physical Properties and Biocompatibility of Orthodontic Power Chains.
Chen, MS; Cheng, HC; Lin, WT; Peng, BY; Shen, YK; Wang, YH, 2017)		0.46
" In the current study, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed for 28 days to a series of bauxite residue/soil treatments (0, 10, 25, 35, 50, 75 and 100% residue) to evaluate possible toxic effects on earthworms, investigate the bioavailability of relevant elements (e."( Exposure of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) to bauxite residue: Implications for future rehabilitation programmes.
Boullemant, A; Courtney, R; Di Carlo, E; Poynton, H, 2020)		0.56
" The Al amount was investigated in major organs in order to determine the oral bioavailability and distribution."( Aluminum and aluminum oxide nanomaterials uptake after oral exposure - a comparative study.
Dreiack, N; Fessard, V; Jalili, P; Jungnickel, H; Krause, BC; Kriegel, FL; Laux, P; Luch, A; Rosenkranz, D; Tentschert, J, 2020)		0.56
" The problem of the oral bioavailability of acyclovir is limited because of the low permeability across the gastrointestinal membrane."( Pseudoboehmite as a drug delivery system for acyclovir.
Bernussi, A; de Lima, NB; de Oliveira, MO; de Oliveira, RR; Munhoz, AH; Peres, RM; Rossi, MV; Sarmento, B; Sousa, JML; Warzywoda, J, 2021)		0.62
" The ASNA could increase the soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) and decrease the bioavailability of Pb and Zn."( Immobilization of Pb and Zn in Contaminated Soil Using Alumina-Silica Nano-Amendments Synthesized from Coal Fly Ash.
Fu, Z; Huang, H; Lei, C; Long, L; Peng, P; Ye, H; Zhang, S, 2022)		0.72

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Groups of rats, 24 male and 24 female, approximately 8 weeks old, were dosed by a single intrapleural injection with a saline suspension of refractory alumina fibres (Saffil fibres ICI plc) either as manufactured or after extensive thermal ageing; or one of two aluminosilicate ('ceramic') fibres with different diameter distributions."( The effects of intrapleural injections of alumina and aluminosilicate (ceramic) fibres.
Ishmael, J; Pigott, GH, 1992)		0.28
" Pulmonary tumours (both benign and malignant) were confined to rats dosed with asbestos."( Effects of long term inhalation of alumina fibres in rats.
Gaskell, BA; Ishmael, J; Pigott, GH, 1981)		0.26
" Intra-peritoneal injection of morphine at a dosage of 10 mg/kg did not produce appreciable changes in the catecholamine levels but a dosage of 30 mg/kg morphine was found to elevate dihydroxy phenylacetic acid content."( The effect of morphine on the biosynthesis of catecholamines in the rat brain.
Kwan, TK; Malini, M; Perumal, R, 1994)		0.29
" It was found that the amount of grafted amidogen radicals was proportional to the dosage of NH2+ ions used during the ion implantation."( Surface modification of A12O3 bioceramic by NH2+ ion implantation.
Chen, ZQ; Ng, DH; Zhai, GJ; Zhang, XZ; Zhao, Q, 1999)		0.3
" The optimum dosage of DAC to have a stable suspension is found to be 3 mg/g of alumina whereas it is 105 and 164 mg/g of alumina for albumin and octanol-2, respectively."( Effect of additives on electrokinetic properties of colloidal alumina suspension.
Besra, L; Bhattacharjee, S; Singh, BP, 2002)		0.31
"12-248 Gy and fitted by the composite action dose-response function to get nonlinear characteristic parameters."( Thermoluminescence glow curves and optical stimulated luminescence of undoped alpha-Al2O3 crystals.
Lin, LB; Luo, DL; Tang, Q; Zhang, CX, 2006)		0.33
" Furthermore, the efficiency of OSL production in the material after charged particle irradiation, compared to that obtained for gamma irradiation, is determined from the dose-response curves by fitting to a simple saturating exponential function."( Ionisation density dependence of the optically stimulated luminescence dose-response of AL2O3:C to low-energy charged particles.
Avila, O; Brandan, ME; Buenfil, AE; Gamboa-deBuen, I; Gaza, R; McKeever, SW; Rodríguez-Villafuerte, M; Ruiz-Trejo, C; Yukihara, EG, 2006)		0.33
" The effects of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on the adsorption were investigated."( Removal of congo red from aqueous solution by adsorption onto acid activated red mud.
Cengeloglu, Y; Tor, A, 2006)		0.33
" It has been confirmed that the BET surface area and micropore surface area of Al(2)O(3)-Fe(2)O(3) catalysts increased with an increased dosage of alumina and with decreased sintering temperature."( Effect of alumina on photocatalytic activity of iron oxides for bisphenol A degradation.
Li, FB; Li, XZ; Liu, CS; Liu, TX, 2007)		0.34
" Dosing sequence also affected the conditioning effectiveness."( Sludge conditioning by using alumina nanoparticles and polyelectrolyte.
Hung, MT; Liu, JC; Wang, ZS, 2007)		0.34
" Under a given condition (ClO2 concentration 80 mg/L, microwave power 50 W, contact time 5 min, catalyst dosage 50 g/L, pH 9), phenol removal percentage approached 92."( Treatment of phenol wastewater by microwave-induced ClO2-CuOx/Al203 catalytic oxidation process.
Bi, XY; Huang, JL; Jiang, H; Shi, SJ; Wang, P; Xu, HY, 2007)		0.34
" The influences of conditions for chloride ion uptake, including dosage of LDHs, pH of aqueous solution, and temperature on anion-exchange have been investigated, respectively."( Removal of chloride ion from aqueous solution by ZnAl-NO(3) layered double hydroxides as anion-exchanger.
Du, H; Gu, Z; Lv, L; Pang, X; Sun, P; Tao, X; Xu, L; Xu, R, 2009)		0.35
" Various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage level and equilibrium contact time were studied."( Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions on activated alumina.
Bhattacharya, AK; Das, SK; Naiya, TK, 2009)		0.35
" The increasing of both the bauxite dosage and the ozone dosage enhanced the removal effectiveness of TCA."( Ozonation catalyzed by the raw bauxite for the degradation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in drinking water.
Chen, Z; Ma, J; Qi, F; Sun, D; Wu, F; Xu, B; Zhang, L, 2009)		0.35
"20 mg P/L in the supernatant of the sewage sludge while the organic polymer dosage for the conditioning of the mixed sludges would also be significantly reduced."( Two strategies for phosphorus removal from reject water of municipal wastewater treatment plant using alum sludge.
Babatunde, AO; Kearney, P; Yang, Y; Zhao, YQ, 2009)		0.35
" There was a small but significant increase in micronucleated binucleate cells after 24h of treatment with >1mg/T-75 flask of alumina particulates compared with controls, although no clear dose-response was observed."( The in vitro genotoxicity of orthopaedic ceramic (Al2O3) and metal (CoCr alloy) particles.
Case, CP; Jones, E; Tsaousi, A, 2010)		0.36
" Optimal experimental conditions including pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time have been established."( Simultaneous removal of heavy-metal ions in wastewater samples using nano-alumina modified with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
Afkhami, A; Bagheri, H; Saber-Tehrani, M, 2010)		0.36
"355 g L(-1), reaction time 60 min, catalyst dosage 10."( Study on the treatment of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (DNBP) wastewater by ClO2 in the presence of aluminum oxide as catalyst.
Dong, J; Jiang, WF; Wang, HL, 2010)		0.36
" In the batch mode, experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage and solution pH on the removal of lead."( Synthesis and characterization of alumina-coated carbon nanotubes and their application for lead removal.
Agarwal, S; Gupta, VK; Saleh, TA, 2011)		0.37
" The effect of several experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and sorbent dosage on the sorption of the herbicide was investigated."( Decontamination of waters polluted with simazine by sorption on mesoporous metal oxides.
Addorisio, V; Esposito, S; Pirozzi, D; Sannino, F, 2011)		0.37
" Discs of a commonly used titanium alloy (Ti6AlV4) with an aluminium oxide-blasted surface were treated by Cu- or Ag-ion implantation with different dosage regimen (ranging from 1e15-17 ions cm(-2) at energies of 2-20 keV)."( Copper and silver ion implantation of aluminium oxide-blasted titanium surfaces: proliferative response of osteoblasts and antibacterial effects.
Brenner, RE; Fiedler, J; Henke, D; Kleffner, B; Kolitsch, A; Stenger, S, 2011)		0.37
" These studies showed that enhanced drug release and tunable drug dosage can be achieved by using ultrasound irradiation."( Nanoporous polymeric nanofibers based on selectively etched PS-b-PDMS block copolymers.
Buyukserin, F; Demirel, G; Demirel, GB; Morris, MA, 2012)		0.38
" With a high dosage ZnO catalyst, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of the Oscillatoria tenuisa suspension was increased by up to about 190% during photocatalysis."( Photocatalytic inactivation of cyanobacteria with ZnO/gamma-AIO23 composite under solar light.
Chen, JS; Huang, WJ; Lin, TP; Shih, FH, 2011)		0.37
" Additionally, PAO supports could be moved between agar plates containing different concentrations of echinocandins to change dosage and to investigate the recovery of fungal microcolonies from these drugs."( Microcolony imaging of Aspergillus fumigatus treated with echinocandins reveals both fungistatic and fungicidal activities.
Ingham, CJ; Schneeberger, PM, 2012)		0.38
"The accumulating-type (or integrating-type) NO(x) sensor principle offers two operation modes to measure low levels of NO(x): The direct signal gives the total amount dosed over a time interval and its derivative the instantaneous concentration."( Dual mode NOx sensor: measuring both the accumulated amount and instantaneous level at low concentrations.
Beulertz, G; Groß, A; Kubinski, DJ; Marr, I; Moos, R; Visser, JH, 2012)		0.38
" The odour removal efficiencies for different catalysts (FeCl(3), MnO, and MnSO(4)) under experimental conditions in terms of controlled pH, temperature and ozone dosage were determined before and after ozone treatment using dynamic olfactometry."( Catalytic ozonation for odour removal of high temperature alumina refinery condensate.
Guan, J; Stuetz, RM; Wang, X, 2012)		0.38
"The dose-response of nanoDot OSLDs read using the MicroStar reader presented supralinearity for doses of 2 Gy and above."( The effect of different bleaching wavelengths on the sensitivity of Al(2)O(3):C optically stimulated luminescence detectors (OSLDs) exposed to 6 MV photon beams.
Cygler, JE; Omotayo, AA; Sawakuchi, GO, 2012)		0.38
" The effects of different reaction parameters such as catalyst activity, dosage and solution pH on the decolorization of PCS were assessed."( Photoassisted Fenton degradation of phthalocyanine dyes from wastewater of printing industry using Fe(II)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in up-flow fluidized-bed.
Chen, S; Cheng, H; Chou, S; Yu, C, 2014)		0.4
" Removal efficiencies of benzotriazole, 5-methyl-benzotriazol and 5,6-dimethyl-benzotriazole with 5 g/L adsorbent dosage achieved 89%, 81% and 92%, respectively."( Adsorption kinetics of benzotriazole and its derivatives by nano Zn-Al-O.
Chen, Z; Qi, F; Wu, F; Xu, B; Xu, Q, 2014)		0.4
" Additionally, the decreased number of white blood cells (WBC), the increased ratio of neutrophils and the enhanced secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 were observed in the blood of mice dosed with γ-AlOHNPs (10 mg kg(-1))."( Biodistribution and toxicity of spherical aluminum oxide nanoparticles.
Cho, MH; Jeong, U; Kim, DW; Kim, Y; Lee, GH; Park, EJ; Yoon, C, 2016)		0.43
" Most oxyanions can be removed for more than 75% with an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l."( Adsorption of Oxyanions from Industrial Wastewater using Perlite-Supported Magnetite.
Block, C; Vandecasteele, C; Verbinnen, B, 2016)		0.43
" The degradation efficiency of AO7 is also affected by the dosage of the composite catalyst and pulsed discharge peak voltage."( Enhanced degradation of azo dye in wastewater by pulsed discharge plasma coupled with MWCNTs-TiO2/γ-Al2O3 composite photocatalyst.
Hu, S; Li, X; Liang, D; Qu, G; Wang, T, 2016)		0.43
" The effects of experimental parameters such as the oxidant dosage and catalyst loading were investigated."( Copper-promoted circumneutral activation of H2O2 by magnetic CuFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles: Mechanism, stoichiometric efficiency, and pathway of degrading sulfanilamide.
Feng, Y; Liao, C; Shih, K, 2016)		0.43
" The dosage of the catalyst was found to have a direct relationship with the degradation efficiency."( Adsorption Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Methyl Orange by MgAl2O4-Sb2S3 Composite Material.
Afzia, M; Fazal, T; Ismail, B; Khan, AR; Muneeb, M, 2016)		0.43
" Lower concentration of MO solutions, acidic pH, higher catalyst dosage and greater reaction times were found suitable for the degradation efficiency."( Adsorption Assisted Photocatalytic Removal of Methyl Orange by MgAl2O4-Sb2S3 Composite Material.
Afzia, M; Fazal, T; Ismail, B; Khan, AR; Muneeb, M, 2016)		0.43
" Batch studies were conducted to analyze the effect of different parameters on AOII adsorption, such as Zr (IV) loading amount, pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature."( Synthesis and characterization of Zr(IV) doped immobilized cross-linked chitosan/perlite composite for acid orange II adsorption.
Demirçivi, P, 2018)		0.48
" The optimal dosage of immobilized beads and embedded biomass for the biodegradation of phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLU), and pyrene (PYR) were 10 % (v/v) and 20 % (v/v), respectively."( PAHs biodegradation in soil washing effluent by native mixed bacteria embedded in polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-nano alumina gel beads.
Bai, J; Chen, X; Cui, J; He, Z; Wang, B; Wen, Y; Xu, X, 2021)		0.62
" Alumina-coated Lys-PLP vaccines were stable for a least a month at 50 °C, and single doses of the alumina-coated vaccines elicited immune responses that were indistinguishable from responses generated by conventional two-dose, prime-and-boost dosing regimens of alum-adjuvanted Lys-PLP vaccines."( Atomic-Layer Deposition Processes Applied to Phage λ and a Phage-like Particle Platform Yield Thermostable, Single-Shot Vaccines.
Catalano, CE; Davis, MM; Funke, HH; McClary, WD; Randolph, TW; Rea, LT; Witeof, AE; Yang, Q, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (6 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Beauty & Personal Care6

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Babe Original Glow Plumping Lip Jelly Blush -- 0.14 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carealuminum oxide, BHT, methoxypropanediol, palmitic acid, palmitic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Glow Plumping Lip Jelly Clear -- 0.14 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carealuminum oxide, BHT, methoxypropanediol, palmitic acid, palmitic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Glow Plumping Lip Jelly Mauve -- 0.14 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carealuminum oxide, BHT, methoxypropanediol, palmitic acid, palmitic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Glow Plumping Lip Jelly Red -- 0.14 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carealuminum oxide, BHT, methoxypropanediol, palmitic acid, palmitic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Derma E Essentials Microdermabrasion Scrub -- 2 ozDerma EBeauty & Personal Careorange, aluminum oxide, clay, vitamin E, vitamin E, glycerin, kaolin, phenoxyethanol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Derma E Sun Defense Clear Zinc Oil-Free Sunscreen SPF 30 Face -- 2 fl ozDerma EBeauty & Personal Carealuminum oxide, ascorbic acid, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, isostearic acid, phenoxyethanol, phytic acid, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42

Research

Studies (7,200)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990785 (10.90)18.7374
1990's750 (10.42)18.2507
2000's2087 (28.99)29.6817
2010's2951 (40.99)24.3611
2020's627 (8.71)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials264 (3.43%)5.53%
Reviews210 (2.72%)6.00%
Case Studies155 (2.01%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.03%)0.25%
Other7,076 (91.81%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		2.1310O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.5420C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		2.0410dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
keto-pantoyllactone
[no description available]		2.0110tetrahydrofurandione
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.7730amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
isocaproaldehyde
isocaproaldehyde: produced from side-chain cleavage of 20,22-dihydroxycholesterol		1.9610alpha-CH2-containing aldehydehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.2510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		3.1950ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		4.9381monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.4420aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		3.6390ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.79306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.76290azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		4.12150arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1310benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		6.38121aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.4220benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.5420benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		1.9910amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.1650halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.9740alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.110fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		4.93340carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.7530monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.5820catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		8.661231alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		1.9610cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.4153tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		6.81330halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		5.98330chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.1310coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.6961monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		2.5420alkanexenobiotic
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		8.0340trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.4720medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.1550gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.1510guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.05102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		1.9710alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.9740monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		1.9510catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
cytosine
[no description available]		2.110aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.041402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylglycine
dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.110methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.7130sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.5480aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		2.0610carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glycine
[no description available]		4.11150alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.27170alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0310carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.6920hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.5280carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.6620aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		6.86800elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		8.2660diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.4720dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		3.2360hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.74290alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.4920inositol phosphate
melatonin
[no description available]		7.1310acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.7430naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		10.751372metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		6.36361monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		5.0491nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		5.121nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.6990monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		3.1750gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.4570oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		9.1140alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.17504-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.4822acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		1.9710aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		7.9540ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.24170phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		13.67529phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.1710phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.7630benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.2510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4420propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.7630saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		8.76100azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		1.9710methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.01102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		210aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		1.9710sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9910N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		3.3260selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.5120selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.420divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		4.811alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		5.9221sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		4.19160sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		2.3820amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		7.19281methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.110methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		5.3941uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.03132isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		1.9710catecholamine
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.0510phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.7830aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		3.1650chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0510dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
3-methoxytyrosine
[no description available]		1.9810tyrosine derivative
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.0510phenolsenvironmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.4420monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.7630acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.0610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
albendazole
[no description available]		4.811aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		4.3560aluminium coordination entity
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.0710adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0410acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.15101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		1.9710benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atrazine
[no description available]		2.0710chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.0110benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.1150ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.0210bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		2.4320organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		2.0610purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		1.9810bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.0810dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.4770quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.811aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.4620chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.08101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.3620aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.4110
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.610aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.7230indolesfluorochrome
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.4920acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		1.9810alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.3920organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.7830dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.8830amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.7330benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.7530
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		4.1521ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.38201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.420aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.8830nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
furfurylamine
[no description available]		2.3110
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.2510chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.0110
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		3.7100dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		2.8830glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.1510carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.92194aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9710azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		1.9510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.9440monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		1.9910benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.0440aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0410benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		1.96103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.4370secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		1.9610catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.4520benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9910furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		1.9610benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.4920medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH		2.0610alkali metal hydroxide
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0810chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0310diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0510amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.811guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		1.9510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.03101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.31313-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.2110acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		7.3420benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.110monochlorophenol
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.2510furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.4270inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.0610potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		1.9910amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4520phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9510naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.811aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rolipram
[no description available]		1.9810pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		7.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.0610chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		7.62134fluoride saltmutagen
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.4620long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		7.4110N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.1310aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.4110sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.1110isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.3720substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.811imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		1.9710quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		2.4420monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		210sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		2.0310organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.2510amino acid
triclosan
[no description available]		4.9831aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		1.9910psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
tyramine
[no description available]		2.4110monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		2.4620carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		2.4320
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610alkylbenzene
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.1310inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.0410alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0210glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.3720pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.0610benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		2.0810aminophenolbacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.37204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.3520ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.61011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.11011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.981017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		1.9510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		6.9310pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4220chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.9940alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0410L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benz(a)anthracene
benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		1.9310ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		7.3720C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.4110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.811amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9910aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.110pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		6.9310carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.6561glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.031017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9610ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.3720aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		3.85110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.110pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0310D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.7130amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5.41131ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0810benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.4241amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0310aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.9240adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		10.68171organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		2.0710nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		1.9910methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.3620quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		3.1750anilines;
primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.420nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.8630lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.1110aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.9740
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.382020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		2.0410barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		4.0731chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.3110organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4420beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cytarabine
[no description available]		1.9610beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		210nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		2.0610C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin
[no description available]		2.4920dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		6.9610erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		4.3441alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		3.83110alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		2.4620alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		3.4370alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		2.1110chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.9340aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol
ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.		2.4120alkanethiolrodenticide
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		3.4470chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
methylene iodide
methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		7.940gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
fluoroform
fluoroform: structure		2.4820fluoromethanesrefrigerant
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		2.0210primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0510epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0610tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.110fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		9.36642benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.3820primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		3.1450
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		2.1310pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
isophorone
isophorone : A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
enone		plant metabolite;
solvent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		7.31241alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
methacrylaldehyde
[no description available]		2.4820enal
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		2.0710butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
3-buten-2-one
buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.		2.0510enone;
methyl ketone
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.4370chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.1310acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		11.61151alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		2.1110a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
isobutyric acid
isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.		2.110branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
fatty acid 4:0;
methyl-branched fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.4820monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.4720bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		4.1150enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		7.97132organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.1106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
naphthionic acid
naphthionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index & Negwer		2.2510aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
[no description available]		2.1710
2,4,6-trichloroanisole
2,4,6-trichloroanisole: Cork taint compound. 2,4,6-trichloroanisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.0510monomethoxybenzene;
trichlorobenzene
hexamethylbenzene
hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.		1.9210methylbenzene
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		5.8361pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		2.05102-nitrophenols
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		2.0510dinitrophenol
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0810C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
pyromellitic acid
pyromellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyromellitic acid : A tetracarboxylic acid that is benzene substituted by four carboxy groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5 respectively.		2.1310benzoic acids;
tetracarboxylic acid
quinoline
[no description available]		210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.0410indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		2.0510naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline
2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.		210quinolines
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		1.9910
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.4320xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.3420phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.7620benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0310chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.110benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.0610benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-xylene
2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620xylene
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.0310dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.75302-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
2-amino-4-chlorophenol
2-amino-4-chlorophenol: causes contact dermititis		2.0810
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		2.1710chloropropane-1,2-diol
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.1310enoate ester
2-methyltetrahydrofuran
2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source		2.5220
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4320butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
sulfosalicylic acid
5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.		2.0510arenesulfonic acid;
benzoic acids;
phenols		metabolite
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		3.3760aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		7.0710organoarsonic acid
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		1.96105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4820acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0510nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.110C-nitro compound
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		5.2931alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		3.1450styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		1.9210monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		210quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
boric acid
[no description available]		2.7530boric acidsastringent
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.0610isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4920caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
citronellyl formate
citronellyl formate: a volatile oil from Pelargonium graveoleus		2.110carboxylic ester
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.4920xylene
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		2.4720chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.4720alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
1-butene
but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.		2.0410butene
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		7.7130butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		2.9840enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.5220aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		2.7530fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		4.3180alkane
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		2.1110
2-cyanoacetamide
2-cyanoacetamide: used in fluorimetric labeling of monosaccharides; structure		2.0210
methyl isobutyl ketone
[no description available]		2.4320ketone
gamma-valerolactone
gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.		2.4920butan-4-olideflavouring agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		2.0710cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		2.4220monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4720cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.110cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-chloropyridine
2-chloropyridine: structure given in first source		2.0110monochloropyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		6.82233
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.0210alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0510primary aliphatic amine
dicyanmethane
malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.0210aliphatic nitrile;
dinitrile
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.6790pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		3.1850cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0710furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5120mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		3.1350alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
pentanal
pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.		2.4110saturated fatty aldehydeplant metabolite
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.0510cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.0510cycloalkene
morpholine
[no description available]		2.0510morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.110
triethylene glycol
triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.0110diol;
poly(ethylene glycol);
primary alcohol		plasticiser
propylene
propylene: structure		2.7130alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
isobutylene
2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.1110alkene;
gas molecular entity
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.9940aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		4.811aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0210benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin
tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.		2.0710ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon;
tetralins
isoquinoline
[no description available]		1.9310azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
dichlorprop
dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.		2.0610aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.5220dichlorophenol
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.3720methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.4820tertiary amine
cyclonite
cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.		2.1101,3,5-triazinanes;
N-nitro compound		explosive
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		8.1450diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
1-nitroso-2-naphthol
[no description available]		2.0510naphthols
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0710naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
benzil
benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.		2.0210alpha-diketone;
aromatic ketone
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.520naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pentacene
[no description available]		2.0610acene;
pentacenes
diphenylcarbazide
Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.		2.1710phenylhydrazines
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		2.110monoterpenoidplant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.110amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.4320alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		2.0610
monomethylarsonic acid
monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source		2.4420arsonic acids;
one-carbon compound;
organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone
[no description available]		1.961020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		2.4420
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.4220catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
benzo(e)pyrene
benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.		2.0210ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.4820ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
benzo(k)fluoranthene
[no description available]		2.0510naphthalenes
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.2110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0210acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure		2.0210dibenzodioxine;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
oxacycle;
polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.811indazole
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.06101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.6511,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
o,o-diethyl dithiophosphate
O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate: structure given in first source		2.0210organic thiophosphate
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.3820organic cation
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		5.4341azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		8.3860fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
perfluoromethylcyclohexane
[no description available]		2.0310
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.		2.1110fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity		ultrasound contrast agent
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		11.099212organosilicon compound
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.520dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		4.811imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.4720monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
carbonyl sulfide
carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.		2.7830one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9510guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		11.3317calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		3.1750
epitestosterone
Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.		6.951017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen antagonist;
human metabolite
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.7730carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.0810propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.9640ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
barium carbonate
barium carbonate : An inorganic carbonate salt of barium.		2.0410carbonate salt;
inorganic barium salt
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		1.971017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.1710gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.1710organic molecular entity
trimellitic acid
trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.		3.4411tricarboxylic acid
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		2.0810cellobioseepitope
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		4.2741methoxybenzenes;
phenols
ethyl levulinate
ethyl levulinate: structure in first source		2.1310oxo carboxylic acid
hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
[no description available]		2.0410organosilicon compound
maleimide
[no description available]		2.110dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.0710dichlorobenzene
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.95120dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4520long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.0610carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.5220organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.1550organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.0810phenoxazine
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.0510hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		3.0540carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
trimesic acid
trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.4420benzoic acids;
tricarboxylic acid
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		3.2150organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.4920bis(azo) compound
2-naphthol orange
Acid Orange II: structure in first source		2.5520
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.0210diester;
organosulfonic acid
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		2.7830carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0510
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.5920oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
methyl n-butyl ketone
Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.		2.4320ketone
octadecane
octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.		2.0310long-chain alkanebacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
manganese carbonate
[no description available]		2.0510
dimethyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.730organic disulfidexenobiotic metabolite
octacosane
octacosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.		2.0410long-chain alkaneplant metabolite
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		4.9481
brilliant green
brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.		2.1110organic hydrogensulfate saltantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
poison
tetramethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0510
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
[no description available]		2.0510
dimethyl methylphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0810
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.81117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norflurane
norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source		1.9910
diethyl chlorophosphate
diethylchlorophosphate: structure in first source		2.4720
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		5.582enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione: structure. androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione : A steroid that consists of androstane having double bonds at positions 1 and 4 and two keto groups at positions 3 and 17.		1.981017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0810
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		2.1710lithium salt
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		8.790
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		2.0810organooxygen compound
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		2.0210phenylacetaldehydes
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		3.8530
beryllium oxide
beryllium oxide : A beryllium molecular entity consisting of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and oxide in the ratio 1:1. In the solid state, BeO adopts the hexagonal wurtzite structure form while in the vapour phase, it is present as discrete diatomic covalent molecules.		4.2350beryllium molecular entity;
metal oxide		carcinogenic agent
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		5.522calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		13.081294
cadmium oxide
cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.730
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		3.4570cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide
germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2		2.7330
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		3.1550alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.72272alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		6.0581manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide
[no description available]		2.9640molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		14.821051zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		3.360vanadium oxide
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		3.0640sulfide salt
chromium trioxide
chromium trioxide: oxidizing agent. chromium trioxide : A chromium oxide composed of a single chromium bound (oxidation state +6) to three oxygens; the acidic anhydride of chromic acid.		1.9610chromium oxide
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		11.639121hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		2.0510inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
calcium silicate
[no description available]		2.0310inorganic calcium saltantacid;
flame retardant;
food anticaking agent
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		3.5380iron oxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.9440glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		10.0910919diarylmethane
strontium carbonate
[no description available]		2.0610
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		2.0210etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0810organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0110aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610quaternary ammonium ion
3-chlorobiphenyl
3-chlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for chlorine		2.0210monochlorobiphenyl
4-chlorocatechol
4-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol substituted by a chloro group at position 4.		2.0310chlorocatechol;
monochlorobenzenes		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; an antiscalant		2.0510phosphonoacetic acid
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.75302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source		2.0810
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source		7.5285
ponceau 4r
ponceau 4R: structure in first source		2.1110
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.110
tetrahydropapaveroline
Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems.		1.9810benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		human metabolite
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.4620primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.4370fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.7630thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.4120D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
d.c. red no. 33
D.C. Red No. 33: RN given refers to disodium salt		2.4620
streptomycin
[no description available]		1.9210antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		4.63250carbon oxoanion
flurazepam hydrochloride
Acid Blue 92: structure in first source		2.0510
2-octanol
2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.		1.9810octanol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
benoxaprofen
4-phenylcyclohexene: RN in Chemline for cpd without designation of unsaturation: 31017-40-0		2.0510
metanephrine
Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.		1.9710catecholamine
octyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.0610
diadenosine tetraphosphate
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.		1.9910diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-amino-1-butanol
2-amino-1-butanol: structure		1.9810
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		3.4411cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.2110ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		3.4370f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		2.9640cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		4.6250f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.7430d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		7.46351elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		7.03231elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		7.63431chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		2.2110actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		12.85192f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		4.09150vanadium group element atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		14.471044metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		11.121180elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		1.9610actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.7130manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		9.06140cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		4.14150iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.1710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		3.2650d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		9.491201copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		3.79110vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4130manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.6930f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.7630actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2074529titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		4.59250chromium group element atommicronutrient
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		2.6930actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		5.66102monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		11.17400cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		8.89911f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		8.05813chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
curium
Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.		2.0510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		11.61151f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		4.74280f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.3360f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		9.621351copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		4.7890titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.1350monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		4.3860f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		3.6490actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		4.18160elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		1.9910monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		4.01130f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		12.9919517d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		18.4366636titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		3.4170aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.4820copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.0510mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		4.811D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
titanium tetrachloride
titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4		2.4520
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.4120sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.7130inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride
palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.4720palladium coordination entitycatalyst
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.0510inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		3.4470iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		2.5720iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.		1.9810inorganic sodium saltchelator;
food emulsifier;
food thickening agent
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.4920diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.3520barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		4.9621metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		3.511inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.7530inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.0510inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		6.82201calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		5.38190calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		10.42603calcium phosphate
lead chloride
lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.		2.1310inorganic chloride;
lead coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		3.1450chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.4820metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		2.7830divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		1.9510inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		5.97320calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.7330inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		7.57394
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.7330dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		3.6490diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.2960diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
magnesium fluoride
[no description available]		2.7130
fluorine monoxide
[no description available]		2.0610oxygen halide
lead fluoride
lead fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		1.9910
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.4720inorganic chloride;
silver salt
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		2.4820
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.4320metal sulfateallergen
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.920deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		2.7830sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.4720divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
ammonium perchlorate
[no description available]		1.9910
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.0810epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane
dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE		2.0310organosiloxane
sizofiran
Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach.		2.0110
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		11.13470elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.4110iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		3.8100aluminium sulfate
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		3.4270monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ferric phosphate
ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.		2.1110inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic phosphate;
iron molecular entity
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		2.7330chlorine dioxide
calcium sulfate dihydrate
phosphogypsum: used as fertilizer and in construction materials such as bricks, plaster etc; contains 11 components; found as industrial waste		3.0740calcium salt;
hydrate
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.9440inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620tellurium oxoacid
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.7530
ferric nitrate
ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt		2.0210
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		2.0510
ammonium bromide
ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.0410ammonium salt;
bromide salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium fluoride
ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.		3.0950ammonium salt;
fluoride salt
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.4520ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		2.4520
cysteic acid
Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.		2.0710alanine derivative;
amino sulfonic acid;
carboxyalkanesulfonic acid;
cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		animal metabolite
nickel nitrate
nickel nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(HNO3)2		2.0310
cesium fluoride
cesium fluoride: RN given refers to above cpd		2.1510
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		13.552434titanium oxidesfood colouring
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		2.0510
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.7630
trimethylolpropane triacrylate
trimethylolpropane triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis		2.0810carbonyl compound
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.2110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		11.56997halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		3.9120tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		4.26160chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
iodine
[no description available]		3.3760halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
indium phosphide
indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP		2.0510
tri-n-butylborane
[no description available]		3.81110
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.0750benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		1.9310chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		2.0610dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		4.6861mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.0510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		2.940
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		2.110morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
aluminum oxide hydroxide
aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O		7.551181aluminium hydroxides;
aluminium oxides
alkenes
[no description available]		4.02130
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.9940glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.7130pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
norflurazone
norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
pyridazinone;
secondary amino compound		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.0610catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9710azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.7830taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.13103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
2,4,5,2',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0610
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.7721L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		2.0510organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		1.9510
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		3.6190conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		2.3110thiadiazinane;
ureas
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		5.1101
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		1.9410aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.6920delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
imazaquin
imazaquin: RN given refer to parent cpd. imazaquin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazaquin. It is a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds.. 2-[4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl]quinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 4-methyl-5-oxo-4-(propan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group at position 2.		2.4420imidazolone;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.3920(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		4.811naphthoic acid
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.8921adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine
hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine: structure given in first source		2.0510
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		2.3110iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
sodium molybdate(vi)
sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.		2.0510inorganic sodium saltpoison
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0310ammonium saltpoison
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.1710trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		3.8430
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		3.1150
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		2.4620
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.7230
barium oxide
[no description available]		8.7100
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.0810hydracid;
one-carbon compound
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		210inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.7330hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		2.520
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		5.8161D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0310azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.9140organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		2.2510
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0510aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.3920iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.4820
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		2.0610ruthenium coordination entityfluorochrome
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		5.9374fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
surfactin peptide
surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.		2.0610
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.4820glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.7730nitride
silicon monoxide
silanone: structure in first source		210silicon oxide
iridium radioisotopes
Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.		2.420
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.7130boronic acids
fast blue bb
Fast Blue BB: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
1,2-dianilinoethane
1,2-dianilinoethane: structure		1.9610
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.0510phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.76301,2,3-triazole
2-imidazoline
2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. imidazoline : An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.		2.0210imidazolines
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.3720anthocyanidin chloride
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		5.2212-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		1.9610
2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
butoprozine
butoprozine: benzoylindolizine derivative related to amiodarone		2.1510
prochloraz
Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.		3.0950amide fungicide;
aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazoles;
trichlorobenzene;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		6.36480cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
sodium oxide
[no description available]		4.06140
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		3.3660perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
2,2-di(4-methacryloxyphenyl)propane
2,2-di(4-methacryloxyphenyl)propane: used in polymers & copolymers of dental materials. bisphenol A dimethacrylate : A bisphenol that is bisphenol A condensed with two molecules of methacrylic acid.		2.0810bisphenol;
enoate ester		metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.1710monocarboxylic acid
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.110
platinum oxide
[no description available]		2.110
strontium titanium oxide
[no description available]		2.9640
gallium phosphide
[no description available]		2.1710
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine: reagent for making polymers; structure in first source		2.110
tetramethrin
tetramethrin: structure		210cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
maleimides;
phthalimide insecticide		pyrethroid ester insecticide
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.7730bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane
[no description available]		2.0510
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.		3.76212-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols		antioxidant;
drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane
bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane: used as surface modifier of metal vie the sol-gel process and dip coating		3.4311
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.41203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
aluminum nitride
[no description available]		2.9740nitride
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source		4.6932
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.8571iditolfungal metabolite
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane: structure in first source		2.0210
goethite
[no description available]		8.75100
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		4.2741catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine
3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710catechols
tolclofos-methyl
tolclofos-methyl: a fungicide used in the cultivation of cotton, sugar beets, and ornamental plants. tolclofos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.		2.1510dichlorobenzene;
organic thiophosphate		antifungal agrochemical
fluoromisonidazole
[no description available]		2.0510
4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl
[no description available]		2.0610
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.4110
titanium nitride (tin)
titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF		3.5380
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1110D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
4-chloro-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.5120
3,4-dehydroproline
3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation		1.9610
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine: behaves as a partial agonist toward both alpha1-adrenergic & 5-HT(2) serotonergic receptors. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine : A 2-arylethylamine compound where the aryl moiety is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl.		2.44202-arylethylamine
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.9440(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
methyl mannoside, (alpha-d)-isomer
methylmannoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; see also record for 3-O-methylmannose. methyl alpha-D-mannoside : A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0410alpha-D-mannoside;
methyl mannoside
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		6.9410corticosteroid hormone
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		15.51845cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
tritium oxide
[no description available]		1.9810tritiated compound;
water
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		2.420
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.0710chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		1.9810
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.7830oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.0510
cyfluthrin
cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.		210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
hydroxymethyltrioxsalen
[no description available]		1.9910
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.4120carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.7130
prodan
prodan: do not confuse with prodan in Chemline, RN 16893-85-9 which is disodium hexafluorosilicate		2.05102-acyl-6-dimethylaminonaphthalene
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		210
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		4.811flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		2.4420disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
thiacloprid
thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.		2.1510monochloropyridine;
nitrile;
thiazolidines		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
8-azidoadenosine-3',5'-monophosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
gallium nitride
[no description available]		5.36170
indium nitride
[no description available]		2.4720
ruthenium tetraoxide
ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4		210
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		3.7190fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alliin
alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.		710alpha-amino acid
prisma-fil
heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins		5.4682
5-fluorodopamine
[no description available]		1.9910
niobium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.730
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		1.9310carbene;
methanediyl
lithium aluminate
[no description available]		2.110
hydronium ion
[no description available]		2.0510onium cation;
oxygen hydride
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.9740fullerenegeroprotector
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.2110bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		6.56183
methotrexate
[no description available]		1.9610dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source		7.73296
lanthanum hydroxide
lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide		2.0210
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0110D-xylose
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		2.0210monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6730amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.41109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
[no description available]		3.4311
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde
3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde : A hydroxyaldehyde consisting of phenylacetaldehyde having three hydroxy substituents located at the alpha-, 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of noradrenaline.		1.9710catechols;
hydroxyaldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.4420methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.95120oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.7330
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.0410glycoside
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide
spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin		12.441412
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		9.6240
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		3.1150
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.0310
lead titanate zirconate
[no description available]		2.0410
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
silver phosphate
silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test		2.110
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		4.2140sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		3.1950
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.4620carbodiimide
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		210
8-aminohexylamino camp
[no description available]		2.0510
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		5.38190
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		2.4620
cupric hydroxide
copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent		2.0510organic molecular entity
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		2.0710antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
palladium(ii) acetate
[no description available]		2.0510
1,2-diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine
[no description available]		2.0210
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		3.1850biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		4.811amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		9.16140
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		7.23162divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		3.98130
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.3720aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
cylindrin
cylindrin: erythrocyte membrane protein which contains two predominant polypeptide chains of 22,500 & 28,000 MW with smaller quantity of a 25,500 MW band; do not confuse with cylindrin in Chemline, a synonym for isoarborinol methyl ether		2.1310triterpenoid
maltotriose
Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..		1.9810maltotriose trisaccharidehuman metabolite
ferrocobalt
[no description available]		210
br 100
BR 100: consists of UTMA-based resin-impregnated glass fibers		2.0210
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.811aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
k-strophanthin-beta
K-strophanthin-beta: contains beta-glucose, cymarose & strophanthidin		1.9410
delrin
delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer		2.0210
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		4.1150
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		1.9710corticosteroid hormone
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		3.0240arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.0510
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.7230
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0210potassium salt
hafnia
Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)		4.5870
bortezomib
[no description available]		5.1721amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.5420
permanganate
[no description available]		2.0410manganese oxoacid
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		1.9810N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.3920peptide
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5220
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.4620
dopaquinone
[no description available]		2.03101,2-benzoquinones;
amino acid zwitterion;
L-phenylalanine derivative		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4620cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		7.3420monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.15101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.0110
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.7330homodetic cyclic peptide
genipin
[no description available]		2.4110iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.7730cyclodextrin
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		4.3241butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.6830retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0110icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0310butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		4.7271retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4320octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.0210macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		3.5580
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		11.7572benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
violaxanthin
violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.		2.0410violaxanthinfood colouring
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.4110prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.3920olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
texas red
Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source		1.9910organic heteroheptacyclic compoundfluorochrome
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.4110
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.0710
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		4.3331flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium thiocyanate
sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.610organic sodium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.9540
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		11.96165one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium periodate
[no description available]		2.0210
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		2.0710chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
forsterite
[no description available]		2.0510
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.9640fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene: structure in first source		2.0210
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.75302-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.46203-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
geraniol
[no description available]		2.1103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.0510diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		7.940
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.0110chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.9440isomethyleugenol
crotonyl alcohol
crotonyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. crotyl alcohol : A primary alcohol in which the hydroxy function is bonded to a CH3CH=CHCH2- (crotyl) group.		2.0310primary alcohol
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0510stilbene
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		3.150diphosphate ion
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
dithizone
Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.		2.0410
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		6.9310azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0710
diphenylthiourea
N,N'-diphenylthiourea : Thiourea in which each nitrogen carries a phenyl substituent.		2.0110thioureasallergen
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.0640aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		7.0610thiazolidinone
4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene
[no description available]		2.1510
trithiocyanuric acid
trithiocyanuric acid: rubber curative; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.9640nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		4.811
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.811cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.		2.0410hydrazines;
thiocarboxamide;
thioureas
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		10.2631one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.7130cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
sodium ethoxide
sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.		2.0410organic sodium saltnucleophilic reagent
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.520
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		4.01140
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.7930dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
aflatoxin b
aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		1.9610aflatoxin
aflatoxin g2
[no description available]		1.9610coumarins
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.110cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.4620
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.3920macrolide
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4520cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.3711C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		3.76100
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		6.24250alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		3.4170nitrogen oxide
quinine
[no description available]		6.9310cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
5-(2'-naphthyl)-7-4-chlorophenyl-(2,3,6,8-tetrahydro)pyrrolo-(3,4-e)(1,4)-diazepine-6-thioxo-8-(1h,7h)one
5-(2'-naphthyl)-7-4-chlorophenyl-(2,3,6,8-tetrahydro)pyrrolo-(3,4-e)(1,4)-diazepine-6-thioxo-8-(1H,7H)one: structure given in first source		2.3920
6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol
6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol: adhesive bonding promoter for precious alloys; structure given in first source		2.0410
orthoclase
orthoclase: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Al-H-O8-Si3-K		3.7830
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine
[no description available]		2.0210
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		2.4320
silicon nitride
[no description available]		3.3160
biomer
biomer: segmented polyether polyurethane with properties similar to lycra		1.9810
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.6890
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		4.56240organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
4-nitrocatechol
4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
catechols		human xenobiotic metabolite;
lipoxygenase inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
phenylhydrazines		reagent
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.3720
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		2.6230
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5520inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		2.5420
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.4620long-chain fatty acid
palladium oxide
palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO		210
quercetin
[no description available]		2.31107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		7.0810biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.470prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		4.8113'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		6.9710octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.0610D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9310
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		1.9610carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		340retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.4110leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.2510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		2.0410carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.151011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0710carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		5.1721alpha-humulene
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		7.74307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.6102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
codeine
[no description available]		6.9310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		1.9710fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9810hydrochloride
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		6.9310morphinane alkaloid
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		1.9310morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		1.9310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		6.9310
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		7.6330morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		4.81111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		1.9610ciguatoxinmetabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		3.0240phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cannabigerol
cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.		2.2510phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antioxidant;
appetite enhancer;
cannabinoid receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		2.0310cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		5.24470carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		5.63181carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		4.2550metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		8.5980alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.74100alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.6630alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		14.4856010boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		6.9201alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		11.84111metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.730boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.24700metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		5.86221boron group element atom
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		6.06350boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		11.98221chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
grifolin
grifolin: antibiotic isolated from Grifola confluens		2.2510sesquiterpenoid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		8.29601,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.1650butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		7.02141alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.0810
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.730cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
cerotate
Cerinate: a ceramic dental inlay system. cerotate : The conjugate base of cerotic acid.		1.9810fatty acid anion 26:0;
omega-methyl fatty acid anion;
very long-chain fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		10.791202carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		5.44590monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		3.4570boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.2510
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		3.2560
caesium-137
[no description available]		2.2110caesium atom
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.7830cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.4220ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28
4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.		2.1110
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		4.95110carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.79100chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		3.3970
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.0510
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		3.0140chalcogen;
metalloid atom
boron oxide
boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3		3.1650boron oxide
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.110
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		1.9710chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		2.730alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.0950
octadecylsilane
[no description available]		1.9810
epoque 80
Epoque 80: a lathe cut single composition alloy containing 22.8% copper		1.9810
tytin
tytin: composed of Ag, Cu, Sn		2.3920
budralazine
[no description available]		1.9710
pregnanediol
[no description available]		7.3420
cobalt oxide
[no description available]		2.4110
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		2.610
fusarin c
fusarin C: structure given in first source		1.9810sesquiterpenoid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.7530
cobaltite
cobaltite: a sulfosalt mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic and sulfur, CoAsS		2.1110
naphthol green b
naphthol green B : An organic sodium salt composed of iron(3+), sodium and 5-(oxidoimino)-6-oxo-5,6-dihydronaphthalene-2-sulfonate ions in a 1:1:3 ratio. Used to stain collagen and animal tissue.		2.2510
finrozole
finrozole: an aromatase inhibitor		2.0110
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.6830biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.7230
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.7730
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.4720aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sucrose monolaurate
sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate		2.1510
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		1.9910
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1710azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
zeolites
[no description available]		5.4550
potassium oxide
potassium oxide : A metal oxide with formula K2O.		4.91110metal oxide;
potassium salt
calcium sulfide
calcium sulfide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)		2.0210organic molecular entity
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		6.56173
ammonium dinitramide
ammonium dinitramide: a class 1.1 explosive oxidizer		2.2510
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source		2.110
carfilzomib
[no description available]		4.811epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
empagliflozin
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.		2.110bacteriochlorophyll;
methyl ester
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		210
ferryl iron
[no description available]		1.9310
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.		1.971011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.0310
thienopyrimidine
thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.		2.0210
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.9340
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		2.0110borate salts
aflatoxin g1
aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index		1.9610
silver carbonate
[no description available]		2.0410
cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.		1.9510catecholamine;
zwitterion
jaw
[no description available]		4.3360indolecarboxamide
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1710aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.7730organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7730
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.110
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0210
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.4320
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		7.3820
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.360
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		11.96211glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		3.4770
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.031401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cufe2o4
[no description available]		2.5120
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.5220chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		6.84231organotin acaricide
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		210alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
cryolite
cryolite: structure. cryolite : A mineral originally discovered in Greenland (first described 1799). The name is derived from the Greek kapparhoupsilonomicronsigma (frost) and lambdaiotathetaomicronsigma (stone).		2.0310inorganic sodium salt;
perfluorometallate salt
tris(acetylacetonate) aluminum(iii)
[no description available]		2.0310
cordierite
cordierite: contains magnesium, aluminum oxides, and silicon oxides		2.4120
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		1.9610
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		210
k-strophanthin-beta
strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta		1.9410cardenolide glycoside;
steroid aldehyde
n-azidoacetylmannosamine
N-azidoacetylmannosamine: structure in first source		2.1510
lithium borohydride
[no description available]		2.0110
silicate cement
Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)		5.0291
chitosan
[no description available]		9.94330
lithium niobate
[no description available]		2.4520
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.7730inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
lithium cobalt oxide
lithium cobalt oxide: primary cathode material of rechargeable lithium batteries		2.610
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		2.520
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		210
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate: RN given refers to Na salt		1.9510
phosphatidylcholines
1-octadecanoyl-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 40:6 in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are octadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.		2.0310phosphatidylcholine 40:6mouse metabolite
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.4110C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
superphosphate
superphosphate: RN given refers to normal or enriched superphosphate, MF unknown		2.0410
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		4.8112-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.4520
mannans
[no description available]		3.1350
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		2.0310
plx4032
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.6830
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.811
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		4.6451
heliosit
[no description available]		1.9710
uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine(2-) : Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : A UDP-sugar having N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as the sugar component.		2.1510nucleotide-sugar oxoanionhuman metabolite
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		2.11101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.1310
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.0810polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.7100ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone
4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone: structure in first source		2.11102-pyranones
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		7.8230
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0510
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.7830
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.9240monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		1.9510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.4920benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
byl719
[no description available]		4.811proline derivative
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		5.79280aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		11.86350
gluma
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral		2.3820
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		2.0610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0110
anorthite
[no description available]		2.0110
brass
[no description available]		2.7330
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.4120
soda lime
soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant		5.4272
tobermorite
tobermorite: used in phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater		2.1110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.4220
olivine
olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1		3.1550
laponite
laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source		2.4920
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.4720
alcohol oxidase
[no description available]		2.0810
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.2960
illite
[no description available]		3.0810
aluminum hydroxyphosphate
[no description available]		2.1110
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		340phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
urethane tetramethacrylate
urethane tetramethacrylate: structure in first source		2.4520
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		3.5880
aqua regia
aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids		2.0810
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		1.9610angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
mica
[no description available]		2.0710
zirconium diboride
[no description available]		2.0510
feldspar
feldspar: structure		11.077618
titanium carbonitride
[no description available]		2.3110
moxidectin
moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity		210
nickel ferrite
nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.		2.8220
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		1.9710
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		2.7230
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		1.9910
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus
delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus		1.9610
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.140
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		1.9210
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.5680
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.0510
perlite
Perlite: siliceous volcanic rock composed of silicon dioxide & aluminum oxide		14.0413412
all-bond 2
All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate		3.1150
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.1510
bixin
bixin: structure. bixin : A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.		2.1110
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.31102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.36203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.5420purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.75302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.5120
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.0410cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		6.1522nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		210oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0710
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.5420guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.520
alizarine yellow g
alizarine yellow G: binds bovine serum albumin; RN given refers to Na salt; structure given in first source		2.110
remazol black b
Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.		2.0310
cyanine dye 3
cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source		2.7830
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		210
eye
[no description available]		440
zinc(ii) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid
zinc(II) phthalocyanine trisulfonic acid: agent for photodynamic therapy		2.0510
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		2.1510
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.3820
mordenite
[no description available]		2.4320
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.9740
vermiculite
[no description available]		3.3160
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.6830
thrombin aptamer
thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide		2.6920
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.811
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0310
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.1150
sybr green ii
SYBR Green II: product of Molecular Probes, Inc.; developed for the fluorometric detection of RNA in gels; no further information available 4/96		1.9910
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3110
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.3110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		08.2274
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		013.215611
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		06.1101
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		016.924224
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		06.1101
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		06.06430
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		09.3475
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		09.3475
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.4110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		07.39181
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		07.39181
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.4951
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.76385
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.76385
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.4951
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		03.260
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.4110
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.4110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.1130
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.1130
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.4320
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.9240
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.9240
Dental Wear
[description not available]		04.2331
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		04.2631
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		09.13184
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.7130
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.4110
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.7130
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.		02.4110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.470
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.7730
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.7730
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.27130
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		09.27130
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic
[description not available]		02.610
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.		02.610
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		05.262
Chloasma
[description not available]		04.1631
Lentigines
[description not available]		02.9640
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.9640
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		04.1631
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		05.262
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		04.01100
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		04.01100
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		04.2190
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		04.2190
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		04.2190
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		04.2190
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		02.610
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		02.610
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		03.0640
Ache
[description not available]		05.1962
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		05.1962
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.610
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.610
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.2560
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.2560
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.610
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.0674
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.0674
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.6320
Grippe
[description not available]		02.3820
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.3820
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.88279
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.2510
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.2510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.9181
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.9181
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.4270
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.4270
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.2510
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.7730
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2510
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.6920
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.6180
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.6180
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.9664
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.6211
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.8751
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		04.6211
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		04.6211
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		04.6211
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.8621
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		05.0631
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.6211
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6211
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		07.7444
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.7444
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		08.0454
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.6211
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		04.6211
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.6211
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		04.6211
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		04.6211
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		05.4751
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		04.6211
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.6211
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		07.7444
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.2294
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.1431
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.4851
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.8721
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		08.4162
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.8321
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.6211
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.8221
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		04.6211
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.6211
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.6211
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		04.6211
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.6211
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		07.7444
Bleeding
[description not available]		04.6211
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.6211
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		04.6211
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.7821
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.7321
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		05.2941
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.9291
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		05.4351
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		04.6211
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		04.8721
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.921
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.8564
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.6211
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.8493
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.9752
Pericementitis
[description not available]		06.5973
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.294510
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.6211
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.6211
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		05.1941
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		04.7121
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		09.88109
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.6211
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.6211
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		012.534413
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.7444
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		04.6211
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		07.1985
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.6211
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.6211
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		04.6211
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.6211
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		05.4751
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		04.6211
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.6211
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		07.7444
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		08.2294
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.1431
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.4851
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		07.7444
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.8721
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.8751
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		08.4162
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.3441
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.8221
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		07.1985
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.6211
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		04.6211
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		04.6211
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.7444
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		04.6211
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		04.6211
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		04.7321
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.6211
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		04.6211
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.7821
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.7321
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		05.2941
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.9291
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		05.4351
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		04.6211
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.8721
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.921
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.6211
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.8493
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		05.9752
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		06.5973
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		04.7221
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.294510
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.6211
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.1994
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		04.6211
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.6211
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		010.1941
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		09.88109
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.6211
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		06.4422
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		012.534413
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.7444
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		04.6211
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		04.6211
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		04.8621
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		05.0631
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.6211
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		04.6211
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.7444
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.6211
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		04.6211
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.2510
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.8330
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.8330
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		08.861151
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.4880
Nevus of Ota
A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.		02.9240
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.4880
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.4110
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.4110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.5120
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.3110
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.3110
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		02.3110
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.3110
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		07.8444
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		07.8444
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		07.8444
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		07.8444
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.6730
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.92120
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		03.1250
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		03.1250
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		06.86243
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.92120
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		03.1250
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		03.1250
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		05.9240
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		03.89120
Metastase
[description not available]		02.1510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.1510
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1510
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.1510
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.1510
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.1710
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.1710
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.1710
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.5720
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.8521
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.5720
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.8521
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.1710
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.1710
Fractures, Periprosthetic
[description not available]		03.0640
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.2110
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.2110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.7130
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.7130
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.4820
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.4820
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		08.02205
Arthropathies
[description not available]		06.63102
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		06.63102
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		04.25190
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		04.25190
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		08.25314
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		07.110
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0810
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		02.0810
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.7870
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.4980
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		06.99152
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		05.65181
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.2460
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.2460
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.110
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.0931
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		02.7230
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.6730
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		06.09300
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		03.0110
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		03.0110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.341
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		02.110
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.110
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.110
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.110
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		02.110
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		012.42916
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.110
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.110
Jaw, Edentulous, Partially
Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.		05.33131
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.6100
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		09.6100
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		02.110
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.9440
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.1110
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.1110
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		02.110
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.		02.110
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		02.110
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		06.28104
Hip Dislocation
Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.		03.4370
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		02.6430
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.6430
Cartilage Fractures
[description not available]		02.1110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4120
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.9140
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.1110
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		06.2551
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.7830
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.9240
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.9240
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.0410
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.0410
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.77110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.1110
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.1110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.1310
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		05.5592
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		02.1110
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		02.1110
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.1310
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		02.7730
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.3820
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.3820
Coxa Plana
[description not available]		02.1310
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.4720
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.4720
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.1310
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.1310
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.1310
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.2660
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.2660
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.7530
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.7530
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.3541
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		02.0510
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.4520
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		02.0410
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.3920
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.3920
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.0510
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		03.8521
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.0510
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.06111
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		06.06111
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.3920
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		02.0510
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.0510
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0510
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.4420
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.4420
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		03.150
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.7130
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		04.551
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		04.551
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.0510
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.0510
Apertognathia
[description not available]		02.0510
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.4620
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.4620
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.0510
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.0510
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3620
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.3620
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.8840
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.0510
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.3920
Dental Fissure
[description not available]		04.7640
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		03.4411
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0610
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		04.8981
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.0610
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		04.8981
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		02.0710
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.0710
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		02.0710
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		02.4720
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.420
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.0610
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.0610
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.0610
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.4520
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		02.7130
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		03.8421
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.4820
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.4820
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.0710
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0810
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		03.0950
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.4220
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		03.630
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0110
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.8221
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		03.8221
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		02.0110
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		02.6930
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		01.9310
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.3420
Aura
[description not available]		06.52220
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		06.52220
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.8540
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.6530
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.3420
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.3420
Sprains
[description not available]		01.9310
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		01.9310
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.3520
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		07.3420
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.8540
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.8540
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		02.3420
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.3420
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		02.3420
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		02.3420
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9310
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.6730
Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce
A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.		01.9310
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.6730
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		01.9310
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.3620
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		01.9410
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		01.9410
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		01.9410
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9240
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		02.3420
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.0110
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.0210
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.0210
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		02.0210
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.0210
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0210
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.0210
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0210
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0210
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.0210
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.4320
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.4320
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.4320
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.4320
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		02.0310
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3920
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0310
Lens Dislocation
[description not available]		02.0310
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.0310
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0310
Fractures, Comminuted
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.		02.0310
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.0310
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.0410
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.0410
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.0410
Injuries, Maxillofacial
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.0410
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.0410
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.4220
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4220
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.8940
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.3210
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.3210
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.58100
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		04.58100
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.3620
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.3620
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9610
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		01.9610
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9610
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		01.9610
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9610
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		01.9610
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		01.9610
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		01.9610
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		04.2741
Epulides
[description not available]		02.6630
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		02.6630
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Granulomas
[description not available]		01.9610
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9610
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		01.9610
Exanthem
[description not available]		01.9510
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.3720
Itching
[description not available]		01.9510
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		01.9510
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		01.9510
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		01.9610
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3620
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.3820
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3620
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.3820
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9610
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9610
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.6630
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.6630
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.6630
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		01.9610
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		02.8940
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		01.9610
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		04.0531
Tooth Mobility
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)		04.632
Diastema
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.		08.3411
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.3720
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.3720
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9510
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9610
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		01.9610
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.3720
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		01.9510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		01.9510
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		01.9510
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		01.9510
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		01.9510
Maggot Infestations
[description not available]		01.9510
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.3711
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.3711
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		01.9810
Enophthalmos
Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.		01.9810
Cafe-au-Lait Spots
Light brown pigmented macules associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS and Albright's syndrome (see FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		03.3711
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		04.0731
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		02.940
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		01.9810
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		02.940
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		01.9810
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		04.0731
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9810
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		01.9810
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.940
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		01.9810
Acne
[description not available]		02.420
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		01.9810
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.3820
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.420
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		01.9810
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.3920
Lentiginosis, Perioral
[description not available]		01.9810
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		01.9810
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.		01.9810
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic
Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)		01.9810
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		03.3711
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.7721
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.7721
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3920
Myelopathy
[description not available]		01.9810
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		01.9810
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9810
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		01.9810
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		01.9810
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.8940
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3820
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.3720
Fungus Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9810
Growth Plate Fractures
[description not available]		01.9810
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.3920
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.3820
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.2360
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.2360
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		01.9910
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		03.7821
Anasarca
[description not available]		01.9910
Infarct
[description not available]		01.9910
Blood Clot
[description not available]		01.9910
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		01.9910
Cyclitis, Heterochromic
[description not available]		01.9910
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		01.9910
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		01.9910
Iridocyclitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.		01.9910
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		03.3120
Attrition, Dental
[description not available]		02.9140
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		01.9910
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		01.9910
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.3811
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		01.9910
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		01.9910
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		01.9910
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		04.0631
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		01.9910
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		01.9910
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		01.9810
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint.		02.3920
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.3920
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.3920
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		0210
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		0210
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		0210
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		0210
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		0210
Nevus Flammeus
[description not available]		0210
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		0210
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		0210
Port-Wine Stain
A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)		0210
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		0210
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		0210
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		0210
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		0210
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		0210
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		0210
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		04.6232
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		01.9810
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.3920
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		0210
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		0210
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		0210
Aural Cholesteatoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		01.9510
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		01.9510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		01.9510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		01.9510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9510
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		01.9510
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		01.9510
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		01.9510
Breathlessness
[description not available]		01.9510
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		01.9510
Capdepont Teeth
[description not available]		01.9810
Odontalgia
[description not available]		01.9810
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		01.9810
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		01.9810
Giant Cell Tumors
Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.		02.3820
Harelip
[description not available]		01.9810
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		01.9810
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		01.9710
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		01.9710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9710
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		01.9710
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		01.9710
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		01.9710
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.2811
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.2811
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		01.9710
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		01.9710
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3820
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		01.9610
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		01.9610
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9610
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		01.9710
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		01.9710
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		01.9710
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		01.9710
Injuries, Teeth
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		01.9710
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		01.9710
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		01.9710
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9710
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		01.9710
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9610
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9610
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9710
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		01.9710
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		01.9710
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		02.6630
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.		01.9710
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.3720
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		01.9710
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		01.9710
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		01.9710
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.2920
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.2920
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Flail Chest
A complication of multiple RIB FRACTURES; RIB and STERNUM fractures, or thoracic surgery. A portion of the THORACIC WALL becomes isolated from the RIB CAGE and exhibits paradoxical respiration.		01.9610
Fibroid
[description not available]		01.9710
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		01.9710
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		01.9710
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		01.9710
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3720
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		02.3720
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.3720
Bone Cysts
Benign unilocular lytic areas in the proximal end of a long bone with well defined and narrow endosteal margins. The cysts contain fluid and the cyst walls may contain some giant cells. Bone cysts usually occur in males between the ages 3-15 years.		01.9610
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9610
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		01.9610
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		02.8810
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		02.8810
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		01.9610
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9610
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