fumarates profile

Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-) [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5460307
CHEBI ID	29806
CHEBI ID	36180
MeSH ID	M0008880

Synonym
(e)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-)
142-42-7
fumarate(2-)
CHEBI:29806
but-2-enedioate
butenedioate
CHEBI:36180
fumarates
(e)-but-2-enedioate
fumarate dianion
2-butenedioic acid (e)-, ion(2-)
fumaric acid, ion(2-)
VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-L
DTXSID9037660
fumerate
Q28529698
?disodium fumarate

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fumarates have been shown to be effective in psoriasis vulgaris."	( Beneficial effects of fumarate therapy in psoriasis vulgaris patients coincide with downregulation of type 1 cytokines. Barrois, AJ; Litjens, NH; Nibbering, PH; Noz, KC; Rademaker, M; Thio, B; Van De Meide, PH; Van Den Oudenrijn, AC; Van Dissel, JT; Zomerdijk, TP, 2003)	1.76

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Both fumarates activate the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway, and Nrf2 is a key transcription factor of the antioxidant response."	( Dimethyl fumarate: A review of preclinical efficacy in models of neurodegenerative diseases. Majkutewicz, I, 2022)	1.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thus the toxic effects after acute GSH depletion to approximately equal to 5% of control by BSO plus dimethylfumarate (DMF) were evaluated in these same 66 cells to determine if this anti-proliferative effect could be minimized."	( Toxic effects of acute glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine and dimethylfumarate on murine mammary carcinoma cells. Biaglow, JE; Dethlefsen, LA; Lehman, CM; Peck, VM, 1988)	0.27
" Adverse events in were noted in 62% of the patients (mainly flushing and gastrointestinal complaints)."	( [Efficacy and safety profile of fumaric acid esters in oral long-term therapy with severe treatment refractory psoriasis vulgaris. A study of 83 patients]. Altmeyer, P; Hartwig, R; Matthes, U, 1996)	0.29
"5 LD50 doses of the nitriles by gavage and they were observed for 12 It for cholinomimetic and central nervous system effects."	( Effect of dosing vehicle on the toxicity and metabolism of unsaturated aliphatic nitriles. Farooqui, MY; Piper, J; Tamez, A; Ybarra, B, )	0.13
"It has previously been shown that rats pre-treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a well-known inducer of the enzyme DT-diaphorase, are protected against the toxic effects of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone but are made more susceptible to the harmful action of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone."	( Effect of inducers of DT-diaphorase on the toxicity of 2-methyl- and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to rats. Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, 1999)	0.3
" In the present study, GSH depletion in primary rat hepatocytes was used as an in vitro effect-equivalent to measure the toxic potency of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters (acrylates and methacrylates)."	( Glutathione depletion in rat hepatocytes: a mixture toxicity study with alpha, beta-unsaturated esters. Freidig, A; Hermens, J; Hofhuis, M; Van Holstijn, I, 2001)	0.31
" Conversely, the cross-linked networks formed with more PPF-DA did not demonstrate an adverse response because increases in conversion and cross-linking density prevented the extraction of toxic products."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of injectable and biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-based networks: unreacted macromers, cross-linked networks, and degradation products. Ambrose, CG; Horch, RA; Mikos, AG; Shin, H; Timmer, MD, )	0.13
"Therapy with fumaric acid esters (FAE) has been shown to be safe and effective in patients with severe psoriasis in several clinical studies with limited follow-up periods."	( Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. Bouwes Bavinck, JN; Hoefnagel, JJ; Thio, HB; Willemze, R, 2003)	0.32
"To investigate adverse events of therapy with systemic FAE with follow-up periods of up to 14 years, in order to determine safety aspects of their long-term use in patients with severe psoriasis."	( Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. Bouwes Bavinck, JN; Hoefnagel, JJ; Thio, HB; Willemze, R, 2003)	0.32
" Adverse events were reported in 73% of the patients."	( Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. Bouwes Bavinck, JN; Hoefnagel, JJ; Thio, HB; Willemze, R, 2003)	0.32
"The present study indicates that FAE can be considered as a safe long-term treatment in patients with severe psoriasis."	( Long-term safety aspects of systemic therapy with fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis. Bouwes Bavinck, JN; Hoefnagel, JJ; Thio, HB; Willemze, R, 2003)	0.32
" It is not possible to generalize with regard to the effects of modulation of tissue levels of DT-diaphorase on naphthoquinone toxicity in vivo, since this may change not only the severity of the toxic effects, but also the target organ specificity."	( Effect of inducers of DT-diaphorase on the haemolytic activity and nephrotoxicity of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone in rats. Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, 2005)	0.33
" Although they are considered safe in general, there remain concerns about the potential for adverse events in certain target populations."	( Potential side effects of renin inhibitors--mechanisms based on comparison with other renin-angiotensin blockers. Cheng, H; Harris, RC, 2006)	0.33
" Rates of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities were similar in all groups."	( Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Fang, H; Oparil, S; Patel, S; Satlin, A; Yarows, SA; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" There was no evidence of dose-related increases in the rate of adverse events with aliskiren treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in elderly patients with hypertension. Calvo, C; Keeling, L; Möckel, V; Satlin, A; Verdecchia, P, 2007)	0.34
"Aliskiren, a novel direct renin inhibitor, provides effective 24-h BP lowering with no evidence of dose-related increases in the incidence of adverse events in elderly patients with hypertension."	( Safety and efficacy of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in elderly patients with hypertension. Calvo, C; Keeling, L; Möckel, V; Satlin, A; Verdecchia, P, 2007)	0.34
" Overall adverse event rates were similar with aliskiren (61."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, and ramipril in hypertension: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind trial. Ali, MA; Andersen, K; Constance, CM; Egan, B; Jin, J; Keefe, DL; Weinberger, MH, 2008)	0.35
" Combination therapy was generally well-tolerated; the most commonly reported adverse events were headache (7."	( Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of aliskiren in combination with valsartan in patients with hypertension: a 6-month interim analysis. Chrysant, SG; Dattani, D; Hoppe, UC; Hsu, H; Murray, AV; Patel, S; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren may share common adverse effects observed with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy."	( Direct renin inhibition: an evaluation of the safety and tolerability of aliskiren. Rashid, H, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren is well tolerated, has an adverse effect profile comparable to that of placebo, and has a low potential for drug interactions."	( Direct renin inhibition: an evaluation of the safety and tolerability of aliskiren. Rashid, H, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events more common in patients given BG00012 than in those given placebo included abdominal pain, flushing, and hot flush."	( Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Dawson, KT; Eraksoy, M; Gold, R; Havrdova, E; Kappos, L; Limmroth, V; Macmanus, DG; Meluzinova, E; Miller, DH; O'Neill, GN; Polman, CH; Rektor, I; Sandrock, AW; Schmierer, K; Yang, M; Yousry, TA, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse event rates were similar with aliskiren- (65."	( Long-term antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren: a 12-month randomized, double-blind comparator trial with hydrochlorothiazide. Botha, J; Gorostidi, M; Guerediaga, J; Maboudian, M; Philipp, T; Schmieder, RE; Smith, B; van Ingen, H; Weissbach, N, 2009)	0.35
" The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) were peripheral edema, upper respiratory tract infection, headache and bronchitis."	( Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with aliskiren and amlodipine in patients with hypertension. Hollanders, G; Liao, W; Littlejohn, TW; Trenkwalder, P; Zhao, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Safety was assessed by monitoring all adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), vital signs, laboratory parameters, ECGs, and physical examinations."	( Long-term safety, tolerability, and antihypertensive efficacy of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, in Japanese patients with hypertension. Abo, Y; Gotou, H; Itakura, H; Keefe, DL; Kushiro, T; Terao, S, 2009)	0.35
" The overall incidence of adverse events in women was similar with aliskiren treatment (150 mg, 42."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in women with hypertension: a pooled analysis of eight studies. Bush, CA; Gradman, AH; Keefe, DL; Weir, MR; Wright, M, 2010)	0.36
" A new dual RAAS blockade with the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and the ARB valsartan produces greater BP reductions than monotherapy with the component drugs and is safe and well tolerated."	( The antihypertensive effectiveness and safety of dual RAAS blockade with aliskiren and valsartan. Chrysant, SG, 2010)	0.36
"Proteinuric diabetic patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are at high risk of renal and cardiovascular disease progression and treatment-related adverse events."	( Impact of baseline renal function on the efficacy and safety of aliskiren added to losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Hollenberg, NK; Lewis, EJ; Lewis, JB; Parving, HH; Persson, F; Rossing, P, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse event rates were similar between treatments, irrespective of CKD stage."	( Impact of baseline renal function on the efficacy and safety of aliskiren added to losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Hollenberg, NK; Lewis, EJ; Lewis, JB; Parving, HH; Persson, F; Rossing, P, 2010)	0.36
" The authors pooled data from 12 randomized controlled trials of aliskiren in patients with hypertension and analyzed the incidence and types of adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities."	( Safety and tolerability of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren: a pooled analysis of clinical experience in more than 12,000 patients with hypertension. Bresalier, R; Chang, W; Kaplan, AP; Keefe, DL; Lesogor, A; Palmer, BF; Riddell, RH; White, WB, 2010)	0.36
" Safety was assessed by monitoring and recording adverse events (AEs)."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of aliskiren and valsartan combination with or without the addition of HCT in patients with hypertension. Chrysant, SG; Dattani, D; Hoppe, UC; Murray, AV; Patel, S; Ritter, S; Zhang, J, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were experienced by 34."	( Efficacy and safety of aliskiren-based dual and triple combination therapies in US minority patients with stage 2 hypertension. Ferdinand, KC; Israel, M; Jaimes, EA; Lee, J; Purkayastha, D; Weitzman, R, )	0.13
" ARBs are generally well tolerated, with no known class-specific adverse events."	( A current evaluation of the safety of angiotensin receptor blockers and direct renin inhibitors. Siragy, HM, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse event (AE) rates were assessed for aliskiren combination therapy compared with component monotherapies."	( Safety and tolerability of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers and thiazide diuretics: a pooled analysis of clinical experience of 12,942 patients. Bresalier, R; Chang, W; Kaplan, AP; Keefe, DL; Lesogor, A; Palmer, BF; Riddell, RH; White, WB, 2011)	0.37
" Both treatment groups had similar adverse event rates (35."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of combination aliskiren/amlodipine and amlodipine monotherapy in African Americans with stage 2 hypertension. Black, HR; Hilkert, R; Israel, M; Izzo, J; Lee, J; Purkayastha, D; Sridharan, K; Weinberger, MH, 2011)	0.37
" Safety was assessed by recording adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, compared with ramipril in Asian patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Hong, H; Hu, J; Keefe, D; Ritter, S; Sun, NL; Tu, YM; Wang, R; Xu, G; Yang, K; Zhu, JR, 2012)	0.38
" Aliskiren, with or without add-on HCTZ, was generally well tolerated; the incidence of adverse events (AEs) during the core study was similar among the four final treatment groups."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with optional add-on hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, dose-escalation study with an extension phase. Gradman, AH; Keefe, DL; Kolloch, RE; Lederballe, O; Sica, D; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
" The incidence of adverse events and the number of study discontinuations as a result of adverse events during aliskiren treatment were relatively low and generally not dissimilar from placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of aliskiren in the treatment of hypertension and associated clinical conditions. Angeli, F; Biadetti, A; Garofoli, M; Mazzotta, G; Poltronieri, C; Ramundo, E; Reboldi, G; Verdecchia, P, 2012)	0.38
" In particular, the discontinuation of therapy due to clinical adverse events occurs similarly among patients treated with either aliskiren or placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of aliskiren in the treatment of hypertension: a systematic overview. Angeli, F; Mazzotta, G; Poltronieri, C; Reboldi, G; Verdecchia, P, 2012)	0.38
" However, its clinical application is hampered by toxic effects in many organs."	( Aliskiren alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and podocyte injury. Ahmad, SJ; Akhtar, M; Najmi, AK; Pillai, KK; Rashikh, A, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed by recording all adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of aliskiren/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide triple combination in patients with moderate to severe hypertension: a 54-week, open-label study. Garcia-Puig, J; Koenig, W; Murray, AV; Patel, S; Uddin, A; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events were reported in 202 participants (35."	( Randomized study of antihypertensive efficacy and safety of combination aliskiren/valsartan vs valsartan monotherapy in hypertensive participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alessi, T; Bakris, GL; Oparil, S; Purkayastha, D; Sowers, JR; Yadao, AM, 2013)	0.39
"In patients with moderate to severe psoriasis on co-medications, FAE were effective and safe without any noteworthy drug interactions."	( Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in patients with psoriasis on medication for comorbid conditions - a retrospective evaluation (FACTS). Augustin, M; Neureither, M; Philipp, S; Reich, K; Rosenbach, T; Rotterdam, S; Thaçi, D; Weisenseel, P, 2013)	0.39
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were reported in 18 (46."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of aliskiren in pediatric patients with hypertension. Fang, H; Keefe, D; Satlin, L; Sullivan, JE; Yan, JH; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Combination therapy with telmisartan and aliskiren may be safe in young nondiabetic patients with normal renal function at low vascular risk."	( Safety of enhanced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition with aliskiren in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Bednarski, R; Donderski, R; Heleniak, Z; Lizakowski, S; Manitius, J; Przybylska, M; Renke, M; Rutkowski, B; Rutkowski, P; Sulikowska, B; Tylicki, L, 2013)	0.39
"Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are used as an effective and safe oral treatment for plaque psoriasis in adult patients, but little is known about their efficacy and safety in children with psoriasis."	( Effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in children with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis of 14 patients from The Netherlands. Arnold, WP; Balak, DM; Bousema, MT; Oostveen, AM; Seyger, MM; Thio, HB; Venema, AW, 2013)	0.39
" No serious adverse events occurred."	( Effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in children with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis of 14 patients from The Netherlands. Arnold, WP; Balak, DM; Bousema, MT; Oostveen, AM; Seyger, MM; Thio, HB; Venema, AW, 2013)	0.39
"In this retrospective case series FAE seemed to be an effective and safe treatment for children with psoriasis."	( Effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in children with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis of 14 patients from The Netherlands. Arnold, WP; Balak, DM; Bousema, MT; Oostveen, AM; Seyger, MM; Thio, HB; Venema, AW, 2013)	0.39
" Oral administration of aliskiren (100 mg/kg, for a period of 14 days) significantly prevented all these DXR-induced adverse effects and maintained the rats near to normal status."	( Protective effect of a direct renin inhibitor in acute murine model of cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Najmi, AK; Pillai, KK; Rashikh, A, 2014)	0.4
" Safety was summarized as rates of adverse events and withdrawals."	( Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Haufe, E; Nast, A; Rosumeck, S; Schmitt, J; Sporbeck, B; Thomaschewski, G, 2014)	0.4
" BG-12 was generally well tolerated and had an acceptable safety profile, with a similar incidence of adverse events across treatment groups."	( BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate): a review of mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety. Cohan, SL; Dawson, KT; Fox, RJ; Henson, LJ; Kita, M; Novas, M; O'Gorman, J; Phillips, JT; Scannevin, RH; Zambrano, J, 2014)	0.4
" Its clinical utility is, however, largely limited by the adverse reactions, are known to be nephrotoxic."	( The restoration of kidney mitochondria function by inhibition of angiotensin-II production in rats with acute adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Dursun, N; Kunduz Kindap, E; Ozdogan, K; Taskin, E, 2014)	0.4
"Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are considered an effective and safe long-term treatment for psoriasis."	( Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Balak, DM; Fallah-Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB; Venema, CM, 2015)	0.42
"To assess whether the addition of cetirizine, an oral histamine-1 receptor antagonist, to FAEs would reduce the incidence of adverse events."	( Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Balak, DM; Fallah-Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB; Venema, CM, 2015)	0.42
" Primary outcomes were the incidence of adverse events and the proportion of patients discontinuing treatment."	( Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Balak, DM; Fallah-Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB; Venema, CM, 2015)	0.42
" Addition of cetirizine did not reduce the incidence of adverse events compared with placebo (84% vs."	( Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Balak, DM; Fallah-Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB; Venema, CM, 2015)	0.42
"Addition of oral cetirizine 10 mg once daily to FAE treatment did not reduce adverse events in patients with psoriasis during the first 12 weeks of treatment."	( Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Balak, DM; Fallah-Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB; Venema, CM, 2015)	0.42
" Efficacy was assessed in accordance with the Austrian hypertension guidelines while tolerability was evaluated on the basis of adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antihypertensive therapy with aliskiren/amlodipine in clinical practice in Austria. The RALLY (Rasilamlo long lasting efficacy) study. Ratzinger, M; Rosenkranz, AR, 2015)	0.42
" Overall, 44 adverse events were documented in 41 patients, and physicians reported that 94 % of patients were compliant in a final survey on evaluation of therapy."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antihypertensive therapy with aliskiren/amlodipine in clinical practice in Austria. The RALLY (Rasilamlo long lasting efficacy) study. Ratzinger, M; Rosenkranz, AR, 2015)	0.42
" Commonly reported adverse events included gastrointestinal complaints and flushing, leading to treatment withdrawal in 6-40% of patients."	( Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review of randomized and observational studies. Balak, DM; Bramer, WM; Fallah Arani, S; Hagemans, CA; Hajdarbegovic, E; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB, 2016)	0.43
"Aliskiren was shown to increase adverse events in patients with diabetes and concomitant renin-angiotensin blockade."	( Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients. Ayis, S; Roddick, AJ; Zheng, SL, 2017)	0.46
"0%) reported adverse events (566 total events), most of which involved the gastrointestinal tract."	( Long-term real-life safety profile and effectiveness of fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients: a single-centre, retrospective, observational study. Altmeyer, P; Bruckner, T; Dickel, H, 2018)	0.48
"According to our data, FAEs as monotherapy or in combination with phototherapy or methotrexate are safe and beneficial for long-term clinical use."	( Long-term real-life safety profile and effectiveness of fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients: a single-centre, retrospective, observational study. Altmeyer, P; Bruckner, T; Dickel, H, 2018)	0.48
" Stimulation of spermatogenesis using the antioxidant complex SpermActin Forte is an effective and safe method of treating male infertility."	( [Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study of efficiency and safety of complex acetyl-L-carnitine, L-carnitine fumarate and alpha-lipoic acid (Spermactin Forte) for treatment of male infertility]. Gamidov, SI; Ovchinnikov, RI; Popova, AY, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 84."	( Diroximel fumarate (DRF) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Interim safety and efficacy results from the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study. Arnold, DL; Bidollari, I; Chen, H; Freedman, MS; Gudesblatt, M; Hanna, J; Kandinov, B; LaGanke, C; Leigh-Pemberton, R; Liu, S; Lopez-Bresnahan, M; Miller, C; Naismith, RT; Nangia, N; Obradovic, D; Rezendes, D; Wolinsky, JS; Wundes, A; Yang, L; Ziemssen, T, 2020)	0.56
" Tolerability was assessed based on adverse events and clinical laboratory tests."	( Safety of the muscarinic receptor-antagonist (R,R)-penehyclidine fumarate in healthy subjects: A phase 1 randomized, double-blind, single-dose escalation study . Fu, C; Guo, C; Huang, J; Pei, Q; Yang, G; Yang, S; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
" Aliskiren and placebo, ARBs or ACEIs showed no difference in the number or extent of adverse events."	( Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of Aliskiren Monotherapy (AM): an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Jiang, Q; Lu, J; Shen, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, Q, 2020)	0.56
" During the double-blind period, drug-related adverse events occurred more frequently in patients receiving FAE compared with placebo (76% vs."	( Efficacy and safety of fumaric acid esters in young patients aged 10-17 years with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Freudensprung, U; Gambichler, T; Hamm, H; Lauterbach, J; Makepeace, C; Taipale, K; Tsianakas, A; Wilsmann-Theis, D, 2021)	0.62
" DRF has a safety/efficacy profile similar to DMF but with improved gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability and low (< 1%) treatment discontinuation due to GI adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety Outcomes with Diroximel Fumarate After Switching from Prior Therapies or Continuing on DRF: Results from the Phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 Study. Arnold, DL; Bowen, JD; Chen, H; Drulovic, J; Gudesblatt, M; Hunter, SF; Jasinska, E; Kapadia, S; Lyons, J; Mendoza, JP; Naismith, RT; Negroski, D; Shankar, SL; Singer, BA; Then Bergh, F; Wray, S; Wundes, A, 2022)	0.72
"Oxaliplatin (OXA)-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN) is a high-incidence and dose-dependent adverse reaction during OXA treatment."	( Quantitative proteomic analysis of oxaliplatin induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Chen, R; Li, H; Lin, Z; Lu, W; Wang, H; Yang, G; Yang, L, 2022)	0.72
" However, greater adverse effects on renal function were observed for TDF than ETV at 60 months compared to 12 months."	( Renal and bone side effects of long-term use of entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in patients with Hepatitis B: a network meta-analysis. Liu, S; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Xin, Y; Zhao, Z, 2023)	0.91
"Long-term administration of TDF has resulted in stronger adverse effects than TAF and ETV in regard to both renal function and bone tissue in CHB patients."	( Renal and bone side effects of long-term use of entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in patients with Hepatitis B: a network meta-analysis. Liu, S; Liu, Z; Ma, X; Xin, Y; Zhao, Z, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The tmax was 241 min (range 60-1189 min, 95% CI 53, 781) shorter when the tablet was taken after an overnight fast (182 min; range 120-240 min; 95% CI 146, 211) than when taken with breakfast (361 min; range 240-1429 min; 95% CI 0, 1062)."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral fumarates in healthy subjects. Burggraaf, J; Litjens, NH; Mattie, H; Nibbering, PH; Schoemaker, RC; Thio, HB; van Dissel, JT; van Gulpen, C; van Strijen, E, 2004)	0.63
" Moreover, in whole blood the half-life of DMF was dramatically reduced as compared to serum."	( In vitro pharmacokinetics of anti-psoriatic fumaric acid esters. Litjens, NH; Mattie, H; Nibbering, PH; Thio, HB; van Dissel, JT; van Gulpen, C; van Strijen, E, 2004)	0.32
"Four separate studies investigated the pharmacokinetic interaction between single oral doses of aliskiren and lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib or cimetidine, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib and cimetidine. Corynen, S; Dieterle, W; Mann, J; Vaidyanathan, S, 2005)	0.33
" Aliskiren mean Cmax was not affected by either lovastatin or atenolol, although a non-significant 36% increase was observed with celecoxib."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib and cimetidine. Corynen, S; Dieterle, W; Mann, J; Vaidyanathan, S, 2005)	0.33
"Overall, single doses of aliskiren showed no evidence of clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib or cimetidine."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib and cimetidine. Corynen, S; Dieterle, W; Mann, J; Vaidyanathan, S, 2005)	0.33
" h/mL; maximum observed plasma drug concentration 394 vs 348 ng/mL), while apparent clearance corrected for bioavailability was slightly lower (205 vs 234 L/h) and elimination half-life slightly longer (44 vs 39."	( Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armin Dieterich, H; Maboudian, M; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
"Aliskiren showed a similar pharmacokinetic profile in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes, and administration of a single oral 300 mg dose of aliskiren was well tolerated by both patients and healthy volunteers."	( Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armin Dieterich, H; Maboudian, M; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
" Four open-label studies investigated the pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren 300 mg and the antihypertensive drugs amlodipine 10 mg (n = 18), valsartan 320 mg (n = 18), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (HCTZ, n = 22) and ramipril 10 mg (n = 17) in healthy subjects."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions of aliskiren, a novel direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension, with the antihypertensives amlodipine, valsartan, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and ramipril in healthy volunteers. Bizot, MN; Denouel, J; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Kemp, C; Vaidyanathan, S; Valencia, J; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
" This study compared the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of aliskiren in Japanese and Caucasian subjects."	( Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, exhibits similar pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Bizot, MN; Camisasca, R; Jermany, J; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2006)	0.33
" There was no notable difference in the plasma half-life of aliskiren between Japanese and Caucasian groups (29."	( Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, exhibits similar pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Bizot, MN; Camisasca, R; Jermany, J; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2006)	0.33
"The oral renin inhibitor aliskiren demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in Japanese and Caucasian subjects."	( Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, exhibits similar pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Bizot, MN; Camisasca, R; Jermany, J; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2006)	0.33
" The observed large intersubject variability in aliskiren pharmacokinetic parameters was unrelated to the degree of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren alone and in combination with irbesartan in renal impairment. Bigler, H; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2007)	0.34
" This review summarizes the available data on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of aliskiren and its clinical development for treatment of arterial hypertension."	( Aliskiren--an orally active renin inhibitor. Review of pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, kinetics, and clinical potential in the treatment of hypertension. Allikmets, K, 2007)	0.34
" This multiple-dose study investigated the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren and three drugs, each predominantly eliminated by a different clearance/metabolic pathway: allopurinol (glomerular filtration), celecoxib (cytochrome P450 metabolism) and cimetidine (P-glycoprotein and organic anion/cation transporters)."	( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"Three open-label, multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects investigated possible pharmacokinetic interactions between aliskiren 300 mg od and allopurinol 300 mg od (n = 20), celecoxib 200 mg bid (n = 22), or cimetidine 800 mg od (n = 22)."	( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"In this multiple-dose study, aliskiren showed no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions when co-administered with allopurinol, celecoxib or cimetidine in healthy subjects."	( A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Tchaloyan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" The preparations were compared using pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the plasma concentration - time curve AUC((0-11)), peak plasma concentration C(max), time to reach maximum plasma concentration T(max)."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium from calcium supplements in healthy volunteers. Nowak, MG; Ryszka, F; Szulc-Musioł, B, 2008)	0.35
" Log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters AUC and C(max) were analyzed to determine dose-proportionality using the power model, parameter = A*(Dose)(beta), where A = intercept and beta = dose-proportionality coefficient."	( A study of dose-proportionality in the pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in healthy subjects. Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Limoges, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"AUC and Cmax values increased with increasing doses of aliskiren."	( A study of dose-proportionality in the pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in healthy subjects. Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Limoges, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic effects of a single dose of acenocoumarol in healthy volunteers, hence no dosage adjustment of acenocoumarol is likely to be required during co-administration with aliskiren."	( Effect of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of acenocoumarol in healthy volunteers. Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Huang, HL; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"This study investigated the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and modulators of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with digoxin, atorvastatin, and ketoconazole in healthy subjects: the role of P-glycoprotein in the disposition of aliskiren. Bizot, MN; Camenisch, G; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Reynolds, C; Schuetz, H; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were taken at regular intervals over 24 h after dosing on the last day of each treatment period."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with furosemide and extended-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy subjects. Antunes, A; Bartlett, M; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of aliskiren has been extensively characterized in Caucasian individuals; however, drug disposition, treatment response and tolerability can vary among ethnic groups, and these variations are difficult to predict."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single and multiple oral doses of aliskiren in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Al-Fayoumi, S; Bartlett, M; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Hu, P; Jarugula, V; Jiang, J; Karan, RS; Yeh, CM; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
" Subjects receiving aliskiren 75, 150 or 600 mg (cohorts 1, 2 and 4) completed the study at the end of the 96-hour pharmacokinetic assessment period."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single and multiple oral doses of aliskiren in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Al-Fayoumi, S; Bartlett, M; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Hu, P; Jarugula, V; Jiang, J; Karan, RS; Yeh, CM; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
" Safety and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed during each treatment period."	( Effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren in healthy participants. Dahlke, M; Hariry, S; Jarugula, V; Leon, S; Rebello, S, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of fumaric acid esters (FAE) in psoriasis patients for the first time."	( Pharmacokinetics of anti-psoriatic fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients. Clement, B; Mrowietz, U; Rostami-Yazdi, M, 2010)	0.36
" No significant pharmacokinetic differences were observed between healthy subjects and CLD subjects [geometric mean (% coefficient of variation) area under the curve from time 0 to 480 minutes (AUC(0-480)): 26,710 (34."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of the novel pulmonary delivery excipient fumaryl diketopiperazine. Baughman, RA; Cassidy, JP; Haworth, P; Heuman, D; Potocka, E; van Marle, S, 2010)	0.36
"The present review summarizes the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of aliskiren along with the clinical trials that took into account the effects of aliskiren on blood pressure control and on a number of renal and cardiovascular end points."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical evaluation of aliskiren for hypertension treatment. Angeli, F; Gentile, G; Reboldi, G; Verdecchia, P, 2011)	0.37
" Mean half-life increased from 25 to 45 hours."	( Effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren in healthy subjects. Compain, S; Dieterich, HA; Feng, A; Hariry, S; Jarugula, V; Rebello, S, 2011)	0.37
" Clearance from the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of FDKP and insulin have a half-life of ~1 hour."	( Insulin lung deposition and clearance following Technosphere® insulin inhalation powder administration. Amin, N; Baughman, RA; Cassidy, JP; Gotfried, M; Marino, M; Meyer, T; Sommerer, K, 2011)	0.37
" The terminal clearance half-life from the lung ELF, estimated from sequential BAL fluid measurements for both components, was ~1 hour."	( Insulin lung deposition and clearance following Technosphere® insulin inhalation powder administration. Amin, N; Baughman, RA; Cassidy, JP; Gotfried, M; Marino, M; Meyer, T; Sommerer, K, 2011)	0.37
" Safety and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed."	( Intestinal OATP1A2 inhibition as a potential mechanism for the effect of grapefruit juice on aliskiren pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Alexander, N; Dahlke, M; Hanna, I; Hariry, S; Jarugula, V; Rebello, S; Vapurcuyan, A; Zhao, S, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic profiling of orally dosed DPG or DPG with 60% loading of FA (DPG/FA60) was carried out in omeprazole-treated rats as a hypochlorhydric model."	( Improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behavior of dipyridamole formulation with microenvironmental pH-modifier under hypochlorhydria. Inoue, R; Kawabata, Y; Onoue, S; Taniguchi, C; Wada, K; Yamada, S; Yamashita, K; Yamauchi, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of DR-DMF with or without concomitant acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers. Dawson, KT; Huang, R; Milne, GL; Nestorov, I; Novas, M; O'Gorman, J; Russell, H; Scannevin, RH; Sheikh, SI, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic studies on rats showed that the glutarate salt exhibits doubled plasma AUC values in a single dose within an hour compared to the citrate salt."	( Salt and cocrystals of sildenafil with dicarboxylic acids: solubility and pharmacokinetic advantage of the glutarate salt. Desiraju, GR; Ganguly, S; Sanphui, P; Tothadi, S, 2013)	0.39
" However, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of other drugs have shown that ethnic factors (e."	( Ethnic pharmacokinetic comparison of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) between Asian and Western healthy subjects. Assam, PN; Dorinsky, P; Feng, C; Gillen, M; Huang, Y; Su, R, 2020)	0.56
" Five pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including the maleate (2), fumarate (3), citrate (4, 5), and l-malate (6) of compound 1, were prepared via the salt formation reaction and evaluated for their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Solubility-driven optimization of benzothiopyranone salts leading to a preclinical candidate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fu, L; Gong, N; Guo, K; Huang, H; Li, G; Li, P; Lu, Y; Ma, C; Wang, B; Zhang, B, 2023)	0.91
" At steady state, 8-9 blood samples were taken to construct pharmacokinetic curves."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
" For each combination, tenofovir GM (CV%) AUCtau and Cmax remained below reference values in adults taking 25 mg TAF with a boosted protease inhibitors."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The potential for use in combination with other systemic drugs has not been explored."	( Fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis, including experience of use in combination with other systemic modalities. Balasubramaniam, P; Berth-Jones, J; Stevenson, O, 2004)	0.32
"To present data relating to the efficacy of FAE in severe psoriasis and to examine the potential dose-sparing effect and safety issues when FAE are combined with other systemic agents."	( Fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis, including experience of use in combination with other systemic modalities. Balasubramaniam, P; Berth-Jones, J; Stevenson, O, 2004)	0.32
" Nine patients received FAE in combination with other systemic therapies including ciclosporin, acitretin, hydroxyurea and methotrexate."	( Fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis, including experience of use in combination with other systemic modalities. Balasubramaniam, P; Berth-Jones, J; Stevenson, O, 2004)	0.32
" FAE were used successfully in combination with other systemic agents and generally enabled the doses of the more hazardous drugs to be reduced."	( Fumaric acid esters in severe psoriasis, including experience of use in combination with other systemic modalities. Balasubramaniam, P; Berth-Jones, J; Stevenson, O, 2004)	0.32
" Its antihypertensive efficacy and safety, alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), were investigated in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in hypertensive patients."	( Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Calhoun, D; Chrysant, SG; Hsu, H; Matrisciano-Dimichino, L; Schober, B; Villamil, A; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
"Aliskiren monotherapy demonstrated significant BP lowering, and its effect was considerably greater when combined with HCTZ."	( Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. Calhoun, D; Chrysant, SG; Hsu, H; Matrisciano-Dimichino, L; Schober, B; Villamil, A; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" In 3 open-label studies in which blood pressure was assessed with ambulatory measurement, aliskiren was administered to patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (n=23), ramipril (n=21), or irbesartan (n=23)."	( Aliskiren reduces blood pressure and suppresses plasma renin activity in combination with a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Barton, J; Dicker, P; Jensen, C; Mulcahy, D; Nussberger, J; O'Brien, E; Stanton, A, 2007)	0.34
" We investigated the blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, alone or in combination with the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan."	( Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan. Aldigier, JC; Azizi, M; Chiang, Y; Januszewicz, A; Pool, JL; Satlin, A; Schmieder, RE; Zidek, W, 2007)	0.34
" This study assessed the effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of aliskiren alone and in combination with the angiotensin receptor antagonist irbesartan."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren alone and in combination with irbesartan in renal impairment. Bigler, H; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2007)	0.34
"Aliskiren combined with olmesartan reduces proteinuria in CKD patients."	( Beneficial effect of aliskiren combined with olmesartan in reducing urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Itabashi, M; Kojima, C; Moriyama, T; Nitta, K; Ogawa, T; Sugiura, H; Takei, T; Tsuchiya, K; Tsuruta, Y; Uchida, K, 2012)	0.38
" The safety and tolerability profile of aliskiren in combination with the ARBs valsartan or losartan, or diuretic, is similar to aliskiren, ARBs, or diuretics alone."	( Safety and tolerability of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers and thiazide diuretics: a pooled analysis of clinical experience of 12,942 patients. Bresalier, R; Chang, W; Kaplan, AP; Keefe, DL; Lesogor, A; Palmer, BF; Riddell, RH; White, WB, 2011)	0.37
"Two trials were conducted to identify the optimal levels of essential oil active components (EOAC) and their combination with fumarate on in vitro rumen fermentation."	( In vitro rumen fermentation and methane production are influenced by active components of essential oils combined with fumarate. Liang, Q; Lin, B; Liu, JX; Lu, Y; Wang, JH, 2013)	0.39
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aliskiren 75, 150, and 300 mg to clarify the dose-response relationship and characterize the optimum aliskiren dose when given with a light meal to elderly hypertensive patients."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aliskiren monotherapy administered with a light meal in elderly hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response evaluation study. Ibram, G; Keefe, DL; Le Breton, S; Villa, G, 2012)	0.38
" Accordingly, our aim was to determine if direct renin inhibition alone, and in combination with an ACE inhibitor, corrects early hemodynamic abnormalities associated with type 1 diabetes."	( The effect of direct renin inhibition alone and in combination with ACE inhibition on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and renal function in type 1 diabetes. Cherney, DZ; Har, R; Jiang, S; Lai, V; Reich, HN; Scholey, JW; Sochett, EB, 2012)	0.38
" Aliskiren alone or in combination with HCT is safe and effective in Hispanic/Latino patients with stage 2 hypertension."	( Aliskiren alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in Hispanic/Latino patients with systolic blood pressure 160 mm Hg to <180 mm Hg (Aliskiren Alone or in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients with Stage 2 Hypertension to Provide Quick Aguirre P, F; Alessi, T; Baschiera, F; Black, HR; Wright, M, 2012)	0.38
" Clinical evaluation and laboratory findings excluded the presence of systemic diseases that might have been able to explain the drug inefficacy, while pharmacological evaluation suggested a possible drug-drug interaction."	( Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: drug interactions or low adherence? Caroleo, B; Gallelli, L; Perticone, F; Staltari, O, 2015)	0.42
" This 2-period crossover study was conducted to evaluate the potential for drug-drug interaction between DMF (240 mg twice daily) and a combined oral contraceptive (OC; norgestimate 250 μg, ethinyl estradiol 35 μg)."	( Evaluation of Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Between Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate and a Commonly Used Oral Contraceptive (Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol) in Healthy Women. Kam, J; Leahy, M; Meka, V; Nestorov, I; Sheikh, SI; Zhao, G; Zhu, B, 2017)	0.46
"We collected data on frequency of use, demographics, treatment characteristics and drug survival of biologics combined with conventional systemic agents or phototherapy in five PSONET registries."	( Biologics combined with conventional systemic agents or phototherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: real-life data from PSONET registries. Addis, A; Adenubiova, E; Busard, CI; Cazzaniga, S; Cohen, AD; Feldhamer, I; Gkalpakiotis, S; Hutten, BA; Kojanova, M; Lichem, R; Naldi, L; Quehenberger, F; Spuls, PI; Stern, RS; Wolf, P, 2018)	0.48
" Longest survival on a biologic combined with methotrexate, acitretin or cyclosporin was 103, 78 and 34 months, respectively."	( Biologics combined with conventional systemic agents or phototherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: real-life data from PSONET registries. Addis, A; Adenubiova, E; Busard, CI; Cazzaniga, S; Cohen, AD; Feldhamer, I; Gkalpakiotis, S; Hutten, BA; Kojanova, M; Lichem, R; Naldi, L; Quehenberger, F; Spuls, PI; Stern, RS; Wolf, P, 2018)	0.48
" A short-term combination with narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) may substantially accelerate the therapeutic response in the induction phase of treatment."	( Fumaric acid esters in combination with a 6-week course of narrowband ultraviolet B provides an accelerated response compared with fumaric acid esters monotherapy in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomized prospective clinical stud Geroldinger, A; Tanew, A; Trattner, H; Tzaneva, S, 2018)	0.48
" This study aimed to observe the effect of rupatadine fumarate combined with acupoint application in the treatment of allergic rhinitis complicated with diabetes and its effect on serum IgE levels."	( Efficacy and Safety of Rupatadine Fumarate Combined with Acupoint Application in Allergic Rhinitis Complicated with Diabetes. Chen, X; Jiang, P; Liu, Y; Shi, J; Zhang, W, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The results may be important for elucidating factors affecting iron bioavailability in the small intestine and for the development of foods with improved iron bioavailability."	( Organic acids influence iron uptake in the human epithelial cell line Caco-2. Andlid, T; Salovaara, S; Sandberg, AS, 2002)	0.31
"Weakly basic drugs, such as verapamil hydrochloride, that are poorly soluble in neutral/alkaline medium may have poor oral bioavailability due to reduced solubility in the small intestine and colon."	( Film coated pellets containing verapamil hydrochloride: enhanced dissolution into neutral medium. Munday, DL, 2003)	0.32
"This study was carried out to show the effect of particle size reduction and bioadhesion on the dissolution and relative bioavailability of dicumarol."	( Improving relative bioavailability of dicumarol by reducing particle size and adding the adhesive poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride. Edwards, E; Liu, Z; Mathiowitz, E; Reineke, J; Thanos, CG, 2003)	0.32
" In vivo, relative bioavailability of a spray-dried formulation was increased by 17% in the rat and 72% in the pig by further reduction in particle size."	( Improving relative bioavailability of dicumarol by reducing particle size and adding the adhesive poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride. Edwards, E; Liu, Z; Mathiowitz, E; Reineke, J; Thanos, CG, 2003)	0.32
"This work demonstrates the importance of particle size and bioadhesion to improve oral bioavailability of ducumarol."	( Improving relative bioavailability of dicumarol by reducing particle size and adding the adhesive poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride. Edwards, E; Liu, Z; Mathiowitz, E; Reineke, J; Thanos, CG, 2003)	0.32
" time and determining peak concentration (CP), the time of peak concentration (TP), duration of PIL curve (D), and relative bioavailability (RB)."	( Subcutaneous delivery of insulin loaded poly(fumaric-co-sebacic anhydride) microspheres to type 1 diabetic rats. Abramson, D; Furtado, S; Mathiowitz, E; Simhkay, L; Wobbekind, D, 2006)	0.33
" h/mL; maximum observed plasma drug concentration 394 vs 348 ng/mL), while apparent clearance corrected for bioavailability was slightly lower (205 vs 234 L/h) and elimination half-life slightly longer (44 vs 39."	( Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armin Dieterich, H; Maboudian, M; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
" The first generation of orally active renin inhibitors were never used clinically because of low bioavailability and weak blood-pressure-lowering activity."	( Oral renin inhibitors. Li, Y; Richart, T; Staessen, JA, 2006)	0.33
"The maleic and fumaric diamides preparation of (O,O-diacetyl)-L-Dopa-methylester [(+)-4, (+)-5] are reported; they were synthesized in order to attenuate marked fluctuations of L-DOPA (LD) plasma levels and to overcome the problem of low bioavailability of LD."	( Maleic- and fumaric-diamides of (O,O-diacetyl)-L-Dopa-methylester as anti-Parkinson prodrugs in liposomal formulation. Carafa, M; Di Stefano, A; Iannitelli, A; Marianecci, C; Santucci, E; Sozio, P, 2006)	0.33
"Aliskiren is a potent, highly specific renin inhibitor with better oral bioavailability than earlier renin inhibitors and a long plasma half-life that makes it suitable for once-daily dosing."	( The efficacy of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in the treatment of hypertension. Gradman, AH; Traub, D, 2007)	0.34
" Insulin microspheres administered to diabetic rats in the fed double dose experiment produced a relative bioavailability (RB) of 23."	( Oral delivery of insulin loaded poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride microspheres. Abramson, D; Bubbers, E; Burrill, R; Furtado, S; Gourd, C; Mathiowitz, E; Olivier, G, 2008)	0.35
" Numerous direct renin inhibitors were synthesized, but abandoned owing to low potency, poor bioavailability and short half-life."	( Aliskiren, the future of renin-angiotensin system blockade? Mehtar Bozkurt, M; Ozunal, ZG; Sabirli, S; Uresin, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Aliskiren, a 610 Da nonpeptide molecule, has exceptional affinity for the human renin enzymatic site and a half-life of about 40 h, which make its 3% bioavailability clinically unimportant with continued administration."	( Antihypertensive therapy with aliskiren. Luft, FC; Weinberger, MH, 2008)	0.35
" Molecular modeling was used to develop aliskiren, a potent, low-molecular-weight, nonpeptide, direct renin inhibitor with sufficient bioavailability to produce sustained suppression of plasma renin activity after oral administration."	( Renin inhibition in hypertension. Gradman, AH; Kad, R, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren, the first renin inhibitor with sufficient bioavailability for oral use, is now available to clinicians treating hypertension."	( Aliskiren: clinical experience and future perspectives of renin inhibition. Hussain, SM; Marcus, RJ; McGill, RL; Sureshkumar, KK; Vasudevan, S, 2008)	0.35
" Aliskiren has a low bioavailability (2."	( Direct renin inhibition: clinical pharmacology. Azizi, M, 2008)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to compare the oral bioavailability of calcium from tablets containing calcium fumarate to that of calcium gluconate."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium from calcium supplements in healthy volunteers. Nowak, MG; Ryszka, F; Szulc-Musioł, B, 2008)	0.35
" The water absorption rate of the tablets containing talc was much faster than that of the tablets containing other lubricants."	( Effect of the type of lubricant on the characteristics of orally disintegrating tablets manufactured using the phase transition of sugar alcohol. Kojima, M; Kuno, Y; Nakagami, H; Terada, K; Yonemochi, E, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacology, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects and toxicity, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of aliskiren as well as safety and economic issues related to its use are reviewed."	( Aliskiren. Daugherty, KK, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren is the first orally bioavailable direct renin inhibitor approved for the treatment of hypertension."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren. Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Jarugula, V; Vaidyanathan, S, 2008)	0.35
"We investigated whether aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, improves NO bioavailability and protects against spontaneous atherosclerotic changes."	( Renin inhibitor aliskiren improves impaired nitric oxide bioavailability and protects against atherosclerotic changes. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kitabata, H; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Muragaki, Y; Takarada, S; Tanimoto, T; Tsujioka, H; Yoshida, K, 2008)	0.35
" The bioavailability of aliskiren is low (2%), peak plasma concentrations are reached within one to three hours and the binding with plasma proteins achieves approximately 47-51%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor. Buczko, W; Hermanowicz, JM, )	0.13
" Early aliskiren treatment mitigates increases in ADMA, restores l-Arg-to-ADMA ratios, enhances neuronal NOS-α, prevents decreased nNOS-β levels in the kidney-which might restore NO bioavailability and contribute to the decrease of blood pressure in young SHRs."	( Aliskiren prevents hypertension and reduces asymmetric dimethylarginine in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hsu, CN; Huang, LT; Lau, YT; Lin, CY; Tain, YL, 2011)	0.37
" However, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, less bioavailability (<2%), short half life, and low potency hindered the development of these compounds."	( Aliskiren, the first direct renin inhibitor for treatment of hypertension: the path of its development. Jadhav, M; Nabar, A; Yeola, C; Zope, G, )	0.13
" The fumaric acid based dry granulated product demonstrated a mean bioavailability comparable to an oral solution dose in a dog model."	( Fumaric acid microenvironment tablet formulation and process development for crystalline cenicriviroc mesylate, a BCS IV compound. Dalziel, SM; Menning, MM, 2013)	0.39
"The bioavailability of terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) and other substrates affects the efficiency of subsurface bioremediation."	( Survival during long-term starvation: global proteomics analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens under prolonged electron-acceptor limitation. Bansal, R; Brantley, SL; Helmus, RA; Liermann, LJ; Stanley, BA; Tien, M; Zhu, J, 2013)	0.39
" Nebivolol could have a better impact than atenolol on arterial stiffness, by increasing the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide."	( Effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers on markers of arterial stiffness. Athyros, VG; Karagiannis, A; Katsiki, N; Koumaras, C; Mikhailidis, DP; Stavrinou, E; Tziomalos, K, 2014)	0.4
" Thus, to improve solubility and bioavailability characteristics, cocrystals and salts of the drug have been prepared by treating aliphatic dicarboxylic acids with sildenafil; the N-methylated piperazine of the drug molecule interacts with the carboxyl group of the acid to form a heterosynthon."	( Salt and cocrystals of sildenafil with dicarboxylic acids: solubility and pharmacokinetic advantage of the glutarate salt. Desiraju, GR; Ganguly, S; Sanphui, P; Tothadi, S, 2013)	0.39
"Aliskiren is the first orally bioavailable direct renin inhibitor approved for the treatment of hypertension in adults."	( Absence of irreversible effects of aliskiren in standard juvenile rat toxicity studies. Barbeau, S; Beckman, D; Hoffmann, P; McLean, LA; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
" Recently introduced aliskiren is the first orally bioavailable direct renin inhibitor approved for the treatment of hypertension."	( Aliskiren attenuates oxidative stress and improves tubular status in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease-Placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over study. Aleksandrowicz-Wrona, E; Heleniak, Z; Januszczyk, J; Knap, N; Lizakowski, S; Małgorzewicz, S; Renke, M; Rutkowski, B; Rutkowski, P; Sławińska-Morawska, M; Tylicki, L; Wójcik-Stasiak, M; Woźniak, M, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of the present work was to design a pH-modified solid dispersion (pH(M)-SD) that can improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble weakly basic GT0918, a developing anti-prostate cancer drug."	( Microenvironmental pH-modified solid dispersions to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble weakly basic GT0918, a developing anti-prostate cancer drug: preparation, characterization and evaluation in vivo. Fan, Y; Gao, C; Ge, Z; Gong, W; He, S; Huang, X; Shan, L; Tong, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, M, 2014)	0.4
" We noted that production of reactive oxygen species intensified and the bioavailability of nitric oxide diminished in the glomeruli of diabetic mice."	( Feasibility of fluorescence energy transfer system for imaging the renoprotective effects of aliskiren in diabetic mice. Itano, S; Kashihara, N; Kidokoro, K; Kuwabara, A; Sasaki, T; Satoh, M, )	0.13
"Renin inhibitors enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) bioavailability and have protective effects on endothelial function and atherosclerotic changes."	( Aliskiren attenuates the effects of interleukin-6 on endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 in human aortic endothelial cells. Chen, TH; Chen, WS; Hung, MJ; Kao, YC; Mao, CT, 2016)	0.43
" We hypothesized that the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of NAF would increase through hydrogen bonding between NAF and weak acids/hydrophilic polymers."	( Naftopidil-fumaric acid interaction in a solid dispersion system: Improving the dissolution rate and oral absorption of naftopidil in rats. Byeon, JC; Choi, JS; Park, JS, 2019)	0.51
" Herein, we prepared a biodegradable super paramagnetic starch-based hydrogel grafted onto fumaric acid for increasing Quer bioavailability and controlling its release."	( Enhancing quercetin bioavailability by super paramagnetic starch-based hydrogel grafted with fumaric acid: An in vitro and in vivo study. Doosti, M; Hosseini, SH; Mousavi, SN; Rasoulifard, MH; Seyed Dorraji, MS, 2019)	0.51
" genetic factors affecting drug metabolism) can affect the bioavailability of drugs which may impact upon efficacy and safety outcomes."	( Ethnic pharmacokinetic comparison of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) between Asian and Western healthy subjects. Assam, PN; Dorinsky, P; Feng, C; Gillen, M; Huang, Y; Su, R, 2020)	0.56
" In the present work, sustained-release (SR) formulations of the PFD-FA cocrystal of two different strengths such as 200 and 600 mg were prepared and its comparative bioavailability in healthy human volunteers was studied against the reference formulation PIRFENEX (200 mg)."	( Investigating the Role of the Reduced Solubility of the Pirfenidone-Fumaric Acid Cocrystal in Sustaining the Release Rate from Its Tablet Dosage Form by Conducting Comparative Bioavailability Study in Healthy Human Volunteers. Bansal, AK; Bose, A; Chakraborty, S; Das, S; Ghosh, A; Kumari, N; Pandey, N; Parmar, PK; Roy, P; Roy, S, 2022)	0.72
" However, the development of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) with favorable oral bioavailability has been a longstanding challenge for many years."	( Discovery of SPH3127: A Novel, Highly Potent, and Orally Active Direct Renin Inhibitor. Akatsuka, H; Hirai, M; Iijima, D; Iijima, T; Inui, Y; Kashima, A; Kawaguchi, T; Ke, Y; Nishio, M; Shen, J; Sugama, H; Takahashi, Y; Takedomi, K; Togashi, Y; Xia, G; Xie, J; Yoneda, H, 2022)	0.72
"0 suggests that an increase in vaginal pH could improve TDF bioavailability at earlier time points."	( Chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibrous mat as a vaginal platform for tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate - The effect of vaginal pH on drug carrier performance. Ciach, T; Dąbrowska, J; Krzyżowska, M; Nowicka, M; Szymańska, E; Winnicka, K; Wojasiński, M, 2022)	0.72
" Compared with 1, all the target salts exhibited greatly increased aqueous solubility and improved oral bioavailability in mice."	( Solubility-driven optimization of benzothiopyranone salts leading to a preclinical candidate with improved pharmacokinetic properties and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fu, L; Gong, N; Guo, K; Huang, H; Li, G; Li, P; Lu, Y; Ma, C; Wang, B; Zhang, B, 2023)	0.91
" However, because of its water insolubility, oral bioavailability is poor."	( Preparation of pazopanib-fumarate disodium glycyrrhizinate nanocrystalline micelles by liquid-assisted ball milling. Hua, Y; Jin, T; Shen, D; Xiao, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	0.91
"Quetiapine (QTP) is a first-line antipsychotic drug, but its therapeutic druggability and patient adherence were limited due to high oral dose strength, low bioavailability and physicochemical/biopharmaceutical issues."	( Roles of Fatty Acid Chain Length and Enzyme-Oriented Drug Controlled Release from pH-Triggering Self-Assembled Fatty Acid Conjugated Quetiapine Nanosuspensions. Gil, MC; Lee, BJ; Ngo, HV; Nguyen, HD; Nguyen, VH, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" These results may be accounted for by the low dosage used."	( Sensitivity of central chemoreceptors controlling blood glucose and body temperature during glucose deprivation. Fiorentini, A; Müller, EE, 1975)	0.25
"The incorporation of 14C-Thymidin into DNA of cultured human lymphocytes is depressed by added fumaric acid monoethylester (FSME) depending on the dosage of FSME."	( [Fumaric acid monoethylester: Effect on DNA-synthesis and preliminary findings in experimental studies in animals (author's transl)]. Baron, D; Hagedorn, M; Hug, J; Kalkoff, KW; Kiefer, G; Petres, J, 1975)	0.25
" Mild disturbances of liver and kidney function during treatment were observed with the 720 mg dosage of MEFAE and with the 240 mg dosage of DMFAE."	( Systemic therapy with fumaric acid derivates: new possibilities in the treatment of psoriasis. de Hoop, D; Langendijk, PN; Nieboer, C; van Dijk, E; van Loenen, AC, 1989)	0.28
"5 mg/kg) reduced the semiconservative DNA synthesis of the hepatocytes, but simultaneous dosing of fumaric acid (40 mg/kg) enhanced the recovery of the DNA synthesis."	( Fumaric acid enhances DNA synthesis of rat hepatocytes by counteracting the toxicities of mitomycin C and aflatoxin B1. Akao, M; Kuroda, K; Terao, K, 1986)	0.27
"3), but the 5 mM DMF in hypoxia results in nearly a complete collapse of the hypoxic dose-response curve to the same level as seen in air with DMF."	( Effect of dimethyl fumarate on the radiation sensitivity of mammalian cells in vitro. Biaglow, JE; Clark, EP; Epp, ER; Held, KD, 1988)	0.27
"The metallothionein fractions, isolated by gel filtration from the kidneys of rats that have been dosed with Cd2+, Hg2+ or Cd2+ followed by Hg2+, yield very different elution profiles on ion-exchange chromatography."	( The in vivo effects of maleate on the cation-distribution in rat kidney metallothionein sub-fractions after induction by cadmium and/or mercury. Holt, D; Magos, L; Webb, M, 1980)	0.26
" Superoxide-mediated target cytolysis was characterized by: 1) a sigmoidal dose-response curve and 2) a lag time in cytolysis after superoxide addition in kinetic light scattering experiments."	( Superoxide-mediated lysis of erythrocytes: the role of colloid-osmotic forces. Petty, HR; Zhou, MJ, 1993)	0.29
"The effect of dosing vehicle on toxicity and metabolism of unsaturated aliphatic nitriles was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Effect of dosing vehicle on the toxicity and metabolism of unsaturated aliphatic nitriles. Farooqui, MY; Piper, J; Tamez, A; Ybarra, B, )	0.13
" A high fumarate level resulted in a dose-response curve linking bias and cytoplasmic CheY concentration that was offset but with a slope similar to that for a low fumarate level."	( Regulation of switching frequency and bias of the bacterial flagellar motor by CheY and fumarate. Eisenbach, M; Marwan, W; Montrone, M; Oesterhelt, D, 1998)	0.3
" Rats were dosed with BHA, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethoxyquin (EQ), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or disulfiram (DIS) and then challenged with a toxic dose of the naphthoquinones."	( Effect of inducers of DT-diaphorase on the toxicity of 2-methyl- and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to rats. Munday, CM; Munday, R; Smith, BL, 1999)	0.3
" The potential use of this information as a baseline dataset for future toxicological or physiological studies was demonstrated by a metabonomic analysis: a series of earthworms were dosed with the model compound 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol, and toxic effects followed by multivariate analysis of the spectral data of the coelomic fluid."	( An NMR-based metabonomic approach to the investigation of coelomic fluid biochemistry in earthworms under toxic stress. Bundy, JG; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Osborn, D; Weeks, JM, 2001)	0.31
" In 3 periods of 8 days, separated by wash-outs of 6 days, each volunteer received 2 dosage levels of Aliskiren (low before high; 40 and 80 or 160 and 640 mg/d) and randomized placebo or 20 mg enalapril."	( Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Brunner, HR; Jensen, C; Nussberger, J; Wuerzner, G, 2002)	0.31
" Group A received FAE tablets (Fumaderm) with an increasing daily dosage from 105 to 1,075 mg + ointment vehicle."	( Topical calcipotriol plus oral fumaric acid is more effective and faster acting than oral fumaric acid monotherapy in the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis vulgaris. Altmeyer, P; Christophers, E; Gollnick, H; Kaufmann, R; Pavel, S; Ring, J; Ziegler, J, 2002)	0.31
" Dosage of FAE was performed according to the standard therapy regimen for psoriasis patients."	( Successful treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous sarcoidosis with fumaric acid esters. Altmeyer, P; Gambichler, T; Hanefeld, C; Kastner, U; Nowack, U, 2002)	0.31
"Utilizing a double-blind design, 21 hospitalized adult men or women with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, who had received unchanged doses (for 2 weeks) of either 400 or 600 mg daily of quetiapine administered in 2 doses, were randomly assigned to once- or twice-daily administration for 4 weeks and then crossed over to the opposite dosing regimen for an additional 4 weeks."	( A random-assignment, double-blind, clinical trial of once- vs twice-daily administration of quetiapine fumarate in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study. Brar, JS; Chengappa, KN; Goldstein, JM; Mullen, J; Parepally, H; Shilling, A, 2003)	0.32
"These pilot data suggest that it is clinically feasible to switch most quetiapine-treated subjects receiving a therapeutic twice-daily dosing schedule to a once-daily regimen."	( A random-assignment, double-blind, clinical trial of once- vs twice-daily administration of quetiapine fumarate in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a pilot study. Brar, JS; Chengappa, KN; Goldstein, JM; Mullen, J; Parepally, H; Shilling, A, 2003)	0.32
" In vivo MCL-145 produced a full dose-response curve in the 55 degrees C warm water tail-flick test and was equipotent to morphine."	( Characterization of a novel bivalent morphinan possessing kappa agonist and micro agonist/antagonist properties. Bidlack, JM; Mathews, JL; Negus, SS; Neumeyer, JL; Peng, X; Xiong, W; Zhang, A, 2005)	0.33
" Dosage of FAE was given according to the standard therapy regimen for psoriasis."	( Fumaric acid esters in necrobiosis lipoidica: results of a prospective noncontrolled study. Altmeyer, P; Gambichler, T; Knierim, C; Kreuter, A; Pawlak, F; Rotterdam, S; Stücker, M, 2005)	0.33
"Incorporation of pH modifiers is a commonly used strategy to enhance the dissolution rate of weakly basic drugs from sustained release solid dosage forms."	( Microenvironmental pH and microviscosity inside pH-controlled matrix tablets: an EPR imaging study. Borchert, HH; Gurny, R; Herrmann, W; Kramer, A; Lueckel, B; Ries, A; Siepe, S, 2006)	0.33
" Aliskiren caused sustained suppression of PRA for at least 24 hours after dosing despite increasing RC; there were no major differences in the pharmacodynamic effects of aliskiren between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy volunteers."	( Aliskiren exhibits similar pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Armin Dieterich, H; Maboudian, M; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
" In each study, subjects received multiple once-daily doses of aliskiren and the test antihypertensive drug alone or in combination in two dosing periods separated by a drug-free washout period."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions of aliskiren, a novel direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension, with the antihypertensives amlodipine, valsartan, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and ramipril in healthy volunteers. Bizot, MN; Denouel, J; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Kemp, C; Vaidyanathan, S; Valencia, J; Yeh, CM; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
" Changes in DBP and SBP were fitted to a first-order dose-response surface (lack-of-fit test, P = ."	( Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan. Aldigier, JC; Azizi, M; Chiang, Y; Januszewicz, A; Pool, JL; Satlin, A; Schmieder, RE; Zidek, W, 2007)	0.34
" In conclusion, hepatic impairment has no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren following single-dose administration, and dosage adjustment is unlikely to be needed in patients with liver disease."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the oral Renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hepatic impairment. Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Vaidyanathan, S; Warren, V; Yeh, C, 2007)	0.34
"The characteristics of various pharmaceutical dosage forms are influenced by surface properties such as the friction behavior."	( Nanoscopic friction behavior of pharmaceutical materials. Lee, J, 2007)	0.34
" Plasma aliskiren concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry at frequent intervals up to 24 hours after dosing on days 1, 7 and 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren alone and in combination with irbesartan in renal impairment. Bigler, H; Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, C, 2007)	0.34
"In 12 normotensive male individuals who were on a high-sodium diet, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design was used to study the hormonal and BP effects of single oral administrations of 300 mg of the renin inhibitor aliskiren, 320 mg of valsartan, and a combination of these two drugs, each at half dosage (150 mg of aliskiren and 160 mg of valsartan)."	( Hormonal and hemodynamic effects of aliskiren and valsartan and their combination in sodium-replete normotensive individuals. Azizi, M; Bissery, A; Bura-Rivière, A; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J, 2007)	0.34
" Aliskiren has been recently shown to be efficacious in hypertensive patients at once-daily oral dosing with favorable pharmacokinetics and the potential to improve end-organ protection."	( Aliskiren, the future of renin-angiotensin system blockade? Mehtar Bozkurt, M; Ozunal, ZG; Sabirli, S; Uresin, Y, 2007)	0.34
" At the approved dosage (150-300 mg once daily), it reduces systolic blood pressure by 12-16 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 2-12 mm Hg."	( Aliskiren: an oral renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Choy, M; Lam, S, )	0.13
" Additionally, acute hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of DMF were determined in dose-response experiments in isolated perfused rat hearts."	( Dimethyl fumarate, a small molecule drug for psoriasis, inhibits Nuclear Factor-kappaB and reduces myocardial infarct size in rats. Barbosa, V; Brink, M; Buser, PT; Butz, N; Fasler-Kan, E; John, D; Meili-Butz, S; Niermann, T; Zaugg, CE, 2008)	0.35
" Placebo-adjusted mean changes from baseline in QTcF (Fridericia corrected), QTcI (individualized correction), PR, and QRS intervals were compared at each time point (time-matched analysis) and for values averaged across the dosing period (baseline-averaged analysis)."	( Effects of aliskiren, a direct Renin inhibitor, on cardiac repolarization and conduction in healthy subjects. Ayalasomayajula, S; Bedigian, MP; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Flannery, B; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" After a 3-month, open-label, run-in period during which patients received 100 mg of losartan daily, patients were randomly assigned to receive 6 months of treatment with aliskiren (150 mg daily for 3 months, followed by an increase in dosage to 300 mg daily for another 3 months) or placebo, in addition to losartan."	( Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Hollenberg, NK; Lewis, EJ; Lewis, JB; Parving, HH; Persson, F, 2008)	0.35
" Following a 21-day screening period, 32 healthy male or female subjects (ages 18 - 45 years) were randomized to 1 of 4 aliskiren dosing sequence groups (8 subjects per group): 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg."	( A study of dose-proportionality in the pharmacokinetics of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in healthy subjects. Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Limoges, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" The present article describes the various modalities to optimize the RAAS blockade, either by using a maximal dosage of a monotherapy, or by choosing a double inhibition of RAAS."	( [How I treat... by optimizing the blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]. Krzesinski, JM; Piérard, L; Scheen, AJ; Schleich, F, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacology, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects and toxicity, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of aliskiren as well as safety and economic issues related to its use are reviewed."	( Aliskiren. Daugherty, KK, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren at a dosage of 150 or 300 mg daily may be a good option for control of mild-to-moderate hypertension in patients with or without diabetes in whom first-line antihypertensives have failed to adequately control BP; comparative studies with other antihypertensives are needed to determine which patients can most benefit from aliskiren therapy."	( Aliskiren. Daugherty, KK, 2008)	0.35
"Aliskiren has no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic effects of a single dose of acenocoumarol in healthy volunteers, hence no dosage adjustment of acenocoumarol is likely to be required during co-administration with aliskiren."	( Effect of aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of acenocoumarol in healthy volunteers. Bizot, MN; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Huang, HL; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
" In placebo-controlled trials, those commonly reported for aliskiren at the approved dosage were headache, diarrhea, for personal and fatigue, with incidences similar to those of placebo."	( Direct renin inhibition: an evaluation of the safety and tolerability of aliskiren. Rashid, H, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were taken at regular intervals over 24 h after dosing on the last day of each treatment period."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with furosemide and extended-release isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy subjects. Antunes, A; Bartlett, M; Dieterich, HA; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Vaidyanathan, S; Yeh, CM, 2008)	0.35
"Most patients inadvertently miss an occasional dose of antihypertensive therapy, and hence drugs that provide sustained blood-pressure (BP) reduction beyond the 24-h dosing interval are desirable."	( Maintenance of blood-pressure-lowering effect following a missed dose of aliskiren, irbesartan or ramipril: results of a randomized, double-blind study. Botha, J; Bush, C; Jung, W; Keefe, DL; Palatini, P; Shlyakhto, E, 2010)	0.36
" In combination with other RAS inhibitors at maximal dosage aliskiren has a small synergistic effect on BP (additional 4/2 mmHg reduction)."	( Combination renin-angiotensin system blockade with the renin inhibitor aliskiren in hypertension. Doulton, TW; MacGregor, GA, 2009)	0.35
"The Aliskiren in the Evaluation of Proteinuria in Diabetes (AVOID) trial demonstrated that adding aliskiren, an oral direct renin inhibitor, at a dosage of 300 mg/d to the highest approved dosage of losartan and optimal antihypertensive therapy reduces albuminuria over 6 mo among patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria."	( Cost-effectiveness of aliskiren in type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Charney, A; Delea, TE; Lau, H; Munk, VC; Palmer, JL; Parving, HH; Sofrygin, O; Sullivan, SD; Sung, J, 2009)	0.35
"This study was designed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily administration of aliskiren 75 mg and to evaluate the dose-response relationship across all 3 doses of aliskiren (75, 150, and 300 mg)."	( Evaluation of the dose--response relationship of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in an 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with stage 1 or 2 essential hypertension. Boye, S; Jin, J; Keefe, DL; Puig, JG; Schunkert, H; Taylor, AA, 2009)	0.35
"This study found a positive linear dose-response relationship in BP reduction with aliskiren 75, 150, and 300 mg dosed once daily, but only aliskiren 150 and 300 mg provided statistically significant reductions from baseline compared with placebo."	( Evaluation of the dose--response relationship of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, in an 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with stage 1 or 2 essential hypertension. Boye, S; Jin, J; Keefe, DL; Puig, JG; Schunkert, H; Taylor, AA, 2009)	0.35
"At steady state, the mean AUC during the dosage interval (AUC(tau)) for aliskiren 300 mg (1532 +/- 592 ng x h/mL) was similar to the AUC(infinity) observed following a single dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single and multiple oral doses of aliskiren in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Al-Fayoumi, S; Bartlett, M; Dole, WP; Howard, D; Hu, P; Jarugula, V; Jiang, J; Karan, RS; Yeh, CM; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
"Sixty patients with moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris were randomly assigned to treatment for 16 weeks with either methotrexate (30 patients; 15 mg per week) or fumarates (30 patients; 30 mg, followed by 120 mg according to a standard progressive dosage regimen) and were followed up for 4 weeks."	( Fumarates vs. methotrexate in moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a multicentre prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Fallah Arani, S; Hop, WC; Neumann, H; Thio, HB, 2011)	2.01
" drugs with duration of action longer than the 24-h dosing interval) may allow an adequate blood pressure (BP) reduction to be maintained despite missed doses."	( Impact of prolonged antihypertensive duration of action on predicted clinical outcomes in imperfectly adherent patients: comparison of aliskiren, irbesartan and ramipril. Brede, Y; Burnier, M; Lowy, A, 2011)	0.37
"For 1250 patients, we simulated 256-day dosing histories with realistically distributed drug holidays based on a study of electronically monitored dosing records."	( Impact of prolonged antihypertensive duration of action on predicted clinical outcomes in imperfectly adherent patients: comparison of aliskiren, irbesartan and ramipril. Brede, Y; Burnier, M; Lowy, A, 2011)	0.37
"A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method is validated for the determination of aliskiren in tablet dosage form."	( Determination of aliskiren in tablet dosage forms by a validated stability-indicating RP-LC method. Oliveira, PR; Rolim, CM; Sangoi, MS; Secretti, LT; Wrasse-Sangoi, M, 2011)	0.37
" Oral dosing of aliskiren, enalapril or losartan provided a similar maximal reduction in MAP and duration of efficacy in telemetrised dTG rats."	( Characterization of a stable, hypertensive rat model suitable for the consecutive evaluation of human renin inhibitors. Auger, A; Binkert, C; Cromlish, W; Fischli, W; Harris, J; Hess, P; Liu, S; Percival, MD; Riendeau, D; St-Jacques, R; Steiner, B; Toulmond, S, 2011)	0.37
" The proposed MEKC method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of ALI and HCTZ both individually and in a combined dosage tablet formulation to support the quality control."	( Simultaneous determination of aliskiren and hydrochlorothiazide from their pharmaceutical preparations using a validated stability-indicating MEKC method. Oliveira, PR; Rolim, CM; Sangoi, MS; Steppe, M; Wrasse-Sangoi, M, 2011)	0.37
" • No initial dosage adjustment is required in elderly patients or for patients with mild to severe renal impairment; however, clinical experience is limited in patients with significant renal impairment, and with renal artery stenosis."	( Renin inhibitors. Fisher, ND; Meagher, EA, 2011)	0.37
"A simple and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the determination of aliskiren (ALS) in its dosage forms and spiked plasma."	( Spectrofluorimetric determination of aliskiren in tablets and spiked human plasma through derivatization with dansyl chloride. Aydoğmuş, Z; Sarı, F; Ulu, ST, 2012)	0.38
" The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of these three modes of pharmacological RAS inhibition in reducing atherosclerosis by determining the dose-response relationships."	( Comparative effects of different modes of renin angiotensin system inhibition on hypercholesterolaemia-induced atherosclerosis. Balakrishnan, A; Cassis, LA; Charnigo, R; Daugherty, A; Howatt, DA; Liau, G; Lu, H; Wu, C, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response and time-course analyses were performed to identify optimal conditions for maximal effect."	( Regulation of proton-coupled folate transporter in retinal Müller cells by the antipsoriatic drug monomethylfumarate. Bozard, BR; Chothe, PP; Fulzele, S; Ganapathy, V; Martin, PM; Prasad, PD; Smith, SB; Tawfik, A; Williams, C, 2012)	0.38
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aliskiren 75, 150, and 300 mg to clarify the dose-response relationship and characterize the optimum aliskiren dose when given with a light meal to elderly hypertensive patients."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aliskiren monotherapy administered with a light meal in elderly hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response evaluation study. Ibram, G; Keefe, DL; Le Breton, S; Villa, G, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic profiling of orally dosed DPG or DPG with 60% loading of FA (DPG/FA60) was carried out in omeprazole-treated rats as a hypochlorhydric model."	( Improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behavior of dipyridamole formulation with microenvironmental pH-modifier under hypochlorhydria. Inoue, R; Kawabata, Y; Onoue, S; Taniguchi, C; Wada, K; Yamada, S; Yamashita, K; Yamauchi, Y, 2012)	0.38
"A new, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of aliskiren (ALS) in dosage forms and human urine."	( Spectrofluorimetric determination of aliskiren in dosage forms and urine. Aydoğmuş, Z, )	0.13
" Surprisingly, the increasing dosage of valsartan in the Val-Val50 group showed non-significant tendencies to attenuate the albuminuria compared with vehicle infusion."	( Add-on aliskiren elicits stronger renoprotection than high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice that do not respond to low-dose valsartan. Fan, YY; Hitomi, H; Kitada, K; Kobori, H; Lei, B; Masaki, T; Mori, H; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A, 2012)	0.38
"The vibrating tube method can be used to evaluate the flowability properties of lubricated powders, and the experimental results provide useful information on the production of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms."	( Measurement of flowability of lubricated powders by the vibrating tube method. Horio, T; Matsusaka, S; Yasuda, M, 2013)	0.39
" Doses were adjusted to equipotent inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, determined via a dose-response quantifying plasma and renal renin expression."	( AT1 antagonism and renin inhibition in mice: pivotal role of targeting angiotensin II in chronic kidney disease. Baucke, J; Danser, AH; Divac, N; Fraune, C; Frenay, AR; Garrelds, IM; Hölzel, A; Jankowski, V; Krebs, C; Lange, S; Nguyen, G; Schwedhelm, E; Stahl, R; Streichert, T; van Goor, H; Velden, J; Wenzel, UO, 2012)	0.38
" The single pill triple combination of aliskiren, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide offers five different formulations of escalating dosages of the three agents, allowing dosing flexibility."	( The single pill triple combination of aliskiren, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Huan, Y; Townsend, R, 2012)	0.38
"We added aliskiren at a dosage of 150 mg/day for six months in 103 Chinese CKD patients who had been treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and still had significant proteinuria or uncontrolled hypertension."	( Aliskiren add-on therapy effectively reduces proteinuria in chronic kidney disease: an open-label prospective trial. Hsu, KT; Lee, CT; Tung, SC; Wu, MT, 2014)	0.4
"Poor adherence to antihypertensive drug treatment is common and is often associated with marked prolongations of the dosing interval."	( Sustained blood pressure-lowering effect of aliskiren compared with telmisartan after a single missed dose. Baek, I; Baschiera, F; Brunel, P; Düsing, R, 2013)	0.39
" In high-risk, overweight/obese patients with hypertension, traditional therapy provides significantly greater BP- versus aliskiren-lowering throughout the 24-hour dosing interval."	( Effects of antihypertensive therapy on glucose, insulin metabolism, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and renin system in overweight and obese hypertensives. D'Amore, C; De Rosa, ML; Ilardi, F; Luciano, R; Maresca, F; Musella, F, 2014)	0.4
" Our data suggest a significant neuroprotective effect of creamide in dosage 50 mg/kg administered twice a day which decreased brain lesion volume produced by ischemic and reperfusion injury."	( [Effect of intragastric creatine glycine ethylic ether fumarate administration in a rat model of occlusive ischemia]. Chefu, SG; Daĭneko, AS; Kolpakova, ME; Korzhevskiĭ, DE; Kratirova, NV; Piskun, AV; Prosvirina, MS; Veselkina, OS; Vlasov, TD, 2012)	0.38
" The median duration of FAE treatment was 10 months (range 1-80 months), and the median maintenance dosage per day was 360 mg dimethylfumarate (range 240-600 mg)."	( Effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in children with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis of 14 patients from The Netherlands. Arnold, WP; Balak, DM; Bousema, MT; Oostveen, AM; Seyger, MM; Thio, HB; Venema, AW, 2013)	0.39
" BG-12 also reduced the risk of disability progression at two years compared with placebo in most subgroups of patients treated with the BID dosing regimen and in all subgroups treated with the TID regimen."	( Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: subgroup analyses of the DEFINE study. Arnold, DL; Bar-Or, A; Dawson, KT; Giovannoni, G; Gold, R; Kappos, L; O'Gorman, J; Selmaj, K; Stephan, M, 2013)	0.39
" The proposed method was successfully applied to amlodipine besylate and aliskiren hemifumarate in pharmaceutical dosage mixtures without any interference from the excipients."	( Simultaneous determination of amlodipine and aliskren in tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. Akyüz, A; Özdemir, FA, 2014)	0.4
" From these data, the optimal BG-12 dosage for the treatment of RRMS is 240 mg twice daily."	( The fumaric acid ester BG-12: a new option in MS therapy. Gold, R; Lee, DH; Linker, RA; Stangel, M, 2013)	0.39
"6%), at the higher recommended dosage (300 mg daily) to two-thirds of cases."	( How are physicians prescribing the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in the management of essential hypertension? A French observational study. Fiquet, B; Francillon, A; Herpin, D; Quere, S; Sosner, P, 2013)	0.39
"Healthy volunteers (N = 56) were randomized to receive different dosing regimens of DR-DMF or matching placebo with or without pretreatment with 325 mg aspirin for 4 days."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers. Dawson, KT; Huang, R; Milne, GL; Nestorov, I; Novas, M; O'Gorman, J; Russell, H; Scannevin, RH; Sheikh, SI, 2013)	0.39
" In Study 1, aliskiren was administered orally to juvenile rats at doses of 0, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg/day with repeated dosing from postpartum day (PPD) 8 to PPD 35/36."	( Aliskiren toxicity in juvenile rats is determined by ontogenic regulation of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression. Beckman, D; Hoffmann, P; McLean, LA; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
"An alternative method for analysis of aliskiren (ALI) and hydrochlorothiazde (HCT) in combined dosage forms by ion-pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated."	( Simultaneous determination of aliskiren and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets and spiked human urine by ion-pair liquid chromatography. Belal, F; El-Enany, N; Walash, M; Zayed, S, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma renin activity remained suppressed during the 24-hour dosing interval at all doses."	( Multiple ascending dose study with the new renin inhibitor VTP-27999: nephrocentric consequences of too much renin inhibition. Azizi, M; Balcarek, J; Bryson, C; Danser, AH; Garrelds, IM; Gregg, R; Griffith, SG; McGeehan, G; Ménard, J; Reeves, RA; Sevá Pessôa, B, 2014)	0.4
"A novel, specific, reliable, and accurate capillary zone electrophoretic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of aliskiren hemifumarate, amlodipine besylate, and hydrochlorothiazide in their triple mixture dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of aliskiren hemifumarate, amlodipine besylate, and hydrochlorothiazide in their triple mixture dosage form by capillary zone electrophoresis. Belal, F; Ebeid, WM; El-Enany, N; Patonay, G; Salim, MM; Walash, M, 2014)	0.4
" The drugs were used in a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses for 14 days."	( [Comparative efficacy of nitrofurans in children and adolescents with pyelonephritis in presence of crystalluria]. Aver'anova, NI; Balueva, LG; Ivanova, NV, 2013)	0.39
"With dosing initiated on PPD 8, mortality at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day and slightly increased kidney weight at 100 mg/kg/day occurred."	( Absence of irreversible effects of aliskiren in standard juvenile rat toxicity studies. Barbeau, S; Beckman, D; Hoffmann, P; McLean, LA; Yan, JH, 2014)	0.4
"This observational study recorded data on quality of life, treatment efficacy and drug dosing in patients suffering from psoriasis treated with Fumaderm under conditions of daily practice in 78 dermatological centres."	( Fumaderm® in daily practice for psoriasis: dosing, efficacy and quality of life. Adamczyk, A; Belge, K; Berner, T; Brück, J; Ghoreschi, K; Kellerer, C; Merten, K; Neureither, M; Núnez Gómez, N; Röcken, M; Walker, F, 2014)	0.4
" At baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months the dosing regimen under daily conditions, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and clinical efficacy with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were documented."	( Fumaderm® in daily practice for psoriasis: dosing, efficacy and quality of life. Adamczyk, A; Belge, K; Berner, T; Brück, J; Ghoreschi, K; Kellerer, C; Merten, K; Neureither, M; Núnez Gómez, N; Röcken, M; Walker, F, 2014)	0.4
" We tested the hypothesis that every other day (eod) administration of aliskiren has the same effects as the once daily (od) dosing in albuminuric hypertensive patients."	( Aliskiren in an alternate-day administration schedule in hypertensive albuminuric patients. Kalaitzidis, RG; Karasavvidou, DP; Siamopoulos, KC; Spanos, G; Zikou, X, 2014)	0.4
" In the present study, neuroprotective properties of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate (CrGEt) in rats with focal cerebral ischemia were explored in a wide dosage range (30-280 mg/kg, intravenous and intragastric)."	( Neuroprotective activity of creatylglycine ethyl ester fumarate. Barygin, OI; Isaeva, AV; Korzhevskii, DE; Morozov, VA; Portsel, MN; Tihonov, DB; Veselkina, OS; Vlasov, TD, 2015)	0.42
" Participants with moderate-to-severe psoriasis from the University Medical Center Mannheim and the University Hospital Würzburg were treated with FAE for 16 weeks according to standard dosage recommendations."	( Impact of fumaric acid esters on cardiovascular risk factors and depression in psoriasis: a prospective pilot study. Bauer, B; Benoit, S; Findeisen, P; Goebeler, M; Goerdt, S; Hametner, C; Ludwig-Peitsch, WK; Meyer-Schraml, H; Poppe, M; Schaarschmidt, ML; Schmid, S; Schmieder, A, 2015)	0.42
"This study investigates the effects of a variety of coating materials on the flowability and dissolution of dry-coated cohesive ibuprofen powders, with the ultimate aim to use these in oral dosage forms."	( Influence of coating material on the flowability and dissolution of dry-coated fine ibuprofen powders. Denman, JA; Hapgood, KP; Morton, DA; Qu, L; Stewart, PJ; Zhou, QT, 2015)	0.42
" One of the greatest reasons why FAED are not preferred as a first-line treatment is that according to the recommended dosing schedule, clinically meaningful improvement is seen just after 6 to 8 weeks of therapy."	( Induction therapy with a combination of fumarates and cyclosporine: A benefit for the patient? Fallah Arani, S; Neumann, HA; Thio, HB, 2016)	0.7
" The efficacy of antimicrobial agents delivered to combat SSI is diminished by systemic toxicity, bacterial resistance, and patient compliance to dosing schedules."	( Controlled Delivery of Vancomycin via Charged Hydrogels. Bajzer, Z; Boakye-Agyeman, F; Brinkman, CL; Dadsetan, M; Gustafson, CT; Patel, R; Reid, JM; Yaszemski, MJ, 2016)	0.43
" After a 4-week treatment, aliskiren showed a significant effect on the reduction of blood pressure at a dosage of 60 mg/kg per day, but not of 30 mg/kg per day."	( Aliskiren improves endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic aorta by activating PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal pathway in SHR. Gu, Y; Ji, Y; Meng, G; Tang, X; Xie, L, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, this montelukast sodium-loaded oral suspension, with bioequivalence to the commercial granules and excellent stability, could be a prospective dosage form for the treatment of asthma."	( Novel montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to the commercial granules in rats. Cho, KH; Choi, HG; Jin, SG; Kim, DS; Kim, DW; Kim, JO; Kim, KS; Kim, YH; Kim, YI; Kwon, TK; Li, DX; Park, JH; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yousaf, AM, 2016)	0.43
"Four new spectrophotometric methods were developed, applied to resolve the overlapped spectra of a ternary mixture of [aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS)-amlodipine besylate (AM)-hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)] and to determine the three drugs in pure form and in combined dosage form."	( Resolution of overlapped spectra for the determination of ternary mixture using different and modified spectrophotometric methods. Ahmed, MS; El-Zaher, AA; Mahrouse, MA; Moussa, BA, 2016)	0.43
" Isolated primary adipocytes were incubated with different RAS blockers (aliskiren, captopril and losartan) in vitro for 24 h and lipolysis, lipogenesis and glucose oxidation capacities were determined in dose-response assays to a β-adrenergic agonist and to insulin."	( Renin-angiotensin system blockers regulate the metabolism of isolated fat cells in vitro. Andreotti, S; Caminhotto, Rde O; Campaãa, AB; Lima, FB; Sertié, RA, 2016)	0.43
" Increasing the dosage does not show any significant effect."	( Growth Factor Dose Tuning for Bone Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation on Resorbable Poly(propylene fumarate) Scaffolds. Bishop, TJ; Caplan, AI; Crouser, N; Dean, D; Mishra, R; Montelone, SM; Sefcik, RS; Welter, JF, 2016)	0.43
"Continuous manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms is promising for increasing the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical production and products."	( Provoking an end-to-end continuous direct compression line with raw materials prone to segregation. Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Ervasti, T; Folestad, S; Fransson, M; Karttunen, AP; Ketolainen, J; Korhonen, O; Lakio, S; Tajarobi, P; Wikström, H, 2017)	0.46
" While the clinical efficacy of this FAE mixture is well established, the combination of esters on which it is based, and its dosing regimen, was determined empirically."	( Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) vs. monoethyl fumarate (MEF) salts for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a review of clinical data. Amasuno, A; Asadullah, K; Landeck, L; Mrowietz, U; Pau-Charles, I, 2018)	0.48
"The purpose of this study was to investigate if AZD5329, a dual neurokinin NK1/2 receptor antagonist, is a suitable candidate for further development as an oral immediate release (IR) solid dosage form as a final product."	( Salt formation improved the properties of a candidate drug during early formulation development. Ahlqvist, M; Lindsjö, M; Paulsson, S; Sigfridsson, K, 2018)	0.48
" FADs were used at an average dosage of 361."	( Use of fumaric acid derivatives in Italian reference centers for psoriasis. Cazzaniga, S; Damiani, G; Naldi, L, 2021)	0.62
"Activation of NRF2 using MMF, at least at our dosing regimen, is insufficient to attenuate catastrophic photoreceptor damage characteristic of rd10 mice."	( Comparison of Neuroprotective Effects of Monomethylfumarate to the Sigma 1 Receptor Ligand (+)-Pentazocine in a Murine Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Saul, A; Smith, SB; Wang, J; Xiao, H, 2020)	0.56
"Patient demographics, disease severity at baseline and dosing regimen were reported for patients who initiated treatment with either FAE or MTX between 2007 and 2015."	( Fumaric acid esters for the treatment of psoriasis in Germany: characterising patients in routine care. Augustin, M; Mrowietz, U; Radtke, MA; Reich, K; Rustenbach, SJ; Sorbe, C; Von Kiedrowski, R; Weckbecker, J, 2020)	0.56
" Overall, PK properties following single or repeated dosing of BGF MDI were similar across Chinese, Japanese and Western subjects."	( Ethnic pharmacokinetic comparison of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler (BGF MDI) between Asian and Western healthy subjects. Assam, PN; Dorinsky, P; Feng, C; Gillen, M; Huang, Y; Su, R, 2020)	0.56
" Blood samples were obtained prior to dosing and at prespecified time points through 24 h post-dose to determine plasma concentrations of MMF."	( Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Monomethyl Fumarate Following a Single Oral Dose of Bafiertam™ (Monomethyl Fumarate) or Tecfidera Lategan, TW; Rousseau, FS; Sprague, TN; Wang, L, 2021)	0.62
" Synergistic combination of anti-inflammatory agents can mitigate dosing by requiring less drug."	( Dexamethasone and Fumaric Acid Ester Conjugate Synergistically Inhibits Inflammation and NF-κB in Macrophages. Ainslie, KM; Bachelder, EM; Eckshtain-Levi, M; Genito, CJ; Guerau-de-Arellano, M; Kroboth, A; Krovi, SA; Piedra-Quintero, ZL; Stiepel, RT, 2021)	0.62
"Orally dosed drugs must dissolve in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract before being absorbed through the epithelial cell membrane."	( Improving Dissolution Behavior and Oral Absorption of Drugs with pH-Dependent Solubility Using pH Modifiers: A Physiologically Realistic Mass Transport Analysis. Al-Gousous, J; Amidon, GE; Amidon, GL; Greenwood, DE; Kuminek, G; Salehi, N; Sperry, DC; Waltz, NM; Ziff, RM, 2021)	0.62
" The recommended daily dosage of PFD in patients with IPF is very high (2403 mg/day) and must be mitigated through additives."	( Investigating the Role of the Reduced Solubility of the Pirfenidone-Fumaric Acid Cocrystal in Sustaining the Release Rate from Its Tablet Dosage Form by Conducting Comparative Bioavailability Study in Healthy Human Volunteers. Bansal, AK; Bose, A; Chakraborty, S; Das, S; Ghosh, A; Kumari, N; Pandey, N; Parmar, PK; Roy, P; Roy, S, 2022)	0.72
" Frequent dosing (52."	( Health-Related Quality of Life with Diroximel Fumarate in Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis: Findings from Qualitative Research Using Patient Interviews. Gudesblatt, M; Kapadia, S; Lyons, J; Roman, C; Schmidt, H; Shankar, SL; Singer, BA; Thomas, J, 2022)	0.72
" While the oral dosing of DRF was more convenient than injectable or infusion therapy options, about half of the respondents preferred a less frequent treatment regimen than the twice daily dosing of DRF which needs to be taken with food."	( Health-Related Quality of Life with Diroximel Fumarate in Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis: Findings from Qualitative Research Using Patient Interviews. Gudesblatt, M; Kapadia, S; Lyons, J; Roman, C; Schmidt, H; Shankar, SL; Singer, BA; Thomas, J, 2022)	0.72
" Both S100A8/A9 expression was transiently or time-dependently elevated in four tissues within 48 h after dosing of the three anticancer agents under toxicity-inducing conditions."	( Inflammatory markers S100A8/A9 and metabolic alteration for evaluating signs of early phase toxicity of anticancer agent treatment. Fujimura, Y; Kumazoe, M; Miura, D; Morikawa-Ichinose, T; Onda, H; Tachibana, H, 2022)	0.72
" Daily emtricitabine/TAF was dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended weight bands: 120/15 mg in children weighing 14 to <25 kg and 200/25 mg in those weighing ≥25 kg."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
"In children, TAF combined with boosted PIs or dolutegravir and dosed according to WHO-recommended weight bands provides TAF and tenofovir concentrations previously demonstrated to be well tolerated and effective in adults."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
" By varying fatty acid chain length, the enzyme-oriented QTP controlled release dosage form was challenged to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of QTP."	( Roles of Fatty Acid Chain Length and Enzyme-Oriented Drug Controlled Release from pH-Triggering Self-Assembled Fatty Acid Conjugated Quetiapine Nanosuspensions. Gil, MC; Lee, BJ; Ngo, HV; Nguyen, HD; Nguyen, VH, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite	Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
butenedioate
C4-dicarboxylate	A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Nucleotide metabolism	89	125
Nucleotide biosynthesis	12	46
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis	9	36
Amino acid and derivative metabolism	250	260
Urea cycle	8	22
L-tyrosine degradation I	0	13
TCA cycle III (animals)	0	23
UMP biosynthesis II	0	20
superpathway of L-citrulline metabolism	6	29
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi)	14	19
superpathway of adenosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I	6	14
superpathway of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I	12	32
L-arginine biosynthesis I (via L-ornithine)	2	27
inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis II	1	15
L-arginine biosynthesis II (acetyl cycle)	2	26
superpathway of cytosolic glycolysis (plants), pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle	28	56
nitric oxide biosynthesis II (mammals)	0	14
adenosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis	3	11
TCA cycle variation V (plant)	14	22
urea cycle	2	17
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation	25	29
aerobic respiration III (alternative oxidase pathway)	37	9
aerobic respiration I (cytochrome c)	45	9
canavanine biosynthesis	0	14
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism	11	32
Tyrosine catabolism	5	15
Biomarkers for urea cycle disorders	12	22
Urea cycle and associated pathways	24	30
reductive TCA cycle I	0	25
The impact of Nsp14 on metabolism (COVID-19 Disease Map)	0	84
TCA cycle in senescence	0	11
aerobic respiration II (cytochrome c) (yeast)	0	9
superpathway of conversion of glucose to acetyl CoA and entry into the TCA cycle	47	37
inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis	3	15
purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis	30	37
TCA cycle	17	24
tyrosine degradation	5	17
NADH to fumarate electron transfer	17	13
urea cycle	6	33
pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I	6	18
superpathway of cytosolic glycolysis (plants), pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle	24	59
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation	26	25
superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA, and glyoxylate bypass	39	89
methylaspartate cycle	10	35
succinate to cytochrome bo oxidase electron transfer	8	31
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic)	17	41
TCA cycle VII (acetate-producers)	2	19
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi)	24	22
L-glutamate degradation VIII (to propanoate)	0	20
TCA cycle III (animals)	17	24
succinate to cytochrome bd oxidase electron transfer	7	23
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs)	0	26
TCA cycle VIII (helicobacter)	13	19
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase)	12	33
aerobic respiration II (cytochrome c) (yeast)	19	11
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase)	2	21
aerobic respiration III (alternative oxidase pathway)	39	15
aerobic respiration I (cytochrome c)	50	15
UMP biosynthesis II	7	24
L-glutamate degradation II	2	23
L-tyrosine degradation I	10	23
catecholamine biosynthesis	3	28
L-glutamate degradation IX (via 4-aminobutanoate)	2	34
superpathway of adenosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I	24	24
superpathway of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I	36	49
reductive TCA cycle I	3	27
incomplete reductive TCA cycle	6	18
superpathway of nicotinate degradation	12	54
reductive TCA cycle II	10	24
m-xylene degradation (anaerobic)	3	10
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, mitochondrial)	13	42
mixed acid fermentation	32	76
superpathway of anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates)	16	60
nicotine degradation II (pyrrolidine pathway)	10	34
nicotine degradation III (VPP pathway)	10	32
superpathway of arginine and polyamine biosynthesis	18	101
nicotinate degradation I	8	33
nicotinate degradation II	0	19
tetrahydromethanopterin biosynthesis	9	38
inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis III	3	17
inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis I	5	18
inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis II	8	18
adenosine ribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis	6	17
superpathway of purine nucleotide salvage	13	34
toyocamycin biosynthesis	5	18
dapdiamides biosynthesis	8	31
L-histidine degradation II	5	22
gluconeogenesis I	28	62
gentisate degradation I	6	10
L-arginine biosynthesis III (via N-acetyl-L-citrulline)	2	28
L-arginine biosynthesis I (via L-ornithine)	11	53
L-arginine biosynthesis IV (archaebacteria)	6	20
L-arginine biosynthesis II (acetyl cycle)	1	37
nitric oxide biosynthesis II (mammals)	5	23
superpathway of L-aspartate and L-asparagine biosynthesis	7	30
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum biosynthetic metabolism	22	79
superpathway of L-citrulline metabolism	18	52
cinnamate and 3-hydroxycinnamate degradation to 2-hydroxypentadienoate	8	12
3-phenylpropanoate degradation	1	24
5-nitroanthranilate degradation	3	14
toluene degradation VI (anaerobic)	18	38
toluene degradation to benzoyl-CoA (anaerobic)	13	19
L-glutamate degradation I	3	33
superpathway of glyoxylate bypass and TCA	18	55
hydrogen to fumarate electron transfer	8	16
glycerol-3-phosphate to fumarate electron transfer	7	16
de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides	10	24
arginine biosynthesis	9	26
adenosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis	4	17
aerobic respiration (cytochrome c)	36	13
aerobic respiration (linear view)	36	13
L-citrulline-nitric oxide cycle	5	14
TCA cycle variation V (plant)	23	25
succinic fermentation pathway	0	12
superpathway of central carbon metabolism	3	46
respiration (anaerobic)	0	26
purine nucleotide metabolism (phosphotransfer and nucleotide modification)	0	23
superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle	1	34
tyrosine degradation I	0	13
glutamate degradation II	0	7
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle	0	24
aerobic respiration -- electron donor II	0	9
pyruvate fermentation to propionate I	0	15
superpathway of aspartate and asparagine biosynthesis; interconversion of aspartate and asparagine	0	12
arginine biosynthesis I	0	27
purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I	0	39
superpathway of histidine, purine, and pyrimidine biosynthesis	0	64
purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis II	0	33
salvage pathways of purine nucleosides I	0	27
arginine biosynthesis II (acetyl cycle)	0	26
arginine biosynthesis IV (archaebacteria)	0	20
arginine biosynthesis I (via L-ornithine)	0	27
TCA cycle variation I	7	19
superpathway of citrulline metabolism	2	27
aerobic respiration -- electron donors reaction list	3	14
arginine biosynthesis III	1	26
aerobic respiration -- electron donor III	2	9
TCA cycle variation II	6	18
citrulline-nitric oxide cycle	5	23
cinnamate and 3-hydroxycinnamate degradation to 2-oxopent-4-enoate	1	12
superpathway of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis II	26	38
superpathway of adenosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis II	14	14
TCA cycle variation III (eukaryotic)	12	20
glutamate degradation VII	4	16
arginine biosynthesis IV	5	19
superpathway of glycolysis and TCA variant VIII	0	33
respiration (anaerobic)-- electron acceptors reaction list	0	21
aerobic respiration (alternative oxidase pathway)	0	9
TCA cycle VI (obligate autotrophs)	0	27
TCA cycle III (helicobacter)	0	18
superpathway of aromatic compound degradation	33	49
Arginine biosynthesis	0	3
Tyrosine metabolism and related disorders	7	24
Canavanine biosynthesis	1	10
Amino acid metabolism	3	16
Arginine metabolism	1	12
Purine metabolism	9	38
De novo synthesis of IMP	5	26
De novo synthesis of AMP	2	8

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1366 (30.49)	18.7374
1990's	298 (6.65)	18.2507
2000's	822 (18.35)	29.6817
2010's	1662 (37.10)	24.3611
2020's	332 (7.41)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	342 (7.35%)	5.53%
Reviews	392 (8.42%)	6.00%
Case Studies	135 (2.90%)	4.05%
Observational	23 (0.49%)	0.25%
Other	3,763 (80.84%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	5.05	5	2	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.61	4	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-oxo-3-methylvalerate alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	3.81	2	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.38	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.43	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.36	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.17	16	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.65	3	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.9	13	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	11.09	34	4	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	3.08	5	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	6.07	40	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.56	9	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	6.28	28	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.82	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.37	7	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.15	5	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.05	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.64	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.53	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	7.15	13	3	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.6	9	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	7.2	29	1	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.95	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	5.93	14	2	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.36	2	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	9.1	35	4	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.58	9	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	3.98	14	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	8.86	66	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.4	22	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.07	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.1	5	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.06	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	1.97	1	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.19	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2-butynedioic acid 2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.	2.31	1	0	acetylenic compound; C4-dicarboxylic acid
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	3.76	2	1	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.41	7	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.69	3	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	4.16	3	1	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	12.24	179	2	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.02	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	10.54	79	3	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
5,6-dihydroorotate 4,5-dihydroorotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. dihydroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.	4.51	7	0	monocarboxylic acid; N-acylurea; pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid; secondary amide
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.13	1	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	2.88	4	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone; naphthoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.35	20	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.12	5	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	2.42	2	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	3.42	7	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	9.32	25	3	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.35	2	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.36	59	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.41	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.44	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.69	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	7.14	29	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.85	4	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.	3.74	3	0	dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; hydroquinones	human metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.56	71	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.36	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indole [no description available]	2.64	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	indoleacetaldehyde	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.68	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.04	5	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	6.14	12	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
aspartic semialdehyde aspartic semialdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.86	4	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	4.27	4	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	4.13	16	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.17	16	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.44	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.94	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	3.14	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	3.83	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.87	4	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.57	8	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	4.49	7	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	7.78	94	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.15	18	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
2-succinylbenzoate o-succinylbenzoic acid: structure	1.95	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	6.42	13	1	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	4.06	14	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	5.31	17	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.93	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.93	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.69	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.73	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	5.26	17	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.86	4	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.31	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.92	4	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.63	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.5	7	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.1	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.87	4	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal [no description available]	1.93	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.65	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	1.95	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	5.29	53	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	3.59	9	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	3.07	5	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.07	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2	1	0	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.17	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.47	8	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	12.64	211	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.06	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.21	6	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.88	18	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	3.86	12	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.3	6	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	4.43	5	1	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.06	26	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.38	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.96	4	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.11	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.11	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.15	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.45	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.61	2	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.41	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.86	4	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	2.88	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	4.92	12	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	3.73	11	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.39	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.55	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.11	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	1.98	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.11	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	3.38	1	1	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.69	6	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.92	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole [no description available]	2.58	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.13	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.46	5	1	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	2.64	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	15.59	60	27	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.65	10	0	barbiturates
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.68	3	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	1.94	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.28	15	3	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	6.36	5	3	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.27	3	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
bencyclane Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.	3.05	5	0	benzenes
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	1.98	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.05	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.42	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.71	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
caffeine [no description available]	4.81	4	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.65	6	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	8.01	10	1	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.66	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.02	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	3.45	7	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.21	6	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	4.38	2	2	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.5	1	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.45	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.94	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	1.95	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.63	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.06	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.38	2	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.13	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.95	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.69	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	2.7	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.85	2	1	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.88	4	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.94	1	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	1.94	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.98	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.35	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	3.73	3	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.91	4	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	2.67	3	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.07	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.35	2	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.06	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.64	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.46	1	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluphenazine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	3.9	2	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.32	6	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.59	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.39	2	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.01	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.94	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.71	8	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	16.31	61	31	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	4.05	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.53	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	1.94	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.33	1	1	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.06	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	14.85	32	11	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.36	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.5	8	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	1.99	1	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.88	2	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
kojic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
benzylsuccinic acid benzylsuccinic acid: inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A. 2-benzylsuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of succinic acid carrying a 2-benzyl substituent.	2.4	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.85	2	1	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.38	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.02	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	12.77	43	11	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.25	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.08	4	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.33	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.74	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.11	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.9	13	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	1.98	1	0	naphthalenes
naftopidil [no description available]	2.66	2	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.37	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.41	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.39	2	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.15	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.68	3	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.99	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	1.98	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.13	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.94	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.14	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.11	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.12	5	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	5.51	8	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrophenylacetic acid 4-nitrophenylacetic acid: don't confuse with 4-Nitrophenyl acetate, which is the ester of phenol and acetic acid. (4-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl grup is substituted at the para- position by a nitro group.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylacetic acids
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.83	8	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.01	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.63	3	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.15	1	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.94	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	4.3	2	2	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	5	5	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.07	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	2.84	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.41	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.07	5	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.97	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.94	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	1.94	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.03	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	4.94	3	3	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	2.01	1	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.9	4	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.34	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.25	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sebacic acid sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.	3.1	5	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.45	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	3.63	9	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	2.36	2	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.66	3	0
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.65	3	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	1.95	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	3.12	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temozolomide [no description available]	2.41	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.06	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.46	1	1	diarylmethane
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	4.16	4	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	3.34	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.94	1	0	aziridines
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.34	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.74	2	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	1.94	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.68	3	0
tyramine [no description available]	3.66	10	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
urethane [no description available]	2.41	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0	benzofurans
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.9	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.2	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.48	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.31	6	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.59	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.86	4	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	6.88	6	2	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	13.01	37	16	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.63	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.89	4	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	3.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.15	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	1.93	1	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	1.94	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.63	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.37	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.66	3	0
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.91	4	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	12.78	98	4	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.75	11	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.15	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.56	9	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	8.25	154	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.32	34	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.36	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.05	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.12	47	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.05	15	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.53	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	1.94	1	0	steroid ester
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.52	2	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.33	1	1	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.41	20	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.11	5	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.37	2	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.34	7	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.56	17	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.13	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	7.66	29	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.18	30	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.64	3	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.59	24	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.35	2	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.25	19	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.7	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.98	14	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.84	11	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.11	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	8.26	12	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.55	9	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.34	7	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	3.12	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.44	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	1.95	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.45	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.98	14	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.36	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.35	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	4.09	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	9.07	19	3	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	14.54	64	16	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.64	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.35	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.87	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.47	8	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	7.99	40	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.41	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.7	3	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.65	3	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	1.95	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
bromochloromethane bromochloromethane: inhibitor of ruminal methane production. bromochloromethane : A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.	2.1	1	0	halomethane
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.47	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.07	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.69	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.55	2	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	1.94	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.41	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	epoxide
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.86	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	3.13	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.31	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.68	3	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.81	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methacrylaldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	enal
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.02	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	1.92	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	1.97	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	1.95	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.43	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	4.34	21	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.06	1	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	1.94	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
tetrahydrophthalimide tetrahydrophthalimide: captan metabolite in fruit crops	2.05	1	0
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.94	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.	2.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	4.96	2	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.05	1	0	penicillanic acids
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.92	4	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	4.28	18	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-furoic acid 2-furoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. furoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.. 2-furoic acid : A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.	2.06	1	0	furoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; inhibitor; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.39	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	naphthalenes
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	1.97	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.14	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.07	5	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	1.93	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	2.37	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
synephrine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.43	2	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.05	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.41	2	0	xylene
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.03	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
durene durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.	1.99	1	0	tetramethylbenzene
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	dioxanes
allyl methacrylate [no description available]	2	1	0
3-methylpentane 3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.	2.11	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	allelochemical; human metabolite; non-polar solvent
1,3-dimethylurea N,N'-dimethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	1.95	1	0	ureas
methyl acrylate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	enoate ester
methylcyclopentane methylcyclopentane: toxic; RN 96-37-7. methylcyclopentane : A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.75	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	2.1	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	2	1	0	toluenes
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.13	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.2	3	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.45	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.1	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl-4-toluidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	diamine; substituted aniline
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	1.95	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-nitroacetophenone 4-nitroacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.	1.95	1	0	acetophenones; C-nitro compound
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	1.98	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
ethylbenzene [no description available]	3.12	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.07	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	1.99	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.64	1	1	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
dimethyl succinate dimethyl succinate: potent insulin secretagogue	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
acrolein [no description available]	3.25	6	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.11	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.73	3	0	alkane
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	3.19	5	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.02	1	0	xylene
methyl malonate methyl malonate: do not confuse with methylmalonate, i.e., malonic acid substituted with a methyl group on C2; structure	2.6	1	0
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.25	1	0	aryl thiol
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.11	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.05	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.14	10	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.33	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	5.09	10	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.42	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.33	2	0
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.05	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.15	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.25	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.07	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.36	2	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
cyclopentanone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclopentanones	Maillard reaction product
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.98	4	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.15	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.05	1	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.25	6	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.11	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine : A bicine that is a Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.35 at 20 degreeC.	2.07	1	0	bicine
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.02	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	enoate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.41	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.63	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.65	3	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.08	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.07	5	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.6	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.23	6	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	1.94	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.13	1	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.17	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.68	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.77	5	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.2	18	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.32	13	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.47	7	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.94	1	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	1.97	1	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.39	2	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	1.95	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.95	1	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.56	9	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.39	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	4.82	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.41	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	1.94	1	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	2.35	2	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.05	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.94	1	0
funiculosin (anthraquinone) funiculosin (anthraquinone): see also a pyridone cpd called funiculosin; structure	1.97	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	3.33	1	1	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
cdta CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	organooxygen compound
monomethyl succinate methylsuccinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methylsuccinic acid : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methylsuccinic acid. 2-methylbutanedioic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is butanedioic acid substituted at position 2 by a methyl group.	2.96	3	0	dicarboxylic acid
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.07	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.35	2	0	quinone imine	dye
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.44	2	0	epsilon-lactone
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.96	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	2.02	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
suberic acid suberic acid: used in plastics industry; inhibits activity of some enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. suberic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane.	2.4	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.81	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.03	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	1.94	1	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
1,2-naphthoquinone naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.	1.99	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	4.62	6	1	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	7.61	18	3	organic molecular entity
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	2.05	1	0
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.43	2	0	cellobiose	epitope
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
2-n-butylmalonate 2-n-butylmalonate: structure	1.96	1	0
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	3.06	5	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	1.95	1	0
maleimide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.92	12	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.45	1	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.02	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.69	3	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.04	1	0	bipyridine
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	1.95	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: structure. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane : A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of cyclotetrasiloxane.	2.1	1	0	cyclosiloxane; organosilicon compound
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	3.44	1	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.13	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
anatabine anatabine: alkaloid found in tobacco; structure	1.96	1	0	bipyridines
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.04	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.03	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.94	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
octadecane octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	long-chain alkane	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	11.82	14	5	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
ethylmalonic acid ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.	2.94	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
1,1'-binaphthyl 1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.07	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.62	8	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
3-methylglutaric acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	metabolite
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.86	4	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	2.37	2	0	D-manno-heptulose
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	2.64	3	0
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.01	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	1.98	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.15	1	0	diarylmethane
norflurane norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.45	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	1.95	1	0
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	1.98	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7 trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-1-oxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.	2.91	4	0	bipyridines
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	2.02	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.32	18	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.15	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.01	1	0	zinc molecular entity
tricarballylic acid tricarballylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricarballylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the beta-hydrogens is substituted by a carboxy group.	2.39	2	0	tricarboxylic acid
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.7	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.06	3	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	3.41	1	1
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.05	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.67	3	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
heptazine heptazine: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	1,3,5-triazines
2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.98	4	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.89	4	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol: produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca. 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol : A benzenetriol that is phloroglucinol in which two of the ring hydrogens are replaced by acetyl groups.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; diketone; methyl ketone	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.85	2	1	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.31	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	1.94	1	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.73	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.34	7	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.65	3	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
methyl vinyl sulfone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
streptomycin [no description available]	2.35	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	6.1	5	2	carbon oxoanion
3-chlorocatechol 3-chlorocatechol: inhibits catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. chlorocatechol : Any member of the class of catechols that is catechol substituted by at least one chloro group.. 3-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which the hydrogen adjacent to one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a chlorine.	1.99	1	0	chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes
cladribine [no description available]	6.79	11	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
3-phenylbutyric acid 3-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a phenyl group at position 3.	2	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.25	6	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	3.33	1	1	indene
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.54	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
octyl 2-cyanoacrylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.48	2	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	6.16	32	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.66	10	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.66	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.68	3	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.85	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.69	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.18	5	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.95	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.89	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.37	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.44	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.07	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.85	2	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.44	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.75	3	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.35	2	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	1.94	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.82	3	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.94	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.21	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.99	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	1.97	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	1.98	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	4.19	5	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	1.99	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.33	7	0	diatomic bromine
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.37	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.44	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	4.48	22	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.37	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	1.96	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.35	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.46	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.6	27	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.65	10	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.2	6	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
silver chloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.71	3	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.74	11	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.43	2	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.07	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	tellurium oxoacid
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.33	7	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.63	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.81	3	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	1.95	1	0	sulfur oxoacid
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.96	1	0
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	3.33	1	1	bilanes	human metabolite
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.37	2	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	3.7	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	3.43	1	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.18	6	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	3.97	14	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
calcium dobesilate Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.	2.05	1	0
iodine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.74	162	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.41	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.76	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.17	5	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.04	1	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.05	1	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
alkenes [no description available]	3.54	8	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	6.06	29	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.99	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
cambendazole Cambendazole: A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses.	1.95	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.9	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.34	21	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.74	3	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	1.97	1	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.42	2	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.76	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, 5, and 6.	2	1	0	tetrachlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	3.19	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.39	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.21	5	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	5.39	5	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.25	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	7.41	14	2	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	2.4	2	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	3.14	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.04	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	4.14	3	1	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.41	1	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	3.09	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	3.18	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.48	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.88	2	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.14	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	tetralins
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.03	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.46	5	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	6.42	6	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	14.97	63	17	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	3.19	1	0
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	9.47	14	3	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.07	5	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	3.85	11	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
isobutyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	1.92	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.87	6	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.62	1	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.1	5	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.43	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.01	1	0	lignan
protolichesterinic acid protolichesterinic acid: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; isolated from the lichen Cetraria islandica; RN given refers to (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.63	3	0	iodine oxoacid
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.49	2	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.95	2	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
resorantel resorantel: structure	1.94	1	0
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	9.46	13	6	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
boron nitride [no description available]	2.15	1	0	nitride
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.	2.97	4	0	anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid
alpha-naphthyl isocyanate alpha-naphthyl isocyanate: used to separate enantiomers of beta-blockers; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	boronic acids
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.81	12	0	phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.21	1	0	imidazopyridine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	7.62	10	1	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
atranorin atranorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	carbonyl compound
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.38	2	0	anthocyanidin chloride
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	1,2-dithiole
ubiquinone-o 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone: from solid-cultured Antrodia camphorata; structure in first source. ubiquinone-0 : A derivative of benzoquinone carrying a 5-methyl substituent; and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. The core structure of the ubiquinone group of compounds.	2	1	0	ubiquinones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.	2.45	2	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	2.45	2	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.99	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
trichlorofluoroethene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	tocol
dicolinium iodide dicolin: RN given refers to diiodide; structure	1.93	1	0
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
6-hydroxynicotinic acid 6-hydroxynicotinic acid : A monohydroxypyridine that is the 6-hydroxy derivative of nicotinic acid.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromosuccinic acid bromosuccinic acid: RN given refers to undesignated isomer. bromosuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted at position 2 by a bromine atom.	2.25	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.46	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
monomethyl succinate monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate
alanylglycine alanylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.1	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.58	2	0	sulfoxide
coenzyme a [no description available]	4.96	40	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.42	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fluocinolone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	fluorinated steroid
6-phosphogluconic acid gluconic acid-6-phosphate: structure. 6-phospho-D-gluconate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.. 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.	2.05	1	0	gluconic acid phosphate	fundamental metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.37	2	0
maleopimaric acid maleopimaric acid: RN given refers to (4 alpha,8 alpha,12 alpha,13R,14R)-isomer	2.03	1	0
succinyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.96	1	0	omega-carboxyacyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; inhibitor; mouse metabolite
zofenopril zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thioester	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug; vasodilator agent
lopinavir [no description available]	3.99	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
propionyl-coenzyme a propionyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.34	2	0	acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	1.95	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	1.99	1	0
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.05	1	0	arabinitol
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.44	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2-phenylsuccinate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
chlorofluoroacetic acid chlorofluoroacetic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate: heterobifunctional reagent	2	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.75	11	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
mizoribine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.36	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.07	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.01	1	0
norverapamil norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.45	1	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; secondary amino compound
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.08	1	0
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	1.98	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	4.57	5	1	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
n(delta)-(n-methyl-n-nitrosocarbamoyl)-l-ornithine [no description available]	2.41	1	0
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	9.13	24	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	3.16	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	2.43	2	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyitraconazole hydroxyitraconazole: a hydroxylated metabolite of itraconazole; likely contributes importantly to the in vivo activity attributed to itraconazole	3.45	1	1
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.09	5	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source	2.01	1	0	lignan
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.35	7	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
3-mercaptopicolinic acid 3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	1.96	1	0
matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).	2.03	1	0	gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	5.36	14	1	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
protoporphyrinogen [no description available]	1.95	1	0	porphyrinogens	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
benzoyl-coenzyme a benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.99	1	0
trehalose-6-phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	trehalose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.05	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid 2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.03	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.51	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	4.16	3	1	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	3.14	5	0
f-chemotactic peptide F-chemotactic peptide: potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils	1.98	1	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.31	1	0	carbonyl compound
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.02	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: resembles the RGD peptides; supports receptor-mediated cell adhesion; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/90	2	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	12.22	38	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sb 211475 SB 211475: a carvedilol metabolite; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	4.96	2	1	biphenyls
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.46	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.6	2	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	2.69	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.82	11	0	D-xylose
gyrophoric acid gyrophoric acid: a tridepside isolated from Parmelia nepalensis	2.08	1	0	carbonyl compound
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	3.64	1	1
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	4.21	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.21	1	0
8-chloroadenosine 8-chloroadenosine: active metabolite of 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate	2.05	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.41	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	2.17	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	3.43	1	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.13	1	0	dihydropyridine
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	4.06	2	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	3.47	1	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.38	2	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	3.99	1	1	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	7.78	11	2	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
telbivudine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	2.11	1	0	pyrrolidines
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.35	2	0	carbodiimide
saicar SAICAR: adenosylsuccinase catalyzes its conversion to AICAR. SAICAR : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.	1.97	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-methylthio-n-6-isopentenyladenosine 2-methylthio-N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at C-2 by a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group and at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	1.99	1	0	nucleoside analogue
cochlioquinone a cochlioquinone A: from Helminthosporium sativum; competitive inhibitor of ivermectin binding; RN from Chem Abstract Index Guide 1990; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0	oxanes
5-chloro-2-hydroxynicotinic acid 5-chloro-2-hydroxynicotinic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2	1	0
sedoheptulose 7-phosphate sedoheptulose 7-phosphate : A ketoheptose phosphate consisting of sedoheptulose having a phosphate group at the 7-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway.	2.48	2	0	ketoheptose phosphate; sedoheptulose derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.1	1	0
calcium magnesium phosphate calcium magnesium phosphate: Russian trade name	2.21	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	1.94	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
ferric maltol ferric maltol: potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia	3.41	1	0
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.14	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.67	3	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	13.42	71	8	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
perlatolinic acid perlatolinic acid: C25-H32-O7; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	4.61	7	0
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
lu 135252 [no description available]	4.04	2	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.68	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	1.96	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
pyridine hemochrome [no description available]	1.93	1	0
2-ethylhydracrylic acid 2-ethylhydracrylic acid: newly described urinary organic acid; a metabolite of L-isoleucine; structure. 2-ethylhydracrylic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite derived from the isoleucine metabolism.	2.17	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; hydroxy fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	human metabolite
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.56	2	0	iron coordination entity
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	anabasine
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.99	1	1	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	3.62	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.84	3	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	1.94	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.05	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.97	4	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.75	3	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.99	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.39	2	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.41	1	0
leptomycin b [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.89	13	0
ribulose 5-phosphate ribulose 5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway.. ribulose 5-phosphate : A ribulose phosphate in which the phosphate group is attached at position 5.	2.48	2	0	ribulose 5-phosphate	mouse metabolite
arabinose [no description available]	2.88	4	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.13	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	3.44	7	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.33	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	4.2	5	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.04	5	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.34	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.08	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.31	1	0
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.99	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.64	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	1.94	1	0
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	4.2	17	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.75	2	1	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.32	4	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.91	4	0	benzazocine
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.6	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
naringin [no description available]	3.46	1	1	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.7	3	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.95	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.68	3	0	tripeptide
valnemulin valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative	2.13	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	6.74	5	2	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.45	2	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	6.79	46	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	5.23	16	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.92	4	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	18.73	750	24	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.23	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	5.69	6	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.36	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.26	5	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.52	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.02	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.66	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
fumaramide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.68	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.11	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	3.46	1	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.15	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adenylosuccinate aspartyl adenylate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.35	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.05	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.34	2	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	1.94	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.08	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	12.84	51	8	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.37	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
bx 471 BX 471: a CC chemokine receptor-1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	4.47	5	1	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	1.94	1	0	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	3.86	3	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.68	3	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
elaidic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	food component
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.73	3	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	25.45	336	40	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	3.04	5	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.8	10	0	isomethyleugenol
fumaronitrile [no description available]	4	13	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.59	2	0	stilbene
diethyl fumarate diethyl fumarate : A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol.	7.17	28	1	diester	metabolite
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	3.24	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	9.13	78	1	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	5.79	17	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.37	2	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.05	5	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	1.96	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	1.99	1	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.66	3	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.34	2	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	2	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	3.05	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	2.1	1	0
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.08	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
3-methylglutaconic acid (E)-3-methylglutaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid comprising (E)-glutaconic acid carrying a 3-methyl substituent.	2.7	3	0	dicarboxylic acid
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.21	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	1.94	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.25	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	4.59	27	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.67	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
diaminomaleonitrile, (z)-isomer diaminomaleonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.49	2	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	6.64	5	2	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.75	3	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
nadp [no description available]	6.49	61	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.52	2	0
erythronic acid erythronic acid : The erythro-isomer of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid.. D-erythronic acid : An erythronic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 2 and 3 both have R-configuration (the D-enantiomer).. erythronate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any erythronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	erythronic acid
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.35	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
telaprevir [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.27	4	1	alkali metal atom
quinine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
cystine [no description available]	4	4	0
ly335979 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
fospropofol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
robalzotan robalzotan: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
citryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.94	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.05	1	0
tecoflex Tecoflex: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.25	1	0
zankiren hydrochloride zankiren hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	1.97	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.35	2	0
anthraquinone sulfonate anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant	2.02	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.94	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.64	3	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.34	7	0
citramalate citramalate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. citramalate(2-) : A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is obtained by removal of a proton from both of the carboxylic acid groups of citramalic acid.	2.69	3	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion	human metabolite; plant metabolite
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.86	3	0
dimethyl maleate dimethyl maleate: structure. dimethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.45	2	0	diester; maleate ester; methyl ester
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.39	7	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
dibutyl maleate [no description available]	2.59	2	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	5.71	4	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	9.09	23	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.88	4	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.49	2	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.29	4	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	7.38	5	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	5.65	26	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	1.98	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
maleylpyruvate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	4,6-dioxohept-2-enedioic acid; beta-diketone
glutaconic acid glutaconic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. glutaconic acid : A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.. (E)-glutaconic acid : The (E)-isomer of glutaconic acid.	2.01	1	0	glutaconic acid
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.03	1	0
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.93	4	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.73	6	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.13	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	3.42	1	1	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	1.99	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	1.95	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	11.37	11	5	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.51	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
oxantel oxantel: oxyphenyl analog of pyrantel; RN given refers to (E)-isomer; synonym CP-14,445-16 refers to oxantel pamoate	2	1	0	styrenes
paricalcitol [no description available]	2.81	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.31	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.08	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	4.01	2	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.99	12	0
codeine [no description available]	4.81	4	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	8.9	15	1	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.35	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	2.08	1	0	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.6	6	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.54	2	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
fumarprotocetraric acid fumarprotocetraric acid: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.42	7	0	carbonyl compound
isofraxidin isofraxidin: also see fraxidin	2.04	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
salazinic acid salazinic acid: lichen metabolite; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	2.69	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.48	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	2	1	0
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.71	3	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.65	3	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	1.99	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.98	1	0	alkali metal atom
ethyl fumarate [no description available]	9.88	36	6
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.23	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.93	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	1.97	1	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.74	11	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	1.94	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.04	1	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.21	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	1.94	1	0	boron group element atom
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	12.61	17	3	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.85	2	1	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	15.61	45	21	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.7	9	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
monomethyl fumarate monomethyl fumarate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Is is a metabolite of dimethyl fumarate and used for the the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It also induces the NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factor by binding to KEAP1.	7.6	16	2	dicarboxylic acid monoester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antioxidant; drug metabolite; immunomodulator
demethylmenaquinone [no description available]	2.67	3	0	2-demethylmenaquinone
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	8.91	20	5	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.95	1	0
sedoheptulose [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ketoheptose
deoxyribose [no description available]	1.93	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formylmethanofuran formylmethanofuran: proposed as intermediate in reduction of CO2 to methane	1.97	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	11.58	38	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
isophthalate isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
crotonic acid betaine crotonic acid betaine: RN given refers to inner salt without isomeric designation	2.7	3	0	4-(trimethylammonio)but-2-enoate
7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate: component B of the methylcoenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	L-threonine derivative	coenzyme
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.58	9	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	1.94	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.41	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazeprilat benazeprilat: structure given in first source. benazeprilat : A benzazepine that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a carboxy methyl group and in which the 3-pro-S hydrogen is replaced by the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it is used as its monoester prodrug benazepril in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.97	4	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramiprilat ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.	3.15	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
imidaprilat imidaprilat: structure given in first source; active metabolite of imidapril. imidaprilat : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is imidapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of imidapril used to treat hypertension.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines
tenofovir diphosphate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	4.21	2	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	25.77	937	215	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.15	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.15	1	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.41	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.56	9	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	1.93	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	2.75	3	0	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.43	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.38	2	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	5.76	29	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.95	1	0
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	4.92	38	0	amidobenzoic acid
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	3.33	7	0	dicarboxylic acid
calcium fumarate [no description available]	5.26	6	2
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.39	2	0
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	1.98	1	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	2.15	1	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid N(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid: inhibits glucosamine synthetase in E coli; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S-(E)-isomer). N(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the terminal amino group of 3-amino-L-alanine with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid.	5.45	20	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; monocarboxylic acid amide	metabolite
fumarylpyruvate fumarylpyruvate: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
bis(2,3-dibromosalicyl)fumarate bis(2,3-dibromosalicyl)fumarate: has anti-inflammatory activity	2	1	0
norvalyl-n(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid [no description available]	2.67	3	0
menaquinol 6 menaquinol 6: a short chain analog of vitamin K2; physiological electron donor. menaquinol-6 : A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of six isoprenoid units.	2.39	2	0	menaquinol	electron donor
bafilomycin c1 bafilomycin C1: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
rhodoquinone rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.7	3	0
1-alpha, 25-difluorovitamin d3 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
rilpivirine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.01	1	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	3.15	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	1.94	1	0
ym 976 YM 976: a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrimidines
andrastin a andrastin A: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. andrastin A : A 19-oxo steroid that is that is andrastin B in which the hydroxy group at position 19 has been oxidised to give the corresponding aldehyde. A farnesyltransferase inhibitor produced by Penicillium roqueforti, a filamentous fungus involved in the ripening of several kinds of blue cheeses.	2.01	1	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.11	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.44	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
furagin Furagin: Nitrofuran derivative anti-infective agent used for urinary tract infections.. furagin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino group (the configuration of the C=C and C=N bonds in the grouping that links the two heterocycles is not specified). A nitrofuran antibiotic with properties similar to nitrofurantoin, furagin is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.	3.47	1	1
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.17	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	1.92	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
clavaric acid clavaric acid: inhibits farnesyl-protein transferase; isolated from Clavariadelphus truncatus; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
voclosporin voclosporin: semi-synthetic cyclosporine A analog & calcineurin inhibitor; FDA approved use to treat lupus nephritis.	3.12	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
bromopyruvate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	1.99	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	4.75	12	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.47	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	2.41	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
tri-cyclen [no description available]	3.53	1	1
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	10.43	31	3	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
ssr180711 SSR180711: a selective alpha7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (n-AChRs) partial agonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
bay 58-2667 BAY 58-2667: activates guanylyl cyclase; structure in first source. cinaciguat : A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.	3.19	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
anatibant LF 16-0687: a potent non-peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	proline derivative
istaroxime Istaroxime: PST-2744 is the (E,Z)-isomer; a positive cardiac inotropic agent; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
ave 0991 AVE 0991: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	2.04	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.22	6	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	3.21	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	2.42	2	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.16	5	0
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
gantacurium gantacurium: Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	3.04	1	0	cysteine derivative
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	3.5	1	1	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.82	5	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	3.46	8	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	6.75	7	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
apremilast [no description available]	4.16	4	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	4.09	4	0
omecamtiv mecarbil [no description available]	3.19	1	0	ureas
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.41	3	0
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	1.96	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.	2.41	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.37	2	0	benzoxazole
ferryl iron [no description available]	3.14	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.37	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
thiosuccinic acid thiosuccinic acid: inhibits fibrinolysin	2.03	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	1.93	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.95	1	0
norelgestromin norelgestromin: transdermal hormonal contraceptive	3.53	1	1
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.48	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	9.53	173	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vonoprazan 1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	3.29	5	0	pyrroles
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.99	4	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	2.03	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.4	3	0	polypeptide
renin inhibitory peptide renin inhibitory peptide: angiotensinogen analog	2.07	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	1.95	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	3.33	7	0	peptide hormone
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	4.13	2	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	7.56	22	2
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.06	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.01	14	0	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	2.06	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.47	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.63	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	4.21	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.93	4	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.67	26	0
succinyladenosine succinyladenosine: found in body fluids of children with severe psychomotor delay & autism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. succinyladenosine : An aspartic acid derivative that is L-aspartic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by a 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-yl group.	2	1	0	adenosines; amino dicarboxylic acid; L-aspartic acid derivative	metabolite
chitosan [no description available]	4.08	13	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.42	2	0	organosulfonic acid
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.39	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium stearyl fumarate sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient	4.27	17	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.46	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	2	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.92	4	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.45	1	1
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	2.36	2	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.83	12	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	3.04	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	2.08	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.13	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.45	2	0	glycoside
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	1.94	1	0
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	5.06	3	1	fumarate salt
s-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)cysteine S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)cysteine: isolated from a toadstool, Amanita pantherina as a mixture of (2R),(1'R) and (2R),(1'S) diastereomers. S-(2-succinyl)-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a 1,2-dicarboxyethyl group. It is a chemical modification which occurs in tissue proteins and formed by a Michael addition of cysteine to fumaric acid.	3.62	8	0	L-cysteine thioether; tricarboxylic acid	human metabolite; Maillard reaction product
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	10.39	16	2
mannans [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cobicistat [no description available]	3.01	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.38	2	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.06	5	0
cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)	2.13	1	0
4-benzylideneamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.76	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	10.34	33	11
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.75	3	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.11	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.58	2	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.48	2	0
6-chloro-5-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-benzimidazole 6-chloro-5-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole: antiparasitic; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
chymostatin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.97	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.43	2	0
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzodiazepine
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	6.87	4	1	hydrate	antipsoriatic
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.95	4	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	imidazoquinoline
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	12.17	23	13	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	6.52	26	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	6.76	60	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.25	4	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.85	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.65	10	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	3.83	12	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	3.43	1	1	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
laquinimod [no description available]	7.5	16	0	aromatic amide
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.82	2	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	5.14	47	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
antimycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	9.08	24	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dolutegravir [no description available]	4.68	3	1	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.82	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	8.79	18	2
2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.47	2	0
doravirine [no description available]	6.24	5	1
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
gt0918 proxalutamide: has antineoplastic activity	2.1	1	0
mbp-8298 MBP-8298: a synthetic peptide analog of myelin basic protein for the treatment of multiple sclerosis	3.15	1	0
rusalatide acetate rusalatide acetate: peptide sequence: AGYKPDEGKRGDACEGDSGGPFV	2.43	2	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.06	5	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.03	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	4.68	5	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.41	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.46	8	0
bafilomycin b1 bafilomycin B1: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
teferrol [no description available]	3.41	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.31	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.74	11	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.05	5	0
bictegravir bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.	4.72	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	1.98	1	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	3.19	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	8.03	10	4	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	3.41	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.48	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.68	10	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.03	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.53	1	1
s 8932 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	15.53	30	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.88	4	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.02	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	3.4	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.94	1	0
maleylacetone [no description available]	2.41	2	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.99	4	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.43	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.08	5	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	7.61	7	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.8	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.49	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.86	2	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.41	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.74	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	6.19	7	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	1.95	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.44	1	1	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.4	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.44	2	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.6	6	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.44	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.63	2	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.96	5	2	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.48	2	0	dacarbazine
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.95	8	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.08	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	4.41	3	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.86	2	1	guanosines	biomarker
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.36	2	0
phosphocreatinine phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.13	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
opicapone opicapone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
eye [no description available]	2.97	4	0
nephrosteranic acid nephrosteranic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	gamma-lactone
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	3.42	1	1
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	5.98	2	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.02	1	0
cenderitide cenderitide: a heart drug from venom of African green mamba	3.21	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	1.95	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.98	4	0
reamberin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.86	3	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.16	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.76	10	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	6.54	26	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	6.58	17	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	4.95	13	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.04	15	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.76	10	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	6.54	26	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	6.58	17	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	4.95	13	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.41	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	8.11	25	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	8.11	25	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	13.97	50	12
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	13.97	50	12
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	17.49	209	27
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	17.49	209	27
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.73	3	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.63	7	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	9.55	15	3
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	9.55	15	3
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.61	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	13.85	73	3
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	13.85	73	3
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.26	12	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	4.24	3	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.24	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	9.53	11	3
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	19.32	106	51
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	19.32	106	51
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.31	5	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.41	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	3.98	12	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	3.98	12	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.54	2	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	15.25	39	25
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	15.25	39	25
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	4.01	14	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	4.24	3	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	7.96	6	4
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	9.36	14	7
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	14.6	48	27
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	9.36	14	7
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	7.96	6	4
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	11.91	18	10
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	11.91	18	10
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.92	4	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	9.73	41	3
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	9.73	41	3
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	21.23	174	22
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	5.43	14	1
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.41	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	10.09	18	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	4.04	3	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	5.11	18	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.41	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	5.11	18	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.96	4	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.25	6	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.81	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.27	7	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.27	7	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	23.46	432	140
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	23.46	432	140
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	5.92	5	1
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available]	4.86	11	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	5.92	5	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.7	3	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	3.04	4	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.41	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.58	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.41	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.41	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.9	4	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.22	19	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	6.22	19	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	8.93	115	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.81	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.76	3	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.09	5	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	4.72	1	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	4.02	9	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	4.02	10	0
Regurgitation, Gastric GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER	4.02	9	0
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.	4.02	9	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	4.08	5	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	6.39	4	2
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	9.54	15	3
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	6.39	4	2
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.54	15	3
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	4.32	7	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.76	3	0
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	4.18	5	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	4.21	5	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	4.18	5	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	4.21	5	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.66	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	8.72	21	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	15.28	69	37
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	15.28	69	37
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	8.72	21	2
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.6	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.59	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.99	4	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2.21	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.59	1	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.78	25	3
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	9.61	13	4
Cirrhosis [description not available]	7.65	31	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	3.42	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.65	31	1
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.77	3	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.61	8	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.78	3	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.87	3	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.25	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	13.33	54	9
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	13.33	54	9
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	2.25	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.38	2	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	5.84	12	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	5.84	12	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.29	6	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	11.46	20	8
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.68	9	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.68	9	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.69	2	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	4.95	36	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.25	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	5.4	9	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	5.4	9	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	6.06	3	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	17.8	85	32
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	6.06	3	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	17.8	85	32
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.17	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	3.57	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.57	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.38	7	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.38	7	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	2.84	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	13.33	39	9
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	5.21	12	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.84	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	7.95	10	2
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	7.95	10	2
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.25	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.22	6	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	3.95	4	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.95	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	12.36	18	11
Metastase [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.13	5	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	20.13	129	12
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	19.21	135	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	20.13	129	12
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	19.21	135	5
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.8	32	0
Macrophage Activation Syndrome A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2.31	1	0
Single Functioning Kidney [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.61	8	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	7.24	5	3
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.23	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.23	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	7.24	5	3
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	7.13	7	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	7.56	15	4
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	7.13	7	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	7.56	15	4
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.58	2	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum [description not available]	7.69	7	2
Necrobiosis Lipoidica A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.	7.69	7	2
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.41	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	2.46	2	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.91	2	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.9	4	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.31	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.65	17	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.52	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	4.49	8	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	5.65	17	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	3.5	2	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	2.31	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	5.71	18	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.94	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	5.71	18	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	5.37	20	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	5.37	20	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.55	2	0
Polydipsia Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.	2.15	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.38	8	4
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.12	5	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	11.55	29	11
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	11.55	29	11
Acne Inversa [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	8.45	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	14.35	70	9
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	11.78	37	8
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.78	37	8
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.02	4	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	2.15	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	6.92	8	2
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	6.92	8	2
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.15	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.15	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Ache [description not available]	5.85	13	2
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.38	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	5.85	13	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.64	28	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.83	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.15	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.81	3	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.78	3	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.52	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	6.43	9	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	6.43	9	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	12.3	38	10
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	3.77	2	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.25	6	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	3.09	1	0
Granuloma Annulare Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.	8.4	11	2
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	7.37	17	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.79	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.23	6	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.17	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Congenital [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.89	4	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.89	4	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.59	1	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.82	12	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.82	12	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	3.5	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.52	2	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.17	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.22	5	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	2.95	4	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	4.15	3	1
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	4.15	3	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	3.43	2	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	6.25	7	2
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	6.25	7	2
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.83	3	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	7.48	11	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	3.51	8	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.21	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.54	2	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.21	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.21	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.21	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.69	3	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.32	4	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.32	4	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.11	14	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.11	14	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.05	4	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.83	3	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.52	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.21	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.55	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	6	9	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.44	7	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.41	5	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	6	9	1
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.08	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.49	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.39	7	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.69	3	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	11.86	22	19
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	11.86	22	19
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	4.43	2	2
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.13	3	1
Allodynia [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	3.54	8	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	7.02	4	3
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	7.03	6	3
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	7.03	6	3
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	2.08	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	9.78	9	5
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	8.72	18	4
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	9.78	9	5
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	5.55	3	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	4.88	4	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	4.88	4	2
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	3.87	2	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	3.59	3	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	7.11	6	2
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	6.45	3	3
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	6.45	3	3
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	7.04	3	2
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.08	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	8.17	12	2
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.78	5	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	3.39	7	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	5.42	5	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.49	2	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	3.47	1	1
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	3.47	1	1
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.01	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	3.66	3	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.39	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.52	2	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	2.49	2	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	2.49	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	5.18	6	2
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.52	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	10.21	12	6
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	4.16	3	1
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.78	3	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	2.11	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	2.52	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.1	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.67	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.07	5	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.1	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.12	3	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	5.04	5	2
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.1	1	0
Hives [description not available]	6.55	14	4
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	6.55	14	4
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.69	3	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.38	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	2.1	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.46	2	0
Isolated Clinic Hypertension [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	3.03	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.1	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.1	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.52	2	0
Collagenous Colitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.	2.1	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.82	12	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	3.48	1	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	3.15	5	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.11	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	4.59	6	1
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.52	2	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.52	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.97	4	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.49	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.11	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.11	1	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.11	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.68	3	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	4.63	3	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.06	5	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	6.59	6	1
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	6.59	6	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Disease Models, Nervous System [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	7.55	11	2
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.59	17	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	5.59	17	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	3.8	2	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.71	3	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.73	3	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.13	1	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	2.13	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.13	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.13	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.5	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	4.22	3	1
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.15	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	4.22	3	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	4.55	5	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	4.55	5	1
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	4.26	4	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	6.57	7	3
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	6.57	7	3
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.13	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.13	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.38	2	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	2.13	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.13	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.41	2	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	2.15	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.1	5	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.38	2	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.7	3	0
Argininosuccinate Synthase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Citrullinemia A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)	2.15	1	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	2.15	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.73	3	2
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	2.96	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.38	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	5.24	4	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	5.24	4	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.04	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	4.63	6	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	3.83	2	1
Indigestion [description not available]	7.47	4	4
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	7.47	4	4
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	4.13	3	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.76	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.88	4	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.05	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.7	3	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.46	2	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.37	2	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.05	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.65	3	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	2.06	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.05	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.05	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.37	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	3.29	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.66	3	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	2.05	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.46	2	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.05	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.97	1	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.38	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.05	1	0
BOOP [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.41	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.05	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.06	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	5.6	10	2
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.38	2	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	5.6	10	2
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.06	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.06	1	0
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	3.39	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.47	2	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.06	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.98	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.47	2	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.06	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	3.76	2	1
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.98	1	0
Cheilitis Granulomatosa [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2.06	1	0
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.07	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Itching [description not available]	5.35	5	3
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.65	3	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	5.35	5	3
Lassitude [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.45	1	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.06	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.06	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.44	2	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.44	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.06	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.78	2	1
Granulomas [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.07	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.06	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.77	3	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.77	3	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Arginino Succinase Deficiency [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.99	1	0
Argininosuccinic Aciduria Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.	2.99	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.45	2	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	2.07	1	0
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.07	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.43	5	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.43	5	1
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.07	1	0
Osteochondritis Dissecans A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints.	2.08	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.45	2	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.48	2	0
Infection [description not available]	13.34	32	32
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	13.34	32	32
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.08	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.07	1	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	3.81	2	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.07	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.08	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.29	2	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	2.01	1	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	3.81	2	1
Exanthem [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	3.76	2	1
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.76	2	1
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.01	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.01	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.01	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.66	3	0
Psychoses [description not available]	4.31	1	1
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	5.23	2	2
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	4.31	1	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	5.23	2	2
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.41	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.01	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.01	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	1.93	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.86	4	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	1.93	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.63	3	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	4.08	16	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	1.93	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	5.34	14	1
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.34	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.34	2	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.34	2	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.93	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	1.93	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	1.93	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	1.93	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.04	5	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	1.93	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	1.94	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Kidney Stones [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	1.94	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	3.73	2	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	3.73	2	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.55	9	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.34	2	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	1.94	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.37	2	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.94	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	1.94	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	1.94	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.64	3	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.06	5	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.42	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.68	2	1
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.	2.02	1	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	3.41	1	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.02	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.22	6	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.02	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.82	2	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.41	1	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	3.41	1	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.41	1	1
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	2.94	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cyclitis, Chronic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Uveitis, Intermediate Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.	2.03	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.03	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.3	2	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.03	1	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.03	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	3.21	6	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.34	2	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	1.96	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	1.96	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.	2.9	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.37	1	1
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.99	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	2	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2	1	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	2	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	4.04	3	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	4.28	4	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.37	2	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	2	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	2	1	0
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	2	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	2	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.35	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.3	2	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.3	2	2
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	1.95	1	0
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis 2 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.36	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.34	1	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	1.95	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.63	3	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.35	2	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	1.95	1	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	1.95	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.33	1	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.74	2	1
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	1.95	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.38	2	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	1.98	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	1.98	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	1.97	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	1.97	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	1.97	1	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.97	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.36	2	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	1.97	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	1.97	1	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	1.97	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	1.97	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	1.97	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	1.97	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1.96	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.94	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.94	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.04	5	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	1.95	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	1.95	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	1.94	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	1.94	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.94	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.02	3	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.02	3	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.58	3	2
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.35	2	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1.94	1	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	1.94	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.35	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	5.03	10	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.03	10	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	5.68	20	1
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.35	2	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	3.33	1	1
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	3.33	1	1
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	3.33	1	1
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.94	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	1.95	1	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	3.33	1	1
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	1.95	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.35	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.35	2	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	4.8	4	2
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	4.8	4	2
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	4.24	4	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	4.24	4	1
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	1.94	1	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	1.94	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.86	4	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	1.94	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	1.94	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.94	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	2.35	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	3.45	8	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.63	3	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.94	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.94	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.94	1	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	1.94	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.35	2	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	1.94	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.63	3	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Varices [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	1.94	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	1.94	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	1.94	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	1.94	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	1.94	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	1.94	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	1.94	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	1.94	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	1.94	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	1.94	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.94	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	1.94	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	1.94	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.33	1	1
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	1.94	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	1.94	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	1.94	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	1.94	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	1.94	1	0

fumarates

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