organophosphonates profile

hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	177605
CHEBI ID	29259
MeSH ID	M0571031

Synonym
hydroxidodioxidophosphate(2-)
hydrogen(trioxidophosphate)(2-)
[po2(oh)](2-)
CHEBI:29259 ,
hydrogenphosphite
hpo3(2-)
hydrogen phosphite
phosphonic acid, ion(2-)
15477-76-6
organophosphonates ,
DTXSID30165717
Q27110334
Q27109991

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Organophosphonates (Pns) are a unique class of natural products characterized by a highly stable C-P bond. "	( The functional importance of bacterial oxidative phosphonate pathways. Pallitsch, K; Zechel, DL, 2023)	2.35
"Organophosphonates are a group of chemical agents which have high bioactivity. "	( Diethyl [(3-phenoxy-2-oxo-4-phenyl-azetidin-1-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-phosphonate as a potent anticancer agent in chemo-differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Akbari-Birgani, S; Borji, M; Kaboudin, B; Mohammadi, S; Vaezi, M, 2019)	1.96

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These results indicate that HPMPC is not toxic to the rabbit retina at 500-1000-fold the dose that is effective in suppressing CMV infections."	( Lack of retinal toxicity of the anticytomegalovirus drug (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine. Armani, R; Bergeron-Lynn, GL; Boscher, C; Capparelli, E; Connor, JD; De Clercq, E; Dolnak, DR; Munguia, D; Sherwood, C; Wiley, CA, 1992)	0.28
" Integral, biochemical, histological and electron-microscopic methods were used for the evaluation of the toxic effect of the preparation."	( [Experimental research on the chronic inhalational toxicity of chloracetophon]. Burkova, T; Ivanova-Chemishanska, L; Kapurdov, V; Mikhaĭlova, A; Zaĭkov, Kh, 1986)	0.27
" Nephrotoxicity in one subject was the only serious adverse event observed."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and bioavailability of HPMPC (cidofovir) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Cundy, KC; Fisher, PE; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Pastelak, A; Petty, BG; Wachsman, M, 1996)	0.29
" Repeat infusions of PMEA at a dose of 1000 mg were safe and well tolerated."	( Safety of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a pilot study. Arends, S; Kamp, W; Schokker, J; van Halteren, E, 1996)	0.29
" Gastrointestinal complaints and reversible liver transaminase elevations were the most frequently noted adverse events."	( Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil (9-[2-(bis-pivaloyloxymethyl)-phosphonylmethoxyethyl]adenine) in HIV-infected patients. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Hendrix, CW; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Toole, J, 1997)	0.3
"Intravitreal cidofovir has been shown to be a long acting and highly efficacious treatment for CMV retinitis; however decrease in IOP is an adverse effect."	( An animal model for cidofovir (HPMPC) toxicity: intraocular pressure and histopathologic effects. Banker, AS; Bergeron-Lynn, G; De Clercq, E; Flores-Aguilar, M; Freeman, WR; Keefe, K; Munguia, D; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
"The purpose of the study is to evaluate the adverse events and autopsy findings in a series of consecutive 20-microg intravitreous cidofovir injections at a single institution."	( Adverse events and autopsy findings after intravitreous cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Arevalo, JF; Banker, AS; De Clercq, E; Freeman, WR; Mueller, AJ; Rahhal, FM; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
" Sixty-three patients who had 246 injections in 93 eyes had 1 month's follow-up or longer for the evaluation of adverse events."	( Adverse events and autopsy findings after intravitreous cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Arevalo, JF; Banker, AS; De Clercq, E; Freeman, WR; Mueller, AJ; Rahhal, FM; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
"The most severe adverse event was postinjection chronic hypotony."	( Adverse events and autopsy findings after intravitreous cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Arevalo, JF; Banker, AS; De Clercq, E; Freeman, WR; Mueller, AJ; Rahhal, FM; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
"The most serious adverse event was postinjection chronic hypotony, which occurred in 3% of eyes."	( Adverse events and autopsy findings after intravitreous cidofovir (HPMPC) therapy in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Arevalo, JF; Banker, AS; De Clercq, E; Freeman, WR; Mueller, AJ; Rahhal, FM; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
" Adefovir dipivoxil was determined to be safe and well-tolerated when administered for 12 weeks."	( The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cherrington, JM; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Drew, WL; Hellmann, N; Jaffe, HS; Kahn, J; Lalezari, J; Lamy, PD; Li, W; Mulato, AS; Pavia, A; Rodrigue, D; Toole, J, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-dependent asymptomatic proteinuria (39%) and serum creatinine elevation (24%) were the most common adverse events thought to be related to cidofovir."	( Randomized, controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Hardy, WD; Holland, GN; Ives, DV; Jaffe, HS; Johnson, M; Kemper, CA; Kramer, F; Kuppermann, BD; Lalezari, JP; Lewis, RA; McKinley, GF; Nelson, R; Northfelt, DW; Ruby, AE; Simon, GL; Stagg, RJ; Weinberg, DV; Wolitz, RA; Youle, M, 1998)	0.3
" All subjects tolerated dosing without significant adverse events."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of intravenous 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Deeks, SG; Hellmann, NS; Hwang, F; Kahn, JO; Lietman, PS; Rooney, JF; Safrin, S, 1998)	0.3
" its toxicity resulted in a parabolic curve with nerve agents and other similarly toxic compounds in the center."	( Effects of chemical reactivity of the toxicity of phosphorus fluoridates. White, WE, 1999)	0.3
"Changes in HIV RNA from baseline, based on area under the curve and CD4+ cell levels, adverse events, and effect of baseline genotypic resistance on response to adefovir."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Basgoz, N; Beall, G; Cherng, D; Cherrington, J; Coakley, D; Cooper, R; Deeks, S; Hardy, D; Kahn, J; Lagakos, S; Miller, M; Murphy, R; Ng, E; Toole, JJ; Winslow, D; Wulfsohn, M, )	0.13
" Patients were monitored for adverse effects."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the oral antiviral compound adefovir dipivoxil in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Pediatrics AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Blanchard, S; Burchett, S; Coakley, DF; Culnane, M; Cundy, KC; Fridland, A; Hughes, WT; Purdue, L; Read, JS; Rodman, JH; Shenep, JL; Willoughby, R; Zimmer, B, 2000)	0.31
"This report investigates the pathomechanism of acute renal failure caused by toxic acute tubular necrosis after treatment with the antiretroviral agent adefovir."	( Adefovir nephrotoxicity: possible role of mitochondrial DNA depletion. Bell, A; D'agati, VD; Kambham, N; Markowitz, GS; Tanji, K; Tanji, N, 2001)	0.31
"Four patients withdrew from the study (two because of adverse events), leaving 31 patients who received adefovir dipivoxil for a median of 48 weeks (range 44-48)."	( Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus: an open-label pilot study. Benhamou, Y; Bochet, M; Brosgart, C; Calvez, V; Fievet, MH; Fry, J; Gibbs, CS; Katlama, C; Namini, H; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Vig, P, 2001)	0.31
" Grade III or IV adverse events were limited to laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatine phosphokinase and liver function tests, which resolved with or without drug discontinuation and without sequelae."	( Phase i/ii trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Barditch-Crovo, P; Coakley, DF; Coleman, RL; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Kahn, JO; Kearney, BP; Lamy, PD; Lietman, PS; McGowan, I; Miller, M; Safrin, S, 2001)	0.31
"Drug-associated dysfunction of mitochondria is believed to play a role in the etiology of the various adverse symptoms that occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)."	( Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Birkus, G; Cihlar, T; Hitchcock, MJ, 2002)	0.31
" Eleven patients received a total dose of 105 mg over a period of 6 hours (dose group 3; reduction of total dose and infusion time because of adverse events in group 2)."	( AMPA antagonist ZK200775 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: possible glial cell toxicity detected by monitoring of S-100B serum levels. De Keyser, J; Diener, HC; Elting, JW; Hommel, M; Kaste, M; Lees, KR; Sulter, GA; Teelken, AW; Versavel, M, 2002)	0.31
" The test compounds are much more toxic to NALM-6 cells than to HL-60 cells."	( Cytotoxic effects, alkylating properties and molecular modelling of coumarin derivatives and their phosphonic analogues. Brzezinska, E; Budzisz, E; Krajewska, U; Rozalski, M, 2003)	0.32
"The rise in didanosine concentrations in plasma when given with tenofovir raises concern for a high risk of toxic effects."	( Pancreatic toxic effects associated with co-administration of didanosine and tenofovir in HIV-infected adults. Blanco, JL; de Lazzari, E; García, F; Gatell, JM; Larrousse, M; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Milinkovic, A; Miró, JM; Ravasi, G, )	0.13
" Twelve subjects in the QD Group (14%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events, mainly nevirapine-related hepatitis (6%)."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily didanosine, tenofovir and nevirapine as a simplification antiretroviral approach. Burger, D; Clotet, B; Galindos, MJ; Gel, S; Miralles, C; Moltó, J; Muñoz-Moreno, JA; Negredo, E; Pedrol, E; Puig, J; Ribera, E; Rodriguez Fumaz, C; Rodríguez, E; Ruiz, L; Viciana, P; Videla, S, 2004)	0.32
" These data have now provided a clear and clinically relevant understanding of the individual profiles of drugs within the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor , HIV protease inhibitor and non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug classes, and have provided a rational basis for assessing and monitoring these adverse effects in clinical practice."	( Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a review of selected topics. Mallal, S; Nolan, D; Reiss, P, 2005)	0.33
"These results suggest that adefovir dipivoxil would be an effective and safe treatment for patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis with lamivudine resistance, but its effect might be limited and slower for decompensated cirrhosis."	( [Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis with Lamivudine resistance compared to patients with compensated liver disease]. Choi, MS; Koh, KC; Lee, JH; Moon, W; Moon, YM; Paik, SW; Rhee, JC; Shim, SG; Yoo, BC, 2005)	0.33
"Despite the recent publication of case reports describing various manifestations of tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity, data regarding the incidence of and risk factors for this adverse effect are currently lacking."	( Incidence of and risk factors for tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity: a retrospective cohort study. Antoniou, T; Chirhin, S; Gough, K; Govan, V; Loutfy, M; Raboud, J; Rachlis, A; Yoong, D, 2005)	0.33
" No serious adverse events related to adefovir dipivoxil occurred during the study, and HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell counts were stable."	( Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients infected with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B and HIV-1. Benhamou, Y; Biao, L; Brosgart, C; Calvez, V; Chang, CG; Currie, G; Fievet, MH; Marcelin, AG; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Vig, P; Xiong, S, 2006)	0.33
" There were no significant clinical and biochemical adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency. Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)	0.33
"Adefovir dipivoxil is safe for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients with varying degrees of renal dysfunction and lamivudine-resistant HBV and results in biochemical and virological efficacy similar to that reported in the general population."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency. Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)	0.33
" Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of adefovir treatment in post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV, neither were adefovir-resistant mutations identified in patients after 21 months of therapy, nor were there adverse events, especially renal toxicity."	( Study on the efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil treatment in post-liver transplant patients with hepatitis B virus infection and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Avilés, JF; Bárcena, R; Barrios, C; Buti, M; Casanovas, T; Cuervas, V; De la Mata, M; Del Campo, S; Delgado, M; Dieguez, ML; Fraga, E; Gonzalez, A; Herrero, JI; Loinaz, C; Mas, A; Moraleda, G; Moreno, JM; Muñoz, R; Otero, A; Prieto, M; Rueda, M; Sousa, JM, 2005)	0.33
"No significant changes were found in clinical symptoms, vital signs and laboratory tests after dosing, except slight elevations of alanine aminotransferase in 2 subjects and bilirubin in 6 subjects observed and some gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea found in 3 subjects, but the frequency and severity of all the adverse reactions were not found to be related to the dosages."	( [Safety and tolerance study of single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy volunteers]. Fan, XP; Guo, RC; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS; Wang, K, 2005)	0.33
"The results showed that single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil 60 mg or less was safe and tolerable."	( [Safety and tolerance study of single oral dose of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy volunteers]. Fan, XP; Guo, RC; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS; Wang, K, 2005)	0.33
" Although 92% of the women reported at least one adverse event, the majority were mild (87%) and involved the genitourinary tract (70%)."	( Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women. El-Sadr, WM; Eshleman, SH; Gai, F; Hendrix, C; Justman, J; Kwiecien, A; Maslankowski, LA; Mâsse, B; Mayer, KH; Morrow, K; Rooney, JF; Soto-Torres, L, 2006)	0.33
"It is well-known that organotellurium compounds can have antioxidant activity in vitro, but in vivo these compounds can be potentially toxic to rodents."	( Diethyl 2-phenyl-2 tellurophenyl vinylphosphonate: an organotellurium compound with low toxicity. Beque, MC; Braga, AL; de Avila, DS; Folmer, V; Nogueira, CW; Rocha, JB; Soares, FA; Zeni, G, 2006)	0.33
" Safety and tolerance were evaluated by monitoring adverse events and laboratory parameters, and pharmacokinetics were assessed by determining PMEA concentrations with a validated LC-MS/MS method."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)	0.34
"No serious adverse events occurred."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)	0.34
"ADV is safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)	0.34
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."	( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)	0.33
" Alachlor exerted a toxic effect on the two nontarget cells used."	( Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Bohatier, J; Bonnemoy, F; Bonnet, JL; Dusser, M, 2007)	0.34
"These results suggest: (i) that suboptimal responses to adefovir 10 mg daily are due to underdosing; and (ii) that increasing the adefovir dose to 20 mg daily is beneficial and safe in patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV and a suboptimal response to adefovir 10 mg daily, especially when alanine aminotransferase levels are elevated and/or the liver disease is severe or rapidly progressive."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil 20 mg daily in HBeAg-positive patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus and a suboptimal virological response to adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg daily. Bouvier-Alias, M; Brillet, R; Chevaliez, S; Dhumeaux, D; Hézode, C; Pawlotsky, JM; Roudot-Thoraval, F; Zafrani, ES, 2007)	0.34
" The US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System was searched for reports of nephrolithiasis in HIV-infected patients taking an atazanavir-based regimen."	( Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System. Birnkrant, DB; Chan-Tack, KM; Struble, KA; Truffa, MM, 2007)	0.34
"To assess adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), with a particular focus on the treatment combination of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir (ZDV-3TC-TDF)."	( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)	0.34
"Retrospective chart review for individuals who received HIV PEP for occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for noncompletion of PEP and adverse events associated with PEP."	( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)	0.34
"Preventive treatment of adverse events may be necessary to ensure completion of HIV PEP."	( Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Antenozzi, S; Hulse, S; Luque, A; Shahzad, U; Smith, B; Tanzman, E; Wang, D, 2007)	0.34
"A tenofovir DF expanded access program (EAP) was initiated in 2001; safety data were examined from this program and from the manufacturer's database, which contained reports of all postmarketing adverse drug reactions received up to 30 April 2005."	( The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years. Bischofberger, N; Chen, SS; Clotet, B; Cooper, DA; Curtis, S; Gazzard, B; Katlama, C; Lange, J; Lazzarin, A; Montaner, JS; Nelson, MR; Rooney, JF; Schewe, K; Smith, S; Wyatt, C, 2007)	0.34
"The EAP enrolled 10 343 patients; serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in 631 (6%)."	( The safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HIV infection in adults: the first 4 years. Bischofberger, N; Chen, SS; Clotet, B; Cooper, DA; Curtis, S; Gazzard, B; Katlama, C; Lange, J; Lazzarin, A; Montaner, JS; Nelson, MR; Rooney, JF; Schewe, K; Smith, S; Wyatt, C, 2007)	0.34
"The SCOLTA Project is a prospective, observational, multicenter study involving 25 infectious disease departments in Italy created to assess the incidence of severe adverse events in patients receiving new antiretroviral drugs."	( Tenofovir renal safety in HIV-infected patients: results from the SCOLTA Project. Bonfanti, P; Carradori, S; De Socio, GV; Grosso, C; Landonio, S; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Melzi, S; Miccolis, S; Mura, MS; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Rosella, E, 2008)	0.35
" No patient discontinued due to renal adverse events."	( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )	0.13
" TDF treatment was not associated with renal adverse events or limb fat loss in antiretroviral-naïve patients."	( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )	0.13
"Simplification to a once-daily regimen containing TDF, 3TC, and EFV is virologically and immunologically effective, well-tolerated, and safe with benefits in the lipid profile in the majority of patients."	( Effectiveness and safety of simplification therapy with once-daily tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma viral load on HAART. Aguirrebengoa, K; Alvarez, ML; Arazo, P; Arrizabalaga, J; Chocarro, A; Echevarría, S; Fariñas, MC; Ferrer, P; García-Palomo, D; Iribarren, JA; Labarga, P; Letona, S; Muñoz-Sánchez, MJ; Oteo, JA; Peralta, G; Pinilla, J; Uriz, J, )	0.13
" All other combinations exhibited more pronounced adverse effects on mitochondrial endpoints."	( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)	0.34
"Changing from drugs that have significant mitochondrial toxicity to less toxic compounds may be of benefit in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy."	( Effects of the change from Stavudine to tenofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: studies on mitochondrial toxicity and thymic function. Cossarizza, A; Dentone, C; Di Biagio, A; Esposito, R; Ferraresi, R; Mussini, C; Nasi, M; Nemes, E; Pinti, M; Repetto, E; Rosso, R; Viscoli, C, 2008)	0.35
" A relatively uncommon adverse effect of this drug is Fanconi syndrome."	( Tenofovir-associated Fanconi syndrome: review of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Gupta, SK, 2008)	0.35
" Symptoms disappeared after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy and we suggest that syncope may be a side effect to one of the three antiretroviral drugs that has not been described previously."	( Syncope as a probable side effect to combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection. Larsen, CS; Lybaek, D, 2008)	0.35
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 12% of ADV-treated and 10% of placebo-treated subjects."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to <18 years) with chronic hepatitis B. Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2008)	0.35
" There were no serious adverse events related to ADV."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Arterburn, S; Borroto-Esoda, K; Chang, TT; Frederick, D; Lim, SG; Marcellin, P; Rousseau, F; Sievert, W; Tong, M, 2008)	0.35
"100 patients were evaluated; 17 patients discontinued early including 6 for adverse events."	( Evaluation of efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and adherence in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus fixed-dose tenofovir DF/emtricitabine given once daily. Cohen, C; Ebrahimi, R; Elion, R; Fisher, A; Flaherty, J; Kearney, B; McColl, D; Ortiz, R; Reddy, YS; Ruane, P; Ward, D, )	0.13
"In two randomized, controlled trials, small differences in glomerular filtration rate over time were noted but no clinically relevant renal disease or adverse events were demonstrated in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with TDF through 144 weeks."	( The 3-year renal safety of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. a thymidine analogue-containing regimen in antiretroviral-naive patients. Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; DeJesus, E; Enejosa, JV; Gallant, JE; Pozniak, AL; Winston, JA, 2008)	0.35
" Although frequency of severe renal toxicity was higher than has been reported in the literature, it was safe in patients with no comorbid renal conditions."	( Effectiveness and safety of generic fixed-dose combination of tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz in HIV-1-infected patients in Western India. Bele, V; Dravid, A; Gupte, N; Joshi, K; Pujari, S, 2008)	0.35
"To identify adverse effects of tenofovir use during pregnancy in HIV-infected women and their infants."	( Adverse effects of tenofovir use in HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants. Hayes, E; Mondy, K; Nurutdinova, D; Onen, NF; Overton, ET, 2008)	0.35
" Each woman's chart was reviewed for clinical data and adverse events during the pregnancy; each infant's chart was reviewed for growth parameters from birth to 12 months."	( Adverse effects of tenofovir use in HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants. Hayes, E; Mondy, K; Nurutdinova, D; Onen, NF; Overton, ET, 2008)	0.35
" One stopped IFN treatment because of adverse events and continued ADV only."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil plus pegylated interferon-alpha2a for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients. Benhamou, Y; Dominguez, S; Duvivier, C; Ingiliz, P; Katlama, C; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Valantin, MA, 2008)	0.35
"ADV and PEG-IFN is safe and effective for treating 3TC-R HBV in HIV patients."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil plus pegylated interferon-alpha2a for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients. Benhamou, Y; Dominguez, S; Duvivier, C; Ingiliz, P; Katlama, C; Poynard, T; Thibault, V; Valantin, MA, 2008)	0.35
"The use of nucleoside analogues, especially that of thymidine analogues, depletes mitochondrial DNA, which is the cause of many of the adverse effects of this family of antiretroviral drugs, among them lipodystrophy."	( [Tenofovir as a strategy to avoid or limit adverse effects]. Portilla, J, 2008)	0.35
"We have demonstrated that low-dosage adefovir therapy in kidney-transplant patients is relatively safe as far as renal parameters are concerned, even though we observed a slight impairment of renal proximal-tubular function."	( Renal side effects of adefovir in hepatitis B virus-(HBV) positive kidney allograft recipients. Alric, L; Huart, A; Izopet, J; Kamar, N; Rostaing, L; Tack, I, 2009)	0.35
"Lipoatrophy is the most stigmatizing side effect of stavudine therapy."	( Improvements in subcutaneous fat, lipid profile, and parameters of mitochondrial toxicity in patients with peripheral lipoatrophy when stavudine is switched to tenofovir (LIPOTEST study). Castella, E; Crespo, M; Curran, A; Del Saz, SV; Diaz, M; Falcó, V; Feijoo, M; García-Arumí, E; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Paradiñeiro, JC; Planas, M; Puiggròs, C; Ribera, E; Sauleda, S; Sureda, D, )	0.13
" Three patients suffered adverse events, two related to the hydration regimen associated with cidofovir administration."	( Safety and tolerability of cidofovir in high-risk pediatric patients. Bhadri, VA; Lee-Horn, L; Shaw, PJ, 2009)	0.35
" Significantly fewer drug-related clinical adverse events occurred in patients on raltegravir (n=124 [44."	( Safety and efficacy of raltegravir-based versus efavirenz-based combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: a multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial. Barnard, RJ; Berger, DS; DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Madruga, JV; Miller, MD; Nguyen, BY; Pollard, RB; Rodgers, AJ; Sklar, P; Williams-Diaz, A; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2009)	0.35
" Data on CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, metabolic parameters and adverse events of grade 3-4 are collected through an on-line system every six months."	( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study. Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)	0.36
"Our results suggest that, in unselected clinical settings, ATV-containing antiretroviral therapy is durable and safe in both its formulations."	( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study. Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)	0.36
" Treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events were greater in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	0.36
" Atazanavir/ritonavir had a better lipid profile and fewer gastrointestinal adverse events than lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	0.36
"6% of patients experienced mild and self-limiting adverse events, none of which were attributed to the study drug."	( Antiviral activity and safety of LB80380 in hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with lamivudine-resistant disease. Han, KH; Kim, CR; Kim, HR; Kim, J; Lai, CL; Um, SH; Yoon, SK; Yuen, MF, 2010)	0.36
" The adverse event rate was similar between arms (except drug hypersensitivity, reported more in the abacavir/lamivudine arm)."	( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)	0.36
" No increase in the overall adverse event rates was observed."	( Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Arulappan, N; Baxter, C; Frohlich, JA; Gengiah, TN; Grobler, AC; Kharsany, AB; Maarschalk, S; Mansoor, LE; Mlisana, KP; Mlotshwa, M; Morris, L; Omar, Z; Sibeko, S; Taylor, D, 2010)	0.36
" Through 96 weeks, 77 subjects from each group discontinued prematurely; adverse or HIV-related events contributed to discontinuation of 36 subjects overall, with no significant differences between treatment groups."	( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)	0.36
" Renal biopsy revealed toxic acute tubular necrosis, with distinctive proximal tubular eosinophilic inclusions representing giant mitochondria visible by light microscopy."	( Tenofovir nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis with distinctive clinical, pathological, and mitochondrial abnormalities. D'Agati, VD; Herlitz, LC; Markowitz, GS; Mohan, S; Radhakrishnan, J; Stokes, MB, 2010)	0.36
" There were no significant adverse effects from these drugs and no alteration of renal function during the follow-up period."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant. de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)	0.36
"Therapy with ETV and/or TDF seems to be efficient and safe when used in the prophylaxis and treatment of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir for prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence post-liver transplant. de la Cruz-Lombardo, J; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Lozano-Rey, JM; Mongil Poce, L; Rodrigo-López, JM; Sáez-Gómez, AB, 2010)	0.36
"Nephrotoxicity is a common and often clinically relevant adverse drug reaction."	( [Drug-drug interactions and nephrotoxicity]. Czock, D; Keller, F, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse event rates were comparable between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: a randomized, open-label study. Beebe, S; Bialkowska, J; Brown, RS; Cheinquer, H; Cooney, E; Jeffers, L; Leung, N; Liaw, YF; Myers, RP; Peng, CY; Raptopoulou-Gigi, M; Sarin, SK; Tang, S; Tanwandee, T; Tsai, N, 2011)	0.37
" In most patients, NUC need to be administered on a long-term basis, thus increasing the risk of adverse effects."	( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection. Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)	0.37
" Although, in short-term clinical trials, a daily dose of 10 mg of ADV was safe owing to a low rate of negligible nephrotoxic effects, the same dose may be associated with a usually reversible, proximal renal tubular toxicity as reflected by hypophosphatemia and elevated creatinine levels."	( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection. Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)	0.37
" Ten percent (13/123) of the subjects discontinued the treatment due to adverse events."	( Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of nevirapine plus coformulated tenofovir/emtricitabine as first-line therapy in routine clinical practice. Blanch, J; Cervantes, M; Domingo, P; Ferrer, E; Knobel, H; Llibre, JM; Mallolas, J; Pedrol, E; Vallecillo, G, 2012)	0.38
" All regimens were safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants. Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)	0.37
" No serious adverse events were attributed to CMX001 during therapy."	( Safety and efficacy of CMX001 as salvage therapy for severe adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Anderson, M; Florescu, DF; Graham, ML; Guzman-Cottrill, JA; Johnston, C; Kurtzberg, J; Lanier, R; Lewinsohn, DA; Mommeja-Marin, H; Neely, MN; Painter, W; Papanicolaou, G; Pergam, SA; Qiu, F; Rigdon, J; Sande, J; van der Horst, C; Way, S, 2012)	0.38
" The occurrence of treatment-related, moderate/severe adverse events was similar between treatment groups through 48 weeks of treatment."	( Examination of noninferiority, safety, and tolerability of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/ emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve subjects: the progress study, 48-week results. Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Lawal, A; Nilius, AM; Podsadecki, TJ; Pulido, F; Reynes, J; Soto-Malave, R; Tian, M, )	0.13
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."	( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV. Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)	0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."	( WITHDRAWN. Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV. Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)	0.38
"US-based prospective cohort study of HEU children to examine potential adverse effects of prenatal TDF exposure."	( Safety of tenofovir use during pregnancy: early growth outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. DiMeglio, LA; Griner, R; Hazra, R; Jacobson, DL; Kacanek, D; Mendez, H; Miller, T; Mofenson, LM; Rich, KC; Seage, GR; Siberry, GK; Tassiopoulos, K; Watts, DH; Williams, PL, 2012)	0.38
" No adverse events occurred that prevented dose escalation."	( First pharmacokinetic and safety study in humans of the novel lipid antiviral conjugate CMX001, a broad-spectrum oral drug active against double-stranded DNA viruses. Godkin, S; Lampert, B; Painter, G; Painter, W; Robertson, A; Trost, LC, 2012)	0.38
" Several studies suggest that NAs long-term administration have been associated with low rates of serious adverse events (AEs), including lactic acidosis, renal function impairment, osteopenia and osteoporosis."	( Safety of long-term nucleos(t)ide treatment in chronic hepatitis B. Ridruejo, E; Silva, MO, 2012)	0.38
" ADV was safe and well-tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B infection. Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2012)	0.38
"Prolonged ADV treatment is safe in children."	( Efficacy and safety of long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B infection. Frederick, D; Jonas, MM; Kelly, D; Mizerski, J; Mondou, E; Pollack, H; Rousseau, F; Sokal, E; Sorbel, J, 2012)	0.38
"CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100, 1,1'-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradekan) alone or combination with adefovir (PMEA, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) safe and effective for treating FIV-infected cats."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of the antiviral compound plerixafor in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats. Balzarini, J; Egberink, H; Hartmann, K; Klein, D; Stengel, C, )	0.13
" There is a need for an effective and safe first-line regimen, to cope with the ever-increasing incidence of non-adherence and primary resistance."	( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV. Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)	0.38
" More patients in the AZT-3TC group than in the TDF-FTC group had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drugs (9% vs."	( WITHDRAWN: Effectiveness and safety of first-line tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz for patients with HIV. Okwundu, CI; Omeje, I, 2012)	0.38
" The incidence rates of adverse events between two groups were not statistically significant."	( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)	0.37
" There was no significant increase of any genital adverse event in the tenofovir group."	( Safety of tenofovir gel, a vaginal microbicide, in South African women: results of the CAPRISA 004 Trial. Baxter, C; Frolich, J; Grobler, A; Karim, QA; Karim, SS; Kharsany, AB; Maarshalk, S; Mansoor, LE; Miya, N; Mlisana, K; Sibeko, S; Sokal, DC; Yende-Zuma, N, 2013)	0.39
" With the increased realization of receptive anal intercourse among heterosexual couples often in conjunction with vaginal intercourse, having a safe and effective microbicide for both mucosal sites is critical."	( Safety and efficacy of tenofovir/IQP-0528 combination gels - a dual compartment microbicide for HIV-1 prevention. Buckheit, KW; Buckheit, RW; Dezzutti, CS; Gwozdz, G; Mahalingam, A; Shetler, C; Ugaonkar, SR, 2012)	0.38
" Safety endpoints included clinical adverse events (AEs) and mucosal safety parameters."	( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)	0.38
" The rings were safe and exhibited sustained release at controlled rates over 28 days."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of intravaginal rings delivering tenofovir in pig-tailed macaques. Baum, MM; Butkyavichene, I; Cortez, C; Gilman, J; Guenthner, P; Hendry, RM; Holder, A; Kennedy, S; Kopin, E; Malone, AM; Martin, A; McNicholl, J; Mitchell, J; Moss, JA; Nguyen, C; Pau, CP; Sinha, P; Smith, JM; Smith, TJ; Srinivasan, P, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment was well tolerated with most common adverse events being mild to moderate affecting lesional skin: pain/burning/irritation (25 patients) and ulceration (13 patients)."	( Safety and efficacy of topical cidofovir to treat high-grade perianal and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men and women. Aboulafia, D; Berry, JM; Da Costa, M; Darragh, TM; Einstein, MH; Goldstone, SE; Jay, N; Lee, JY; Palefsky, JM; Panther, L; Stier, EA; Wilkin, T, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were mostly mild and no serious adverse events or drug discontinuations were reported."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)	0.39
" Laboratory test results, clinical outcomes, and drug-related adverse events were compared among groups."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)	0.39
"Tenofovir and entecavir are effective and safe for long-term use in patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis from HBV infection."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir for treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis. Akbal, E; Akin, E; Alkan, E; Ataseven, H; Aygün, C; Başar, O; Baykal, O; Coban, S; Demir, M; Gülşen, MT; Ibiş, M; Koçkar, MC; Köklü, S; Köksal, AŞ; Küçükazman, M; Nadir, I; Ozdil, K; Pürnak, T; Tuna, Y; Yildirim, B; Yüksel, I; Yüksel, O, 2013)	0.39
"No significant adverse effects, including body weight loss, abnormal blood or biochemistry, were observed in rats treated with AZT or ADV."	( [Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity induced by zidovudine and adefovir dipivoxil in rats]. Feng, XM; Huang, SM; Li, AY; Wang, BJ; Wang, JZ; Yang, DL; Zhu, B; Zhu, ZN, 2012)	0.38
"Significant adverse effects related to mitochondrial toxicity were observed in rats treated with AZT."	( [Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity induced by zidovudine and adefovir dipivoxil in rats]. Feng, XM; Huang, SM; Li, AY; Wang, BJ; Wang, JZ; Yang, DL; Zhu, B; Zhu, ZN, 2012)	0.38
" Overall incidences of all-causality treatment-related or grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) or AE-related discontinuations were lower with lersivirine than with efavirenz, and serious AEs occurred at similar rates across treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of lersivirine (UK-453,061) versus efavirenz in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: week 48 primary analysis results from an ongoing, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IIb trial. Cooper, DA; Craig, C; Goodrich, J; Kaplan, R; Lazzarin, A; Mori, J; Pozniak, A; Pulik, P; Tawadrous, M; Valdez, H; Vernazza, P; Wang, C; Weil, E, 2013)	0.39
" No severe adverse events associated with entecavir or tenofovir were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of entecavir and/or tenofovir in hepatitis B compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients in clinical practice. Arenas, J; Canós, AP; Díaz-Sánchez, A; Jiménez, M; Miquel, M; Núñez, Ó; Trapero-Marugán, M, )	0.13
"Overall, 71 of 281 raltegravir recipients (25%) and 98 of 282 efavirenz recipients (35%) discontinued the study; discontinuations due to adverse events occurred in 14 (5%) and 28 (10%) patients in the respective groups."	( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK. DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Over the entire study, fewer patients experienced neuropsychiatric and drug-related adverse events in the raltegravir group than in the efavirenz group."	( Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK. DeJesus, E; DiNubile, MJ; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Miller, M; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, a combination of LAM and ADV initiated at the time of wait listing provides safe and effective protection against recurrent HBV infection without the high costs and inconvenience associated with long-term HBIG therapy."	( Combination of lamivudine and adefovir without hepatitis B immune globulin is safe and effective prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus recurrence in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive liver transplant candidates. Angus, PW; Gane, EJ; McCaughan, GW; Patterson, S; Strasser, SI, 2013)	0.39
" HIV serostatus, clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs), adherence (pill count, Medication Event Monitoring System, and self-report), and sexual and other sociobehavioral data were assessed at 3-month intervals for 24 months."	( Randomized trial of clinical safety of daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate among HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in the United States. Ackers, ML; Buchbinder, SP; Chillag, KL; Collins, BM; Grant, RM; Grohskopf, LA; Gvetadze, R; Liu, AY; Mayer, KH; Oʼhara, B; Pathak, SR; Paxton, LA; Rose, CE; Thompson, M, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate 3-year antiviral efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) on the old patients with hepatitis B chronic infection."	( [Three-year efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of the old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection]. Lou, GQ; Lu, L; Qian, JC; Shi, JP; Yan, FL; Zhu, MF, 2012)	0.38
"The way to treat with ADV is safe and effective for old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection."	( [Three-year efficacy and side effect of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of the old patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection]. Lou, GQ; Lu, L; Qian, JC; Shi, JP; Yan, FL; Zhu, MF, 2012)	0.38
" There were no significant differences between the numbers of ≥ Grade 2 adverse events across the arms of the study."	( A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled rectal safety and acceptability study of tenofovir 1% gel (MTN-007). Andrew, P; Ayudhya, RK; Carballo-Dieguez, A; Cranston, RD; Dai, JY; Hladik, F; Hoesley, C; Janocko, L; Mayer, K; McGowan, I; Piper, J, 2013)	0.39
"The reduced glycerin formulation of tenofovir 1% gel was safe and well tolerated rectally and should be advanced to Phase 2 development."	( A phase 1 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled rectal safety and acceptability study of tenofovir 1% gel (MTN-007). Andrew, P; Ayudhya, RK; Carballo-Dieguez, A; Cranston, RD; Dai, JY; Hladik, F; Hoesley, C; Janocko, L; Mayer, K; McGowan, I; Piper, J, 2013)	0.39
" We compared rates of upper digestive serious adverse events (sAEs) between TDF/FTC+EFV and TDF/FTC+ZDV patients during the first six months of treatment."	( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts. Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)	0.39
" We suggest that further early prescriptions of TDF+XTC+ZDV should be carefully monitored and that whenever possible, the rate of early upper digestive adverse events should be compared to that occurring in-patients taking other drug regimens."	( Early upper digestive tract side effects of zidovudine with tenofovir plus emtricitabine in West African adults with high CD4 counts. Anglaret, X; Bohoussou, F; Carrou, JL; Danel, C; Eholie, SP; Gabillard, D; Konan, R; Moh, R; Ouattara, E; Peytavin, G, 2013)	0.39
"There were no colposcopic findings or adverse events attributable to either applicator."	( A randomized, comparative safety study of a prefilled plastic and user-filled paper applicator with candidate microbicide tenofovir 1% gel. Brache, V; Callahan, M; Cochon, L; Cohen, JA; Foster, J; Schwartz, J, 2013)	0.39
" These findings suggest that HIV-infected cancer patients receiving nelfinavir might experience both enhanced antitumor efficacy and unexpected adverse toxicity given the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in exporting nucleoside-based antiretroviral medications and cancer chemotherapeutics."	( Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors interact with ATP binding cassette transporter 4/multidrug resistance protein 4: a basis for unanticipated enhanced cytotoxicity. Ambudkar, SV; Cheepala, SB; Ekins, S; Fukuda, Y; Schuetz, JD; Sparreboom, A; Takenaka, K; Wu, CP, 2013)	0.39
" Tenofovir gel, when used intermittently, was safe to use in women with HBV infection."	( Safety of coitally administered tenofovir 1% gel, a vaginal microbicide, in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers: results from the CAPRISA 004 trial. Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Tshabalala, P; Yende-Zuma, N, 2013)	0.39
"Combined prophylaxis with TDF/ETV nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective."	( Nucleoside plus nucleotide analogs and cessation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin after liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B is safe and effective. Braat, AE; Claas, EC; Coenraad, MJ; Knoester, M; van Hoek, B; Vossen, AC; Wesdorp, DJ, 2013)	0.39
" We assessed adherence (compared between groups and with nonstudy controls) and clinical and adverse events at weeks 1, 2 and 4, and efficacy at week 12."	( Raltegravir-emtricitabine-tenofovir as HIV nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: safety, tolerability and adherence. Carr, A; Ingersoll, A; McAllister, J; McNulty, A; Read, P; Tong, WW, 2014)	0.4
" Although information is limited, TDF appears to be safe during pregnancy."	( Safety of tenofovir during pregnancy for the mother and fetus: a systematic review. Bulterys, M; Ellington, S; Kourtis, AP; Legardy-Williams, J; Wang, L, 2013)	0.39
" Patients underwent serological analysis at 3-6 month intervals during treatment and follow-up to evaluate occurrence of adverse events; serological parameters included blood count, markers of liver, kidney and thyroid function, and levels of autoantibodies and creatine kinase."	( [Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) plus adefovir for 96 weeks in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients]. Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; He, ZM; Jin, Y; Liu, YL; Lu, JF; Ma, LN; Zhang, YH, 2013)	0.39
" The occurrences of adverse events were similar at week 48 and week 96."	( [Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) plus adefovir for 96 weeks in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients]. Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; He, ZM; Jin, Y; Liu, YL; Lu, JF; Ma, LN; Zhang, YH, 2013)	0.39
" The results indicate that VPD1 is more toxic than VPD3."	( Promising low-toxicity of viologen-phosphorus dendrimers against embryonic mouse hippocampal cells. Bryszewska, M; Caminade, AM; El Kadib, A; Gabryelak, T; Janaszewska, A; Katir, N; Klajnert-Maculewicz, B; Lazniewska, J; Majoral, JP; Mignani, S; Miłowska, K, 2013)	0.39
"6% interrupted cART due to adverse events,19."	( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study. Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )	0.13
"In a population of HIV-infected subjects who were ≥50 years old, our study suggests that the use of FTC/TDF is generally safe and effective, with a longer persistence as compared to other regimens."	( Safety, efficacy, and persistence of emtricitabine/tenofovir versus other nucleoside analogues in naive subjects aged 50 years or older in Spain: the TRIP study. Aguirrebengoa, K; Arazo, P; Blanco, JR; Caro-Murillo, AM; Castaño, MA; Domingo, P; Ferrer, P; Gómez-Sirvent, JL; Olalla, J; Pedrol, E; Portilla, J; Pulido, F; Riera, M; Romero-Palacios, A; Vera, F, )	0.13
"Due to ongoing neuropsychiatric adverse events in some efavirenz (EFV)-treated patients, a switch to an alternative non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor may be considered."	( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )	0.13
" No subjects discontinued the study due to an adverse event."	( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )	0.13
" To date, a safe and effective therapy for CMV-induced hearing loss does not exist."	( Safety of cidofovir by intratympanic delivery technique. Choo, DI; Nassar, M; Reece, AL; Sidell, DR; Ward, JA, 2014)	0.4
" No significant adverse event was observed due to TDF administration; renal function pre- and post-LT were also acceptably preserved."	( One year of hepatitis B immunoglobulin plus tenofovir therapy is safe and effective in preventing recurrent hepatitis B post-liver transplantation. Lilly, LB; Renner, EL; Selzner, N; Tanaka, T; Therapondos, G, 2014)	0.4
" Factors associated with these drug-related adverse events are poorly characterized."	( Low body weight in females is a risk factor for increased tenofovir exposure and drug-related adverse events. Baldelli, S; Castagnoli, L; Cattaneo, D; Clementi, E; Fucile, S; Galli, M; Gervasoni, C; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Riva, A; Rizzardini, G, 2013)	0.39
" There were no differences between the groups in terms of adverse events in mothers or congenital deformities, gestational age, height, or weight in infants."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection. Ay, M; Ayaz, C; Barcin, T; Celen, MK; Dal, MS; Dal, T; Gulsun, S; Kalkanli, S; Kaya, S; Mert, D; Yildirim, N, 2013)	0.39
"TDF therapy during the second or third trimester reduced perinatal transmission rates of HBV and no adverse events were observed in mothers or infants."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection. Ay, M; Ayaz, C; Barcin, T; Celen, MK; Dal, MS; Dal, T; Gulsun, S; Kalkanli, S; Kaya, S; Mert, D; Yildirim, N, 2013)	0.39
" Our results show that G formulation had toxic effects while no effects were found with acid glyphosate and AMPA treatments."	( Glyphosate commercial formulation causes cytotoxicity, oxidative effects, and apoptosis on human cells: differences with its active ingredient. Chaufan, G; Coalova, I; Ríos de Molina, Mdel C, )	0.13
" The separation method developed in this work constitutes therefore a useful model for further evaluating and comparing additional separation alternative procedures for a safe handling and preparation of CB mixed samples."	( Rapid and efficient filtration-based procedure for separation and safe analysis of CBRN mixed samples. Ambroise, J; Bentahir, M; Gala, JL; Irenge, L; Laduron, F, 2014)	0.4
"TDF-based rescue treatment is effective in reducing HBV DNA levels and is safe for patients with CHB who failed prior antiviral treatments."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir-based rescue therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients with previous nucleo(s/t)ide treatment failure. Byun, KS; Choe, WH; Kim, JH; Kim, YS; Kwon, SY; Lee, CH; Lee, CI; Yeon, JE; Yoon, EL, 2014)	0.4
" Most adverse events were mild in severity and considered unrelated to study drug."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in Asian-Americans with chronic hepatitis B in community settings. Bae, H; Chan, S; Lou, L; Pan, CQ; Trinh, H; Yao, A, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse effects were observed by HB-110 cotreated with ADV."	( Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice. Bae, SH; Im, SJ; Jang, JW; Jeong, SH; Kim, BM; Kim, CY; Seo, YB; Song, JS; Song, MJ; Suh, YS; Sung, YC; Yang, SH; Yoon, SK; You, CR, 2015)	0.42
"HB-110 was safe and tolerable in CHB patients."	( Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice. Bae, SH; Im, SJ; Jang, JW; Jeong, SH; Kim, BM; Kim, CY; Seo, YB; Song, JS; Song, MJ; Suh, YS; Sung, YC; Yang, SH; Yoon, SK; You, CR, 2015)	0.42
" At treatment weeks 12, 24, 48?, 96, 144, 192, and 240 patients were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, HBeAg seroconversion and ALT normalization time; in addition, the incidence and type of adverse drug reactions were recorded."	( [Long-term efficacy and safety of telbivudine as monotherapy and as combination therapy with adefovir dipivoxil in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients]. Chang, L; Du, Y; Jia, T; Li, H; Li, W; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Peng, D, 2014)	0.4
"TDF and ETV are similarly effective and safe in chronic HBV patients after 24 weeks and 48 weeks of anti-viral therapy."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of tenofovir and entecavir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gao, Y; Ke, W; Liu, L; Yang, Y; Ye, X; Zhang, C; Zhou, S, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse events were observed, and there were no toxicological findings."	( Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety study of pod-intravaginal rings delivering antiretroviral combinations for HIV prophylaxis in a macaque model. Baum, MM; Brooks, AA; Butkyavichene, I; Dinh, CT; Lopez, G; Martin, A; Moss, JA; Smith, JM; Smith, TJ; Srinivasan, P, 2014)	0.4
" Combination therapy with tenofovir plus entecavir in this setting with multidrug resistance is safe and effective."	( Efficacy and safety of tenofovir in a kidney transplant patient with chronic hepatitis B and nucleos(t)ide multidrug resistance: a case report. Shan, C; Wu, P; Yin, GQ, 2014)	0.4
" Bayesian fixed-effect network meta-analysis models adjusting for the type of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine [TDF/FTC] or abacavir/lamivudine [ABC/3TC]) were used to evaluate week 48 efficacy (HIV-RNA suppression to <50 copies/mL and change in CD4+ cells/µL) and safety (lipid changes, adverse events, and discontinuations due to adverse events) of DTG relative to all other treatments."	( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)	0.4
" Dolutegravir had better or equivalent changes in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and lower odds of adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events compared to all treatments."	( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)	0.4
"This retrospective investigation carried out in Guangdong Province indicated that not only are anti-HBV drugs efficacious for blocking vertical transmission of HBV but also are safe for both mothers and infants when taken by fathers or mothers during the reproduction phases of insemination and pregnancy."	( [Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of anti-hepatitis B virus drugs taken during pregnancy in women from the Guangdong Province]. Chen, X; Gao, W; Li, D; Peng, J; Wen, F; Xia, J; Xu, C; Xu, M; Yao, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Secondary outcomes were toxic effects (to assess safety) and adherence to treatment (to assess feasibility)."	( Activity, safety, and feasibility of cidofovir and imiquimod for treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (RT³VIN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Dutton, P; Fiander, A; Griffiths, G; Hibbitts, S; Hurt, CN; Jones, S; Madden, T; Man, S; Naik, R; Nordin, AJ; Powell, N; Tristram, A, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were reported in 31 (37%) of 84 patients allocated cidofovir and 39 (46%) of 84 patients assigned imiquimod; the most frequent grade 3 and 4 events were pain in the vulva, pruritus, fatigue, and headache."	( Activity, safety, and feasibility of cidofovir and imiquimod for treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (RT³VIN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Dutton, P; Fiander, A; Griffiths, G; Hibbitts, S; Hurt, CN; Jones, S; Madden, T; Man, S; Naik, R; Nordin, AJ; Powell, N; Tristram, A, 2014)	0.4
" This meta-analysis explored the frequency of discontinuation attributed to renal adverse events (AEs) in randomized, controlled clinical studies that used TDF-containing regimens for ART-naïve, HIV-infected patients."	( Discontinuation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for presumed renal adverse events in treatment-naïve HIV-1 patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical studies. Canada, RB; Chonchol, M; Durr, J; Gallant, J; Hindman, J; Liu, H; Martin, P; Patel, K; Piontkowsky, D; Winston, J, )	0.13
"One of the most common in vitro assays to evaluate the probability of a compound to cause adverse effects is a cytotoxicity assay."	( Intracellular concentrations determine the cytotoxicity of adefovir, cidofovir and tenofovir. Leach, KL; Piotrowski, M; Wang, R; Zhang, H; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" No cases of acute renal failure associated with TDF or LAM, mild or serious adverse events, or HBV recurrence were observed among the patients."	( The efficacy and safety of tenofovir in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence following liver transplantation. Akarsu, M; Astarcıoğlu, İ; Hakim, GD; Karademir, S; Unek, T, 2014)	0.4
"The results of this study, after a 36-month follow-up period, were encouraging and demonstrated that TDF therapy is safe and efficacious in treating HBV-positive organ transplant patients."	( The efficacy and safety of tenofovir in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence following liver transplantation. Akarsu, M; Astarcıoğlu, İ; Hakim, GD; Karademir, S; Unek, T, 2014)	0.4
" The frequency and severity of adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity, in pediatric HSCT recipients are unclear, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of cidofovir in children have not previously been reported."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous cidofovir for life-threatening viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Braverman, RS; Caruso Brown, AE; Cohen, MN; Giller, R; Levin, MJ; Rooney, JF; Tong, S, 2015)	0.42
" No subjects discontinued study drug because of an adverse event in the 48 weeks of randomized phase."	( A randomized, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of switching stavudine or zidovudine to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected children with virologic suppression. Arterburn, S; Castaño, E; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Church, J; Deville, J; Enejosa, JV; Estripeaut, D; Gaur, A; Rathore, M; Rhee, MS; Saez-Llorens, X; White, K, 2015)	0.42
" No serious adverse event related to tenofovir."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologic-suppressed HIV-infected children using weight-band dosing. Aurpibul, L; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Phongsamart, W; Sirisanthana, V; Sricharoenchai, S; Sudjaritruk, T; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2015)	0.42
"TDF substitution in children and adolescents who were otherwise stable while receiving a first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen achieved adequate exposure without clinically significant renal or bone adverse events over 96 weeks."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologic-suppressed HIV-infected children using weight-band dosing. Aurpibul, L; Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Phongsamart, W; Sirisanthana, V; Sricharoenchai, S; Sudjaritruk, T; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2015)	0.42
" The FDA-recommended rabbit vaginal irritation (RVI) model serves as a first line selection tool for vaginal products; however, for decades it has been limited to histopathology scoring, insufficient to select safe anti-HIV microbicides."	( A quantitative multiplex nuclease protection assay reveals immunotoxicity gene expression profiles in the rabbit model for vaginal drug safety evaluation. Chandra, N; Doncel, GF; Fichorova, RN; Mendonca, K; Murray, R; Yamamoto, HS, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events and serious adverse events were summarised by treatment group."	( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study. Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events were reported by 291 (91%) of 321 patients in the efavirenz 400 mg group and by 285 (92%) of 309 in the 600 mg group (p=0·48)."	( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study. Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)	0.42
" Fewer efavirenz-related adverse events were reported with the 400 mg efavirenz dose than with the 600 mg dose."	( Efficacy and safety of efavirenz 400 mg daily versus 600 mg daily: 96-week data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority ENCORE1 study. Amin, J; Belloso, W; Carey, D; Cooper, DA; Crabtree-Ramirez, B; Emery, S; Foulkes, S; Jessen, H; Kumar, S; Lee, MP; Losso, M; Mohapi, L; Phanupak, P; Puls, R; Winston, A, 2015)	0.42
" Often, renal adverse effects are recognized only during clinical stages of drug development."	( A Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Line with Stable Organic Anion Transporter 1 and 3 Expression Predictive for Antiviral-Induced Toxicity. Hilgendorf, C; Jansen, K; Masereeuw, R; Nieskens, TT; Peters, JG; Röring, M; Schreurs, MJ; Smits, N; van der Made, TK; Wilmer, MJ; Woestenenk, R, 2016)	0.43
"Results of this study support the safe intratympanic use of higher concentrations of antivirals when combined with DXA, both in solution and when applied via PPP hydrogel."	( Combination therapies using an intratympanic polymer gel delivery system in the guinea pig animal model: A safety study. Choo, DI; Nassar, M; Pordal, A; Quimby, C; Sidell, D; Ward, JA, 2016)	0.43
" Limited toxicity data are currently available to estimate the potential adverse health effects of the OPFRs."	( Editor's Highlight: Comparative Toxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans. Behl, M; Boyd, WA; Bridge, MF; Co, CA; Freedman, JH; Hsieh, JH; Rice, JR; Smith, MV, 2016)	0.43
" Analysis of renal function and adverse events from 3 BCV clinical studies in immunocompromised adult and pediatric subjects indicated little to no evidence of associated nephrotoxicity."	( Brincidofovir Is Not a Substrate for the Human Organic Anion Transporter 1: A Mechanistic Explanation for the Lack of Nephrotoxicity Observed in Clinical Studies. Brundage, TM; Momméja-Marin, H; Morrison, ME; Tippin, TK, 2016)	0.43
"To improve biosafety of clinical analysis, we used antiviral drugs of adefovir and tenofovir as model drugs and developed a safe pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique."	( A novel pretreatment method combining sealing technique with direct injection technique applied for improving biosafety. An, J; Du, C; Gao, JL; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Ma, H; Wang, X; Zhang, L, 2017)	0.46
" The most common adverse events were mild gastrointestinal events and asymptomatic, transient, and reversible elevations in serum transaminases."	( Short-term clinical safety profile of brincidofovir: A favorable benefit-risk proposition in the treatment of smallpox. Brundage, T; Chittick, G; Morrison, M; Nichols, WG, 2017)	0.46
"Our results demonstrate the efficacy of switching to TDF monotherapy in virologically suppressed CHB patients receiving long-term LAM+ADV therapy, with a low rate of adverse events."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of switching from lamivudine+adefovir to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed patients. Angarano, G; Fasano, M; Fiore, JR; Leone, A; Maggi, P; Santantonio, TA; Volpe, A, 2017)	0.46
" In this report, we use metabolomics and proteomics with HK-2 cells and animal models to dissect the molecular pathways underlying nephropathy caused by TFV and its more toxic analog, adefovir (ADV)."	( Tenofovir and adefovir down-regulate mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 and succinate dehydrogenase subunit B to metabolically reprogram glucose metabolism and induce nephrotoxicity. Chen, J; Chen, L; Cheng, L; Chi, W; Deng, H; Huo, Y; Lan, Z; Liu, X; Siegenthaler, JA; Song, W; Sun, K; Xu, L; Zhao, X, 2017)	0.46
" Some metal oxides (MOx) have shown severe toxicity in cells and animals, thus safe designs of MOx with reduced hazard potential are desired."	( Reduction of pulmonary toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles by phosphonate-based surface passivation. Cai, X; Chang, CH; Huang, C; Ji, Z; Lee, A; Li, R; Liao, YP; Wang, X; Xia, T, 2017)	0.46
" This coating would be an effective safe design approach for a broad spectrum of toxic MOx, which will facilitate the safe use of MOx in commercial nanoproducts."	( Reduction of pulmonary toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles by phosphonate-based surface passivation. Cai, X; Chang, CH; Huang, C; Ji, Z; Lee, A; Li, R; Liao, YP; Wang, X; Xia, T, 2017)	0.46
"No clinically significant hematological/biochemical abnormalities or serious adverse events (SAE) were reported, although 6 mild to moderate adverse events (AE) occurred in relation to the study drug: 1 flu-like syndrome and 5 local AEs."	( Safety and tolerance of cidofovir as a 2% gel for local application in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A phase 1 investigation. Bossens, M; De Maertelaer, V; Evrard, B; Frankenne, F; Hubert, P; Jost, M; Simon, P; Snoeck, R; Van Pachterbeke, C, 2018)	0.48
" Morbidity, mortality, and occurrence of adverse effects were compared with historical control group."	( Lipid emulsion for acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning - a pilot observational safety study. Bhalla, A; Chhabria, BA; Dhibar, DP; Kumar, S; Shafiq, N; Sharma, N, 2019)	0.51
" No adverse effects were noted."	( Lipid emulsion for acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning - a pilot observational safety study. Bhalla, A; Chhabria, BA; Dhibar, DP; Kumar, S; Shafiq, N; Sharma, N, 2019)	0.51
" Absence of change in hemodynamic parameters and adverse effects suggests lipid emulsion may be safe for this indication."	( Lipid emulsion for acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning - a pilot observational safety study. Bhalla, A; Chhabria, BA; Dhibar, DP; Kumar, S; Shafiq, N; Sharma, N, 2019)	0.51
" In the period between Year 8 and Year 10, the safety profile of TDF was similar to previous reports, with few patients experiencing renal- or bone-related adverse events."	( Ten-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Buggisch, P; Buti, M; Cathcart, AL; Crans, G; Flaherty, J; Flisiak, R; Gaggar, A; Jump, B; Kaita, K; Krastev, Z; Lee, SS; Manns, M; Marcellin, P; Op den Brouw, M; Petersen, J; Sievert, W; Wong, DK, 2019)	0.51
" However, less attention has been put on their adverse events."	( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs. Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" Poisson-prior-based Bayesian NMA was performed to synthesize both direct and indirect evidence with reporting hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for serious adverse events (SAEs) and hepatic/renal impairments."	( Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis for Assessing Adverse Effects of Anti-hepatitis B Drugs. Ji, J; Jia, Y; Shen, Y; Xun, P; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" No subject experienced a serious adverse event or nephrotoxicity."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pradefovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Chen, H; Ding, Y; Jin, W; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Wu, M; Zhang, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Selatogrel was safe and well-tolerated with transient dyspnoea occurring overall in 7% (16/229) of patients (95% confidence interval: 4-11%)."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of single-dose subcutaneous administration of selatogrel, a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. Angiolillo, DJ; Bernaud, C; Dangas, GD; Frenoux, JM; Gorog, DA; Gurbel, PA; Hmissi, A; James, SK; Kunadian, V; Storey, RF; Tanguay, JF; Ten Berg, J; Tran, H; Trenk, D; Ufer, M; Van der Harst, P; Van't Hof, AWJ, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of two concentrations (20 and 40 μg/L) of γ-oximo- and γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides in mediterranean clams Ruditapes decussatus exposed for 14 days using different biomarkers and the changes of filtration and respiration rate."	( Toxicity assessment of organophosphorus in Ruditapes decussatus via physiological, chemical and biochemical determination: A case study with the compounds γ-oximo- and γ-amino-phosphonates and phosphine oxides. Beyrem, H; Helali, MA; Joubert, O; Khazri, A; Mahmoudi, E; Saidani, W; Sellami, B; Touil, S; Wahbi, A, 2021)	0.62
"Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide is safe and effective for longer-term pre-exposure prophylaxis in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis: week 96 results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Asmuth, DM; Baeten, JM; Brainard, DM; Brunetta, JM; Carter, C; Cox, S; Das, M; Ebrahimi, R; Gilson, R; Henry, K; Kintu, A; Kronborg, G; Ogbuagu, O; Podzamczer, D; Ruane, PJ; Salazar, LC; Shao, Y; Spinner, CD; Whitlock, G; Wohl, D, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The pharmacokinetic comparison of phosphonic acid derivatives is based upon a survey of available literature on the whole group of compounds and on our own studies on fosfomycin."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison between fosfomycin and other phosphonic acid derivatives. Bergan, T, 1990)	0.28
" In this study, pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated for 23 patients treated with amonafide, using each patient's individual pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Limited sampling models for amonafide (NSC 308847) pharmacokinetics. Malspeis, L; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Staubus, AE, 1988)	0.27
"To determine if variability in toxicity of amonafide during phase II trials could be correlated with pharmacokinetic variability."	( Population pharmacodynamic study of amonafide: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Allen, SL; Costanza, M; Henderson, IC; Ratain, MJ; Rosner, G; Schilsky, RL; Van Echo, DA, 1995)	0.29
"When a pharmacodynamic model is to be considered as the basis for individualized drug dosing, validation of the model is clearly warranted."	( Bootstrap validation of pharmacodynamic models defined via stepwise linear regression. Mick, R; Ratain, MJ, 1994)	0.29
"We have investigated the correlation of clinical responses (decreases of white blood cells and peripheral blasts) with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia who are receiving amonafide."	( The correlation of response with plasma pharmacokinetics and polyamine concentrations in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia receiving amonafide. Benvenuto, JA; Johnston, DA; Nishioka, K, 1993)	0.29
"Amonafide (A) demonstrates dose-related increases in area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax values."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amonafide (NSC 308847) in 62 patients. Akerman, S; Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Calabro, A; Chan, K; Fusco, D; Hock, K; Kreis, W; Mittelman, A; Puccio, C; Spigelman, M, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic experiments with mice showed that the oral bioavailabilities of PMEA following oral gavage of bis(POM)-PMEA, diphenyl-PMEA, or PMEA (at a dose equivalent to 50 mg of PMEA per kg) were 53,3, and 16%, respectively."	( Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Balzarini, J; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1996)	0.29
" Concentrations of cidofovir in kidney declined with a half-life of 23 hr and were > 1,000-fold higher than plasma levels by 120 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in monkeys. Evidence for a prolonged elimination phase representing phosphorylated drug. Cundy, KC; Hitchcock, MJ; Lee, WA; Li, ZH, 1996)	0.29
" The goal of this study was to construct and validate a pharmacodynamic model-based dosing strategy for amonafide, to try to further decrease inter-patient variability in leukopenia."	( Individualized dosing of amonafide based on a pharmacodynamic model incorporating acetylator phenotype and gender. Berezin, F; Janisch, L; Kut, M; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Vogelzang, NJ, 1996)	0.29
" Because cidofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys and because its main adverse effect is nephrotoxicity, an understanding of the pharmacokinetic disposition of cidofovir in patients with renal insufficiency is necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in renal insufficiency and in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or high-flux hemodialysis. Aweeka, FT; Brody, SR; Cundy, KC; Gambertoglio, JG; Humphreys, MH; Schoenfeld, P, 1999)	0.3
" Serial serum and urine samples were collected to determine pharmacokinetic parameters with use of noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in renal insufficiency and in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or high-flux hemodialysis. Aweeka, FT; Brody, SR; Cundy, KC; Gambertoglio, JG; Humphreys, MH; Schoenfeld, P, 1999)	0.3
" Mean volume of distribution at steady state did not change significantly in subjects with kidney disease and cidofovir serum elimination half-life was significantly increased in subjects with severe renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in renal insufficiency and in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or high-flux hemodialysis. Aweeka, FT; Brody, SR; Cundy, KC; Gambertoglio, JG; Humphreys, MH; Schoenfeld, P, 1999)	0.3
" Intracellular activation of a small fraction (< 10%) of the dose by cellular kinases leads to prolonged antiviral effects that are not easily predicted from conventional pharmacokinetic studies."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir. Cundy, KC, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters differed by patient age."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the oral antiviral compound adefovir dipivoxil in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Pediatrics AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Blanchard, S; Burchett, S; Coakley, DF; Culnane, M; Cundy, KC; Fridland, A; Hughes, WT; Purdue, L; Read, JS; Rodman, JH; Shenep, JL; Willoughby, R; Zimmer, B, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were dose proportional and demonstrated no change with repeated dosing."	( Phase i/ii trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Barditch-Crovo, P; Coakley, DF; Coleman, RL; Collier, A; Deeks, SG; Kahn, JO; Kearney, BP; Lamy, PD; Lietman, PS; McGowan, I; Miller, M; Safrin, S, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic experiments in mice showed that the oral bioavailabilities of PMEA following oral gavage of Bis-PMEA or PMEA (at a dose equivalent to 28 mg of PMEA/kg) were 50."	( Pharmacokinetic and antiretroviral activity in mice of oral [P(1),P(2)-bis[2-(adenin-9-yl)ethoxymethyl]phosphonate], a prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Cappellacci, L; Casabianca, A; Celeste, AG; Cerasi, A; Chiarantini, L; Dominici, S; Franchetti, P; Grifantini, M; Magnani, M; Rossi, L; Serafini, S, 2002)	0.31
" Average key pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, tmax, lambda z, AUC0-infinity, Vss, CL, CLR, fe, ER) for RDP differed by less than 17% from SDP and were consistent with previously reported SDP data."	( Pharmacokinetics and renal effects of cidofovir with a reduced dose of probenecid in HIV-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Duncan, BA; Ingrosso, A; Mucci, M; Nickens, DJ; Rodríguez, CA; Wolf, DL, 2003)	0.32
" A two compartment pharmacokinetic model is employed to determine the time evolution of the intracellular concentrations of the active forms of drugs, and thereby drug efficacy."	( Complex patterns of viral load decay under antiretroviral therapy: influence of pharmacokinetics and intracellular delay. Dixit, NM; Perelson, AS, 2004)	0.32
" In paediatric patients this may be difficult to achieve due to lack of pharmacokinetic studies, administration of small doses, changes in body composition, continuous growth, and development and maturation of organs and systems."	( The pharmacokinetics of antiviral therapy in paediatric patients. Eksborg, S, 2003)	0.32
"Phase I, open-label, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study."	( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone. Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)	0.32
" Both AUCss and Cmax met the strict criteria for bioequivalence between the two study periods for total, R-, and S-methadone, indicating a lack of drug interaction when tenofovir DF was coadministered with methadone."	( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone. Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)	0.32
"On day 1, 12 h pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg given twice daily) were obtained for 18 subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) when administered with tenofovir diproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected subjects. Back, D; Boffito, M; Di Perri, G; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Stainsby-Tron, M; Tomkins, J, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data for 23 subjects were thus evaluable."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)	0.33
"The nucleotide analogue, tenofovir, has been shown to lower plasma atazanavir levels in pharmacokinetic trials, an interaction that may be partly reversed by the addition of ritonavir, whereas plasma tenofovir levels are themselves raised when the drug is combined with lopinavir/ritonavir."	( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)	0.33
"Eighteen patients received nelfinavir 1250 mg twice daily plus prescribed nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for at least 14 days, with pharmacokinetic measurements performed on day 15."	( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)	0.33
" TFV-DP also had persistent intracellular levels on TDF discontinuation (median half-life of 150 hours, range: 60 to >175 hours)."	( Intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir diphosphate, carbovir triphosphate, and lamivudine triphosphate in patients receiving triple-nucleoside regimens. Clark, N; Guyer, B; Hawkins, T; Kearney, BP; St Claire, RL; Veikley, W, 2005)	0.33
" The validated LC/MS/MS method has been successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers treated with oral adefovir dipivoxil at 10 and 20 mg."	( Determination of adefovir in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bi, HC; Chen, X; Huang, M; Zhong, GP; Zhou, S, 2005)	0.33
" Steady-state RTV AUCtau and Cmax levels were not significantly altered, whereas Ctau was 23% higher upon coadministration of SQV/RTV and TDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state. Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1 through 4 and 22 through 25."	( Absence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between ribavirin and tenofovir in healthy subjects. Cheng, A; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mittan, A; Ramanathan, S, 2006)	0.33
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in the context of therapeutic drug monitoring (87 patients, 121 samples)."	( Influence of tenofovir, nevirapine and efavirenz on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Arvieux, C; Dailly, E; Jolliet, P; Perré, P; Raffi, F; Tattevin, P; Tribut, O, 2006)	0.33
"We evaluated the impact of modelling intra-subject variability on the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the Wald test based on non-linear mixed effects models in pharmacokinetic interaction and bioequivalence cross-over trials."	( Impact of modelling intra-subject variability on tests based on non-linear mixed-effects models in cross-over pharmacokinetic trials with application to the interaction of tenofovir on atazanavir in HIV patients. Mentré, F; Panhard, X; Piketti, C; Taburet, AM, 2007)	0.34
" Nine and 10 healthy males were enrolled for a single-dose pharmacokinetic profile and assessment of the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of adefovir (PMEA), respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of PMEA following ADV 10, 20 and 40 mg were: geometric mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] for AUC(0-24 h) 227 (205, 253), 423 (361, 506) and 686 (585, 828) microg l(-1) h, C(max) 23."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose adefovir dipivoxil in healthy Chinese subjects. Guo, RC; Ni, MY; Sun, DQ; Wang, BJ; Wang, HS, 2007)	0.34
" A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers was conducted to assess the potential for a drug interaction between these agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed over 24 hours on days 7, 21, and 35."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) blood draws were performed on days 7, 17, and 27."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.34
" We evaluated the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between TFV and EFV by assessing cross-sectional and longitudinal data in 169 individuals receiving EFV."	( Does tenofovir influence efavirenz pharmacokinetics? Buclin, T; Colombo, S; Décosterd, L; Furrer, H; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2007)	0.34
"Although there is no clear evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction between TFV and EFV, we cannot rule out an interaction between these drugs restricted to individuals who are slow EFV metabolizers."	( Does tenofovir influence efavirenz pharmacokinetics? Buclin, T; Colombo, S; Décosterd, L; Furrer, H; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2007)	0.34
" As both drugs are extensively renally eliminated, a randomized, 3-way crossover study was conducted in 19 healthy volunteers to formally evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction when the drugs are administered alone and together (ie, 200 mg emtricitabine qd for 7 days, 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days, and 200 mg emtricitabine plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate qd for 7 days) with no washout between treatments."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate administered alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Zong, J, 2007)	0.34
"The effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with two boosted fosamprenavir regimens on amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed in this prospective phase I crossover study with 30 healthy volunteers."	( Fosamprenavir/ritonavir plus tenofovir does not affect amprenavir pharmacokinetics: no effect of tenofovir. Banik, N; Breske, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Mazur, D; Richter, H; Stocker, H; Walli, RK, 2007)	0.34
"TMC114 is a new HIV protease inhibitor, used in combination with low-dose ritonavir (TMC114/r) as a pharmacokinetic enhancer."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/ritonavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. De Doncker, P; De Pauw, M; Hill, A; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, V; Woodfall, B, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by noncompartmental method were reported as 90% confidence intervals (CIs) about the geometric mean ratio (GMR)."	( Lopinavir/Ritonavir pharmacokinetic profile: impact of sex and other covariates following a change from twice-daily to once-daily therapy. Acosta, EP; Binongo, JN; Chuck, SK; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Palau, M, 2007)	0.34
"Atazanavir/ritonavir plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the geometric means of minimum and maximum concentrations (C(min), C(max)), the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC), half-life (t(1/2)) and total clearance (CL(tot)) were subject to a matched pairs-analysis."	( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults. Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.34
"The coadministration of tenofovir-DF did not impair the plasma concentrations of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in a pharmacokinetic analysis of patient pairs matched for gender, ethnicity, weight and CDC status."	( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults. Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed on days 4 and 24 for adefovir and on days 14 and 24 for entecavir."	( Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between entecavir and adefovir. Bifano, M; Grasela, DM; LaCreta, F; Smith, RA; Yan, JH; Zhang, D, 2007)	0.34
" The clinical consequences of these substantial pharmacokinetic changes should be investigated."	( Lopinavir-ritonavir dramatically affects the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in HIV patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. Corona, G; Innocenti, F; Sandron, S; Sartor, I; Tirelli, U; Toffoli, G; Vaccher, E, 2008)	0.35
" HIV-infected subjects > or =18 to <25 years old receiving (> or =28 days) 300/100 mg atazanavir-ritonavir plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus one or more other nucleoside analogs underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic studies following a light meal."	( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and atazanavir-ritonavir in adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cunningham, CK; Fletcher, CV; Flynn, PM; Harris, DR; Havens, PL; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, NX; Major-Wilson, H; Muenz, LR; Viani, RM; Wilson, CM, 2008)	0.35
"A pharmacokinetic study of blood plasma (BP) and GT TFV concentrations in 9 men was conducted after 1 and > or =14 doses of TDF."	( The pharmacokinetics and viral activity of tenofovir in the male genital tract. Chen, YC; Cohen, MS; Fiscus, SA; Hui, J; Kashuba, AD; Kearney, BP; Patterson, KB; Rezk, NL; Rooney, JF; Tappouni, HL; Vourvahis, M, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic investigation of cis-ACCP in rats revealed distribution restricted into the extracellular fluid, which is the site of action for the antimetastatic activity and rapid elimination ( t 1/2 approximately 19 min) from blood."	( Carbamoylphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors 6: cis-2-aminocyclohexylcarbamoylphosphonic acid, a novel orally active antimetastatic matrix metalloproteinase-2 selective inhibitor--synthesis and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis. Bhusare, SR; Breuer, E; Frant, J; Hadar, R; Hoffman, A; Katz, Y; Qadri, B; Reich, R, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the potential of cotrimoxazole and tenofovir, drugs which are inhibitors and/or substrates of renal transporters, to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of maraviroc."	( The effects of cotrimoxazole or tenofovir co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in healthy volunteers. Abel, S; Muirhead, GJ; Ridgway, CE; Russell, D; Whitlock, LA, 2008)	0.35
"New phosphonate depot forms of AZT and 3TC were synthesized and their anti-HIV properties in cell systems, cellular uptake, intracellular transformations and some pharmacokinetic and toxicological data were studied."	( New depot forms of AZT and 3TC based on their phosphonate derivatives: anti-HIV activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Jasco, MV; Khandazhynskaya, AL; Kukhanova, MK; Shipitzyn, AV; Yanvarev, DV, 2008)	0.35
"An open-label, randomized, 3-way crossover, drug-drug interaction study of the investigational anti-HBV combination agent, emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and the antirejection agent, tacrolimus was conducted in healthy volunteers to evaluate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.35
" Drug concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS and steady state pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each drug using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.35
"The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric least-squares mean ratio for AUCtau, Cmax and Ctau for each drug together vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.35
"It was concluded that there was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between emtricitabine/tenofovir DF and tacrolimus when administered together."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tacrolimus at steady state when administered alone or in combination. Alianti, JR; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2008)	0.35
"6-h half-life (30%)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their neonates. Arrivé, E; Avit, D; Blanche, S; Coffié, P; Dabis, F; Ekouévi, DK; Hirt, D; Lalsab, S; Leang, SK; McIntyre, J; Nerrienet, E; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2009)	0.35
"Two open-label, randomized, cross-over trials in healthy volunteers were conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate."	( Assessment of the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine administered as two different formulations and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Aharchi, F; Beets, G; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Vandermeulen, K; Woodfall, BJ, 2009)	0.35
"Etravirine was administered as either 800 mg twice a day (bid) (phase II formulation in Study 1) or 200 mg bid (phase III formulation in Study 2) for 8 days followed by a 12 h pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Assessment of the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine administered as two different formulations and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Aharchi, F; Beets, G; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Vandermeulen, K; Woodfall, BJ, 2009)	0.35
" A strong trend between decreasing phosphorus functional group size and superior mouse pharmacokinetic properties was identified."	( Exploring the pharmacokinetic properties of phosphorus-containing selective HDAC 1 and 2 inhibitors (SHI-1:2). Chenard, M; Close, J; Dahlberg, WK; Fleming, J; Grimm, JB; Haines, BB; Hamill, JE; Harsch, A; Heidebrecht, RW; Hughes, B; Kral, AM; Middleton, RE; Miller, TA; Mushti, C; Ozerova, N; Secrist, JP; Szewczak, AA; Wang, H; Wilson, K; Witter, DJ, 2009)	0.35
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."	( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir. Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses utilized non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)	0.35
"The median elimination half-life of tacrolimus was 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus co-administered with adefovir dipivoxil to liver transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Enejosa, J; McGuire, BM; Ramanathan, S; Schiff, E; Terrault, NA; Tran, TT; Tupper, R; Zhong, L; Zong, J, 2009)	0.35
"Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in 12 HIV-infected patients stabilized on FPV/RTV 1400 mg/200 mg + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) 300 mg/200 mg QD (TELEX II)."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.13
" Four weeks after reducing RTV, changes in Cmin and AUC24h were: APV: +26%, +0."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.13
"Thirty-day, open-label, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
" Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for the pharmacokinetic parameters for deacetyl norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol were estimated by using analysis of variance and compared with the no-effect criterion for bioequivalence."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
"Objective An open-label, three-period pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the drug interaction potential between fosamprenavir (FPV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.36
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were elucidated after administering a single dose of 10 mg, 20 mg, and 30 mg of adefovir dipivoxil."	( Determination of adefovir by LC-ESI-MS-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Dai, L; Di, B; Ding, L; Fan, H; Xiao, D; Zhang, J; Zhu, Y; Zou, J, )	0.13
"Nucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens might be an attractive therapeutic option for HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients; however, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are frequently unknown."	( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients. Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)	0.36
"Fourteen HIV-1-infected patients (age 21-55 years, 64% male) on stable cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml entered this Phase I pharmacokinetic study."	( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients. Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)	0.36
"A selective, rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was developed for the first time to determine adefovir in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study."	( Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of adefovir in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Li, F; Qin, F; Qin, T; Xiong, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted to evaluate the potential for once-daily etravirine in antiretroviral regimens without and with darunavir/ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.36
"Of 23 enrolled patients (male 87%, Caucasian 39%), pharmacokinetic profiles for etravirine were available for 21 and 20 patients on day 14 and 28, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic data were available in 577 patients randomized to receive etravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. Corbett, C; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Leopold, L; Nijs, S; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Snoeck, E; Vingerhoets, J; Vis, P; Wade, JR; Woodfall, BJ, 2010)	0.36
" Mean HBIg half-life was 21."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins in prophylaxis of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. Andreone, P; Bacci, M; Burra, P; Canova, D; Cursaro, C; Fiorentino, B; Guazzini, S; Marengo, A; Marzano, A; Riili, A; Volpes, R, 2010)	0.36
" Anti-HBs titers three times higher than aimed and four weeks mean half-life could suggest the reduction of doses and the elongation of the interval of administration of im-HBIg."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous or intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins in prophylaxis of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. Andreone, P; Bacci, M; Burra, P; Canova, D; Cursaro, C; Fiorentino, B; Guazzini, S; Marengo, A; Marzano, A; Riili, A; Volpes, R, 2010)	0.36
"Intensive steady-state 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during the third trimester and at 6-12 weeks postpartum."	( Atazanavir pharmacokinetics with and without tenofovir during pregnancy. Basar, M; Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Hawkins, E; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Rossi, SS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2011)	0.37
" Levels of ODE-cCDV were measured by counting in a liquid scintillation counter, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)	0.37
"ODE-cCDV in vitreous as a whole followed a 2-phase first-order elimination, whereas ODE-cCDV in retina and choroid manifested a nearly steady state during the first 3 weeks and then followed a first-order elimination with the apparent elimination half-life of 10."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)	0.37
"A crystalline lipid prodrug, ODE-cCDV, has longer vitreous half-life than that in other ocular tissues due to its solid drug depot formation in vitreous."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of a crystalline lipid prodrug, octadecyloxyethyl-cyclic-cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Beadle, JR; Cheng, L; Freeman, WR; Hoh, C; Hostetler, KY; Tammewar, A, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for CS-917, an oral hypoglycemic prodrug, and its 3 metabolites."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for a novel oral hypoglycemic formed in vivo: comparing the use of active metabolite data alone versus using data of upstream and downstream metabolites. Carrothers, TJ; Habtemariam, B; Kastrissios, H; Khariton, T; Kshirsagar, S; Mager, DE; Rohatagi, S; Walker, JR, 2012)	0.38
" A total of 151 ATV plasma concentrations were obtained, and a population pharmacokinetic model was developed with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. Blanche, S; Dollfus, C; Firtion, G; Foissac, F; Hirt, D; Laurent, C; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
" We report the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir in combination with efavirenz, darunavir-ritonavir, or atazanavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected children."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir-based regimens in HIV-infected pediatric patients. Acosta, EP; Britto, P; Carey, V; Graham, B; Hazra, R; Jean-Philippe, P; King, JR; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2011)	0.37
"Significant pharmacokinetic interactions can result between acid-suppressing agents and some protease inhibitors (PIs) in the management of HIV infection."	( Effects of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir-ritonavir with or without tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Bertz, R; Boffito, M; Child, M; Chung, E; Kashuba, A; Mahnke, L; Patterson, K; Tebas, P; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.37
"Tenofovir concentrations were monitored on a routine basis and measured in 93 children aged 5 to 18 years; 283 tenofovir plasma concentrations were used to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
" The method was applied to the determination of adefovir in plasma from 12 subjects dosed with adefovir 2 x 10 mg tablets and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of adefovir in plasma using UV detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Foroutan, SM; Khoddam, A; Movahed, H; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2011)	0.37
" The gel also prevents infection in macaques when applied intravaginally or intrarectally prior to challenge with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), but very little pharmacokinetic information for macaques is available to help extrapolate the data to humans and thus inform future development activities."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques. Allen, P; Kashuba, A; Nuttall, J; Roberts, J; Romano, J; Wang, R; White, N, 2012)	0.38
" More comprehensive in vivo pharmacokinetic data are required to justify the potential use of these agents as safe and effective options during pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the fetal compartment (placenta and amniotic fluid). Back, DJ; Else, LJ; Khoo, SH; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.37
"Comparative pharmacokinetic study in sheep."	( Tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pharmacokinetics from intravaginal rings. Baum, MM; Butkyavichene, I; Gilman, J; Kennedy, S; Kopin, E; Malone, AM; Moss, JA; Motamedi, M; Nguyen, C; Smith, TJ; Vincent, KL; Willis, RA, 2012)	0.38
" The proposed assay method was found to be applicable to a pharmacokinetic study in human male volunteers."	( A novel LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of tenofovir and lamivudine in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Burugula, L; Inamadugu, JK; J V L N, SR; Matta, MK; Pilli, NR, 2012)	0.38
" The objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic parameters of CMX001 after single and multiple doses."	( First pharmacokinetic and safety study in humans of the novel lipid antiviral conjugate CMX001, a broad-spectrum oral drug active against double-stranded DNA viruses. Godkin, S; Lampert, B; Painter, G; Painter, W; Robertson, A; Trost, LC, 2012)	0.38
" The impact of changing the current gel formulation to reduce its osmolality was evaluated using pharmacokinetic assessments and local tissue effects in the rabbit."	( Pharmacokinetics and topical vaginal effects of two tenofovir gels in rabbits. Clark, MR; Friend, DR, 2012)	0.38
" To summarize, the pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz remained similar in the pregnant and non-pregnant rats."	( Pharmacokinetic profiling of efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir fixed dose combination in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Bhyrapuneni, G; Kandikere, V; Komarneni, P; Muddana, N; Mudigonda, K; Mukkanti, K; Nirogi, R; Saralaya, R, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were performed in mice to evaluate in vivo fate of the formulations."	( Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanosuspension of adefovir dipivoxil for bioavailability improvement: formulation, characterization, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies. Chavhan, S; Dodiya, S; Korde, A; Sawant, KK, 2013)	0.39
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model for TDF and its active anabolite tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and validated it with data from 4 different trials, including 4 distinct dosing regimes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir and prophylactic efficacy against HIV-1 infection. Duwal, S; Schütte, C; von Kleist, M, 2012)	0.38
"This study was designed to assess the safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses to rectal administration of tenofovir (TFV) 1% vaginally formulated gel and oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."	( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic differences after single oral administrations of the free base and maleate formulations of LB80380 in healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of the maleate and free base formulations of LB80380, a novel nucleotide analog, in healthy male volunteers. Huh, W; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, SY, 2012)	0.38
"This was a Phase II open-label multiple dose pharmacokinetic and safety study."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)	0.39
"A total of 25 patients (56% male) completed the study; 21 had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)	0.39
"Coadministration of efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine with a standard first-line TB treatment regimen did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs and was tolerated well by Tanzanian TB patients who are coinfected with HIV."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)	0.39
"This is the first pharmacokinetic modelling of antiretroviral disposition in BP and CVF."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of efavirenz, atazanavir, lamivudine and tenofovir in the female genital tract of HIV-infected pre-menopausal women. Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RN; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB, 2012)	0.38
" Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic curves were recorded in the third trimester (preferably week 33) and postpartum (preferably week 4-6)."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)	0.39
"Although pharmacokinetic exposure of the NRTIs TDF and FTC during pregnancy is approximately 25% lower, this was not associated with virological failure in this study and did not result in mother-to-child transmission."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of tenofovir and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Giaquinto, C; Gingelmaier, A; Hawkins, DA; Ivanovic, J; Kabeya, K; Moltó, J; Rockstroh, JK; Sadiq, ST; Taylor, GP; Weizsäcker, K; Wyen, C, 2013)	0.39
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."	( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study. Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)	0.39
"This study compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of an FDC capsule containing lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil 100/10 mg and conventional lamivudine 100-mg + adefovir dipivoxil 10-mg tablets to determine bioequivalence."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of lamivudine and adefovir were similar between the FDC and reference formulations."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic properties and the effects of food intake on tenofovir dipivoxil have not yet been reported in healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers. Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir given in each treatment period were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers. Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)	0.39
"After a single dose of 150, 300 and 600 mg, the main pharmacokinetic parameters for tenofovir were as follows: Cmax 209·6, 456·7, 989·8 ng/mL; AUClast 1744·9, 2663·5, 6010·2 ng h/mL, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers. Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)	0.39
"International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1026s is a prospective, nonblinded, pharmacokinetic study of HIV-infected pregnant women taking antiretrovirals for clinical indications, including 2 cohorts (with or without tenofovir) receiving atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily during the second trimester, 400/100 mg during the third trimester, and 300/100 mg postpartum (PP)."	( Pharmacokinetics of an increased atazanavir dose with and without tenofovir during the third trimester of pregnancy. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Byroads, M; Caparelli, E; Cressey, TR; Hawkins, E; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Rossi, S; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J; Watts, DH, 2013)	0.39
"Atazanavir pharmacokinetic data were available for 37 women without tenofovir, 35 with tenofovir; median (range) pharmacokinetic parameters are presented for second trimester, third trimester, and PP and number who met target/total."	( Pharmacokinetics of an increased atazanavir dose with and without tenofovir during the third trimester of pregnancy. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Byroads, M; Caparelli, E; Cressey, TR; Hawkins, E; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Rossi, S; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J; Watts, DH, 2013)	0.39
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate PK parameters [area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24h ) and maximal concentration (Cmax )]."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
" Compared with the general population, these elderly subjects had 8-13% decreased TFV AUC0-24h and Cmax , and 19-78% increased FTC and RTV AUC0-24h and Cmax ."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate pharmacokinetic interactions associated with coadministration of lersivirine with zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)/emtricitabine (Truvada(®)) or abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom(®)/Kivexa(®))."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine. Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by standard non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between lersivirine and zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine. Choo, HW; Davis, J; Fang, J; Hansson, AG; Langdon, G; Layton, G; Tawadrous, M; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma TFV demonstrated triphasic decay with terminal elimination half-life median [interquartile range (IQR)] 69 h (58-77)."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral tenofovir in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, colonic tissue, and vaginal tissue. Anderson, JR; Bakshi, R; Cao, YJ; Everts, S; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Nimmagadda, S; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2013)	0.39
" A pharmacokinetic interaction between tenofovir and ritonavir may have resulted in the toxicity."	( Tenofovir induced Fanconi syndrome: a possible pharmacokinetic interaction. Desai, C; Desai, M; Dikshit, RK; Kapadia, J; Patel, S; Shah, AN; Shah, S, )	0.13
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of two tenofovir agents."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in Beagle dogs after oral dosing of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate using HPLC-MS/MS analysis]. Chen, H; Hu, JP; Li, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, BL, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic data support coadministration of daclatasvir with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and/or tenofovir."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on cohort 1 and 3 mothers and all infants."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life. Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)	0.4
" Separate pharmacokinetic properties may be associated with distinct TDF toxicities: tenofovir with parathyroid hormone and altered calcium balance and tenofovir diphosphate with hypophosphatemia and FGF23 regulation."	( Association of higher plasma vitamin D binding protein and lower free calcitriol levels with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and plasma and intracellular tenofovir pharmacokinetics: cause of a functional vitamin D deficiency? Baker, A; Bethel, J; Flynn, PM; Gordon, CM; Havens, PL; Hazra, R; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, N; Lujan-Zilbermann, J; Mulligan, K; Pan, CG; Rutledge, B; Stephensen, CB; Van Loan, MD; Wilson, CM; Woodhouse, LR, 2013)	0.39
" Increasing epithelial thickness delayed initial TFV delivery to stroma and its decline: tmax increased but AUC at 24 hours was not significantly altered."	( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel. Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)	0.39
" Although its use for the treatment of HIV has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration, there are no data on the pharmacokinetic profile of TDF in Chinese individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects. Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)	0.39
"This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of TDF in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects. Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects. Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)	0.39
" TDF exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of healthy Western subjects in a historical comparison."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg once daily: an open-label, single- and multiple-dose study in healthy Chinese subjects. Chen, Q; Dong, J; Hu, CY; Jia, JY; Li, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Liu, YM; Lu, C; Sun, SX; Wang, W; Wu, K; Yu, C, 2013)	0.39
"The objectives of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model (PPK) for tenofovir without using potentially unreliable patient reported dosing records and to retrace patient dosing history using pharmacokinetic simulations conditioned on protocol design constraints to assess patient adherence."	( Estimation of tenofovir's population pharmacokinetic parameters without reliable dosing histories and application to tracing dosing history using simulation strategies. Chaturvedula, A; Fossler, MJ; Hendrix, CW, 2014)	0.4
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model of adefovir dipivoxil in healthy volunteers and evaluate the effect of individual factors on the pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil."	( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)	0.4
" The final pharmacokinetic model was evaluated using a bootstrap method."	( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)	0.4
"Intensive pharmacokinetic studies of tenofovir in a large, diverse cohort of HIV-infected women over 24 h at steady state were performed and factors that influenced exposure [assessed by areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs)] identified."	( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)	0.4
"HIV-infected women (n = 101) on tenofovir-based therapy underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)	0.4
"46 ml/h/kg, and the elimination half-life time was 53."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Gattringer, KB; Jäger, W; Kraff, S; Thalhammer, F; Vossen, MG, 2014)	0.4
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
" The authors studied ATV pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters among children who received atazanavir/ritonavir co-administered with TDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)	0.4
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( A new reversible and potent P2Y12 receptor antagonist (ACT-246475): tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in a first-in-man trial. Astruc, B; Baldoni, D; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Gueret, P; Gutierrez, M; Krause, A, 2014)	0.4
"5 h post-dose, terminal half-life (t ½) was ~10 h."	( A new reversible and potent P2Y12 receptor antagonist (ACT-246475): tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in a first-in-man trial. Astruc, B; Baldoni, D; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Gueret, P; Gutierrez, M; Krause, A, 2014)	0.4
"Patients with gross haematuria and confirmed BK or adenovirus viruria following allo-HSCT were prospectively enrolled in an open-label pharmacokinetic study (ClinicalTrials."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravesicular cidofovir in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Aitken, SL; Chemaly, RF; Ghantoji, SS; Jones, RB; Kontoyiannis, DP; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" Mean values for volume of distribution, clearance and elimination half-life were 19."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravesicular cidofovir in allogeneic HSCT recipients. Aitken, SL; Chemaly, RF; Ghantoji, SS; Jones, RB; Kontoyiannis, DP; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of following oral administration of single dose of pradefovir mesylate (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg) and adefovir dipivoxil (10 mg) to healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Development and Validation of a Sensitive LC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Adefovir in Human Serum and Urine: Application to a Clinical Pharmacokinetic Study. Shen, L; Xiao, QQ; Yang, J; Zhan, Y; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies of formula F9 showed a higher accumulation of AD in the liver with enhanced bioavailability compared to AD suspension which highlights its potential advantage for an effective treatment of chronic HBV."	( Adefovir dipivoxil loaded proliposomal powders with improved hepatoprotective activity: formulation, optimization, pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution studies. Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; El Awdan, SA; Zakaria, MY, 2018)	0.48
" We reviewed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of LB80380 and discussed its role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of besifovir for the treatment of HBV infection. Lai, CL; Mak, LY; Seto, WK; Yuen, MF, 2018)	0.48
" The half-life of PMEA in the pradefovir group was 11."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of pradefovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Chen, H; Ding, Y; Jin, W; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, C; Liu, J; Niu, J; Wu, M; Zhang, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacodynamic responders were defined as patients having P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) <100 at 30 min post-dose and lasting ≥3 h."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of single-dose subcutaneous administration of selatogrel, a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. Angiolillo, DJ; Bernaud, C; Dangas, GD; Frenoux, JM; Gorog, DA; Gurbel, PA; Hmissi, A; James, SK; Kunadian, V; Storey, RF; Tanguay, JF; Ten Berg, J; Tran, H; Trenk, D; Ufer, M; Van der Harst, P; Van't Hof, AWJ, 2020)	0.56
" Subjects received a single oral dose of besifovir dipivoxil 150 mg, and serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours after dosing to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of besifovir."	( Influence of Renal Function on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir, a Novel Antiviral Agent for theTreatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Choi, YS; Han, JH; Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Kwon, SK; Park, MK, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The effects of monoclonal antibody used in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) or (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]cytosine (HPMPC) against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were determined in vitro and in vivo, in mice."	( Effects of monoclonal antibody combined with ganciclovir or (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonylmethoxy)-propyl]cytosine against murine cytomegalovirus infections in cell culture and in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Barnett, BB; Sidwell, RW; Smee, DF; Sugiyama, ST, )	0.13
" Adefovir and PMPA both demonstrated strong synergistic anti-HIV activity in combination with AZT."	( Anti-HIV activity of adefovir (PMEA) and PMPA in combination with antiretroviral compounds: in vitro analyses. Cherrington, JM; Mulato, AS, 1997)	0.3
" These drug-drug interactions were not expected, the mechanism(s) is (are) not clear, and additional studies are warranted."	( Competing drug-drug interactions among multidrug antiretroviral regimens used in the treatment of HIV- infected subjects: ACTG 884. Acosta, EP; Cheng, H; Fischl, M; Fletcher, CV; Gulick, RM; Haubrich, R; Hu, XJ; Katzenstein, D; Mills, C; Raasch, R; Remmel, RP, 2000)	0.31
" We tested MPA alone and in combination with abacavir (ABC), didanosine (DDI), lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir (TFV) against wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant HIV-1."	( Dose proportional inhibition of HIV-1 replication by mycophenolic acid and synergistic inhibition in combination with abacavir, didanosine, and tenofovir. Coull, JJ; Drusano, GL; Hossain, MM; Margolis, DM, 2002)	0.31
" This study assessed the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil alone and in combination with lamivudine compared with ongoing lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B with compensated liver disease and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV)."	( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Bourliere, M; Brosgart, CL; Buggisch, P; Ebrahimi, R; Gray Df, Df; Hann Hw, Hw; Heathcote, EJ; Kleber, K; Kowdley, K; Martin, P; Peters, MG; Rubin, R; Sullivan, M; Trepo, C; Xiong, S, 2004)	0.32
"These data, limited to patients with compensated liver disease, indicate that adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with ongoing lamivudine therapy provides effective antiviral therapy in patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV."	( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Bourliere, M; Brosgart, CL; Buggisch, P; Ebrahimi, R; Gray Df, Df; Hann Hw, Hw; Heathcote, EJ; Kleber, K; Kowdley, K; Martin, P; Peters, MG; Rubin, R; Sullivan, M; Trepo, C; Xiong, S, 2004)	0.32
"Mutations selected or deselected during passage of human immunodeficiency virus strain HXB2 or resistant variants with tenofovir (TFV), abacavir (ABC), and lamivudine (3TC) differed depending on the drug combination and virus genotype."	( Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutation selection during in vitro exposure to tenofovir alone or combined with abacavir or lamivudine. Ait-Khaled, M; Craig, C; Griffin, P; Stone, C; Tisdale, M, 2004)	0.32
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF) was studied in combination with rifampin in 24 healthy subjects in a multiple-dose, open-label, single-group, two-period study."	( Pharmacokinetic study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Buffels, R; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP; Vanhorssen, PJ; Verweij-van Wissen, CP, 2005)	0.33
"The nucleotide analogue, tenofovir, has been shown to lower plasma atazanavir levels in pharmacokinetic trials, an interaction that may be partly reversed by the addition of ritonavir, whereas plasma tenofovir levels are themselves raised when the drug is combined with lopinavir/ritonavir."	( The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Becker, M; Breske, A; Esser, S; Hill, A; Koerber, A; Kopperman, M; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Ross, B; Stocker, H; Wiehler, H, 2005)	0.33
" Combination with lamivudine showed no additional benefit over monotherapy during 24 weeks of treatment in these patients."	( Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with ongoing lamivudine in patients with decompensated liver disease and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Choi, WB; Chung, YH; Kim, KM; Lee, HC; Lee, YS; Lim, YS; Suh, DJ, 2005)	0.33
"The drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir DF and didanosine EC were evaluated in 2 pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adult subjects."	( Drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine. Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; Flaherty, JF; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Sayre, JR, 2005)	0.33
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) has been studied in combination with efavirenz in healthy volunteers and no interaction was found."	( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz in HIV-infected patients. Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP, 2006)	0.33
" Six different groups were studied: 200 mg nevirapine twice daily, 400 mg nevirapine once daily, 600 mg efavirenz once daily, all without tenofovir DF (groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively), and the same groups with the drugs combined with tenofovir 300 mg once daily (groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively)."	( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine and efavirenz in HIV-infected patients. Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Kearney, BP, 2006)	0.33
" The most common drugs given with tenofovir were ritonavir or lopinavir-ritonavir (21 of 27 patients), atazanavir (5 of 27 patients), and didanosine (9 of 27 patients)."	( Tenofovir-associated acute and chronic kidney disease: a case of multiple drug interactions. Bedford, J; Braden, G; Hoffman, R; Morris, A; Pizzoferrato, T; Zimmermann, AE, 2006)	0.33
"Two phase I studies were conducted to assess the plasma pharmacokinetics of telbivudine and potential drug-drug interactions between telbivudine (200 or 600 mg/day) and lamivudine (100 mg/day) or adefovir dipivoxil (10 mg/day) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of telbivudine in healthy subjects and absence of drug interaction with lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil. Brown, NA; Chao, GC; Fielman, BA; Lloyd, DM; Zhou, XJ, 2006)	0.33
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."	( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)	0.33
"Study 903 is a phase 3 trial with a completed 144-week, double-blind phase comparing tenofovir DF (TDF) to stavudine (d4T) in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV) and an ongoing additional 336-week open-label extension phase."	( The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients. Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Madruga, JV; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )	0.13
"We evaluated the mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir (TFV), emtricitabine (FTC) and abacavir as carbovir (CBV) alone, with each other, and in combination with additional NRTIs."	( Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Melkaoui, K; Setzer, B; Venhoff, N; Walker, UA, 2007)	0.34
"Study 903 is a phase 3 trial with a completed 144-week, double-blind phase comparing tenofovir DF (TDF) with stavudine (d4T), in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV), and an ongoing 336-week open-label extension phase."	( The safety and efficacy of switching stavudine to tenofovir df in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz in hiv-1-infected patients: three-year follow-up after switching therapy. Cassetti, I; Cheng, AK; Enejosa, J; Etzel, A; Holmes, CB; Madruga, JR; Suleiman, JM; Zhong, L, )	0.13
" To investigate the benefit of HAART combined with cidofovir, we retrospectively analysed the survival of 33 patients with AIDS-associated PML proven by PCR in CSF, biopsy or at autopsy."	( Cidofovir in combination with HAART and survival in AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Arendt, G; Evers, S; Husstedt, IW; Kraemer, C; Nolting, T, 2008)	0.35
"A prospective cohort study on therapy with adefovir alone (29 patients) or combined with ongoing lamivudine (23 patients) was performed."	( Lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B: an observational study on adefovir in monotherapy or in combination with lamivudine. Alessandria, C; Barbon, V; Carenzi, S; Gaia, S; Lagget, M; Marzano, A; Olivero, A; Rizzetto, M; Smedile, A, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were also determined in HIV-1-infected patients dosed with raltegravir monotherapy versus raltegravir in combination with TDF and lamivudine."	( Lack of a significant drug interaction between raltegravir and tenofovir. Breidinger, SA; Chen, J; Friedman, EJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Iwamoto, M; Kost, JT; Lasseter, KC; Stek, JE; Stone, JA; Teppler, H; Wagner, JA; Wenning, LA, 2008)	0.35
" As statins are the standard of clinical care, any new therapies must have adjunctive activity, when given in combination with statins."	( Thyroid hormone beta receptor activation has additive cholesterol lowering activity in combination with atorvastatin in rabbits, dogs and monkeys. Cable, EE; Chi, B; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Ito, BR; Linemeyer, DL; MacKenna, DA; Song, X; van Poelje, PD; Wilker, CE; Zhang, BH, 2009)	0.35
"We evaluated the activity of a liver-targeted prodrug, MB07811, of a novel TH receptor beta agonist, MB07344, as monotherapy and in combination with atorvastatin in rabbits, dogs and monkeys."	( Thyroid hormone beta receptor activation has additive cholesterol lowering activity in combination with atorvastatin in rabbits, dogs and monkeys. Cable, EE; Chi, B; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Ito, BR; Linemeyer, DL; MacKenna, DA; Song, X; van Poelje, PD; Wilker, CE; Zhang, BH, 2009)	0.35
" regimen and it's recommended by most of the clinical guidelines as a start regimen in combination with two other drugs."	( [Clinical data I. Clinical experience with tenofovir in combination with nonnucleoside analogue transcriptase inhibitors]. Arribas López, JR; Bernardino de la Serna, JI; Mora Rillo, M, 2008)	0.35
" Most data on safety and efficacy in this scenario initially came from clinical trials in which tenofovir was combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( [Clinical data II. Clinical experience of tenofovir DF in combination with protease inhibitors]. Fiorante, S; Pulido, F, 2008)	0.35
" Here we report on the use of RNA interference, either alone or in combination with cidofovir, as an approach to inhibit orthopoxvirus replication."	( Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by two small interfering RNAs targeting B1R and G7L genes and their synergistic combination with cidofovir. Andrei, G; Crance, JM; Duraffour, S; Garin, D; Snoeck, R; Vigne, S, 2009)	0.35
"Emtricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF), a nucleotide RTI, as a fixed-dose combination tablet (emtricitabine/tenofovir DF) for once-daily oral administration, are used as the nucleoside/nucleotide RTI backbone in combination with other antiretroviral agents, including ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs), in the treatment of adults with HIV-1 infection."	( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: in combination with a protease inhibitor in HIV-1 infection. Perry, CM, 2009)	0.35
" 43 patients with relapsed/refractory or secondary AML or CML blast crisis were enrolled into two phase I dose-escalation studies investigating amonafide as monotherapy or in combination with cytarabine."	( Phase I trials of amonafide as monotherapy and in combination with cytarabine in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Allen, SL; Bennett, JM; Budman, DR; Capizzi, RL; Kolitz, JE; Lundberg, AS, 2010)	0.36
"A new drug combination regimen, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), is described for the treatment of HIV-1 infection."	( A new drug combination therapy for treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection, consisting of raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. De Clercq, E, 2009)	0.35
" However, N348I significantly decreases tenofovir susceptibility when combined with thymidine analogue mutations and etravirine susceptibility when combined with Y181C."	( N348I in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase decreases susceptibility to tenofovir and etravirine in combination with other resistance mutations. Moore, K; Radzio, J; Sluis-Cremer, N; Sonza, S; Tachedjian, G, 2010)	0.36
"International, multicenter, open-label, 96-week noninferiority randomized trial of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily vs lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily, each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	0.36
"To analyze the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with bicyclol in treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic viral hepatitis B (CHB)."	( [The analyse of effectiveness in HBeAg-positive chronic viral hepatitis B treated by adefovir dipivoxil combined with bicyclol]. Sheng, JF; Xiang, DR, 2009)	0.35
"Forty-eight-week data are presented from this multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing the safety profiles of abacavir/lamivudine and tenofovir/emtricitabine, both administered with efavirenz, in HLA-B*5701-negative HIV-1-infected adults."	( Randomized comparison of renal effects, efficacy, and safety with once-daily abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir/emtricitabine, administered with efavirenz, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. Branco, T; Cavassini, M; Domingo, P; Fisher, M; Givens, N; Khuong-Josses, MA; Lim, ML; Moyle, GJ; Norden, AG; Pearce, HC; Podzamczer, D; Post, FA; Rieger, A; Stellbrink, HJ; Vavro, C, 2010)	0.36
"To determine the anesthetic-sparing effects of perzinfotel when administered as a preanesthetic via IV, IM, or SC routes or IM in combination with butorphanol."	( Effects of perzinfotel on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs when administered as a preanesthetic via various routes or in combination with butorphanol. del Rio, CL; Muir, WW; Pollet, RA; Zwijnenberg, RJ, 2010)	0.36
" We investigated the activity of clevudine (CLV) in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide analogues to determine if these combinations were compatible in vitro."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)	0.36
"Using the HepAD38 cell line, which expresses wild-type HBV, and a real-time PCR assay, we tested the anti-HBV activity of CLV in combination with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir, tenofovir and telbivudine (TBV)."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)	0.36
"When CLV was combined with entecavir, lamivudine, adefovir or tenofovir, a synergistic antiviral effect was observed; however, the combination of CLV and TBV gave an antagonistic antiviral response."	( Evaluation of the in vitro anti-HBV activity of clevudine in combination with other nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. Bao, H; Furman, PA; Korba, B; Micolochick Steuer, HM; Murakami, E; Niu, C; Tolstykh, T, 2010)	0.36
"Randomised clinical trials addressing benefits and harms of lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIg) for preventing recurrent HBV infection in patients who are liver transplanted due to HBV infection with or without hepatocellular carcinoma."	( Lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil alone or combined with immunoglobulin for preventing hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. Guy, DG; Katz, LH; Paul, M; Tur-Kaspa, R, 2010)	0.36
" Drug-drug interactions may occur at a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic level."	( [Drug-drug interactions and nephrotoxicity]. Czock, D; Keller, F, 2011)	0.37
"We retrospectively evaluated the durability and reasons for discontinuation of nevirapine (NVP) in combination with a tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) or lamivudine (3TC)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen in an Australian outpatient setting."	( Clinical experience with nevirapine combined with tenofovir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine-containing regimens in HIV-infected subjects. Chan, DJ; Jeganathan, S; Maruszak, H; Smith, DE, 2011)	0.37
" nevirapine on the same background, in naïve HIV-1-infected patients) study compared prospectively ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (qd) with immediate release nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg qd, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg qd in 569 ARV-naïve HIV-1-infected patients."	( Lipid profiles for nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir, both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine over 48 weeks, in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients (the ARTEN study). Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cairns, V; Clotet, B; de Rossi, L; Domingo, P; Gellermann, HJ; Podzamczer, D; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.37
"ARTEN is a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial that compares nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients with CD4(+) T-cell counts <400 (men) and <250 cells/mm(3) (women)."	( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.37
"NVP demonstrated at week 48 non-inferior antiviral efficacy compared with ATZ/r when given along with TDF/FTC, despite more drug-related discontinuations with NVP than ATZ/r."	( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.37
" In order to improve ATV exposure, plasma and intracellular (IC) PK of ATV in patients administered with ATV 400 mg once daily and TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) and switched to ATV 200 mg twice daily were studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients. Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)	0.37
"Entecavir combined with adefovir is an effective rescue therapy in CHB patients after failure of treatment with nucleoside analogs."	( [Safety and efficacy of Entecavir combined with Adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who fail to respond to nucleoside analog treatment]. Guo, YB; Hou, JL; Peng, J; Sun, J; Wang, ZH; Yan, L; Yang, J; Zhou, B, 2011)	0.37
"Limited data are available on the use of unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients."	( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy. Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)	0.37
" NRTIs used in combination with atazanavir were tenofovir, abacavir and emtricitabine/lamivudine in 36."	( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy. Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)	0.37
"In patients with virological suppression and no prior history of virological failure, a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with NRTIs is associated with a low probability of virological failure and a good safety profile."	( Efficacy and safety of a switch to unboosted atazanavir in combination with nucleoside analogues in HIV-1-infected patients with virological suppression under antiretroviral therapy. Ammassari, A; Castagna, A; Delaugerre, C; Ghosn, J; Medrano, J; Molina, JM; Pavie, J; Porcher, R; Rusconi, S; Torti, C; Valin, N, 2011)	0.37
"To investigate the levels of HBsAg in predicting the efficacy of peglated interferon-alpha 2a combined with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV), in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients."	( [The levels of HBsAg can predict the efficacy of peglated interferon-alpha 2a combined with adefovir dipivoxil, in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients]. Cao, H; Li, G; Sun, HX; Xu, QH; Yang, XA; Zhang, K, 2011)	0.37
"Eligible patients with HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) levels >5000 copies/mL and without baseline resistance to efavirenz, tenofovir, or emtricitabine were randomized in a double-blind, noninferiority study to receive raltegravir or efavirenz, each combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine."	( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK. Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)	0.37
"When combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive patients, raltegravir produced durable viral suppression and immune restoration that was at least equivalent to efavirenz through 156 weeks of therapy."	( Long-term treatment with raltegravir or efavirenz combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine for treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients: 156-week results from STARTMRK. Dejesus, E; Dinubile, MJ; Lazzarin, A; Leavitt, R; Lennox, JL; Nguyen, BY; Rockstroh, JK; Rodgers, AJ; Saag, MS; Sklar, P; Teppler, H; Walker, ML; Wan, H; Xu, X; Zhao, J, 2011)	0.37
" Mean plasma concentration-time profiles for atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), darunavir (DRV, administered with ritonavir [RTV]), and drospirenone/ethinylestradiol were similar following co-administration of GSK2248761."	( Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. de Serres, M; Gould, E; Johnson, M; Kim, J; Lou, Y; Mayers, D; Pietropaolo, K; Piscitelli, S; White, S; Zhou, XJ, 2012)	0.38
"To study the changes of experimental markers of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated by Dahuang Zhechong Wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil."	( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)	0.38
" The treatment group (50 cases) was orally given 10 mg of adefovir dipivoxil once a day, 1 Wan each time, combined with Dahuang Zhechong Wan, 3 times a day, 1 Wan each time."	( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)	0.38
"Dahuang Zhechong Wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil could prevent hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, reduce the incidence of liver cirrhosis, improve life quality and prognosis."	( [Experimental study on effect of dahuang zhechong wan combined with adefovir dipivoxil in preventing hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in seniors."	( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)	0.37
"It suggested that the treatment of ADV in combination with bicyclol for senior patients with CHB is effective and safe."	( [The clinical efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with bicyclol for the treatment of senior patients with chronic hepatitis B]. Cai, SP; Fan, ZP; He, WP; Ji, YJ; Zhang, WJ, 2011)	0.37
"To explore the durability of three first-line tenofovir/emtricitabine-based regimens in combination with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients."	( Duration of first-line antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in the Italian ARCA cohort. Borghi, V; Capetti, A; Cicconi, P; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Francisci, D; Giacometti, A; Giannarelli, D; Maggiolo, F; Monno, L; Penco, G; Prinapori, R; Sterrantino, G; Zoncada, A, 2013)	0.39
"To observe the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil(ADV) in combination with Anluohuaxian capsule in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients."	( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology]. Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)	0.38
" 36 cases of treatment group were given ADV combined with Anluohuaxian capsule for 48 weeks."	( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology]. Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)	0.38
"The results show that the treatment with ADV in combination with Anluohuaxian capsule can play promoting antifibrotic effect and significant improved liver histology of chronic hepatitis B patients."	( [The therapeutic effect of Anluohuaxian capsule combined with adefovir dipivoxil on patients with chronic hepatitis B and influence on hepatic histology]. Gong, GZ; He, B; Jiang, YF; Li, NP; Ma, J; Tang, W, 2012)	0.38
" For TB drugs, equivalence was suggested for peak plasma concentrations when administered with and without efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine."	( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)	0.39
"Drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and OATPs regulate intestinal permeability of atazanavir and may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions with other protease inhibitors and TDF."	( Role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in atazanavir intestinal permeability and drug-drug interactions. Bendayan, R; Hoque, MT; Kis, O; Walmsley, SL; Zastre, JA, 2013)	0.39
"Comprehensive information on the effects of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) polymorphisms, clinical factors, and drug-drug interactions on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected (HIV/TB) patients is unavailable."	( Impact of pharmacogenetic markers of CYP2B6, clinical factors, and drug-drug interaction on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients. Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, S; Manosuthi, W; Nilkamhang, S; Sukasem, C; Sungkanuparph, S; Thongyen, S, 2013)	0.39
"The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α-2a (PEG IFNα-2a) in combination with lamivudine or adefovir in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)."	( Extended treatment with peginterferon α-2a in combination with lamivudine or adefovir for 96 weeks yields high rates of HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion. Cao, ZH; Chen, XY; Liu, YL; Ma, LN; Zhang, HW, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of this study was to compare changes in body composition between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) over 96 weeks using data from a substudy of CASTLE, which compared once-daily ATV/r with twice-daily LPV/r, both in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection."	( Comparison of body composition changes between atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir each in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection. DeGrosky, M; Farajallah, A; Hardy, H; McGrath, D; Moyle, GJ, 2014)	0.4
" When ATV-LNPs were prepared with ritonavir (RTV), a metabolic and cellular membrane exporter inhibitor, and tenofovir (TFV), an HIV reverse-transcriptase inhibitor, stable, scalable, and reproducible anti-HIV drug combination LNPs were produced."	( Evaluation of atazanavir and darunavir interactions with lipids for developing pH-responsive anti-HIV drug combination nanoparticles. Duan, J; Freeling, JP; Ho, RJ; Koehn, J; Shu, C, 2014)	0.4
"Electrospun drug-eluting fabrics have enormous potential for the delivery of physicochemically diverse drugs in combination by controlling the underlying material chemistry and fabric microarchitecture."	( Delivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitectures. Blakney, AK; Jiang, YH; Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, we showed that the drug-loaded nanofibers are noncytotoxic and that the antiviral activity of TFV is preserved through the electrospinning process and when combined with LNG."	( Delivery of multipurpose prevention drug combinations from electrospun nanofibers using composite microarchitectures. Blakney, AK; Jiang, YH; Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the treatment efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid on hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN)."	( Efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid in 38 cases of nephrotic syndrome induced by hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Li, H; Qiu, L; Xiao, P; Yuan, X; Zhou, Q, 2014)	0.4
"Adefovir dipivoxil combined with corticosteroids has a certain efficacy on the HBV-GN and displays few adverse reactions."	( Efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil combined with a corticosteroid in 38 cases of nephrotic syndrome induced by hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Li, H; Qiu, L; Xiao, P; Yuan, X; Zhou, Q, 2014)	0.4
"The treatment of progressive vaccinia in individuals has involved antiviral drugs, such as cidofovir (CDV), brincidofovir, and/or tecovirimat, combined with vaccinia immune globulin (VIG)."	( Enhanced efficacy of cidofovir combined with vaccinia immune globulin in treating progressive cutaneous vaccinia virus infections in immunosuppressed hairless mice. Dagley, A; Downs, B; Hagloch, J; Smee, DF; Tarbet, EB, 2015)	0.42
" This study suggests the proof-of-concept that the lower dose of NA in combination with other NA might be the theoretical option for rescue combination therapy in patients with CHB who had failed on prior multiple NA treatments in order to reduce systemic exposure and possible side effects of NA."	( Comparison of the efficacies of entecavir 0.5 and 1.0 mg combined with adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had failed on prior nucleos(t)ide analogue treatments. Cho, Y; Kim, YJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JH; Yoon, JH; Yu, SJ, 2015)	0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."	( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results. Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)	0.42
"This phase I trial aimed to assess the safety and determine the recommended Phase II dose (RP2D) of Cidofovir combined with chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage IB2-IVA cervical cancer."	( Phase I trial evaluating the antiviral agent Cidofovir in combination with chemoradiation in cervical cancer patients. Adam, J; Bayar, MA; Chargari, C; Deutsch, E; Haie-Meder, C; Lanoy, E; Laporte, M; Levy, A; Magné, N; Mazeron, R; Mondini, M; Pautier, P; Soria, JC; Varga, A; Vassal, G, 2016)	0.43
"Cidofovir at a dose of 5mg/kg combined with chemoradiotherapy appeared tolerable and yielded tumor regressions."	( Phase I trial evaluating the antiviral agent Cidofovir in combination with chemoradiation in cervical cancer patients. Adam, J; Bayar, MA; Chargari, C; Deutsch, E; Haie-Meder, C; Lanoy, E; Laporte, M; Levy, A; Magné, N; Mazeron, R; Mondini, M; Pautier, P; Soria, JC; Varga, A; Vassal, G, 2016)	0.43
"Our results demonstrate that apigenin regulates OAT1, and can cause TDI or herb-drug interaction (HDI) when used in combination with acyclovir or adefovir."	( Apigenin, a novel candidate involving herb-drug interaction (HDI), interacts with organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). Cao, Y; Chen, J; Fu, W; Li, H; Pang, J; Wu, T; Zhou, P, 2017)	0.46
"As a tool to be used in transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction studies, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and adefovir in urine was developed and successfully validated."	( Quantification of adefovir and pitavastatin in human plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS: A useful tool for drug-drug interaction studies. Fuhr, U; Kinzig, M; Scherf-Clavel, O; Sörgel, F; Stoffel, MS, 2019)	0.51
" The aim was to investigate the expression of IL-1β in CHB patients treated with Peg-IFN-α combination with TDF and TDF/Peg-IFN-α monotherapy."	( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy. Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)	0.91
" A single-center cohort study of prospective recruitment of CHB patients: untreated CHB (Group A), TDF combined with Peg-IFN-α therapy (Group B), Peg-IFN-α monotherapy (Group C), TDF monotherapy (Group D)."	( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy. Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)	0.91
"The increased expression of IL-1β may enhance the efficacy of TDF combined with Peg-IFN-α therapy in achieving an early response for CHB patients."	( The expression of interleukin-1β in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated-interferon-alpha combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and monotherapy. Hu, X; Li, Y; Luo, H; Qin, B; Tan, G, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A study was done on the factors which could modify the oral bioavailability of two new cytotoxic molecules (mitonafide and 2HCl amonafide) when administered in solid form."	( Studies about the oral bioavailability of mitonafide and 2HCl amonafide, two new cytotoxic molecules. Camacho Sánchez, MA; Torres Suárez, AI, 1992)	0.28
" The highest bioavailability is observed for the trometamol derivative of fosfomycin (37-44%); the calcium salt of fosfomycin is 2-2."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison between fosfomycin and other phosphonic acid derivatives. Bergan, T, 1990)	0.28
"A number of esters and amides of the anti-HIV nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)-ethoxy]adenine (1) have been synthesized as potential prodrugs and evaluated for oral bioavailability in mice."	( Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of prodrugs of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]adenine. Ashton, RJ; Bailey, S; Harnden, MR; Jackson, SM; Serafinowska, HT; Sutton, D, 1995)	0.29
"The bioavailability of PMEA from three oral formulations of the prodrug bis(POM)-PMEA has been evaluated in fasted male cynomolgus monkeys."	( Oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) from three formulations of the prodrug bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA in fasted male cynomolgus monkeys. Cundy, KC; Fishback, JA; Lee, ML; Lee, WA; Shaw, JP; Soike, KF; Visor, GC, 1994)	0.29
"A series of phosphonate prodrugs were evaluated in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the anti-HIV agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; 1)."	( Synthesis, oral bioavailability determination, and in vitro evaluation of prodrugs of the antiviral agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA). Hitchcock, MJ; Mansuri, MM; Martin, JC; Russell, J; Starrett, JE; Tortolani, DR; Whiterock, V, 1994)	0.29
" The oral bioavailability of PMEA in this species (4."	( Oral, subcutaneous, and intramuscular bioavailabilities of the antiviral nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine in cynomolgus monkeys. Cundy, KC; Lee, WA; Shaw, JP, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of adefovir [9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine] were examined at two dose levels in three phase I/II studies in 28 human immunodeficiency type 1-infected patients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of adefovir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Barditch-Crovo, P; Collier, AC; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Jaffe, HS; Toole, J; Walker, RE, 1995)	0.29
" Taken together, these promising findings suggest that an orally bioavailable prodrug of MDL 74,968 should be developed for the treatment of HIV infection."	( MDL 74,968, a new acyclonucleotide analog: activity against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in the hu-PBL-SCID.beige mouse model of infection. Ahmed, PS; Brennan, TM; Bridges, CG; Casara, P; Hornsperger, JM; Navé, JF; Taylor, DL; Tyms, AS, 1996)	0.29
" Subcutaneous bioavailability was essentially equivalent to that of the intravenous route, but the development of transient local fibrosis ad the volumes needed for subcutaneous dosing precluded higher subcutaneous dosing than 3 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and bioavailability of HPMPC (cidofovir) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Cundy, KC; Fisher, PE; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Pastelak, A; Petty, BG; Wachsman, M, 1996)	0.29
", bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA [bis(POM)-PMEA] and diphenyl-PMEA, have been synthesized in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of this broad-spectrum antiviral agent."	( Antiretroviral activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of oral bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Balzarini, J; Bischofberger, N; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1996)	0.29
" The subcutaneous bioavailability of cidofovir was 91."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue distribution of cidofovir (HPMPC) and cyclic HPMPC in rats. Bidgood, AM; Cundy, KC; Griffin, L; Lee, WA; Lynch, G; Shaw, JP, 1996)	0.29
" Additional studies will be needed to determine whether a similar mutation in HIV RT develops in patients receiving PMEA or its orally bioavailable prodrug adefovir dipivoxil (bis-POM PMEA)."	( In vitro selection and molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with reduced sensitivity to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA). Anderson, B; Cherrington, JM; Foli, A; Gu, Z; Kavlick, M; Mitsuya, H; Saville, MW; Sogocio, KM; Wainberg, MA; Yarchoan, R, 1996)	0.29
"A new series of hitherto unknown 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) phosphonodiester derivatives incorporating carboxyesterase-labile S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) moieties as transient phosphonate-protecting groups was prepared in an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability of the antiviral agent PMEA."	( Synthesis, in vitro antiviral evaluation, and stability studies of bis(S-acyl-2-thioethyl) ester derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA) as potential PMEA prodrugs with improved oral bioavailability. Aubertin, AM; Benzaria, S; Gosselin, G; Imbach, JL; Johnson, R; Maury, G; Obert, G; Pélicano, H, 1996)	0.29
" Much of the current antiviral research focuses on providing drugs with (i) improved oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics which permit less frequent oral or topical dosing for suppressive treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, (ii) different mechanisms of action for synergic effects in treating resistant HSV infections in the immunocompromised host and (iii) improved efficacy."	( New therapeutic approaches to the alphaherpesvirus infections. Cassady, KA; Whitley, RJ, 1997)	0.3
"The oral bioavailability of PMEA [9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine; adefovir) has been determined in rats from three bisester prodrugs of PMEA: bis-(pivaloyloxymethyl) PMEA (bis-POM PMEA), bis-(phenyl) PMEA, and bis-(o-ethoxyphenyl) PMEA."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of selected prodrugs of PMEA in rats. Arimilli, MN; Bidgood, AM; Cundy, KC; Jones, RJ; Krishnamurthy, VV; Lee, WA; Louie, MS; Shaw, JP, 1997)	0.3
"The bioavailability and metabolism of the antiviral nucleotide analog cidofovir (HPMPC) were examined in New Zealand white rabbits following topical administration to normal and abraded skin."	( Bioavailability and metabolism of cidofovir following topical administration to rabbits. Cundy, KC; Lee, WA; Lynch, G, 1997)	0.3
"The effect of formulation on oral bioavailability of the antiviral nucleotide analogue adefovir from the prodrug adefovir dipivoxil was examined in beagle dogs."	( Oral formulations of adefovir dipivoxil: in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability in dogs. Cundy, KC; Lee, WA; Marshburn, J; Nakamura, C; Shaw, JP; Sue, IL; Visor, GC, 1997)	0.3
" Adefovir dipivoxil, an orally bioavailable prodrug of adefovir is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of HIV and phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HBV infections."	( Anti-HIV activity of adefovir (PMEA) and PMPA in combination with antiretroviral compounds: in vitro analyses. Cherrington, JM; Mulato, AS, 1997)	0.3
"A series of prodrugs designed to enhance the oral bioavailability of the antiretroviral agent 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; 1) have been synthesized, including a bis-(acyloxymethyl) ester 2 and a series of bis-(alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl) esters 3-9."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)	0.3
" Oral bioavailability of PMPA from each prodrug was determined in fasted beagle dogs."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)	0.3
" In fasted beagle dogs, bis-[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] PMPA (bis-POM PMPA) 2 had the highest oral bioavailability as PMPA (37."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel oral prodrugs of 9-[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) in dogs. Arimilli, MN; Cundy, KC; Kim, CU; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R; Shaw, JP; Sueoko, CM, 1997)	0.3
" We recently described the synthesis, metabolism, and biological activities of bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA [bis(poc)PMPA] as an orally bioavailable prodrug for PMPA."	( Antiviral activities of 9-R-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl adenine (PMPA) and bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA against various drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus strains. Fridland, A; Srinivas, RV, 1998)	0.3
"Adefovir dipivoxil [bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester prodrug], an orally bioavailable prodrug of adefovir [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine], is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."	( Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants isolated from AIDS patients after prolonged adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Anton, KE; Cherrington, JM; Hellmann, NS; Lamy, PD; Li, WX; Miller, MD; Mulato, AS, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1-[((S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl]cytosi ne (cyclic HPMPC) were examined at four doses in 22 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 1-[((S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl]cytosine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Petty, BG; Redpath, M; Ruby, A, 1999)	0.3
" Cidofovir and adefovir are dianionic at physiological pH and have low oral bioavailability in animals and humans."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir. Cundy, KC, 1999)	0.3
" It has better oral bioavailability than the parent compound."	( Adefovir dipivoxil. Goa, KL; Noble, S, 1999)	0.3
" Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, offers excellent oral bioavailability and is the closest to approval of all the new anti-CMV drugs."	( Therapeutic developments in cytomegalovirus retinitis. Hoffman, VF; Skiest, DJ, 2000)	0.31
"2 h, and the oral bioavailability of adefovir was estimated to be 22."	( Antiviral efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oral adefovir dipivoxil in chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks. Brown, C; Cullen, JM; Cundy, KC; Eisenberg, EJ; Gibbs, C; Li, DH; Toole, J; Wolfe, J, 2001)	0.31
" GS-7340 (9-[(R)-2-[[[[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl] amino] phenoxy-phosphinyl]-methoxy] propyl] adenine) is a prodrug which is orally bioavailable in dogs as the intact prodrug and has demonstrated anti-HIV activity in cell culture of over 1000-fold greater than that of PMPA."	( Metabolism of GS-7340, a novel phenyl monophosphoramidate intracellular prodrug of PMPA, in blood. Eisenberg, EJ; He, GX; Lee, WA, )	0.13
" The oral bioavailability of cyclic HPMPC from the aryl ester prodrugs ranged from 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of salicylate ester prodrugs of cyclic HPMPC in dogs. Arimilli, MN; Jones, RJ; Lee, WA; Oliyai, R, )	0.13
"The practical synthesis of a mixed phenoxy-amidate derivative of PMPA with high oral bioavailability and favorable pharmacokinetics is described."	( Practical synthesis, separation, and stereochemical assignment of the PMPA pro-drug GS-7340. Chapman, H; Kernan, M; Prisbe, E; Rohloff, J; Sparacino, M; Terhorst, T; Yu, R, )	0.13
"The nucleotide phosphonates cidofovir (CDV) and cyclic cidofovir (cCDV) are potent antiviral compounds when administered parenterally but are not well absorbed orally."	( Enhanced inhibition of orthopoxvirus replication in vitro by alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir. Beadle, JR; Harden, E; Hartline, C; Hostetler, KY; Keith, K; Kern, ER; Rodriguez, N, 2002)	0.31
" In the present study, the synthesis, oral bioavailability and antiretroviral activity of a new prodrug of PMEA, consisting of two molecules of PMEA bound together by a P-O-P bond (Bis-PMEA), are reported."	( Pharmacokinetic and antiretroviral activity in mice of oral [P(1),P(2)-bis[2-(adenin-9-yl)ethoxymethyl]phosphonate], a prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Cappellacci, L; Casabianca, A; Celeste, AG; Cerasi, A; Chiarantini, L; Dominici, S; Franchetti, P; Grifantini, M; Magnani, M; Rossi, L; Serafini, S, 2002)	0.31
" In contrast to CDV, HDP-CDV is orally bioavailable and has been reported to be orally active in lethal cowpox virus infection in mice."	( Increased antiviral activity of 1-O-hexadecyloxypropyl-[2-(14)C]cidofovir in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts is explained by unique cellular uptake and metabolism. Aldern, KA; Ciesla, SL; Hostetler, KY; Winegarden, KL, 2003)	0.32
"Bioactivatable protecting groups represent an enormously powerful tool to increase bioavailability or to generally help deliver drugs to cells."	( Prodrugs of biologically active phosphate esters. Schultz, C, 2003)	0.32
" In this paper, the oral pharmacokinetics of 14C-labeled hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofir (HDP-CDV), octadecyloxyethyl-cidofir (ODP-CDV), and oleyloxypropyl-cidofir (OLP-CDV) are examined and oral bioavailability and tissue distribution assessed and compared with parenteral CDV."	( Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney. Aldern, KA; Beadle, JR; Ciesla, SL; Hostetler, KY; Painter, GR; Trahan, J; Wan, WB, 2003)	0.32
" To improve the bioavailability of CDV, others synthesized alkoxyalkanol esters of CDV and observed >100-fold more activity than unmodified CDV against cowpox, vaccinia, and variola virus (VARV) replication."	( Efficacy of oral active ether lipid analogs of cidofovir in a lethal mousepox model. Beadle, JR; Buller, RM; Hostetler, KY; Melman, L; Owens, G; Schriewer, J, 2004)	0.32
" The oral bioavailability of tenofovir is enhanced by administration with a high-fat meal, but is similar at steady state when administered with or without a typical meal."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J, 2004)	0.32
"To improve the oral bioavailability of cidofovir (CDV), a series of ether lipid ester prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for activity against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection."	( Oral treatment of murine cytomegalovirus infections with ether lipid esters of cidofovir. Beadle, JR; Collins, DJ; Hostetler, KY; Kern, ER; Quenelle, DC; Wan, WB, 2004)	0.32
" After a single oral dose of GS 7340 (10 mg-eq/kg tenofovir) to male beagle dogs, the plasma bioavailability of tenofovir compared to an intravenous dose of tenofovir was 17%."	( Selective intracellular activation of a novel prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir leads to preferential distribution and accumulation in lymphatic tissue. Cihlar, T; Cundy, KC; Eisenberg, E; He, GX; Lee, WA; Mulato, A; Swaminathan, S, 2005)	0.33
" Because the phosphate concentrations of many ocean gyres are low, the bioavailability of the larger, chemically heterogeneous pool of dissolved organic phosphorus could markedly influence Trichodesmium physiology."	( Phosphonate utilization by the globally important marine diazotroph Trichodesmium. Chappell, PD; Dyhrman, ST; Haley, ST; Moffett, JW; Orchard, ED; Waterbury, JB; Webb, EA, 2006)	0.33
" However, (S)-HPMPA is not orally bioavailable and has not been developed for clinical use."	( Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl derivatives of 9-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine against cytomegalovirus and orthopoxviruses. Beadle, JR; Ciesla, SL; Hartline, C; Hostetler, KY; Keith, KA; Kern, ER; Wan, WB, 2006)	0.33
" Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir is orally bioavailable and active in lethal animal models of vaccinia, cowpox, ectromelia and cytomegalovirus."	( Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of alkoxyalkyl esters of acyclic purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonates against HIV-1 in vitro. Aldern, KA; Beadle, JR; Hostetler, KY; Trahan, J; Valiaeva, N, 2006)	0.33
" Physicochemical properties, cellular permeation, renal toxicity, and bioavailability all had to be addressed during the development of these compounds."	( Perspectives on the development of acyclic nucleotide analogs as antiviral drugs. Lee, WA; Martin, JC, 2006)	0.33
" CDV has raised recent interest because of its promising activity against smallpox, but its use is limited by its poor bioavailability and nephrotoxicity."	( Encapsulation of antiviral nucleotide analogues azidothymidine-triphosphate and cidofovir in poly(iso-butylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules. Besnard, M; Chacun, H; Couvreur, P; Hillaireau, H; Janin, J; Le Doan, T, 2006)	0.33
" Two prodrugs (3 and 4) created by conjugating ethylene glycol-linked amino acids (L-Val, L-Phe) with the cyclic form of cidofovir (cHPMPC) via a P-O ester bond were synthesized and their pH-dependent stability (3 and 4), potential for in vivo reconversion to drug (3), and oral bioavailability (3) were evaluated."	( Synthesis and biological activation of an ethylene glycol-linked amino acid conjugate of cyclic cidofovir. Borysko, KZ; Breitenbach, JM; Drach, JC; Eriksson, U; Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Kijek, P; Kim, JS; McKenna, CE; Mitchell, S, 2007)	0.34
" Alkoxyalkyl esters of CDV have an increased oral bioavailability and are more active against orthopoxviruses than the parent compounds."	( In vitro evaluation of the anti-orf virus activity of alkoxyalkyl esters of CDV, cCDV and (S)-HPMPA. Andrei, G; Beadle, JR; Dal Pozzo, F; De Clercq, E; Hostetler, KY; Lebeau, I; Snoeck, R, 2007)	0.34
" Compound 6h was orally bioavailable in rats (F=39%), and orally efficacious in a hamster model of inflammation."	( Discovery of potent, selective, orally active, nonpeptide inhibitors of human mast cell chymase. Almond, HR; Cantwell, AM; Corcoran, TW; Damiano, BP; de Garavilla, L; Di Cera, E; Greco, MN; Hall, J; Hawkins, MJ; Maryanoff, BE; Minor, LK; Powell, ET; Savvides, SN; Wang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" From these results, additional studies will be needed to determine whether a similar mutation in HIV RT develops in patients receiving PMPA or its orally bioavailable prodrug, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate."	( In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to Zidovudine and tenofovir. Hong, SK; Lee, SG; Paik, SY; Park, SS; Yoo, WC; Yoon, JS, 2007)	0.34
" Tenofovir is not orally bioavailable but becomes orally active against HIV-1 infection as the disoproxil ester (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread])."	( Evaluation of hexadecyloxypropyl-9-R-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]- adenine, CMX157, as a potential treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis B virus infections. Aldern, KA; Almond, MR; Beadle, JR; De Clercq, E; Hostetler, KY; Korba, BE; Lampert, BM; Neyts, J; Painter, GR; Trost, LC, 2007)	0.34
" treatment regimens with (N)-MCT were directly compared during a vaccinia virus (IHD strain) infection, indicating that the nucleoside has good oral bioavailability in mice."	( Efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine in treating mice infected intranasally with the IHD and WR strains of vaccinia virus. Glazer, RI; Hurst, BL; Rahman, A; Sidwell, RW; Smee, DF; Wong, MH, 2007)	0.34
" However, the ether lipid esters of (S)-HPMPA, hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [HDP-(S)-HPMPA] and octadecyloxyethyl-[(S)-HPMPA] [ODE-(S)-HPMPA], had significantly enhanced activity in vitro and are orally bioavailable in mice."	( Effect of oral treatment with hexadecyloxypropyl-[(S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2- phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine] [(S)-HPMPA] or octadecyloxyethyl-(S)-HPMPA on cowpox or vaccinia virus infections in mice. Beadle, JR; Collins, DJ; Herrod, BP; Hostetler, KY; Keith, KA; Kern, ER; Quenelle, DC; Trahan, J, 2007)	0.34
" An ether-lipid analogue of CDV, CMX001 (HDP-CDV), has potent antiviral activity against a range of DNA viruses including poxviruses, excellent oral bioavailability and minimal nephrotoxicity."	( Efficacy of therapeutic intervention with an oral ether-lipid analogue of cidofovir (CMX001) in a lethal mousepox model. Almond, M; Buller, RM; Lampert, B; Oberle, C; Painter, G; Parker, S; Robertson, A; Touchette, E; Trost, LC, 2008)	0.35
" The lead prodrug (14, MB06866, pradefovir), identified from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays, exhibited good oral bioavailability (F = 42%, mesylate salt, rat) and rate of prodrug conversion to ADV-DP."	( Pradefovir: a prodrug that targets adefovir to the liver for the treatment of hepatitis B. Boyer, SH; Colby, TJ; Craigo, W; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Gómez-Galeno, JE; Matelich, MC; Ollis, K; Reddy, KR; Sun, Z; Ugarkar, BG; van Poelje, PD, 2008)	0.35
"Cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine] and (S)-HPMPA [(S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine] are potent nucleoside phosphonate antiviral agents that are not orally bioavailable unless one or both of their negative charges are masked."	( Synthesis of cidofovir and (S)-HPMPA ether lipid prodrugs. Beadle, JR, 2007)	0.34
" Most of these compounds bearing polar functionalities or large lipophilic residues did not show appreciable oral bioavailability in rodents while small and less polar analogs displayed moderate to good oral bioavailability."	( Discovery of [(3-bromo-7-cyano-2-naphthyl)(difluoro)methyl]phosphonic acid, a potent and orally active small molecule PTP1B inhibitor. Bayly, CI; Belley, M; Chan, CC; Colucci, J; Dufresne, C; Giroux, A; Han, Y; Kennedy, BP; Lau, CK; Leblanc, Y; McKay, D; Scapin, G; Skorey, K; Therien, M; Wilson, MC, 2008)	0.35
" Perfusion studies in the rat establish that the mesenteric permeability to 4 is more than 20-fold greater than to 1, and the bioavailability of 4 is increased 6-fold relative to 1 in an in vivo murine model."	( Serine peptide phosphoester prodrugs of cyclic cidofovir: synthesis, transport, and antiviral activity. Borysko, KZ; Breitenbach, JM; Drach, JC; Eriksson, U; Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Kijek, P; Kim, JS; McKenna, CE; Mitchell, S; Peterson, LW, )	0.13
"Like most phosphonic acids, the recently discovered potent and selective thiazole phosphonic acid inhibitors of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) exhibited low oral bioavailability (OBAV) and therefore required a prodrug to achieve oral efficacy."	( Discovery of phosphonic diamide prodrugs and their use for the oral delivery of a series of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors. Cashion, DK; Dang, Q; Erion, MD; Fan, K; Fujitaki, JM; Jiang, T; Kasibhatla, SR; Liu, Y; Potter, SC; Reddy, KR; Schulz, W; Taplin, F; van Poelje, PD, 2008)	0.35
" Thus the intracellular efficacy of PNA oligomers rival that of siRNA and the results therefore emphasize that provided sufficient in vivo bioavailability of PNA can be achieved these molecules may be developed into potent gene therapeutic drugs."	( Subnanomolar antisense activity of phosphonate-peptide nucleic acid (PNA) conjugates delivered by cationic lipids to HeLa cells. Hamzavi, R; Nielsen, PE; Shiraishi, T, 2008)	0.35
" Although absorption of prodrug was good, its absolute oral bioavailability as measured systemically was low (3-10%), an indication of an extensive hepatic first-pass effect."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics of a HepDirect prodrug of a novel phosphonate-containing thyroid hormone receptor agonist. Bullough, DA; Cable, EE; Erion, MD; Ferrero, JL; Fujitaki, JM; Hou, J; Ito, BR; Linemeyer, DL; van Poelje, PD; Yang, C; Zhang, BH, 2008)	0.35
"To design and synthesis a series of novel L-amino acid esters prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with more potent anti-HBV activity, adefovir dipivoxil was used as lead compound, according to the results of enhanced oral bioavailability and antiviral activities of nucleoside L-amino acid ester prodrugs."	( [Design, synthesis and anti-HBV activity of L-amino acid ester prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates]. Fu, XZ; Ji, RY; Jiang, SH; Yang, YS, 2008)	0.35
" Nevertheless, the poor in vivo stability and/or bioavailability of the compound did not permit to use it in animals."	( S32826, a nanomolar inhibitor of autotaxin: discovery, synthesis and applications as a pharmacological tool. Bertrand, M; Beucher-Gaudin, M; Boutin, JA; Cordi, A; Desos, P; Ferry, G; Genton, A; Giganti, A; Lonchampt, M; Moulharat, N; Pradère, JP; Saulnier-Blache, JS; Try, A; Tucker, GC, 2008)	0.35
" Because of the low oral bioavailability of PA 22c, a series of prodrugs was synthesized and screened for oral efficacy in the CFR assay."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of liver-selective phosphonic acid thyroid hormone receptor agonists and their prodrugs. Boyer, SH; Cable, EE; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Godwin, JL; Hecker, SJ; Hou, J; Jacintho, JD; Jiang, H; Li, H; Li, W; Reddy, MV; Schulz, WG; Wu, R, 2008)	0.35
" To increase the low oral bioavailability of 1 (3-5%), prodrug derivatives (3a-h) were synthesized and evaluated."	( Prodrugs of perzinfotel with improved oral bioavailability. Abou-Gharbia, MA; Baudy, RB; Brandt, MR; Butera, JA; Chen, H; Childers, WE; Cummons, TA; Harrison, B; Hoffmann, M; Jain, U; Kennedy, J; Kowal, D; Magolda, R; May, M; Mugford, C; Pangalos, MN; Sze, JY; Zupan, B, 2009)	0.35
" This drug is administered orally in the form of disoproxil ester, which is deesterified to achieve a bioavailability of more than 20%."	( [Tenofovir: pharmacology and interactions]. Azanza, JR; García Quetglas, E; Gómez-Giu, A; Sádaba, B, 2008)	0.35
" New antiviral agents are urgently needed with less adverse effects, good oral bioavailability and possibly novel targets or mechanisms of action to avoid cross-resistance and to improve the ability to suppress the selection of resistant virus strains by combination therapy."	( Antiviral treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and resistant strains. Bunjes, D; Härter, G; Mertens, T; Michel, D; Schreiber, A; Schubert, A, 2009)	0.35
" HDP-(S)-HPMPA is orally bioavailable and provides excellent liver exposure to the drug."	( Alkoxyalkyl esters of 9-(s)-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) adenine are potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro and in HBV transgenic mice in vivo. Beadle, JR; Hostetler, KY; Korba, BE; Morrey, JD; Wyles, DL, 2009)	0.35
" The oral bioavailability of glyphosate was found to be 23."	( Toxicokinetics of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid in rats. Anadón, A; Bernal, JL; Castellano, VJ; Martin, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Nozal, MJ, 2009)	0.35
"Adefovir dipivoxil is a diester prodrug of the antiviral drug adefovir, with much greater oral bioavailability than adefovir."	( Role of basolateral efflux transporter MRP4 in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug adefovir dipivoxil. Ming, X; Thakker, DR, 2010)	0.36
" Val-Ser-cyclic HPMPC (Val-Ser-cHPMPC) is a promising peptide prodrug which has previously been shown by us to improve the permeability and bioavailability of the parent compound in rodent models (Eriksson et al."	( Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase: an antiviral prodrug activating enzyme. Amidon, GL; Hilfinger, JM; Lee, KD; McKenna, CE; Nelson, CH; Peterson, LW; Provoda, CJ; Tehler, U, 2010)	0.36
" We briefly survey some of this recent work, and argue that the potential of nucleotide-based drugs, and intriguing preliminary progress in this area, warrant acceptance of the challenges that they present with respect to bioavailability and metabolic stability."	( Modifications to the dNTP triphosphate moiety: from mechanistic probes for DNA polymerases to antiviral and anti-cancer drug design. Goodman, MF; Kashemirov, BA; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW, 2010)	0.36
" This protection might be mediated by so-called 'inside-out' signalling by S1P, as LNCaP-AI cells exhibit increased expression of S1P(2/3) receptors and reduced lipid phosphate phosphatase expression (compared with androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells) thereby potentially increasing the bioavailability of S1P at S1P(2/3) receptors."	( FTY720 and (S)-FTY720 vinylphosphonate inhibit sphingosine kinase 1 and promote its proteasomal degradation in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle, breast cancer and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Bittman, R; Lim, KG; Long, J; Loveridge, C; Pitson, SM; Pyne, NJ; Pyne, S; Tigyi, G; Tonelli, F, 2010)	0.36
"This study evaluated the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir (EVG), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and a investigational pharmacoenhancer, cobicistat (GS-9350, COBI) coformulated as a fixed-dose combination tablet (FDC) compared with ritonavir-boosted EVG and FTC + TDF in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV. German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" The results indicate that the previously observed enhanced oral bioavailability of 2a relative to the parent drug is unlikely to be due to active transport by hPEPT1."	( Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1. Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Sala-Rabanal, M; Serpi, M, 2010)	0.36
" We evaluated the in vivo efficacy of an orally bioavailable analog of cidofovir, hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (HDP-CDV), against guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) in a guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection."	( Oral hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir therapy in pregnant guinea pigs improves outcome in the congenital model of cytomegalovirus infection. Beadle, JR; Bernstein, DI; Bravo, FJ; Cardin, RD; Hostetler, KY, 2011)	0.37
" Various phosphonate prodrugs were explored without success, until a novel phosphonic diamide prodrug approach was implemented, which delivered compound 30j with good oral bioavailability (OBAV) (22-47%)."	( Discovery of a series of phosphonic acid-containing thiazoles and orally bioavailable diamide prodrugs that lower glucose in diabetic animals through inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Cashion, DK; Dang, Q; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fan, Y; Gibson, T; Jacintho, JD; Jiang, T; Kasibhatla, SR; Lemus, R; Li, H; Li, W; Liu, Y; Potter, SC; Sun, Z; Taplin, F; Tian, F; van Poelje, PD, 2011)	0.37
"Cyclic nucleoside phosphonates connected through a P-O-C linkage to a promoiety represent a class of prodrugs designed to overcome the low oral bioavailability of parent antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonates."	( Synthesis of peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Serpi, M; Zakharova, VM, 2010)	0.36
" The lead candidates, both 1a (PBHBV-001) and 3c (PBHBV-2-15), were well-tolerated in both normal and HBV-transgenic mice and exhibited acceptable pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazolo-pyrimidine derivatives as novel inhibitors of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. Block, TM; Clearfield, E; Cuconati, A; Goddard, C; Guo, H; Mills, C; Morrey, JD; Motter, NE; Xiao, T; Xu, X; Yu, W; Zhao, K, 2011)	0.37
" CMX001 is an orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir that is substantially less nephrotoxic than the parent drug and has excellent antiviral activity against all the human herpesviruses."	( CMX001 potentiates the efficacy of acyclovir in herpes simplex virus infections. Hartline, CB; Kern, ER; Lanier, ER; Prichard, MN; Quenelle, DC, 2011)	0.37
" (l)-Tyr-NH-i-Bu cHPMPA (11) was converted in rat or mouse plasma solely to two active metabolites and had significantly enhanced oral bioavailability vs parent drug 1 in a mouse model (39% vs <5%)."	( Tyrosine-based 1-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine and -adenine ((S)-HPMPC and (S)-HPMPA) prodrugs: synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and in vivo transport studies. Borysko, KZ; Breitenbach, JM; Collins, M; Drach, JC; Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Serpi, M; Zakharova, VM, 2011)	0.37
" A BW allometric scaling was used; and the typical population estimates (interindividual variability), standardized for 70 kg, for apparent clearance, central and peripheral volume of distribution, intercompartmental clearance, and absorption rate constant, were 59."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
" We describe the clinical experience of 13 immunocompromised patients who received CMX001 (hexadecyloxypropyl cidofovir), an orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir, for adenovirus disease."	( Safety and efficacy of CMX001 as salvage therapy for severe adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Anderson, M; Florescu, DF; Graham, ML; Guzman-Cottrill, JA; Johnston, C; Kurtzberg, J; Lanier, R; Lewinsohn, DA; Mommeja-Marin, H; Neely, MN; Painter, W; Papanicolaou, G; Pergam, SA; Qiu, F; Rigdon, J; Sande, J; van der Horst, C; Way, S, 2012)	0.38
" Pn bioavailability was suggested to influence markedly bacterial primary production in low-P areas."	( Potential for phosphite and phosphonate utilization by Prochlorococcus. Alalouf, O; Béjà, O; Feingersch, R; Glaser, F; Mejuch, T; Philosof, A; Shoham, Y, 2012)	0.38
" We conclude that CMX001 is orally bioavailable and well tolerated in healthy volunteers at doses up to 2 mg/kg, approximately 140 mg in a typical adult."	( First pharmacokinetic and safety study in humans of the novel lipid antiviral conjugate CMX001, a broad-spectrum oral drug active against double-stranded DNA viruses. Godkin, S; Lampert, B; Painter, G; Painter, W; Robertson, A; Trost, LC, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, the bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate was evaluated in healthy male fasted subjects after a single comparatively equivalent dose."	( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers. Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Bioavailability of the drug was assessed in accordance with the State Food and Drug Administration bioequivalence criteria."	( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers. Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The relative bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil was 20% higher compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; this result was consistent with the preclinical data."	( Relative bioavailability study of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy male fasted volunteers. Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The present study was aimed at developing colloidal formulations like solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanosuspension (NS) for improving bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (AD), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor which displays poor oral bioavailability."	( Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanosuspension of adefovir dipivoxil for bioavailability improvement: formulation, characterization, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies. Chavhan, S; Dodiya, S; Korde, A; Sawant, KK, 2013)	0.39
"Drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and OATPs regulate intestinal permeability of atazanavir and may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions with other protease inhibitors and TDF."	( Role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in atazanavir intestinal permeability and drug-drug interactions. Bendayan, R; Hoque, MT; Kis, O; Walmsley, SL; Zastre, JA, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability of tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate was increased by approximately 25% as measured by AUClast after a single dose when taken with food, compared with fasting."	( Pharmacokinetics and food interaction of a novel prodrug of tenofovir, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, in healthy volunteers. Chen, L; Chen, M; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Lu, C; Song, Y; Sun, X; Wen, A; Yang, J, 2013)	0.39
" Nucleoside phosphonates are poorly absorbed primarily due to the presence of the phosphonic acid group, which ionizes at physiological pH."	( Evolution of an amino acid based prodrug approach: stay tuned. Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE, 2013)	0.39
" Here, we describe the synthesis, antiviral activities in infected cell cultures and decomposition study of bis(pivaloyloxymethoxy)-S-PMEA [Bis-POM-S-PMEA, 13] and bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)-S-PMPA [Bis-POC-S-PMPA, 14] as orally bioavailable prodrugs of the S-PMEA 8 and S-PMPA 9, in comparison to the equivalent "non-thio" derivatives [Bis-POM-PMEA, 11] and [Bis-POC-PMPA, 12]."	( Ester prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates compared to phosphonates: synthesis, antiviral activity and decomposition study. Alvarez, K; Balzarini, J; Canard, B; Fournier, M; Payrot, N; Priet, S; Roux, L; Weck, C; Zoulim, F, 2013)	0.39
" Novel therapeutic approaches including CMX001, a new orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir and the transfer of adenovirus-specific donor T cells in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation are discussed."	( Diagnosis and treatment of adenovirus infection in immunocompromised patients. Boztug, H; Lion, T; Matthes-Martin, S, 2013)	0.39
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
"Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) were formulated with an aim of enhancing the oral bioavailability of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), an anti-HIV drug."	( Formulation and characterization of drug loaded nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) for oral bioavailability enhancement. Bala, S; Kamboj, S; Saini, V, 2014)	0.4
"Due to the differences between bioavailability of efavirenz (EFV) and tenofovir (TDF), the single-tablet regimen of EFV/emtricitabine (FTC)/TDF is not approved as initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Europe by the European Medical Agency."	( Safety and efficacy of coformulated efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir single-tablet regimen in treatment-naive patients infected with HIV-1. De Castro, N; Delaugerre, C; Flandre, P; Gallien, S; Molina, JM; Nguyen, N, 2015)	0.42
" Exploratory formulations enhanced the bioavailability and antiplatelet effect of ACT-246475."	( A new reversible and potent P2Y12 receptor antagonist (ACT-246475): tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in a first-in-man trial. Astruc, B; Baldoni, D; Bruderer, S; Dingemanse, J; Gueret, P; Gutierrez, M; Krause, A, 2014)	0.4
" The oral bioavailability of F-ara-A from 1,2-dimyristoylglycerophosphate derivative 29 was similar to its oral bioavailability from fludarabine phosphate."	( Phospholipid derivatives of cladribine and fludarabine: synthesis and biological properties. Baranovsky, A; Bogushevich, S; Golubeva, M; Kalinichenko, E; Kulak, T; Kuzmitsky, B; Tsybulskaya, I, 2015)	0.42
" Importantly, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of adefovir after oral administration of adefovir dipivoxil were significantly higher in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats than in control rats."	( Effects of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Intestinal Absorption and Disposition of Adefovir Dipivoxil and Its Metabolite, Adefovir, in Rats. Choi, MK; Kim, SB; Maeng, HJ; Son, JH; Yoon, IS, 2015)	0.42
" Efficient syntheses of novel lipophilic prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA masking either the carboxylic group or preferably both the phosphonate and carboxylic moieties, have been developed in order to increase bioavailability of the parent compound."	( Synthesis and biological properties of prodrugs of (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid. Dračínský, M; Janeba, Z; Kaiser, MM; Lee, YJ; Poštová-Slavětínská, L; Tian, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Out of the six DAP-ANP analogues tested, analogue VI functionalized with a cyclopropyl group on the 6-amino position of the purine ring proves the most effective antiviral DAP-ANP analogue against PrV infection, aided by sufficient hydrophobic character to enhance bioavailability to its cellular target viral DNA-polymerase."	( Antiviral activities of 2,6-diaminopurine-based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against herpesviruses: In vitro study results with pseudorabies virus (PrV, SuHV-1). Bartheldyova, E; Celechovska, H; Eyer, L; Fojtikova, M; Hubatka, F; Janeba, Z; Koudelka, S; Kovarcik, K; Kulich, P; Lipenska, I; Masek, J; Miller, AD; Neca, J; Plockova, J; Prochazka, L; Raska, M; Ruzek, D; Slany, M; Turanek, J; Turanek-Knotigova, P; Zouharova, D, 2016)	0.43
"Brincidofovir (BCV) is an orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir (CDV) with increased in vitro potency relative to CDV against all 5 families of double-stranded DNA viruses that cause human disease."	( Brincidofovir Is Not a Substrate for the Human Organic Anion Transporter 1: A Mechanistic Explanation for the Lack of Nephrotoxicity Observed in Clinical Studies. Brundage, TM; Momméja-Marin, H; Morrison, ME; Tippin, TK, 2016)	0.43
" The most advantageous pharmacokinetic profile and the best oral bioavailability were found in tyrosinebased prodrugs."	( Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Antivirals. Krecmerova, M, 2017)	0.46
"The present study aimed to prepare proliposomal formulae for improving the oral bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (AD), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor effective against hepatitis B virus (HBV)."	( Adefovir dipivoxil loaded proliposomal powders with improved hepatoprotective activity: formulation, optimization, pharmacokinetic, and biodistribution studies. Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; El Awdan, SA; Zakaria, MY, 2018)	0.48
" On the basis of plasma concentrations of compound 1 and SN38 (14), the oral bioavailability of compound 3a and 15 in beagle dogs was found to be 97."	( Oral Delivery of Propofol with Methoxymethylphosphonic Acid as the Delivery Vehicle. Chu, H; Gao, Q; Gong, A; Huang, Q; Huang, X; Lei, B; Li, P; Li, Y; Liao, P; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Luo, X; Ni, J; Qian, G; Qin, L; Qiu, G; Tang, P; Wei, Y; Yan, P; Yu, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zheng, S; Zhou, Y; Zhu, G, 2017)	0.46
"Adefovir is an antiviral drug that exhibits high hydrophilic properties and negligible bioavailability (less than 12%)."	( Evaluation of Ion-pair Formation of Adefovir to Improve Permeation across Artificial and Biological Membranes. Darsazan, B; Mortazavi, SA; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2018)	0.48
" Brincidofovir (BCV) is a lipid formulation of CDV, which has an improved oral bioavailability and favorable toxicity profile compared with CDV."	( Adenovirus infection in pediatric transplant recipients: are effective antiviral agents coming our way? Green, M; Lopez, SMC; Michaels, MG, 2018)	0.48
" Brincidofovir (BCV) is an orally bioavailable lipid conjugate of cidofovir, which has activity against adenoviruses."	( Brincidofovir as a Salvage Therapy in Controlling Adenoviremia in Pediatric Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant. Kinsey, S; Meena, JP; Phillips, RS, 2019)	0.51
" Its poor oral bioavailability leads to frequent administration causing severe adverse effects."	( Stabilized oral nanostructured lipid carriers of Adefovir Dipivoxil as a potential liver targeting: Estimation of liver function panel and uptake following intravenous injection of radioiodinated indicator. Abd El-Halim, SM; Abdelbary, GA; Amin, MM; Ibrahim, AB; Shamsel-Din, HA; Zakaria, MY, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, we investigated the binding efficacy of activated carbon (AC) and calcium montmorillonite (CM) clay to decrease AMPA bioavailability from soil and AMPA translocation to plants."	( Decreased bioavailability of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in genetically modified corn with activated carbon or calcium montmorillonite clay inclusion in soil. Hearon, SE; McDonald, TJ; Phillips, TD; Wang, M, 2021)	0.62
"This study aimed to improve the in vitro dissolution, permeability and oral bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (ADD) by cocrystal technology and clarify the important role of coformer selection on the cocrystal's properties."	( Effect of Coformer Selection on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Adefovir Dipivoxil Cocrystals. Gao, Y; Li, L; Ma, K; Pang, Z; Qian, S; Wei, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, D, 2021)	0.62
"Coformer selection had an important role on cocrystal's properties, and cocrystallization of ADD with a suitable coformer was an effective approach to enhance both dissolution and bioavailability of ADD."	( Effect of Coformer Selection on In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of Adefovir Dipivoxil Cocrystals. Gao, Y; Li, L; Ma, K; Pang, Z; Qian, S; Wei, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, D, 2021)	0.62
" The latter was further converted to two orally bioavailable prodrug forms, TDF and TAF, and both TDF and TAF were further combined with other antiviral drugs, thus giving rise to a broad array of antiviral drug combinations for the treatment of HIV infections."	( The Elegance of the Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs), Honorary Tribute to Antonín Holý, Who Passed Away on 16 July 2012, at the 10th Anniversary of His Death. De Clercq, E, 2022)	0.72
"Phosphonates are important components of marine organic phosphorus, but their bioavailability and catabolism by eukaryotic phytoplankton remain enigmatic."	( Transcriptomic-Guided Phosphonate Utilization Analysis Unveils Evidence of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Phospholipid Synthesis in the Model Diatom, Li, L; Lin, X; Ma, J; Shu, H; Wang, H; Wang, J; You, Y, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, in vitro soil and in vivo genetically modified corn models were used to establish the proof of concept that the inclusion of clay sorbents in contaminated soils will reduce the bioavailability of GLP and AMPA in soils and their adverse effects on plant growth."	( Kinetics of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid sorption onto montmorillonite clays in soil and their translocation to genetically modified corn. Phillips, TD; Rivenbark, KJ; Wang, M, 2024)	1.44

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Hairless mice infected percutaneously with the inhibitor-resistant or the parental inhibitor-susceptible virus were treated intraperitoneally with PAA and 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine by using several different dosage schedules."	( Phosphonoacetic acid-resistant herpes simplex virus infection in hairless mice. Friedman-Kien, AE; Klein, RJ, 1975)	0.25
" A dose-response study with two compounds also revealed the same close correlation."	( Relation between bone mineralization, Ca absorption, and plasma Ca in phosphonate-treated rats. Bonjour, JP; Fleisch, H; Russell, RG; Schenk, R; Trechsel, U, 1977)	0.26
" Intravitreal injections of HPMPC may be efficacious in inhibiting CMV retinitis for longer dosing intervals than can be used with other anti-CMV compounds."	( Lack of retinal toxicity of the anticytomegalovirus drug (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine. Armani, R; Bergeron-Lynn, GL; Boscher, C; Capparelli, E; Connor, JD; De Clercq, E; Dolnak, DR; Munguia, D; Sherwood, C; Wiley, CA, 1992)	0.28
" The minimal effective dosage required to prevent mortality from RCMV infection was a single dose of HPMPC at 2 mg/kg of body weight compared with DHPG therapy twice daily at 20 mg/kg/day for 5 days."	( Comparative activity of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine against rat cytomegalovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. Bruggeman, CA; de Clercq, E; Stals, FS, 1991)	0.28
" At this dosage and schedule, there is no evidence that amonafide has meaningful anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma."	( Phase II evaluation of amonafide in renal cell carcinoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Craig, JB; Crawford, ED; Goodman, P; Higano, CS; Kish, JA; Rivkin, SE; Wolf, M, 1991)	0.28
" With the low response rate and the toxicity observed, amonafide at this dosage and schedule has limited use in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer."	( Phase II trial of amonafide in patients with stage III and IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Berger, MZ; Dimaggio, JJ; Gralla, RJ; Heelan, RT; Kris, MG; Marks, LD; Potanovich, LM, 1991)	0.28
" The persistence of activated metabolites suggests that infrequent dosing may be possible due to a prolonged antiviral effect."	( Biochemical pharmacology of acyclic nucleotide analogues. Bronson, JJ; De Boeck, H; Ghazzouli, I; Hitchcock, MJ; Ho, HT; Martin, JC; Woods, K, 1990)	0.28
" This applies to both bioavailability and urinary recovery, while at the same time the medium long half-life renders moderate fluctuation of concentrations whereby longer dosage intervals are possible."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison between fosfomycin and other phosphonic acid derivatives. Bergan, T, 1990)	0.28
" While the infrequent dosage regimen increased the anti-retrovirus activity of PMEA, it did not increase its toxicity for the host."	( Anti-retrovirus activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) in vivo increases when it is less frequently administered. Balzarini, J; De Clercq, E; Naesens, L, 1990)	0.28
" (S)-HPMPA inhibited the development of tail lesions caused by vaccinia virus if it was administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously at a dosage as low as 5 mg/kg per day."	( Efficacy of phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives of adenine in experimental herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus infections in vivo. De Clercq, E; Holý, A; Rosenberg, I, 1989)	0.28
" There is a parallelism between the time course of deactivation and of chemotaxis, as well as the dose-response curves for the two processes."	( The deactivation of rabbit neutrophils by chemotactic factor and the nature of the activatable esterase. Becker, EL; Ward, PA, 1968)	0.25
"5 mg/kg with concomitant oral probenecid, saline prehydration, extended dosing intervals, and drug interruption for proteinuria (19 patients)."	( (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]cytosine (cidofovir): results of a phase I/II study of a novel antiviral nucleotide analogue. Cundy, K; Drew, WL; Fisher, PE; Flaherty, J; Glutzer, E; Hannigan, J; James, C; Lalezari, JP; Martin, JC; Miner, D, 1995)	0.29
" Efficacy trials with CMV disease will define the therapeutic utility and optimal dosing interval for cidofovir."	( Anticytomegaloviral activity and safety of cidofovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cytomegalovirus viruria. Baird, BF; Davey, RT; Falloon, J; Fisher, PE; Jaffe, HS; Kovacs, JA; Manischewitz, JF; Polis, MA; Spooner, KM; Walker, RE, 1995)	0.29
" Similar comparisons of AUC-versus-effect curves for continuous and bolus dosing suggest that the AUC is an important determinant of antiviral activity for AUCs greater than 100 micrograms ."	( Activity of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine against human cytomegalovirus when administered as single-bolus dose and continuous infusion in in vitro cell culture perfusion system. Hamzeh, FM; Lee, FE; Lietman, PS; Moore, MR, 1994)	0.29
" Oral dosing with bis(alkyl) phosphonates 3a,b resulted in apparent absorption of the prodrugs (> or = 40%), although neither of the esters were completely cleaved to liberate the parent phosphonate PMEA."	( Synthesis, oral bioavailability determination, and in vitro evaluation of prodrugs of the antiviral agent 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA). Hitchcock, MJ; Mansuri, MM; Martin, JC; Russell, J; Starrett, JE; Tortolani, DR; Whiterock, V, 1994)	0.29
"A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of amonafide (CAS 69408-81-7) and mitonafide (CAS 54824-17-8), two new antineoplastic molecules, in finished pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets) is developed and validated."	( Qualitative and quantitative determination of two new antitumor agents from 1-8 naphthalimides in tablets. Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method. Camacho, MA; Gil, ME; Obregón, MM; Ruz, V; Torres, AI, 1994)	0.29
" Only the virus recovered from the brains of mice treated with HPMPC at a dosage of 50 mg/kg/week had a slightly decreased susceptibility to HPMPC."	( Efficacy of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-cytosine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine in the treatment of intracerebral murine cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. De Clercq, E; Neyts, J; Snoeck, R; Sobis, H; Vandeputte, M, 1993)	0.29
" Radioactivity in vitreous at 240 h after intravitreal dosing with either drug contained cidofovir, cyclic HPMPC and cidofovir-phosphocholine."	( Distribution and metabolism of intravitreal cidofovir and cyclic HPMPC in rabbits. Cundy, KC; Hitchcock, MJ; Lee, WA; Lynch, G; Shaw, JP, 1996)	0.29
"8 L/hr/m2) is relatively constant within the dosing range of this study."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amonafide (NSC 308847) in 62 patients. Akerman, S; Allen, SL; Budman, DR; Calabro, A; Chan, K; Fusco, D; Hock, K; Kreis, W; Mittelman, A; Puccio, C; Spigelman, M, 1996)	0.29
" HPMPC confers a prolonged antiviral action, which lasts for several days or weeks, thus allowing infrequent dosing (i."	( Therapeutic potential of Cidofovir (HPMPC, Vistide) for the treatment of DNA virus (i.e. herpes-, papova-, pox- and adenovirus) infections. De Clercq, E, 1996)	0.29
" Both antagonists produced parallel shifts in agonist dose-response curves."	( Pharmacological antagonism of the actions of group II and III mGluR agonists in the lateral perforant path of rat hippocampal slices. Bushell, TJ; Collingridge, GL; Garthwaite, J; Jane, DE; Tse, HW; Watkins, JC, 1996)	0.29
" Five subjects were randomized to receive drug and two to receive placebo at each of three dosage tier (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) with a 2-week washout period doses."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and bioavailability of HPMPC (cidofovir) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Cundy, KC; Fisher, PE; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Pastelak, A; Petty, BG; Wachsman, M, 1996)	0.29
" This may lead to modification of dosing regimens."	( Effect of partial retinal destruction and gliosis on the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of HPMPC. Besen, G; Capparelli, EV; Connor, JD; el-Haig, W; Freeman, WR; Kim, JW, 1995)	0.29
" The prolonged elimination phase observed in monkeys is consistent with the long intracellular half-life of phosphorylated cidofovir in vitro and supports infrequent dosing of the drug for antiviral therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in monkeys. Evidence for a prolonged elimination phase representing phosphorylated drug. Cundy, KC; Hitchcock, MJ; Lee, WA; Li, ZH, 1996)	0.29
" The goal of this study was to construct and validate a pharmacodynamic model-based dosing strategy for amonafide, to try to further decrease inter-patient variability in leukopenia."	( Individualized dosing of amonafide based on a pharmacodynamic model incorporating acetylator phenotype and gender. Berezin, F; Janisch, L; Kut, M; Mick, R; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Vogelzang, NJ, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, four treatment modifications were indicated to reduce the incidence of cidofovir-related nephrotoxicity: (a) dose reduction or interruption for changes in renal function; (b) concomitant administration of probenecid; (c) administration of 1 L of normal saline 1 h before infusion of cidofovir; and (d) extension of the dosing interval."	( Cidofovir: a new therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Lalezari, JP, 1997)	0.3
" Cidofovir's prolonged intracellular half-life permits dosing once every 2 weeks for maintenance treatment."	( Clinical experience with cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Kuppermann, BD; Lalezari, JP, 1997)	0.3
" Much of the current antiviral research focuses on providing drugs with (i) improved oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics which permit less frequent oral or topical dosing for suppressive treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, (ii) different mechanisms of action for synergic effects in treating resistant HSV infections in the immunocompromised host and (iii) improved efficacy."	( New therapeutic approaches to the alphaherpesvirus infections. Cassady, KA; Whitley, RJ, 1997)	0.3
" Within < or = 2 weeks of treatment, PMPA in both dosing regimens reduced SIV levels by >99% in the plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells; in some macaques SIV levels were reduced to below the lower quantitation limit."	( Effects of (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine monotherapy on chronic SIV infection in macaques. Beck, TW; Bischofberger, N; Dailey, PJ; Follis, KE; Sabo, A; Tsai, CC, 1997)	0.3
" Treatment with one dosage of HPMPC at 20 mg/kg effectively reduced virus titers."	( Effective treatment of experimental cytomegalovirus-induced encephalo-meningitis in immunocompromised rats with HPMPC. Bruggeman, CA; Kloover, JS; Stals, FS; Vanagt, WY, 1997)	0.3
" After 14 days of dosing, adefovir dipivoxil demonstrated anti-HIV activity and was best tolerated at the lowest dosage studied, 125 mg daily."	( Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil (9-[2-(bis-pivaloyloxymethyl)-phosphonylmethoxyethyl]adenine) in HIV-infected patients. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Ebeling, D; Hendrix, CW; Jaffe, HS; Lietman, PS; Toole, J, 1997)	0.3
" The guinea pig eye shows similar reduction in IOP and ciliary body changes as are seen in the human eye after intravitreal cidofovir and also appears to have a similar dose-response curve."	( An animal model for cidofovir (HPMPC) toxicity: intraocular pressure and histopathologic effects. Banker, AS; Bergeron-Lynn, G; De Clercq, E; Flores-Aguilar, M; Freeman, WR; Keefe, K; Munguia, D; Rao, NA; Taskintuna, I; Wiley, CA, 1997)	0.3
" Advantages of the intravenous formulation include weekly dosing and efficacy."	( Cidofovir use in acyclovir-resistant herpes infection. Luks-Golger, DB; Martinez, CM, 1997)	0.3
" Nine cats received PMEA at a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight, nine cats received FPMPA at a dosage of 25 mg/kg body weight."	( [Comparative investigation of the efficacy of two nucleocapsid analogs in FIV infected cats]. Balzarini, J; Erfle, V; Goebel, F; Goldberg, M; Hartmann, K; Kuffer, M; Rolinski, B, 1997)	0.3
" Likewise, a clear dose-response relationship was established for the in vivo antitumor activity of PMEA in choriocarcinoma-bearing rats."	( In vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity of the differentiation-inducing agent 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) against rat choriocarcinoma. Balzarini, J; De Clercq, E; Degrève, B; Hatse, S; Naesens, L; Vandeputte, M; Waer, M, 1998)	0.3
" A pretreatment regimen consisting of prednisone, H1 and H2 blockers was administered before the dosing of probenecid in order for the patient to continue with the antiviral therapy."	( Probenecid hypersensitivity in AIDS: a case report. Engler, RJ; Katial, RK; Myers, KW, 1998)	0.3
" All subjects tolerated dosing without significant adverse events."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of intravenous 9-[2-(R)-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in HIV-infected adults. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cundy, KC; Deeks, SG; Hellmann, NS; Hwang, F; Kahn, JO; Lietman, PS; Rooney, JF; Safrin, S, 1998)	0.3
" An unidentified metabolite has been observed previously in rat tissues and in urine of rabbits, rats and monkeys dosed with cidofovir."	( Isolation and identification of a metabolite of cidofovir from rat kidney. Bidgood, AM; Cundy, KC; Eisenberg, EJ; Krishnamurty, K; Lynch, GR, 1998)	0.3
" There may be a steep dose-response curve, based on the significant correlation between myelosuppression and response."	( Amonafide: An active agent in the treatment of previously untreated advanced breast cancer--a cancer and leukemia group B study (CALGB 8642). Berkowitz, I; Berry, D; Costanza, ME; Duggan, D; Henderson, IC; Kalra, J; Lyss, AP; Ratain, MJ; Shapiro, C; Wu, K, 1995)	0.29
" Since cidofovir is cleared almost entirely by the kidneys, dosage adjustments must be made in patients with impaired renal function."	( Cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegaloviral disease. Fan-Havard, P; Kendle, JB, 1998)	0.3
" Another advantage of cidofovir is its infrequent dosage schedule, which may prove beneficial in patients who are not compliant with daily intravenous dosing regimens."	( Cidofovir in the treatment of cytomegaloviral disease. Fan-Havard, P; Kendle, JB, 1998)	0.3
" Eight Pekin-Aylesbury ducks congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were treated with PMEA at a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight/day via the intraperitoneal route for 4 weeks."	( Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, an acyclic phosphonate nucleoside analogue. Angus, PW; Colledge, DL; Locarnini, SA; Nicoll, AJ; Smallwood, RA; Toole, JJ, 1998)	0.3
" Variables that can be experimentally manipulated to address specific questions relevant to postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) include timing of initiation of treatment, duration of treatment, dosing regimen, virus strain, and virus inoculum."	( Animal studies of prophylaxis. Black, RJ, 1997)	0.3
"001) correlation observed between CLCR and CL in subjects with varying degrees of renal insufficiency indicates that aggressive dosage reduction of cidofovir would be necessary in subjects with kidney disease to ensure comparable drug exposure based on serum levels."	( Pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in renal insufficiency and in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or high-flux hemodialysis. Aweeka, FT; Brody, SR; Cundy, KC; Gambertoglio, JG; Humphreys, MH; Schoenfeld, P, 1999)	0.3
" Both prophylactic and therapeutic dosing regimens were effective."	( Chemokines, nitric oxide and antiarthritic effects of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine (Adefovir). Franková, D; Holý, A; Zídek, Z, 1999)	0.3
" Nevertheless, intravenous cidofovir offers a less intrusive administration regimen than intravenous ganciclovir or foscarnet because of its prolonged dosage interval."	( Cidofovir: a review of its use in cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Noble, S; Plosker, GL, 1999)	0.3
"125 mg/kg) produced an apparent shift of the cocaine dose-response curve to the right."	( The GABA(B) agonist CGP 44532 decreases cocaine self-administration in rats: demonstration using a progressive ratio and a discrete trials procedure. Andrews, M; Brebner, K; Froestl, W; Phelan, R; Roberts, DC, 1999)	0.3
" The effect of more frequent dosing requires further evaluation."	( Effect of weekly adefovir (PMEA) infusions on HIV-1 virus load: results of a phase I/II study. Boucher, CA; Cambridge, E; De Groot, T; De Jong, S; Kamp, W; Schokker, J; Schuurman, R, 1999)	0.3
" Complete cures were obtained using 1% (w/v) topical cidofovir at dosing schedules of twice daily for 8 weeks beginning at 4 weeks after CRPV infection, which represents a time when papillomas were clearly visible."	( In vivo anti-papillomavirus activity of nucleoside analogues including cidofovir on CRPV-induced rabbit papillomas. Budgeon, LR; Christensen, ND; Kreider, JW; Pickel, MD, 2000)	0.31
" The dosage of CDV was 1 to 5 mg/kg per week followed by maintenance every other week in some patients."	( Cidofovir for cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bacigalupo, A; Bornhäuser, M; Cesaro, S; Cordonnier, C; Crooks, B; Dekker, A; Deliliers, GL; Einsele, H; Gratecos, N; Klingebiel, T; Ljungman, P; Matthes-Martin, S; Musso, M; Platzbecker, U; Ribaud, P; Tagliaferri, E; Trenschel, R; Ullmann, AJ; Ullmann, J; Wacker, P, 2001)	0.31
" In case of response with a decreasing number of pp65-positive leukocytes, CDV was scheduled in a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight once a week for 2 weeks followed by maintenance therapy every 2 weeks in an outpatient setting."	( Successful preemptive cidofovir treatment for CMV antigenemia after dose-reduced conditioning and allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Bandt, D; Bornhäuser, M; Ehninger, G; Freiberg-Richter, J; Geissler, G; Helwig, A; Platzbecker, U; Plettig, R; Rethwilm, A; Schuler, U; Thiede, C, 2001)	0.31
" Advertising that promoted the improved drug has been withdrawn at the request of Project Inform because of the lack of warning labels necessary due to dosing problems."	( Update on antivirals. , 1997)	0.3
" Information on tenofovir, such as the dosage normally prescribed and cost of treatment is listed."	( What they say about: nucleotide drugs. , )	0.13
") at a dosage of 30 micromol kg(-1)."	( Reduction of uranium transfer by local chelation in simulated wounds in rats. Bailly, T; Burgada, R; Chazel, V; Henge-Napoli, MH; Houpert, P; Paquet, F, 2001)	0.31
" We compared their toxicity and ability to inhibit tumour development in two different dosage regimes with those of their parent compound PMEDAP, as well with PMEG."	( Antitumour activity of N6-substituted PMEDAP derivatives against T-cell lymphoma. Holy, A; Mandys, V; Otová, B; Valeriánová, M; Votruba, I, )	0.13
" Eight patients were enrolled on a dosage schedule of 1 mg/kg 3 times weekly."	( Adenoviral infections and a prospective trial of cidofovir in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hoffman, JA; Kapoor, N; Ross, LA; Shah, AJ, 2001)	0.31
" The emergence of drug resistance may be reduced by optimization of host immunity, use of potent antiviral drug regimens, and adherence to dosing regimens that adequately suppress viral replication."	( Cytomegalovirus drug resistance and clinical implications. Chou, SW, 2001)	0.31
" Further clinical studies to find an efficacious yet tolerable dosage regimen of cidofovir, possibly using an improved pharmaceutical preparation, are required."	( The effects of cidofovir 1% with and without cyclosporin a 1% as a topical treatment of acute adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis: a controlled clinical pilot study. Böhringer, D; Cartsburg, O; De Clercq, E; Godehardt, E; Hillenkamp, J; Reinhard, T; Roggendorf, M; Ross, RS; Sundmacher, R, 2002)	0.31
"8-fold rightward shift of dose-response curve; P<0."	( Role of endothelin-converting enzyme, chymase and neutral endopeptidase in the processing of big ET-1, ET-1(1-21) and ET-1(1-31) in the trachea of allergic mice. De Campo, BA; Goldie, RG; Henry, PJ; Jeng, AY, 2002)	0.31
" The recommended dosage of tenofovir DF in adults is 300 mg/d PO; pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies in children are ongoing."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection. Fung, HB; Piacenti, FJ; Stone, EA, 2002)	0.31
" The approved dosage of tenofovir is 300 mg (one tablet) once/day with meals."	( Tenofovir: a nucleotide analog for the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antoniou, T; Park-Wyllie, LY; Tseng, AL, 2003)	0.32
" Preemptive post-transplant lamivudine monotherapy is associated with progressively increasing HBV recurrence rates, but combined therapy with lamivudine and HBIG at relatively low dosage is currently the most effective approach in this setting, even in HBV-DNA-positive patients, who also receive lamivudine in the pretransplant period."	( Prevention of and treatment for hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation in the nucleoside analogues era. Burroughs, AK; Papatheodoridis, GV; Sevastianos, V, 2003)	0.32
" The dosage of foscarnet should be 40 milligrams per kilogram three times per day or 60 milligrams per kilogram twice daily."	( Management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus. Chilukuri, S; Rosen, T, 2003)	0.32
" Most patients continued treatment with dosage adjustments."	( Adefovir dipivoxil: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B. Dando, T; Plosker, G, 2003)	0.32
" The objectives of this study were to expand on the results of others that cidofovir (CDV) is effective in mice inoculated with cowpox virus (CV) or vaccinia virus (VV) and to document the efficacy of single and interval dosing beginning prior to or after infection, particularly including evaluations using suboptimal doses of CDV."	( Efficacy of multiple- or single-dose cidofovir against vaccinia and cowpox virus infections in mice. Collins, DJ; Kern, ER; Quenelle, DC, 2003)	0.32
"Nicotine maintained stable self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule with a linear dose-response function ( r=0."	( The GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532 decreased nicotine self-administration in the rat. Froestl, W; Markou, A; Paterson, NE, 2004)	0.32
" Moreover, the CB1 antagonists right-shifted A1 agonist dose-response curves without affecting maximal responses, suggesting competitive mode of antagonist action."	( An optimized approach to study endocannabinoid signaling: evidence against constitutive activity of rat brain adenosine A1 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Järvinen, T; Laitinen, JT; Niemi, R; Saario, SM; Savinainen, JR, 2003)	0.32
" These effects were more pronounced with dosing regimens launched before the time of oviposition."	( Activity of 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine against Schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. Botros, S; Hammam, O; Holý, A; William, S; Zídek, Z, 2003)	0.32
" The steady-state, geometric mean AUC for the 24-h dosing interval was 2,920 ng."	( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Balis, FM; Blanche, S; Bresson, JL; Coakley, DF; DeCarlo, E; Flaherty, JF; Hazra, R; Kearney, BP; Poblenz, M; Steinberg, SM; Tullio, AN; Worrell, CJ; Yale, K; Zeichner, SL; Zhong, L; Zuckerman, JA, 2004)	0.32
"Our study shows that ADV dosed at 10 mg/day for the treatment of LAM-resistant chronic hepatitis B in patients co-infected with HIV is not associated with renal tubular dysfunction or a significant change in renal function."	( The renal tolerance of low-dose adefovir dipivoxil by lamivudine-resistant individuals co-infected with hepatitis B and HIV. Bagnis, CI; Beaufils, H; Benhamou, Y; Brosgart, C; Deray, G; Hannon, H; Izzedine, H; Poynard, T; Sullivan, M, 2004)	0.32
" The risk of nephrotoxicity, the most notable adverse effect of adefovir dipivoxil at previously used higher doses, has been substantially reduced at the currently recommended dosage of 10 mg/d."	( Adefovir dipivoxil: a new antiviral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection. Mattes, KA; Qaqish, RB; Ritchie, DJ, 2003)	0.32
" Plasma concentration of ddI was prospectively determined in eight of these patients receiving ddI 400 mg + TDF + NVP and 3 weeks after a ddI dosage reduction."	( Unexpected CD4 cell count decline in patients receiving didanosine and tenofovir-based regimens despite undetectable viral load. Burger, D; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Juan, M; Masmitjà, E; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Paredes, R; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Ribera, E; Ruiz, L; Viciana, P, 2004)	0.32
"Gilead Sciences is developing a fixed-dose co-formulation of two of its reverse transcriptase inhibitors, emtricitabine [Emtriva] and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [Viread], for once-daily dosing in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection."	( Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. , 2004)	0.32
" With the exception of didanosine and atazanavir, which require dosage modifications, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed with tenofovir DF."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J, 2004)	0.32
"A statistical method for the evaluation of the dissolution stability results and for selecting the most stable formulation within a solid dosage form development is discussed."	( Statistical method for evaluation of dissolution stability in the formulation development of solid dosage forms: tablets of amonafide. Bernabeu, JA; Camacho, MA; Gil-Alegre, ME; Torres-Suarez, AI, 2004)	0.32
"To investigate the efficacy, safety, and the tolerability of two dosing regimens of ADV (10 mg daily or 30 mg daily), two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were performed in patients with chronic hepatitis B and compensated liver disease who were not undergoing current treatment and who had evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication."	( Renal safety of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Arterbrun, S; Brosgart, CL; Currie, G; Deray, G; Hadziyannis, SJ; Hulot, JS; Izzedine, H; Launay-Vacher, V; Marcellini, P; Westland, C, 2004)	0.32
" Bioequivalence testing was conducted of total, R-, and S-methadone area under the serum or plasma concentration-time curve during the 24-hour dosing interval at steady state (AUCss) and maximum concentration in serum or plasma (Cmax)."	( Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of total, R-, and S-methadone. Berenson, CS; Booker, BM; Bullock, JM; Cloen, D; Coakley, DF; Flaherty, JF; Haas, CE; Kearney, BP; Liaw, S; Smith, PF; Yale, K, 2004)	0.32
" Didanosine was prescribed at a reduced dosage due to the known interaction with tenofovir."	( Acute onset of pancreatitis with concomitant use of tenofovir and didanosine. Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Kirian, MA, 2004)	0.32
" Reduced didanosine dosage (250 mg) should be used to reduce serum didanosine concentrations and subsequent toxicities."	( Acute onset of pancreatitis with concomitant use of tenofovir and didanosine. Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Kirian, MA, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-limiting nephrotoxicity necessitates suboptimal dosing at 10 mg/day."	( Remofovir mesylate: a prodrug of PMEA with improved liver-targeting and safety in rats and monkeys. Erion, MD; Hong, Z; Lin, CC; Vitarella, D; Yeh, LT, 2004)	0.32
" Tenofovir DF provides a simple and convenient once-daily dosage regimen, and is generally well tolerated and able to produce sustained suppression of viral replication."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Lyseng-Williamson, KA; Plosker, GL; Reynolds, NA, 2005)	0.33
" To limit this interaction, the dosage of ddI may be reduced to 250 mg once daily when co-prescribed with TDF."	( The durability of virological success of tenofovir and didanosine dosed at either 400 or 250 mg once daily. Bower, M; Gazzard, B; Mandalia, S; Nelson, M; Tung, MY, 2005)	0.33
" The relevance of a dosage adjustment based on BW/S(CR) should be further evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dupin, N; Jaffray, P; Jullien, V; Krivine, A; Lescoat, A; Lillo-Le Louet, A; Moachon, L; Pons, G; Rey, E; Salmon, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2005)	0.33
" When atazanavir 300 mg was coadministered with ritonavir 100 mg on a once-daily dosage regimen, atazanavir AUC from 0 to 24 hours and minimum plasma concentration were increased by 3- to 4-fold and approximately 10-fold, respectively, compared with atazanavir 300 mg alone."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and summary of efficacy and tolerability of atazanavir. Barrail, A; Goujard, C; Le Tiec, C; Taburet, AM, 2005)	0.33
" Tenofovir, nelfinavir, and M8 pharmacokinetics was unaltered when tenofovir and nelfinavir were coadministered, and tenofovir administration did not affect the M8/nelfinavir area under the concentration-versus-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(tau)) ratio."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and nelfinavir mesylate. Boffito, M; Higgs, C; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Pozniak, A; Shah, J; Zhong, L, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of pradefovir and adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA), was evaluated in healthy male volunteers after oral dosing of pradefovir (10, 30, or 60 mg)."	( Pharmacokinetics of pradefovir and PMEA in healthy volunteers after oral dosing of pradefovir. Lin, CC; Peterson, J; Teng, A; Xu, C; Yeh, LT, 2005)	0.33
"Antiretroviral combinations that reduce the number of pills and dosing frequency have the potential to simplify therapy."	( Early virologic nonresponse to tenofovir, abacavir, and lamivudine in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive subjects. Berger, DS; Gallant, JE; Johnson, J; Liao, Q; Lim, ML; Rodriguez, AE; Ross, L; Shaefer, MS; Weinberg, WG; Young, B, 2005)	0.33
"A positive dose-response relationship existed for gross skin changes; however, there was no dose-response relationship for severity of change in the epithelium."	( Histopathologic effects of cidofovir on cartilage. Andrus, JG; Heeren, T; Spiegel, JH; Stefanato, CM, 2005)	0.33
" The daily dosage was 10 mg initially and then adjusted according to renal function."	( Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency. Brosgart, C; Chaix, ML; Currie, G; Fontaine, H; Morales, E; Nalpas, B; Pol, S; Serpaggi, J; Vallet-Pichard, A; Varaut, A; Verkarre, V, 2005)	0.33
" When 400 mg was dosed with tenofovir DF, mean didanosine AUC was increased by 44% to 60% following fasted or fed administration."	( Drug-drug and drug-food interactions between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine. Chen, SS; Cheng, AK; Flaherty, JF; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Sayre, JR, 2005)	0.33
" We designed this study to provide preliminary pediatric safety and dosing information on tenofovir DF, while also providing potentially efficacious salvage therapy for heavily treatment-experienced, HIV-infected children."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and an optimized background regimen of antiretroviral agents as salvage therapy for pediatric HIV infection. Balis, FM; DeCarlo, E; Flaherty, J; Gafni, RI; Hazra, R; Kearney, BP; Maldarelli, F; Steinberg, SM; Tullio, AN; Worrell, CJ; Yale, K; Zeichner, SL, 2005)	0.33
" The assay of amodiaquine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms using one of the proposed sensors gave average recoveries of 104."	( Amodiaquine polymeric membrane electrode. Amighi, K; Blankert, B; Kambu, O; Kauffmann, JM; Malongo, TK; Nsangu, J, 2006)	0.33
" Blood samples for tenofovir (TFV) and SQV/RTV PK were drawn over respective 24- and 12-h dosing intervals, and drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state. Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)	0.33
"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with once-daily dosing approved for use in HIV-1 infection."	( In vitro evaluation of the anti-HIV activity and metabolic interactions of tenofovir and emtricitabine. Borroto-Esoda, K; Miller, MD; Myrick, F; Ray, AS; Vela, JE, 2006)	0.33
" Drug dosage can be modulated through amine modification of the material surface, leading to a bisphosphonate adsorption in the ordered mesoporous matrices 3 times larger than that for unmodified materials."	( Confinement and controlled release of bisphosphonates on ordered mesoporous silica-based materials. Balas, F; Horcajada, P; Manzano, M; Vallet-Regí, M, 2006)	0.33
" Steady state was reached after daily dosing for 5 to 7 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of telbivudine in healthy subjects and absence of drug interaction with lamivudine or adefovir dipivoxil. Brown, NA; Chao, GC; Fielman, BA; Lloyd, DM; Zhou, XJ, 2006)	0.33
" However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day."	( An update and review of antiretroviral therapy. Piacenti, FJ, 2006)	0.33
" However, questions remain regarding the optimal dosing schedule and side-effect profile."	( 3.5-Year follow-up of intralesional cidofovir protocol for pediatric recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Akst, LM; Chung, BJ; Koltai, PJ, 2006)	0.33
" The enzyme induction potential of pradefovir was evaluated in rats following multiple oral dosing and in primary cultures of human hepatocytes."	( Metabolic activation of pradefovir by CYP3A4 and its potential as an inhibitor or inducer. Benetton, S; Fang, C; Lin, CC; Xu, GF; Yeh, LT, 2006)	0.33
" The single daily dosing was expected to improve adherence to treatment."	( Change to a once-daily combination including boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected children. Blanche, S; Delaugerre, C; Jullien, V; Macassa, E; Rouzioux, C; Teglas, JP; Tréluyer, JM; Veber, F, 2006)	0.33
" Tenofovir requires surveillance of glomerular filtration rate and dosing interval adjustment when creatinine clearance is less than 50 ml/min and avoidance less than 30 ml/min."	( Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine coformulation for once-daily dual NRTI backbone. Arribas López, JR; Muñoz de Benito, RM, 2006)	0.33
"As expected for a renally eliminated drug, subjects with and without hepatic impairment displayed similar tenofovir systemic exposures without evidence of substantial alterations in drug disposition, and therefore no dosage adjustments were warranted in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatic or renal impairment. Flaherty, JF; Kearney, BP; Shah, J; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2006)	0.33
"Tenofovir measurements with an area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval, maximum concentration, and concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctau) were 32%, 15%, and 51% higher, respectively, when TDF was coadministered with LPV/r (n = 24)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.33
" Individually, these agents have long half-lifes that allow for once-daily dosing and may provide a pharmacologic bridge for the occasional missed dose."	( Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination: first-line therapy for all? Best, B; Goicoechea, M, 2007)	0.34
" The HBV DNA suppression was approximately constant at doses of 60 mg and higher over the 28-day dosing period."	( A randomized placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of oral LB80380 in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Kang, HM; Kim, CR; Kim, J; Lai, CL; Min, C; Ngai, V; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD; Yuen, JC; Yuen, MF, 2006)	0.33
" Tenofovir is largely prescribed at the standard dosage of 300 mg once daily: therefore, the per kilogram dose is higher in Thailand than in the USA."	( No change in calculated creatinine clearance after tenofovir initiation among Thai patients. Ananworanich, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Gayet-Ageron, A; Hirschel, B; Jupimai, T; Le Braz, M; Prasithsirikul, W; Rooney, JF; Ruxrungtham, K; Ubolyam, S, 2007)	0.34
" Tenofovir could be safely prescribed at a standard dosage of 300 mg once daily in the Thai population."	( No change in calculated creatinine clearance after tenofovir initiation among Thai patients. Ananworanich, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Gayet-Ageron, A; Hirschel, B; Jupimai, T; Le Braz, M; Prasithsirikul, W; Rooney, JF; Ruxrungtham, K; Ubolyam, S, 2007)	0.34
" Lack of PK alteration for FTC, tenofovir (TFV), and GS-9137 was defined as a 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated ratio of geometric least squares means (coadministration/alone) between 70% and 143% for the primary PK parameters: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over dosing interval (AUCtau), and trough concentration (Ctau)."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.34
" We investigated whether tenofovir plus didanosine at a weight-adjusted dosage could be responsible for such an effect, and factors associated with CD4 + T cell count evolution under this combination."	( CD4+ T cell evolution and predictors of its trend before and after tenofovir/didanosine backbone in the presence of sustained undetectable HIV plasma viral load. Antinori, A; Antonucci, F; Barreiro, P; Carosi, G; De Silvestri, A; El Hamad, I; Ladisa, N; Lapadula, G; Maggiolo, F; Mandalia, S; Maserati, R; Migliorino, G; Pierotti, P; Sighinolfi, L; Soriano, V; Suter, F; Torti, C, 2007)	0.34
" This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and bioequivalence of an investigational coformulation of EFV/FTC/TDF (test) single-tablet regimen compared with the commercially available individual dosage forms (EFV+FTC+TDF; reference treatment) in healthy subjects."	( Bioequivalence of efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet regimen. Hinkle, J; Hui, J; Kaul, S; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Menning, M, 2007)	0.34
" Cidofovir, when used in the modified dosing regimen and in combination with IVIg and renal protection measures, is a safe and potentially effective treatment option for adenovirus pneumonia in lung transplant recipients."	( Treatment of adenovirus pneumonia with cidofovir in pediatric lung transplant recipients. Dishop, MK; Doan, ML; Elidemir, O; Heinle, JS; Kaplan, SL; Mallory, GB; McKenzie, ED; Schecter, MG, 2007)	0.34
"Adefovir dipivoxil, a marketed drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, is dosed at submaximally efficacious doses because of renal toxicity."	( Pradefovir: a prodrug that targets adefovir to the liver for the treatment of hepatitis B. Boyer, SH; Colby, TJ; Craigo, W; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Gómez-Galeno, JE; Matelich, MC; Ollis, K; Reddy, KR; Sun, Z; Ugarkar, BG; van Poelje, PD, 2008)	0.35
" Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir."	( Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. Adams, DR; Cong, ME; Delinsky, D; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Heneine, W; Jackson, E; Janssen, R; Johnson, JA; Kim, C; Lipscomb, J; Luo, W; Masciotra, S; Monsour, M; Otten, RA; Qari, SH; Schinazi, RF, 2008)	0.35
" It reduced metastasis formation in mice by approximately 90% when administered by a repetitive once daily dosing regimen of 50 mg/kg via oral or intraperitoneal routes and was nontoxic up to 500 mg/kg, following intraperitoneal administration daily for two weeks."	( Carbamoylphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors 6: cis-2-aminocyclohexylcarbamoylphosphonic acid, a novel orally active antimetastatic matrix metalloproteinase-2 selective inhibitor--synthesis and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis. Bhusare, SR; Breuer, E; Frant, J; Hadar, R; Hoffman, A; Katz, Y; Qadri, B; Reich, R, 2008)	0.35
" Treatment with a modified dosing regimen of cidofovir was well-tolerated and high-risk ADV infections resolved in all patients."	( High-risk adenovirus-infected pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients and preemptive cidofovir therapy. Anderson, EJ; Guzman-Cottrill, JA; Katz, BZ; Kletzel, M; Sullivan, C; Thormann, K; Zheng, X, 2008)	0.35
" Individualized dosing intervals should be further evaluated as a cost-effective alternative to fixed dosing schemes."	( Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen trough levels and half-lives do not differ after intravenous and intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin administration after liver transplantation. Hadem, J; Hooman, N; Klempnauer, J; Manns, MP; Philipp, G; Priess, A; Rifai, K; Rosenau, J; Tillmann, HL; Vaske, B, 2008)	0.35
" The dosage of ADV was 100mg daily."	( [Adefovir dipivoxil treatment of hepatic cirrhosis complicated with hepatitis B virus associated glomerulonephritis]. Chen, YS; Jin, ZJ; Li, DF; Qiao, LM; Zhou, J, 2008)	0.35
" The likelihood of renal toxicity (proximal renal tubular dysfunction [PRTD]) correlated with plasma drug concentrations, which depended on the dosage regimen and age-related changes in drug clearance."	( Chronic administration of tenofovir to rhesus macaques from infancy through adulthood and pregnancy: summary of pharmacokinetics and biological and virological effects. Abel, K; Bischofberger, N; Brignolo, LL; Cihlar, T; Durand-Gasselin, L; Jerome, C; Kearney, BP; Marthas, ML; Moore, J; Ray, AS; Reiser, H; Spinner, A; Van Rompay, KK, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic profiles were also determined in HIV-1-infected patients dosed with raltegravir monotherapy versus raltegravir in combination with TDF and lamivudine."	( Lack of a significant drug interaction between raltegravir and tenofovir. Breidinger, SA; Chen, J; Friedman, EJ; Gottesdiener, KM; Iwamoto, M; Kost, JT; Lasseter, KC; Stek, JE; Stone, JA; Teppler, H; Wagner, JA; Wenning, LA, 2008)	0.35
" Tenofovir concentrations (median 2; range, 1-5) were measured in 175 patients during several dosing intervals."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in AIDS patients. Barkil, ME; Boibieux, A; Cotte, L; Gagnieu, MC; Guitton, J; Livrozet, JM; Miailhes, P; Tod, M, 2008)	0.35
" In addition, we describe acute effect of CS-917 on fasting hyperglycemia in overnight-fasted GK rats and chronic effect of CS-917 in multiple dosing GK rats."	( CS-917, a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia after meal loading in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Fujiwara, T; Hagisawa, Y; Izumi, M; Ohsumi, J; Okuno, A; Takahashi, K; Yoshida, T, 2008)	0.35
"We have used these biomarkers to establish the optimal dosing regimen for treatment and reveal that a single dose of 25 mg/kg of CMX001 can be efficacious at treating lethal mousepox when administered on days 4 or 5 post-infection."	( Using biomarkers to stage disease progression in a lethal mousepox model treated with CMX001. Buller, RM; Lanier, R; Oberle, C; Painter, G; Parker, S; Robertson, A; Schriewer, J, 2008)	0.35
" When implementing HAART, physicians should be aware of and monitor potential patient misunderstanding of instructions on dosage and administration and for possible complications in medicinal combinations and potential side effects."	( [A case of acute renal failure involving high amounts of tenofovir after HAART start]. Kasahara, K; Konishi, M; Maeda, K; Mikasa, K; Nakagawa, C; Uno, K; Yonekawa, S; Yoshimoto, E, 2008)	0.35
" The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%), while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and can be suitably applied for the estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in different dosage forms."	( Application of UV-spectrophotometric methods for estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in tablets. A, SA; H, BC; J, SS, 2009)	0.35
" Because of this latter characteristic, dosage adjustments are required in patients with renal insufficiency."	( [Tenofovir: pharmacology and interactions]. Azanza, JR; García Quetglas, E; Gómez-Giu, A; Sádaba, B, 2008)	0.35
" The only available formulation is an adult tablet, introducing the possibility of dosing errors in children."	( Tenofovir use in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children in the United kingdom and Ireland. Boyd, K; Butler, K; Cliff, D; Doerholt, K; Gibb, D; Judd, A; Lyall, H; Menson, E; Riordan, A, 2009)	0.35
" To attain a better antiviral response the dosage of entecavir was increased to 2mg daily in two patients, resulting in further viral load decline for both of them."	( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy. de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)	0.35
"Entecavir monotherapy dosed at 1mg resulted in a slow reduction of viral load in both lamivudine-experienced and -naïve patients with persistently high HBV DNA during adefovir therapy."	( Entecavir shows limited efficacy in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients with a partial virologic response to adefovir therapy. de Man, RA; Janssen, HL; Pas, SD; Reijnders, JG; Schutten, M, 2009)	0.35
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."	( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir. Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)	0.35
" A new combination therapy consisting of the TFV pro-drug (300 mg) and another reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine (FTC, 200 mg) has become available in a convenient once-daily dosage form (Truvada)."	( The simultaneous assay of tenofovir and emtricitabine in plasma using LC/MS/MS and isotopically labeled internal standards. Bushman, L; Delahunty, T; Fletcher, CV; Robbins, B, 2009)	0.35
" We report 12-month changes in renal profiles among 19 such patients (6 patients with history of and 13 patients with current renal disease) in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) who initiated TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during 2001-2005 with TDF dosed mostly at 300 mg once daily."	( Renal function in patients with preexisting renal disease receiving tenofovir-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy in the HIV outpatient study. Brooks, JT; Buchacz, K; Moorman, A; Wood, KC; Young, B, 2009)	0.35
"Tenofovir DF and norgestimate-ethinyl estradiol are not involved in a clinically significant drug-drug interaction; tenofovir DF did not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of norgestimate or ethinyl estradiol, including the concentration at the end of the dosing interval."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
" However, the dosing interval of ADV should be adjusted according to renal function and serum phosphate levels in patients receiving long-term treatment."	( Add-on combination therapy with adefovir dipivoxil induces renal impairment in patients with lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus. Enomoto, M; Habu, D; Imanishi, Y; Iwai, S; Kawada, N; Kobayashi, S; Morikawa, H; Sakaguchi, H; Shiomi, S; Tamori, A, 2010)	0.36
" These cells showed reduced MRP4 protein expression and corresponding reduction in the basolateral egress of adefovir when adefovir dipivoxil was dosed on the apical side."	( Role of basolateral efflux transporter MRP4 in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug adefovir dipivoxil. Ming, X; Thakker, DR, 2010)	0.36
"Once-daily treatment with ritonavir-boosted saquinavir was well tolerated and resulted in similar saquinavir drug exposure despite much lower ritonavir concentrations when compared with a twice-daily dosing schedule."	( Once-daily treatment with saquinavir mesylate (2000 mg) and ritonavir (100 mg) together with a fixed-dose combination of abacavir/lamivudine (600/300 mg) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (245/200 mg) in HIV-1-infected patients. Bickel, M; Bodtländer, A; Gute, P; Klauke, S; Knecht, GK; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Stephan, C; von Hentig, N, 2009)	0.35
" Its favorable profile in terms of high efficacy, low toxicity and once-daily dosing makes TDF one of the most attractive antiretroviral agents, and therefore, it is widely used."	( Pharmacogenetics of tenofovir treatment. Labarga, P; Rodriguez-Novoa, S; Soriano, V, 2009)	0.35
" No differences were noted in adverse events among dosing periods."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.36
" We investigated the relationship of NVP dosing with safety and efficacy."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily nevirapine dosing: a multicohort study. Battegay, M; Calmy, A; de Wolf, F; Hirschel, B; Hogg, RS; Lange, JM; Lima, VD; Montaner, JS; Nguyen, A; Reiss, P; Vallier, N; Wit, FW; Yip, B, 2009)	0.35
" The dose-response curve for ET-1 was shifted to the left in the diabetics, so that at some lower doses of ET-1 the vasoconstriction was greater than in the controls."	( Diabetes-associated changes and role of N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine in big ET-1-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Kamata, K; Kobayashi, T; Matsumoto, T; Ozawa, Y; Taguchi, K, 2010)	0.36
" This new method can be utilized for routine analysis of FOS, CLO and ALN in dosage forms because of its efficiency, reliability, speed and simplicity."	( Rapid analysis of alkylphosphonate drugs by capillary zone electrophoresis using indirect ultraviolet detection. Prutthiwanasan, B; Suntornsuk, L, 2010)	0.36
" Daily drug dosage was 300 mg Tenofovir, 200mg Emtricitabine and 400 mg Nevirapine once daily."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily nevirapine in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine in the treatment of HIV-infected patients: a 72-week prospective multicenter study (TENOR-trial). Flux, K; Gholam, P; Hartmann, M; Hueter, E; Weberschock, T, 2009)	0.35
" It demonstrated enhanced body weight normalized clearance of cidofovir and cidofovir dosage was augmented to 12 mg/kg per wk to reach adequate drug exposure."	( Primary HHV 6 infection after liver transplantation with acute graft rejection and multi-organ failure: successful treatment with a 2.5-fold dose of cidofovir and reduction of immunosuppression. Baba, HA; Ballauf, A; Breddemann, A; Dohna-Schwake, C; Fiedler, M; Gerner, P; Gierenz, N; Hoyer, PF; Läer, S, 2011)	0.37
" We hypothesized that intermittent prophylactic treatment with long-acting antiviral drugs would be as effective as daily dosing in blocking the earliest stages of viral replication and preventing mucosal transmission."	( Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Barr, JR; Cong, ME; Folks, TM; García-Lerma, JG; Hanson, DL; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Kuklenyik, Z; Lipscomb, J; Martin, A; Masciotra, S; Mitchell, J; Otten, R; Pau, CP; Paxton, L; Youngpairoj, AS; Zheng, Q, 2010)	0.36
" Following oral dosing (3mg/kg) in Beagle dogs, high levels (>9."	( Discovery of GS-9131: Design, synthesis and optimization of amidate prodrugs of the novel nucleoside phosphonate HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor GS-9148. Birkus, G; Boojamra, CG; Cihlar, T; Desai, MC; Douglas, JL; Gao, Y; Grant, D; Hui, HC; Laflamme, G; Lin, KY; Mackman, RL; Markevitch, DY; McDermott, M; Mishra, R; Pakdaman, R; Petrakovsky, OV; Ray, AS; Vela, JE; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
" Irrespective of the dosing strategy used, the rsIL-7gly administration transiently increased proliferation of both central memory and naive cells, in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets, without increasing SIV levels in the blood."	( Increased CD4+ T cell levels during IL-7 administration of antiretroviral therapy-treated simian immunodeficiency virus-positive macaques are not dependent on strong proliferative responses. Assouline, B; Axthelm, MK; Legasse, A; Leone, A; Lifson, JD; Morre, M; Okoye, A; Piatak, M; Picker, LJ; Rohankhedkar, M; Sodora, DL; Villinger, F, 2010)	0.36
" Emergence of postbaseline resistance mutations occurred at similar low rates in each dosing group."	( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)	0.36
" Relative to ritonavir-boosted EVG, the geometric least-squares means ratios (GMR) [90% confidence interval (CI)] for EVG area under plasma concentration-time curve from time zero until the end of the dosing interval (AUC)tau, maximum concentration (Cmax), and trough concentration (Ctau) were 118 (110 to 126), 108 (100 to 116), and 110 (95."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV. German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)	0.36
"Addition of darunavir/ritonavir to etravirine, all dosed once daily, did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of etravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.36
" After oral gavage all of the mono-PFPA and di-PFPA congeners were observed in the blood of the dosed animals."	( Uptake and elimination of perfluorinated phosphonic acids in the rat. D'eon, JC; Mabury, SA, 2010)	0.36
" Transport studies in a rat model have shown enhanced levels of total cidofovir species in the plasma after oral dosing with L-Val-L-Ser-OMe cHPMPC, 2a."	( Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1. Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE; Peterson, LW; Sala-Rabanal, M; Serpi, M, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, the results do not support daily ADV dosing using a liquid suspension over the current strategy of adjustment of the ADV dosing interval in patients with impaired renal function."	( Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil liquid suspension in patients with chronic hepatitis B and renal impairment. Frederick, D; Pol, S; Rostaing, L; Rousseau, F; Schiff, E; Shiffman, ML; Thabut, D; Zeuzem, S; Zong, J, 2011)	0.37
" This review identifies important cellular pharmacology considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine, which include drug penetration into relevant tissues and cell types, race/ethnicity/pharmacogenetics, gender, cellular activation state and appropriate episodic or alternative dosing strategies based on pharmacokinetic principles."	( Pharmacological considerations for tenofovir and emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection. Anderson, PL; Gardner, EM; Grant, RM; Kiser, JJ; Meditz, A; Rower, JE, 2011)	0.37
" Healthy volunteer studies have demonstrated a decrease in glucose disposal associated with dosing with specific antiretrovirals."	( Effect of boosted fosamprenavir or lopinavir-based combinations on whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipids in treatment-naive HIV-type-1-positive men. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Jackson, AG; Mandalia, S; Moyle, GJ; Randell, PA; Taylor, J; Tjia, JF, 2010)	0.36
" This report describes a case of AdV hepatitis in a pediatric liver transplant recipient successfully treated with a modified, renal sparing dosing of CDV."	( Treatment of adenovirus hepatitis with cidofovir in a pediatric liver transplant recipient. Cimsit, B; Emre, S; Patel, SB; Rosencrantz, R; Tichy, EM, 2012)	0.38
" IFN therapy requires dosage reduction and close monitoring in patients with a GFR <50 ml/min/1."	( Does the antiviral therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis exert nephrotoxic effects? Bob, F; Bozdog, G; Cioca, D; Curescu, M; Gadalean, F; Gluhovschi, C; Gluhovschi, G; Kaycsa, A; Petrica, L; Sporea, I; Velciov, S; Vernic, C, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing was separated by a wash-out period of 14 days."	( Bioequivalence study of two oral tablet formulations containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Feleder, EC; Halabe, EK; Yerino, GA; Zini, E, 2011)	0.37
" Here we extend these studies by exploring different dosing regimens and performing randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled studies."	( Efficacy of CMX001 as a post exposure antiviral in New Zealand White rabbits infected with rabbitpox virus, a model for orthopoxvirus infections of humans. Adams, MM; Burrage, AM; Foster, S; Gray, SA; Lampert, B; Lanier, R; Lindsey, SF; Manning, BR; Moyer, RW; Painter, G; Rice, AD; Robertson, A; Smith, AJ; Swetnam, D; Wallace, G, 2011)	0.37
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."	( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)	0.37
" The population pharmacokinetic model was used to predict exposure of the active moiety R-125338 and thus to identify potential CS-917 dosage reduction criteria."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for a novel oral hypoglycemic formed in vivo: comparing the use of active metabolite data alone versus using data of upstream and downstream metabolites. Carrothers, TJ; Habtemariam, B; Kastrissios, H; Khariton, T; Kshirsagar, S; Mager, DE; Rohatagi, S; Walker, JR, 2012)	0.38
" Experiments on an SSF planted with Phragmites australis and an unplanted SSF with mainly vertical flow conditions to which Glyphosate was continuously dosed showed that in the planted SSF Glyphosate retardation exceeds 54% compared to 14% retardation in the unplanted SSF."	( Comparative studies on the retardation and reduction of glyphosate during subsurface passage. Grützmacher, G; Heise, S; Krause, B; Litz, NT; Weigert, A, 2011)	0.37
" Nephrotoxicity is dose related and occurred at a daily dosage of >30 mg."	( Acquired Fanconi syndrome associated with prolonged adefovir dipivoxil therapy in a chronic hepatitis B patient. Ho, YY; Law, ST; Li, KK, )	0.13
" The drug has a 5-position amine that is variably acetylated to form a toxic metabolite in humans, increasing adverse effects and complicating the dosing of amonafide."	( Methoxyethylamino-numonafide is an efficacious and minimally toxic amonafide derivative in murine models of human cancer. Appella, DH; Chen, Z; Huang, S; Liu, Y; Lou, G; Norton, JT; Wang, C; Witschi, MA; Xu, Q, 2011)	0.37
" For patients receiving HBIG and LAM, a lower frequency of HBV recurrence was associated with a high HBIG dosage (≥10,000 IU/day) versus a low HBIG dosage (<10,000 IU/day) during the first week after LT [3."	( Hepatitis B immunoglobulin and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues for prophylaxis against hepatitis b virus recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review. Akriviadis, E; Cholongitas, E; Goulis, J; Papatheodoridis, GV, 2011)	0.37
" The current monitoring modalities, together with dosage adjustments, treatment of patients with ADV-related kidney impairment and the therapeutic algorithm in place at the authors' Liver Center are also summarized."	( Drug safety evaluation of adefovir in HBV infection. Colombo, M; Lampertico, P; Viganò, M, 2011)	0.37
" Dosage of 200 mg might provide an option to patients showing suboptimal ATV exposure with standard unboosted dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of switching unboosted atazanavir coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 400 mg once daily to 200 mg twice daily in HIV-positive patients. Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Gonzalez de Requena, D; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2011)	0.37
"Adefovir dipivoxil can be nephrotoxic at conventional dosage and therefore, patients treated with long-term ADV should have regular monitoring of renal function, and calcium and phosphate levels."	( Nephrotoxicity, including acquired Fanconi's syndrome, caused by adefovir dipivoxil - is there a safe dose? Ho, YY; Law, ST; Li, KK, 2012)	0.38
" Modification of the dosing interval or discontinuation of ADV was required in seven and three patients, respectively, and none of them showed a further decline in the eGFR."	( Frequency and risk factors of renal impairment during long-term adefovir dipivoxil treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients. Cho, HC; Choi, MS; Gwak, GY; Kim, YJ; Koh, KC; Lee, JH; Paik, SW; Sinn, DH; Yoo, BC, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing scheme, according BW and LPV/r coadministration were simulated to produce the same 24-hr exposure as adults after 300-mg TDF dose."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
"Children without LPV/r should receive: 150 mg TDF from 20 to 30 kg, 225 mg TDF from 30 to 40 kg, and the adult dosage of 300 mg TDF over 40 kg."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Rey, E; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
" Low concentrations at birth support infant dosing as soon after birth as possible."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their infants. Bardeguez, A; Cotter, A; Fiscus, SA; Flynn, PM; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Jean-Philippe, P; Kearney, B; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Purswani, M; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Rooney, JF; Shapiro, DE; Thorpe, E; Van Rompay, KK; Watts, DH, 2011)	0.37
" The method was applied to the determination of adefovir in plasma from 12 subjects dosed with adefovir 2 x 10 mg tablets and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of adefovir in plasma using UV detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Foroutan, SM; Khoddam, A; Movahed, H; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2011)	0.37
" At all doses, concentrations at the dosing site were typically 1 to 2 log units higher than those in the opposite compartment and 4 to 5 log units higher than those in plasma."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following intravaginal and intrarectal administration of tenofovir gel to rhesus macaques. Allen, P; Kashuba, A; Nuttall, J; Roberts, J; Romano, J; Wang, R; White, N, 2012)	0.38
" Forty-seven were randomized to once (QD) or twice daily (BID) dosing for 2 weeks and to collection of genital tract samples at 4, 8 or 24 hrs after the final dose, but two discontinued prior to gel application."	( A multi-compartment, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of the vaginal candidate microbicide 1% tenofovir gel. Brache, V; Creinin, MD; Kashuba, AD; Kearney, BP; Poindexter, A; Rountree, W; Schwartz, JL, 2011)	0.37
" Despite continued gel dosing postinfection, neither breakthrough infection had evidence of drug resistance by ultrasensitive testing of SHIV in plasma and vaginal lavage."	( Durable protection from vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques by tenofovir gel and its relationship to drug levels in tissue. Dobard, C; García-Lerma, JG; Hanson, DL; Heneine, W; Holder, A; Kuklenyik, Z; Lipscomb, J; Martin, A; Novembre, FJ; Pau, CP; Sharma, S; Smith, J, 2012)	0.38
"Atazanavir geometric mean (CV%) C(max), C(min) and AUC over the dosing interval were 2897 (46) ng/mL, 526 (57) ng/mL and 28 605 (46) ng · h/mL, respectively, and for lopinavir they were 10 655 (51) ng/mL, 5944 (68) ng/mL and 90 946 (59) ng · h/mL, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and inhibitory quotient of atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients who participated in the CASTLE Study. Bertz, R; Child, M; Eley, T; Farajallah, A; Krystal, M; Liao, S; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Persson, A; Sevinsky, H; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing antiretroviral agents with kidney metabolism should be adjusted when eGFR is bellow 50 mL/min/1."	( [Kidney and HIV infection]. Lescure, FX; Plaisier, E; Ronco, P, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing strategies (e."	( Formulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical microbicides. Adams, JL; Kashuba, AD, 2012)	0.38
" Although some trial results appear conflicting, behavioral factors, adherence to dosing and pharmacokinetic properties of the different tenofovir formulations and dosing approaches offer plausible explanations for most of the variations in effectiveness observed in different trials."	( A drug evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for the prevention of HIV infection. Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Gengiah, TN; Kharsany, AB; Mansoor, LE, 2012)	0.38
" Median TFV concentrations in iliac lymph nodes ranged from 44 ng/g to 196 ng/g; differences between iliac lymph node TFV concentrations following dosing of the two gels were insignificant."	( Pharmacokinetics and topical vaginal effects of two tenofovir gels in rabbits. Clark, MR; Friend, DR, 2012)	0.38
" Raltegravir must be dosed twice daily, as once daily raltegravir displays decreased virologic efficacy compared to twice daily dosing."	( Role of raltegravir in HIV-1 management. Bookstaver, PB; Bryant, JE; Millisor, VE; Rokas, KE; Shamroe, CL; Sutton, SS; Weissman, SB, 2012)	0.38
"Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings."	( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers. Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)	0.38
"Adherence to intermittent dosing regimens, fixed doses, and in particular coitally-dependent doses, may be more difficult than adherence to daily dosing."	( Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers. Anzala, O; Bangsberg, D; Barin, B; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Mark, D; Mugo, P; Mutua, G; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Sanders, E, 2012)	0.38
" Adherence by type of ART and dosing frequency were compared by Brown-Mood median tests."	( Impact of antiretroviral dosing frequency and pill burden on adherence among newly diagnosed, antiretroviral-naive HIV patients. Buscher, A; Giordano, TP; Hartman, C; Kallen, MA, 2012)	0.38
" The use of SF and PK-PD disease models can be a valuable tool to predict dose-response of NMEs and support rational dose selection for monotherapy trials."	( From in vitro EC₅₀ to in vivo dose-response for antiretrovirals using an HIV disease model. Part I: a framework. Fang, J; Jadhav, PR, 2012)	0.38
" We developed a pharmacokinetic model for TDF and its active anabolite tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) and validated it with data from 4 different trials, including 4 distinct dosing regimes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir and prophylactic efficacy against HIV-1 infection. Duwal, S; Schütte, C; von Kleist, M, 2012)	0.38
" Many HIV-1-infected patients who are treatment-naive or treatment-experienced with susceptible virus will potentially have more options to reduce pill burden and optimize dosage schedules with one pill once-daily regimens."	( Once-daily single-tablet regimens: a long and winding road to excellence in antiretroviral treatment. Clotet, B; Llibre, JM, )	0.13
" Optimal PrEP agents and dosing regimens now need to be identified."	( Considerations regarding antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis in MSM. Grulich, AE; Poynten, IM; Zablotska, I, 2012)	0.38
"The Microbicide Trials Network 003 study, a large phase IIb trial, was unable to show that daily dosing with 1% tenofovir vaginal gel was effective for HIV prevention."	( Current status of topical antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis. Szpir, M; Van Damme, L, 2012)	0.38
" Phase II and III trials continue to explore different dosing strategies for topical products that contain one or more ARV agents."	( Current status of topical antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis. Szpir, M; Van Damme, L, 2012)	0.38
" Dosing was discontinued on day 30 and blood was collected on days 35, 45, and 60 during the washout period."	( Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. Anderson, PL; Bushman, LR; Castillo-Mancilla, JR; Fernandez, C; Gardner, EM; Kiser, JJ; Langness, J; Meditz, A; Predhomme, J; Rower, JE; Zheng, JH, 2013)	0.39
" We conclude that rectal dosing with TFV 1% gel resulted in greater TFV-DP tissue detection than oral dosing with reduced ex vivo biopsy infectibility, enabling PK-PD correlations."	( RMP-02/MTN-006: A phase 1 rectal safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of tenofovir 1% gel compared with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Anton, PA; Bumpus, NN; Carballo-Diéguez, A; Cranston, RD; Cumberland, WG; Dennis, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, CW; Janocko, L; Ju, C; Kashuba, A; Khanukhova, E; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N, 2012)	0.38
" Vaginal dosing achieves measurable tenofovir concentrations in the rectum and vice versa."	( The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention. Hendrix, CW, 2012)	0.38
" Directly observed dosing in a separate study, the STRAND trial, yielded TFV-DP concentrations that, when analyzed according to the iPrEx model, corresponded to an HIV-1 risk reduction of 76% for two doses per week, 96% for four doses per week, and 99% for seven doses per week."	( Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Anderson, PL; Bekker, LG; Buchbinder, S; Bushman, LR; Casapía, M; Chariyalertsak, S; Glidden, DV; Grant, RM; Guanira, JV; Kallás, EG; Lama, JR; Liu, A; Mayer, KH; McMahan, V; Montoya-Herrera, O; Schechter, M; Veloso, VG, 2012)	0.38
" This is the first vaginal dosage form to provide sustained delivery of milligram quantities of TFV for 90 days."	( Quantitative evaluation of a hydrophilic matrix intravaginal ring for the sustained delivery of tenofovir. Clark, JT; Clark, MR; Fabian, J; Friend, DR; Johnson, TJ; Kiser, PF; Nebeker, JS; Ponnapalli, S; Smith, EM; Tuitupou, AL, 2012)	0.38
"In this highly adherent population, the number of daily pills was related to self-reported health status but not to self-reported adherence, whereas the dosing interval did not influence self-reported adherence or health status."	( Number of daily pills, dosing schedule, self-reported adherence and health status in 2010: a large cross-sectional study of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Bocchiola, B; Cahua, T; Castagna, A; Danise, A; Galli, L; Gianotti, N; Lazzarin, A; Maillard, M; Panzini, P; Pazzi, A; Salpietro, S; Zandonà, D, 2013)	0.39
" The development of drug-CD complexes as solids allows for potential advantages in dosage form design, such as the preparation of layered formulations, and it also can yield improvements in chemical and physical stability."	( 2D solid-state NMR analysis of inclusion in drug-cyclodextrin complexes. Strohmeier, M; Vogt, FG, 2012)	0.38
" More studies are needed to better characterize the efficacy, safety, and dosing of topical cidofovir for the treatment of refractory warts."	( Topical cidofovir for refractory verrucae in children. Bayliss, SJ; Berk, DR; Gupta, M, )	0.13
" This relationship allows for the prediction of systemic cidofovir exposure in individual patients and may be utilized to evaluate exposure-response relationships to optimize the cidofovir dosing regimen for BKV infection."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose cidofovir in kidney transplant recipients with BK virus infection. Gao, Y; Momper, JD; Randhawa, PS; Schonder, KS; Shapiro, R; Venkataramanan, R; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
"These data demonstrate that children and adolescents receiving standard TDF dosing of 300 mg once daily achieve higher intracellular TFV-DP concentrations than adults, despite lower plasma TFV concentrations."	( Age-related differences in plasma and intracellular tenofovir concentrations in HIV-1-infected children, adolescents and adults. Acosta, EP; Baheti, G; Fletcher, CV; King, JR, 2013)	0.39
" Use of exact dosing data halved unexplained variability in ATV clearance."	( Effect of adherence as measured by MEMS, ritonavir boosting, and CYP3A5 genotype on atazanavir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Savic, RM; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C; Vrijens, B, 2012)	0.38
" Model-predicated area under the concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUC(τ)) and exposure ratios of CVF AUC(τ):BP AUC(τ) were calculated for each drug."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of efavirenz, atazanavir, lamivudine and tenofovir in the female genital tract of HIV-infected pre-menopausal women. Cohen, MS; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RN; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB, 2012)	0.38
" Administration should remain below established safe limits of dosing (3 mg/kg) and volume."	( Current use of intralesional cidofovir for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Chadha, NK; Derkay, CS; Froehlich, P; McMurray, JS; Pransky, SM; Rosen, CA; Volsky, PG, 2013)	0.39
" Through dose-response experiments, we established relative inhibitory potencies of NRTIs on in vitro telomerase activity as compared to the inhibitory potencies of the corresponding dideoxynucleotide triphosphates."	( In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of human telomerase by anti-HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) but not by non-NRTIs. Côté, HC; Hukezalie, KR; Thumati, NR; Wong, JM, 2012)	0.38
"Cidofovir cream could be a useful therapeutic alternative, although further studies are required to establish the best dosage and its cost-effectiveness."	( [Treatment of anogenital warts with topical cidofovir]. de Troya-Martín, M; Del Boz, J; Fernández-Morano, T; Frieyro-Elichegui, M; Padilla-España, L; Repiso, JB, 2013)	0.39
" Drug concentrations at two trough values of 12 and 24 h after dosing (C(12) and C(24)), area under the concentration-curve values (AUC), maximum drug concentration (C(max)), and the time at which this concentration occurred (T(max)) in plasma were estimated with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods and compared to data from a subset of white subjects randomized to the RAL twice a day (plus TDF/FTC) arm of the QDMRK study, a phase III study of the safety and efficacy of once daily versus twice daily RAL in treatment naive patients."	( Raltegravir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive patients is not influenced by race: results from the raltegravir early therapy in African-Americans living with HIV (REAL) study. Blevins, S; Dumond, JB; Eron, JJ; Floris-Moore, M; Hudgens, MG; Kashuba, AD; Massengale, K; Pittard, D; Ragan, D; Richardson, A; Walsh, K; Wang, R; Wohl, DA, 2013)	0.39
"Phase 0 studies can provide initial pharmacokinetics (PKs) data in humans and help to facilitate early drug development, but their predictive value for standard dosing is controversial."	( Biphasic elimination of tenofovir diphosphate and nonlinear pharmacokinetics of zidovudine triphosphate in a microdosing study. Chen, J; Flexner, C; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2012)	0.38
" A fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulation of lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of CHB may provide dosing convenience and improve adherence."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)	0.39
" Blood samples were collected immediately before and after dosing for 48 hours for plasma drug concentration measurement."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose lamivudine/adefovir dipivoxil fixed-dose combination in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Chan, JC; Chen, S; Chu, TT; Fok, BS; Gardner, S; Piscitelli, S; Tomlinson, B, 2013)	0.39
" When dosed intravenously they display dose-limiting nephrotoxicity due to their accumulation in the kidney."	( Evolution of an amino acid based prodrug approach: stay tuned. Hilfinger, JM; Kashemirov, BA; Krylov, IS; McKenna, CE, 2013)	0.39
" This study reviews the published dosing regimens of intralesional cidofovir in the treatment of RRP in order to provide a precedent for those that wish to prescribe it."	( Systematic review of intralesional cidofovir dosing regimens in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clamp, PJ; Saunders, MW, 2013)	0.39
" There was wide variation in dosing regimens with different intervals between endoscopies, number of injections and total doses delivered."	( Systematic review of intralesional cidofovir dosing regimens in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clamp, PJ; Saunders, MW, 2013)	0.39
" Serum concentrations after vaginal dosing were 56-fold lower than after oral dosing (p<0."	( MTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartments. Bumpus, NN; Chen, BA; Gandham, S; Gomez, K; Guddera, V; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, C; Justman, J; Minnis, AM; Nakabiito, C; Patterson, K; Richardson, BA; Salata, R; Soto-Torres, L, 2013)	0.39
"Compared to oral dosing, vaginal dosing achieved much lower serum concentrations and much higher vaginal tissue concentrations."	( MTN-001: randomized pharmacokinetic cross-over study comparing tenofovir vaginal gel and oral tablets in vaginal tissue and other compartments. Bumpus, NN; Chen, BA; Gandham, S; Gomez, K; Guddera, V; Hendrix, CW; Hoesley, C; Justman, J; Minnis, AM; Nakabiito, C; Patterson, K; Richardson, BA; Salata, R; Soto-Torres, L, 2013)	0.39
" Blood plasma (for TFV, FTC, EFV, ATV and RTV concentrations) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs; for tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) concentrations] were collected at 11 time-points over a 24-hour dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
" The MEMS-defined adherence for correct dosing (-0."	( Adherence profiles and therapeutic responses of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients starting boosted atazanavir-based therapy in the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 trial. Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Parienti, JJ; Taburet, AM; Vigan, M; Vrijens, B, 2013)	0.39
"HIV seroconversion outcomes in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials of oral tenofovir (TFV)-containing regimens are highly sensitive to drug concentration, yet less-than-daily dosing regimens are under study."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of oral tenofovir in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, colonic tissue, and vaginal tissue. Anderson, JR; Bakshi, R; Cao, YJ; Everts, S; Fuchs, EJ; Hendrix, CW; Liberman, RG; Louissaint, NA; Nimmagadda, S; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR, 2013)	0.39
"Possible designs for a PrEP phase 3 efficacy trial are obtained by considering scenarios for potential experimental PrEP and control regimens, including consideration of placebo and active controls, longer acting PrEP and alternate dosing schedules."	( Study design considerations for evaluating efficacy of systemic preexposure prophylaxis interventions. Chen, YQ; Donnell, D; Fleming, TR; Hughes, JP; Wang, L, 2013)	0.39
"73 log10 copies per milliliter, including a dose-response relationship for viral load decrease up to 25 mg."	( Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tenofovir alafenamide as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-positive adults. Berger, D; Bredeek, UF; Callebaut, C; DeJesus, E; Fordyce, MW; Markowitz, M; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Ruane, PJ; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2013)	0.39
" This may translate into greater antiviral efficacy, a higher barrier to resistance, and an improved safety profile relative to TDF, supporting further investigation of TAF dosed once daily in HIV-infected patients."	( Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tenofovir alafenamide as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-positive adults. Berger, D; Bredeek, UF; Callebaut, C; DeJesus, E; Fordyce, MW; Markowitz, M; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Ruane, PJ; Yale, K; Zhong, L, 2013)	0.39
" No clinically relevant interactions between daclatasvir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were observed for either drug, and no dosing adjustments were indicated."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.39
"The HIV Prevention Trials Network 057 protocol was a phase 1, open-label study of the pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life with 4 dosing cohorts: maternal 600 mg doses/no infant dosing; no maternal dosing/infant 4 mg/kg doses on days 0, 3, and 5; maternal 900 mg doses/infant 6 mg/kg doses on days 0, 3, and 5; maternal 600 mg doses/infant 6 mg/kg daily for 7 doses."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life. Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)	0.4
"A TDF dosing regimen of 600 mg during labor and daily infant doses of 6 mg/kg maintains infant tenofovir plasma concentration above 50 ng/mL throughout the first week of life and should be used in the studies of TDF efficacy for HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission and early infant treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir in HIV-infected women during labor and their infants during the first week of life. Emel, L; Eshleman, SH; Fowler, MG; George, K; Herron, C; Hudelson, SE; Joao, E; Kearney, B; Kreitchmann, R; Kumwenda, N; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, L; Nielsen-Saines, K; Parsons, T; Pinto, J; Richardson, P; Santos, B; Sato, P; Taha, T, 2014)	0.4
" Knowledge of concentrations of Tenofovir and its active form Tenofovir diphosphate, at putative sites of anti-HIV functioning, is central to understanding trial outcomes and design of products and dosage regimens."	( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel. Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)	0.39
" Thus contrasts predicted by this model can inform design of gels and dosage regimens in clinical trials, and interpretation of PK data."	( Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel. Gao, Y; Katz, DF, 2013)	0.39
" As a fixed-dose combination tablet given once daily, EFV/FTC/TDF was the first available STR combining efficacy, tolerability and convenience, with the simplest dosing schedule and smallest numbers of pills of any ART combination therapy."	( Single-tablet regimens in HIV: does it really make a difference? Aldir, I; Horta, A; Serrado, M, 2014)	0.4
" Intermittently dosed vaginal gels containing the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir protected pigtailed macaques depending on the timing of viral challenge relative to gel application."	( Intravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challenges. Dinh, CT; Hendry, RM; Herold, BC; Kiser, PF; Martin, A; McNicholl, JM; Mesquita, PM; Nagaraja, U; Rastogi, R; Smith, JM; Srinivasan, P; Teller, RS, 2013)	0.39
" Once-daily dosing without requirement for a pharmacokinetic booster makes dolutegravir-based therapy an attractive treatment option for HIV-1-infected treatment-naive patients."	( Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Albrecht, H; Almond, S; Baril, JG; Belonosova, E; Brennan, C; Domingo, P; Gatell, JM; Jaeger, H; Min, S; Quiros-Roldan, E; Raffi, F, 2013)	0.39
" Median MEMS adherence rates were 98% (IQR: 93-100) for daily PrEP regimen, 91% (IQR: 73-97) for fixed intermittent dosing and 45% (IQR: 20-63) for post-coital dosing."	( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial. Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)	0.39
"Both daily and intermittent oral PrEP dosing regimens were safe."	( Safety, adherence and acceptability of intermittent tenofovir/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected Ugandan volunteers living in HIV-serodiscordant relationships: a randomized, clinical trial. Bahemuka, U; Bangsberg, DR; Barin, B; Bwanika, AN; Chetty, P; Fast, P; Haberer, JE; Kamali, A; Katende, D; Kibengo, FM; Mark, D; Priddy, FH; Rooney, JF; Ruzagira, E, 2013)	0.39
" The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio for rilpivirine, emtricitabine, tenofovir exposure was estimated for fed versus fasted dosing and light versus standard meal, with equivalence boundaries of 80 - 125%."	( Effect of food on rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral single-tablet regimen for the treatment of HIV infection. Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hepner, M; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Yin, X, 2014)	0.4
"At weeks 12 and 24, all 49 dosed subjects remained suppressed on RPV/FTC/TDF."	( Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. Brinson, C; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SK; Cohen, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, AM; Ramanathan, S; Wang, MH; White, K; Williams, S; Yale, KL, )	0.13
"The objectives of this analysis were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model (PPK) for tenofovir without using potentially unreliable patient reported dosing records and to retrace patient dosing history using pharmacokinetic simulations conditioned on protocol design constraints to assess patient adherence."	( Estimation of tenofovir's population pharmacokinetic parameters without reliable dosing histories and application to tracing dosing history using simulation strategies. Chaturvedula, A; Fossler, MJ; Hendrix, CW, 2014)	0.4
" A multiple dosing regimen may significantly increase the body clearance and volume distribution of the peripheral compartment compared to a single dosing regimen."	( Population pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers. He, Y; Huang, J; Huang, X; Li, L; Li, Y; Lv, Y; Wang, K; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q, 2014)	0.4
"NAs are cleared by kidneys and their dosage should be adjusted in patients with creatinine clearance <50 mL/min."	( Review article: nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease. Cholongitas, E; Papatheodoridis, G; Pipili, C, 2014)	0.4
" Further trials have to be done to determine the right dosage of cidofovir in patients undergoing CVVH to avoid toxic accumulation of the drug."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cidofovir in continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Gattringer, KB; Jäger, W; Kraff, S; Thalhammer, F; Vossen, MG, 2014)	0.4
" Geometric-mean-ratios compared levels between each pair of dosing conditions."	( Strong relationship between oral dose and tenofovir hair levels in a randomized trial: hair as a potential adherence measure for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Anderson, PL; Bacchetti, P; Buchbinder, SP; Gandhi, M; Goggin, K; Grant, R; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Jin, C; Liu, AY; Stojanovski, K; Yang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"This study found a strong linear relationship between frequency of dosing and tenofovir levels in scalp hair."	( Strong relationship between oral dose and tenofovir hair levels in a randomized trial: hair as a potential adherence measure for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Anderson, PL; Bacchetti, P; Buchbinder, SP; Gandhi, M; Goggin, K; Grant, R; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Jin, C; Liu, AY; Stojanovski, K; Yang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Antiviral treatments were withdrawn in patients who met all of the following 7 criteria: (i) no clinical and histologic evidence of cirrhosis, (ii) normal liver biochemistry, (iii) negative for both HBV DNA and hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), (iv) no resistance to antiviral agent, (v) antiviral therapy > 9 months, (vi) maintenance dosage of immunosuppressant for > 3 months, and (vii) no history of acute rejection during recent 6 months."	( Successful withdrawal of antiviral treatment in kidney transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis B viral infection. Cho, JH; Choi, JY; Huh, S; Kang, YJ; Kim, CD; Kim, HK; Kim, JS; Kim, YL; Kwon, O; Lim, JH; Park, GY; Park, SH, 2014)	0.4
"Despite improvements in access to antiretroviral therapy and the use of simplified dosing regimens, HIV infection is still an important global public health problem."	( An overview of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection. McGowan, I, 2014)	0.4
" Adherence support for the before-and-after dosing strategy (BAT 24) was provided at enrolment and at each monthly study visit."	( Adherence in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel microbicide trial. Abdool Karim, Q; Abdool Karim, SS; Baxter, C; Grobler, A; MacQueen, KM; Madlala, BT; Mansoor, LE; Yende-Zuma, N, 2014)	0.4
" A dosage form containing DPV must be able to deliver the drug to the tissue site of action."	( Increased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and Tenofovir. Akil, A; Cost, M; Devlin, B; Rohan, LC, 2014)	0.4
"Pill burden, dosing frequency, and concerns about safety and tolerability are important obstacles to maintaining adequate medication adherence."	( Switching from twice-daily raltegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to once-daily elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects: 48 weeks data. Brinson, C; Cao, H; Cheng, A; Crofoot, G; Ebrahimi, R; Garner, W; Kulkarni, R; Mills, A; Ortiz, R; Rashbaum, B; Szwarcberg, J; Towner, W; Ward, D, )	0.13
"Plasma concentrations of tenofovir consistent with daily dosing were highly predictive of protection from HIV acquisition."	( HIV protective efficacy and correlates of tenofovir blood concentrations in a clinical trial of PrEP for HIV prevention. Baeten, JM; Bangsberg, DR; Brantley, J; Bumpus, NN; Celum, C; Donnell, D; Haberer, JE; Hendrix, C; Mugo, N; Mujugira, A; Ndase, P, 2014)	0.4
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."	( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)	0.4
" The granule form carries a risk of dosing errors and has a particularly strong, unpleasant taste."	( Tenofovir in HIV-infected children. Antiretroviral efficacy, but beware of adverse effects on bone and the kidneys. , 2014)	0.4
" Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) liquid suspension (GS-02-526), as a new form of oral ADV, not only has competent antiviral efficacy, but is also more convenient for patients with swallowing difficulties or patients with impaired renal function requiring dosage adjustment."	( Liquid oral suspension adefovir dipivoxil (GS-02-526): an update on treatments for hepatitis B infection. Chen, EQ; Shi, Y; Tang, H; Wu, DB, 2014)	0.4
"Atazanavir/ritonavir 200/100 mg dosing provided adequate ATV AUC 0-24 when used with TDF in HIV-infected Thai children weighing between 25 and 50 kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)	0.4
"In total, 128 patients with a decompensated state and lamivudine-resistant HBV were treated with ADV at a dosage of 10 mg/day for a median of 33 months in this multicenter cohort study."	( Rescue therapy with adefovir in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Cho, M; Choi, JY; Han, KH; Hwang, JS; Kim, BI; Kim, DJ; Lee, CK; Lee, HJ; Paik, SW; Suh, DJ; Um, SH; Woo, HY; Yoon, SK, 2014)	0.4
"Polymeric films can be used as a stable dosage form for the delivery of antiretroviral combinations as microbicides."	( Formulation and characterization of polymeric films containing combinations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV prevention. Agashe, H; Akil, A; Devlin, B; Dezzutti, CS; Hillier, SL; Moncla, BJ; Rohan, LC; Shi, Y; Uranker, K, 2015)	0.42
"Electrospun fibers containing antiretroviral drugs have recently been investigated as a new dosage form for topical microbicides against HIV-1."	( Manufacturing scale-up of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers containing tenofovir for vaginal drug delivery. Krogstad, EA; Woodrow, KA, 2014)	0.4
"The difference in binding affinity of tenofovir (more than two orders of magnitude in terms of local concentration), a 30x higher dosage of the (R)-tenofovir enantiomer as compared to conformational isomeric or rotameric adefovir, and the constrained mutational space due to gene overlap in HBV may explain the absence of resistance mutations after 6 years of tenofovir monotherapy."	( Differential binding of tenofovir and adefovir to reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus. Berkhout, B; van Hemert, FJ; Zaaijer, HL, 2014)	0.4
"2 molecular docking suite was utilized to model covalent and noncovalent binding of this class of inhibitors to predict crystallographic poses and compare experimental IC50 dose-response curves and in silico potencies for providing future more specific rational drug design."	( Structure-based drug design of diphenyl α-aminoalkylphosphonates as prostate-specific antigen antagonists. Babinec, JS; Ji, HF; Kojtari, A; Shah, V; Yang, C, 2014)	0.4
" A dosing regimen according to body-weight-band has been established for pediatric use."	( Review of tenofovir use in HIV-infected children. Aurpibul, L; Puthanakit, T, 2015)	0.42
" Blood, colonic biopsies and rectal and vaginal mucosal fluids were collected after the single oral TDF, the single topical TFV gel dose, and after 7 days of topical TFV gel dosing for extracellular analysis of TFV and intracellular analysis of the active metabolite tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and isolated mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC), including CD4+ and CD4- cell subsets."	( A multi-compartment single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic comparison of rectally applied tenofovir 1% gel and oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Anton, PA; Bumpus, N; Cranston, R; Elliott, J; Hendrix, C; Kashuba, AD; Mauck, C; McGowan, I; Richardson-Harman, N; Tanner, K; Yang, KH, 2014)	0.4
" As these anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles also prolonged plasma drug exposure, they hold promise as a long-acting dosage form for HIV patients in addressing residual virus in cells and tissue."	( Anti-HIV drug-combination nanoparticles enhance plasma drug exposure duration as well as triple-drug combination levels in cells within lymph nodes and blood in primates. Freeling, JP; Ho, RJ; Koehn, J; Shu, C; Sun, J, 2015)	0.42
" These results provide a framework for future early investigations of antiretroviral efficacy in HIV prevention to optimize dosing strategies in clinical investigations."	( Models for predicting effective HIV chemoprevention in women. Cohen, MS; Emerson, CW; Fedoriw, Y; Geller, EJ; Kashuba, AD; Nelson, JA; Nicol, MR; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C, 2015)	0.42
"This case indicates that Fanconi's syndrome with osteomalacia can be acquired by a chronic hepatitis B patient taking ADV at a conventional dosage of 10 mg/day."	( Osteomalacia and Fanconi's syndrome caused by long-term low-dose adefovir dipivoxil. Chen, YS; Sun, FR; Wang, BF; Wang, BY; Wang, Y; Zhang, D, 2015)	0.42
" Subsequent dosing and frequency were determined by clinical response and side effects, as assessed by the treating physician."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous cidofovir for life-threatening viral infections in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Braverman, RS; Caruso Brown, AE; Cohen, MN; Giller, R; Levin, MJ; Rooney, JF; Tong, S, 2015)	0.42
" For each drug, its loaded concentration, gel properties and applied volume, and frequency of dosing can be designed to optimize PK and, thence, PD."	( Vaginal deployment and tenofovir delivery by microbicide gels. Chuchuen, O; Gao, Y; Ham, A; Katz, DF; Yang, KH; Yuan, A, 2015)	0.42
"The CAPRISA 004 trial showed that coitally dosed tenofovir 1% gel reduced HIV acquisition by 39% overall and 54% when used consistently."	( Genital Tenofovir Concentrations Correlate With Protection Against HIV Infection in the CAPRISA 004 Trial: Importance of Adherence for Microbicide Effectiveness. Abdool Karim, SS; Gengiah, TN; Karim, QA; Kashuba, AD; Werner, L; White, NR; Yang, KH, 2015)	0.42
" Bodyweight-adjusted dosing was used for patients weighing <50 kg at enrolment."	( Experimental Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease with Brincidofovir. Antierens, A; Carson, G; Castle, L; Ciglenecki, I; Dunning, J; Grove, J; Horby, PW; Howell-Jones, R; Kanapathipillai, R; Kennedy, SB; Lang, T; Olliaro, P; Pardinaz-Solis, R; Scott, J; Whitehead, J, 2016)	0.43
" Monitoring of renal function showed no case of the Fanconi syndrome, no significant alterations of median serum creatinine, eGFR and phosphate levels, although a reduction of TDF dosage was required in five patients (8."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of switching from lamivudine+adefovir to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed patients. Angarano, G; Fasano, M; Fiore, JR; Leone, A; Maggi, P; Santantonio, TA; Volpe, A, 2017)	0.46
" Cidofovir dosing in children needs to be optimized, and other therapeutic alternatives should be developed."	( Renal Toxicity in Pediatric Patients Receiving Cidofovir for the Treatment of Adenovirus Infection. Brothers, AW; Englund, JA; Vora, SB, 2017)	0.46
" Our study suggests that inkjet printing technology can be utilized in the development of antiviral/anticancer combination dosage forms for mucosal application."	( Inkjet printing of antiviral PCL nanoparticles and anticancer cyclodextrin inclusion complexes on bioadhesive film for cervical administration. Aktaş, Y; Bilensoy, E; Sandler, N; Varan, C; Wickström, H, 2017)	0.46
" Indeed, achieving the desired therapeutic outcome in the absence of an effective means of targeted delivery must rely on dosage escalation, which frequently causes severe toxicity."	( Overcoming the Hydrolytic Lability of a Reaction Intermediate in Production of Protein/Drug Conjugates: Conjugation of an Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate to a Model Carrier Protein. Kaltashov, IA; Xu, S, 2017)	0.46
" Optimal dosing strategies in recipients with impaired kidney function remain undefined, with limited pharmacokinetic data to date."	( Ganciclovir Dosing Strategies and Development of Cytomegalovirus Resistance in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report. Agrawal, N; Beltran, D; Echenique, IA; Najafian, N; Ramirez-Ruiz, L, 2017)	0.46
" Using a murine model, we compared the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of TFV and various TFV prodrugs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), and hexadecyloxypropyl tenofovir (CMX157), after dosing as enema formulations with varying osmolality and ion content."	( Development of rectal enema as microbicide (DREAM): Preclinical progressive selection of a tenofovir prodrug enema. Bensouda, S; Cone, RA; Date, AA; Ensign, LM; Fuchs, EJ; Gumber, S; Hanes, J; Hendrix, C; Hoang, T; Marzinke, M; Ortiz, JO; Rohan, L; Villinger, F; Xiao, P; Young, TW, 2019)	0.51
" Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer."	( Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method. Minke, R; Raith-Bausch, E; Reinhardt, T; Rott, E; Wasielewski, S, 2018)	0.48
"Fanconi syndrome with osteomalacia can develop in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection being treated with adefovir at a conventional low dosage of 10 mg/day."	( Osteomalacia and renal failure due to Fanconi syndrome caused by long-term low-dose Adefovir Dipivoxil: a case report. Cen, X; Cui, Y; Liu, Z; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Treatment with GC-1 upregulated the transcription of CPT1A in the human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cell line with a dose-response comparable to that of the native THR ligand, triiodothyronine (T3)."	( Regulation of gene transcription by thyroid hormone receptor β agonists in clinical development for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Beigelman, LN; Blatt, LM; Chanda, S; Deval, J; Gupta, K; Jekle, A; Lin, TI; Luong, XG; McGowan, D; Misner, D; Mukherjee, S; Raboisson, P; Stevens, SK; Stoycheva, A; Symons, JA; Vandyck, K; Williams, C, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, equivalent antithrombotic dosing regimens of ticagrelor and clopidogrel reduced laser-induced calcium mobilization in the endothelium, restricted neutrophil adhesion and subsequent fibrin formation and thus reduced fibrin-mediated stabilization of the hemostatic seals."	( Selatogrel, a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist, has reduced off-target interference with haemostatic factors in a mouse thrombosis model. Caroff, E; Crescence, L; Darbousset, R; Dubois, C; Hubler, F; Panicot-Dubois, L; Riederer, MA, 2021)	0.62
" Subjects received a single oral dose of besifovir dipivoxil 150 mg, and serial blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours after dosing to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of besifovir."	( Influence of Renal Function on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Besifovir, a Novel Antiviral Agent for theTreatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Choi, YS; Han, JH; Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Kwon, SK; Park, MK, 2022)	0.72
"Changes in body weight and white blood cell count were measured to determine the optimal dosing schedule."	( Therapeutic Effects of GGsTop Makino, K; Takeuchi, I; Tanaka, K, 2021)	0.62
" The protocol for the HT investigation includes six steps: a) synthesis planning (DOE = design of experiment) within the HT methodology, b) dosing and working with in-house developed HT reactors, c) solvothermal synthesis, d) synthesis workup using in-house developed filtration blocks, e) characterization by HT powder X-ray diffraction, and f) evaluation of the data."	( Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods. Radke, M; Stock, N; Suren, R, 2023)	0.91

Class	Description
phosphite ion
divalent inorganic anion	Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1082 (11.40)	18.7374
1990's	951 (10.02)	18.2507
2000's	3391 (35.72)	29.6817
2010's	3650 (38.45)	24.3611
2020's	420 (4.42)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	880 (8.83%)	5.53%
Reviews	915 (9.18%)	6.00%
Case Studies	721 (7.23%)	4.05%
Observational	25 (0.25%)	0.25%
Other	7,427 (74.51%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	2	0	organochlorine compound
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.08	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	4.2	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.01	21	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.49	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.76	11	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	7.42	11	2	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.	2.03	1	0	acyl monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenine [no description available]	31.08	4,044	862	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.6	9	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.37	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	5.73	6	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.33	6	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.06	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.25	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.06	5	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	17.22	97	29	amino-acid anion
carbamyl phosphate Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).	2.38	2	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.05	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.72	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	7.68	9	6	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	5.89	31	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.04	1	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	5.54	17	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.54	25	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	5.3	13	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.11	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.65	9	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	5.43	20	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.72	3	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.76	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	2.06	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.7	3	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.45	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.03	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
phosphonoacetaldehyde phosphonoacetaldehyde : A phosphonic acid consisting of acetaldehyde with the phospho group at the 2-position.	2.93	4	0	phosphonic acids	mouse metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	1.99	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.44	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	2.46	2	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	5.95	34	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.98	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	3.96	12	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	4.67	3	2	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	23.75	1,274	69	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.43	15	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.74	3	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	2.9	4	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.1	5	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	3.09	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.47	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	1.99	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glycine [no description available]	11.31	188	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.39	2	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.74	21	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.38	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.07	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	1.95	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.65	3	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.58	22	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.97	4	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.77	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.1	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.69	10	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.06	5	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.07	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.06	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.28	19	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	4.47	7	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	2.71	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	7.25	17	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.7	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.6	9	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.33	3	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	4.39	6	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.71	3	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.87	4	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.06	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.63	3	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.97	4	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	7.19	17	6	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	5.27	10	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.13	5	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.06	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.11	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.05	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.87	4	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	1.99	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.17	5	0	purine
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.87	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	3.35	6	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	4.15	15	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.65	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.41	20	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.74	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.7	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.04	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.46	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.46	7	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.35	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	5.29	3	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.02	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.56	9	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.81	11	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.59	5	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	4.64	8	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	8.09	10	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	9.17	28	3	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.93	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.04	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	5.75	24	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.41	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,2-didecanoylglycerol 1,2-didecanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	1,2-diglyceride; decanoate ester
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	6.8	33	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2.47	2	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.94	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.15	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.65	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.04	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.97	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
beta-phosphonopropionic acid beta-phosphonopropionic acid: structure	2.75	3	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.98	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.1	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.05	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
ag-1549 capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor	2	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.21	1	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	3.03	4	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	5.55	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.15	5	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	4.35	7	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	7.03	5	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	5.43	5	1	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	3.12	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.25	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	3.49	8	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.01	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	1.94	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	1.97	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.01	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.7	3	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.06	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.95	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.17	5	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.74	5	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
baclofen [no description available]	4.61	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	2.25	1	0	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.46	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2	1	0
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.43	1	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
busulfan [no description available]	1.94	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	4.01	4	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.44	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.05	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.1	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	3.45	1	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	4.08	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	3.27	1	0	pyridinium ion
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	2.43	2	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.06	2	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.73	3	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.78	3	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.03	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.21	5	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	1.94	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid 2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid: RN given refers to DL-isomer	2.03	1	0
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	2.4	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	3.11	1	0
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.73	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.94	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.22	6	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	1.94	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.97	4	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	3.12	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.07	1	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.44	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.47	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stallimycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
disulfiram [no description available]	1.94	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.03	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.47	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	3.1	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2.02	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	1.99	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.88	12	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.94	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.41	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	6.39	32	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
brl 42810 [no description available]	7.9	21	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	3.45	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.64	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.43	1	1	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.56	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.18	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	8.97	12	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	14.45	167	2	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.46	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.69	3	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.95	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	9.59	160	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	4.04	4	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	benzodiazepine
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride AM 374: a palmitylsulfonyl fluoride; inhibits anandamide amidase; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	acyl fluoride
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	1.98	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates
hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl-methyl phosphonic acid trisacetoxymethylester hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl-methyl phosphonic acid trisacetoxymethylester : An organic phosphonate that is the trisacetoxymethylester derivative of naphthalene substituted hydroxymethylphosphonic acid. It has been found to inhibit insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and insulin stimulated glucose oxidation.	3.67	9	0	acetate ester; naphthalenes; organic phosphonate	tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.52	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.99	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	7.5	14	4	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.07	1	0	piperidines
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	5.94	8	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.92	13	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	5.08	5	2	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.87	2	1	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.29	6	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.06	5	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.21	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.51	2	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	1.95	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	2.52	2	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	7.51	16	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.91	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loviride loviride: structure given in first source; inhibits virion and recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	1.98	1	0
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.7	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.94	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	6.4	4	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.83	2	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.17	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	4.08	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.08	4	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.05	5	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	2.41	2	0	catecholamine
naled Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.36	2	0	dialkyl phosphate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid [no description available]	3.05	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.04	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	16.06	79	24	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	4.8	1	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	1.94	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	1.95	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.48	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.43	2	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	3.99	4	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.94	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.81	11	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.07	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	3.16	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.65	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.94	1	0	aromatic amine
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.01	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.04	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.7	3	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
piperazine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	1.94	1	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.05	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.37	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.41	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.05	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.54	2	0	isoquinolines
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	11.08	34	8	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.8	1	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	2.94	4	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	2.4	2	0	alkylamine
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.23	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.39	6	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicyl alcohol salicyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; saligenin is the aglycone of salicin; structure; it is oxidatively metabolized to gentisic acid. salicyl alcohol : A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at C-2.	2.02	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; hydroxybenzyl alcohol	human urinary metabolite
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.06	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.29	3	2	fluoride salt	mutagen
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.97	4	0	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.97	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.61	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.77	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temozolomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.84	3	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.86	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	1.95	1	0	aziridines
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	1.94	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source	2	1	0
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tremorine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triclosan [no description available]	3.09	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.35	2	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.04	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	6.08	3	3
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	1.97	1	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	8.77	7	4	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.	1.95	1	0	acylcholine
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.97	12	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.02	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	17.53	175	17	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.01	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	6.55	21	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.75	3	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.87	4	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.6	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.34	7	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.26	9	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.69	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	2.37	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.48	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	6.07	9	1	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.17	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.96	14	0	dialkyl phosphate
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	4.06	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	12.61	59	6	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.54	37	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.96	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.46	23	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	5.74	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	6.18	16	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.93	13	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	3.65	10	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.02	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.07	5	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	7.88	5	5	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.63	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.41	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.94	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.44	23	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.17	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	6.22	13	1	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.7	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	6.08	16	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.48	8	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	16.13	60	22	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.52	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.75	21	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.11	27	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.94	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	7.31	32	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.41	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.69	3	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.46	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline [no description available]	2.46	2	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.13	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	1.95	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.56	8	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.	2.01	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.5	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.98	14	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.49	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.24	50	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.92	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	3.15	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	3.61	9	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	5.43	7	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.05	5	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.98	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.53	8	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	3.58	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.21	6	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.06	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.37	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.46	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	9.9	33	2	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.03	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	6.78	11	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	1.99	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.36	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.53	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.05	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.47	1	1	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	3.45	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	10.91	36	2	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.35	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.08	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.11	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.22	17	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	4.45	7	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.46	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.29	6	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.15	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	4.07	14	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.83	11	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
methylacetylene methylacetylene: structure	2.05	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.63	3	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.55	8	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.	2.25	1	0	alkanethiol	rodenticide
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.49	2	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	3.12	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.46	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
2-bromopropane 2-bromopropane: used as a substitute for freon	2.6	1	0
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	1.99	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.76	3	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.04	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	5.26	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.38	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.1	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.48	4	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.74	3	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tabun tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure	2.48	2	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.4	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.96	1	0
triethyl phosphate triethyl phosphate: structure. triethyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of phosphoric acid.	2.44	2	0	trialkyl phosphate
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.67	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.43	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	8.27	14	7	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.05	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.11	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.06	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride: used as seed protector from herbicides	2.05	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	5.02	2	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.37	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.02	1	0	phthalimides
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.95	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.02	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
pyromellitic dianhydride [no description available]	2.06	1	0
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	1.95	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.47	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
alpha-bromonaphthalene [no description available]	2.31	1	0
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.05	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.11	1	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
2,6-diisocyanatotoluene 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene 2,6-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
veratrole veratrole: structure. dimethoxybenzene : Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.. veratrole : A dimethoxybenzene with the methoxy groups at ortho-positions.	2.08	1	0	dimethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	7.6	20	3	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	3.17	5	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.18	5	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.07	1	0	xanthene
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.03	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.02	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	dioxanes
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	2.02	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	5.51	21	0	phosphonic ester
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.11	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.6	1	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.15	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.15	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	1.95	1	0	organoarsonic acid
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	3.44	1	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
methylphenyl carbinol 1-phenylethanol : An aromatic alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.. methylbenzyl alcohol : Members of the class of benzyl alcohols substituted by at least one methyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic alcohol	mouse metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	1.96	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carveol carveol: structure given in first source; prolongs tumor latency and decreases tumor yield. carveol : A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.	2.25	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2.94	4	0
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.47	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.05	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
triphenyl phosphite [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	1.99	1	0	pyridinium salt
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	2.77	3	0
diethyl malonate diethyl malonate: isomer of diethylmalonic acid; one of most used compounds in drug synthesis, don't confuse with ethylmalonic acid	2.46	2	0	dicarboxylic acid
acrolein [no description available]	2.45	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.06	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	3.81	11	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
dibutyl phosphate di-n-butylphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.49	2	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	3.56	8	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester
o-isopropyl xanthate O-isopropyl xanthate: structure given in first source	2	1	0	thiocarbonyl compound
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.16	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	1.99	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	1.94	1	0	aryl thiol
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	4.82	7	1
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.48	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.53	2	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	10.05	21	4	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.72	3	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.05	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.29	18	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.49	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.08	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.51	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
dibutylamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
octadecyltrichlorosilane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.97	4	0	alkane	plant metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2.96	4	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	1.94	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	2.63	3	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	3	1	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	5	2	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.97	4	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
triethylamine [no description available]	2.97	4	0	tertiary amine
trimethyl phosphite trimethyl phosphite: structure. trimethyl phosphite : An organophosphorus compound that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by methoxy groups. It is an alkylating agent used primarily in the synthesis of organophosphate compounds.	2.04	1	0	organophosphorus compound	alkylating agent
2,5-norbornadiene [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.21	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.31	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.05	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
pentacene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acene; pentacenes
ziram Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.	1.97	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.95	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.41	2	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
2,6-diaminopyridine 2,6-diaminopyridine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.76	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	2.03	1	0
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.35	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	purine nucleoside
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.14	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
aziridine [no description available]	3.21	5	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.17	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	3.26	5	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.95	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	8.59	22	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	1.95	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	5.27	3	1	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.05	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.07	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.98	4	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.02	14	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	10.43	143	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.39	7	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	16.74	84	25	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.97	4	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	7.23	6	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.11	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	6.59	9	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.05	1	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	3.4	7	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	1.92	1	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.07	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.38	2	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.86	4	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.94	4	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants	2.03	1	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.05	1	0	organosilicon compound
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.69	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	8.18	28	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	1.99	1	0
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.21	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	4.9	2	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	7.69	5	4	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
propadiene [no description available]	2.75	3	0	allenes
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
propiolic acid propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.	2.1	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3	4	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.77	10	0
rhein [no description available]	2.49	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	3.12	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.92	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.69	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	indoles
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.45	2	0	butenolide
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.21	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
azomethane azomethane: structure	2.03	1	0
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	2.04	1	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.52	2	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.17	3	1	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	2.07	1	0	dithiane
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	1.94	1	0
tetranitromethane [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organonitrogen compound
trimethyl phosphate trimethyl phosphate: request from searcher; structure. trimethyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the trimethyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.02	1	0	trialkyl phosphate	insect attractant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	1.94	1	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	5.16	4	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
8-chlorotheophylline [no description available]	1.92	1	0	organochlorine compound; purines	central nervous system stimulant
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.05	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.54	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	2.44	2	0
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	3.1	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	2.01	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.03	1	0	benzenes
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
maleimide [no description available]	2.54	2	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.35	6	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.43	2	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.17	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.07	1	0	phenoxazine
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.42	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lignoceric acid lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.64	3	0	glycerophosphocholine
isoserine isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0
formestane [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
allyl acetate allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains	2.15	1	0
octadecane octadecane: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecane : A straight-chain alkane carrying 18 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	long-chain alkane	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
pentafluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	perfluorinated compound
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.49	2	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.31	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
galactitol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid: structure in first source	4.73	9	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.94	4	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methoxyacetic acid methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.11	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; human xenobiotic metabolite; mutagen
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
amyl acetate amyl acetate: sources do not specify n-isomer. pentyl acetate : An acetate ester of pentanol.	3.47	1	1	acetate ester	metabolite
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.4	1	1
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.38	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hempa Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.	1.97	1	0	phosphoramide	insect sterilant; mutagen
tetramethoxysilane [no description available]	2.15	1	0
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.1	1	0
dimethyl methylphosphonate [no description available]	2.31	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	6.79	3	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
diethyl chlorophosphate diethylchlorophosphate: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	4.96	8	1	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dodecylamine dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.43	2	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
deoxycytidine [no description available]	25.55	707	264	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	4.75	29	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
deoxycytidine monophosphate Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.12	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminomethylphosphonic acid 1-aminomethylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid substituted by an aminomethyl group. It is a metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate.	3.14	5	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.87	2	1	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tri-n-octylamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.21	1	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
calcium peroxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.35	19	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.01	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.89	4	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	5.53	4	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	6.55	4	2	zinc molecular entity
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.05	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
ferrous oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	iron oxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.47	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	5.22	3	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.07	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes
(ethylenedinitrilo)-tetramethylenephosphonic acid (ethylenedinitrilo)-tetramethylenephosphonic acid: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
allyl isocyanate allyl isocyanate: a glycosinolate degradation product that has insectidical activity	2.03	1	0	isocyanates
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	8.18	26	11	diarylmethane
phenylphosphonic acid phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1	3.5	8	0	benzenes
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	alkane
isopropyl methylphosphonic acid [no description available]	3.73	10	0
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	2	1	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.45	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.06	1	0
phenyltrimethylammonium phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.11	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	4.91	8	1	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.73	3	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.5	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid (nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; an antiscalant	3.27	6	0	phosphonoacetic acid
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	1.99	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.01	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
glyphosphine glyphosine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of glycine bearing two N-phosphonomethyl substituents.	2.46	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acids; tertiary amino compound	plant growth retardant
n-acetylimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-acylimidazole
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.92	1	0	acylcholine
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	3.87	2	1
n-octadecyl mercaptan n-octadecyl mercaptan: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
1-aminotetralin 1-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0
uridine diphosphate galactose Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.	2.07	1	0	UDP-D-galactose	mouse metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	16.3	101	23	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.95	4	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.04	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.96	4	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.39	7	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	3.11	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
uridine diphosphate xylose Uridine Diphosphate Xylose: The decarboxylation product of UDPglucuronic acid, which is used for formation of the xylosides of seryl hydroxyl groups in mucoprotein synthesis. Also forms plant xylans.	2.07	1	0	UDP-sugar	fundamental metabolite
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.61	9	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
5-azacytosine 5-azacytosine: structure given in first source. 5-azacytosine : A monoamino-1,3,5-triazine that is cytosine in which the aromatic CH at position 5 is replaced by a nitrogen.	2.97	4	0	monoamino-1,3,5-triazine
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.39	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
promethazine 1,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1,3-dimethylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is methyl.	2.08	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
4-hydroxypyrimidine 4(3H)-pyrimidinone: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.42	2	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
2-aminobenzyl alcohol 2-aminobenzyl alcohol: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	7.71	16	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	3.07	5	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-deethylatrazine desethylatrazine: a chlorotriazine herbicide; structure in first source. deethylatrazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a propan-2-yl group.	2.11	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.79	11	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.46	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	1.97	1	0
p-azobenzenearsonate p-Azobenzenearsonate: A hapten capable of eliciting both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity when bound to aromatic amino acids, polypeptides or proteins. It is used as an immunologic research tool.. 4,4'-azodibenzenearsonic acid : The monoazo compound formed from arsanilic acid. It is used as an immunologic research tool.	1.96	1	0
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.05	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.28	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.72	3	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	8.11	32	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	6.07	5	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	6.89	12	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neptunium Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.	2.05	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.6	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.06	1	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.39	2	0	vanadium group element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.63	38	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.49	7	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.41	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.93	4	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	6.23	25	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.04	12	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	6.06	6	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.94	4	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	6.92	20	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.96	4	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	10.95	58	3	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.79	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	3.73	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	3.18	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	8.21	45	1	titanium group element atom
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2.48	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.1	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.58	9	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.83	11	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.05	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.16	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.32	19	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.41	20	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	2.02	1	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.46	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	2.72	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	4.9	11	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.71	3	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.73	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	3.65	9	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	7.74	49	1	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.03	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.05	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	7.69	25	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.94	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	4.89	2	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2.06	1	0
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.44	2	0	sodium phosphate
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	6.85	8	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.76	3	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	5.33	16	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.87	4	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	4.94	2	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	7.51	16	3	calcium phosphate
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	1.97	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.94	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.43	1	1	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.67	10	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8	46	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.82	12	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
beryllium fluoride beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.	2.43	2	0	beryllium molecular entity; fluoride salt
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.05	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
cupric bromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.11	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
sulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sulfuryl halide
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	2.03	1	0
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.04	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.68	10	0
zirconium chloride zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.	2.45	2	0	inorganic chloride; zirconium coordination entity	catalyst
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.78	3	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.17	1	0	aluminium sulfate
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.1	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.01	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.47	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.65	3	0
ferric nitrate ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt	2.08	1	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.38	2	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	5.12	8	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
ammonium fluoride ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.	2.06	1	0	ammonium salt; fluoride salt
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	1.94	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.	2.39	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	6.83	18	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate [no description available]	3	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	2.45	2	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.12	5	0
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.34	1	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.71	10	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	3.26	6	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
showdomycin Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.	3.06	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	9.23	54	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
copper(ii) perchlorate copper(II) perchlorate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro, one tert-butyl and two methyl groups. tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.03	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites	2.02	1	0
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.57	2	0	tin oxide
iodine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.41	5	1	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	5.49	12	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
2,6-diaminopurine 9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.	3.14	5	0	2,6-diaminopurines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
triethyl phosphite triethyl phosphite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.77	3	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	10.32	56	2	benzenes; phenyl acetates
dodecylbenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dioctyl adipate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	3.47	1	1	acetate ester	metabolite
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.06	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
butonate butonate: structure	3.46	8	0	butyrate ester; fatty acid ester
tributyl phosphate tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.13	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
n-chlorosuccinimide N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.	2.02	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.44	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
rafoxanide Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.	1.95	1	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.06	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.37	2	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.46	2	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
alkenes [no description available]	6.99	56	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.52	23	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2	1	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.72	15	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.44	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
oxovanadium iv oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars	2.06	1	0	vanadium oxide
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	3.34	6	0
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	3.07	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	18.36	202	46	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.73	3	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-ipomeanol 4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.46	1	1	aromatic ketone
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.06	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.62	9	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.51	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.11	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.06	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	12.47	48	4	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.99	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	1.95	1	0
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	3.76	10	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.77	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	3.1	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.03	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.07	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tiropramide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.07	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
triciribine phosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
yttrium citrate yttrium citrate: RN given refers to unlabeled tri-Na salt; RN for yttrium-90 citrate not in Chemline 8/85	1.99	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fiacitabine fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.	2.39	2	0
fialuridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	14.46	113	40	isoquinolines
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent	2.02	1	0
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.11	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.68	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.7	5	4	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
caracemide [no description available]	3.37	1	1
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	3.07	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
flavone acetic acid flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.8	1	1	naphthoic acid
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	5.37	2	1	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	9.9	18	1	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
piroxantrone [no description available]	4.46	1	1
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	24.06	953	117	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
sulofenur sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea	4.46	1	1
zileuton [no description available]	2.01	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	6.02	2	2	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	23.27	1,172	65	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.03	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.79	3	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	5.22	6	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	7.68	5	4	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	25.87	1,112	217	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	6.96	9	1	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	4.56	4	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	23.74	619	155	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	25.21	631	260	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
bisnafide bisnafide: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	2	1	0	organochlorine compound
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.16	33	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.1	1	0
monoammonium molybdate ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.1	1	0	ammonium salt	poison
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.37	1	1
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	4.51	7	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
tantalum oxide tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants	2.96	4	0
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.98	4	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
pivaloyl chloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.13	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.67	3	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	19.73	198	80	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	10.94	19	8	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	2.08	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	6.01	8	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.97	4	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.1	5	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
dexelvucitabine dexelvucitabine: inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro	4.88	6	0
9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine [no description available]	6	21	0
abbott 77003 Abbott 77003: a symmetry-based inhibitor of HIV-1 protease	2.91	1	0
emivirine emivirine: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. emivirine : A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted at positions 1, 5 and 6 by ethoxymethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups, respectively. A non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emivirine was an unsuccessful experimental agent for the treatment of HIV.	3.1	1	0	pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	4.33	3	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	7.84	8	3	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	5.24	6	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate
5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.73	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	2.25	1	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	6.34	20	0	phosphoric acid derivative
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
2',3'-dideoxyuridine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.37	2	0	iodine oxoacid
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.47	2	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate [no description available]	3.81	2	1	purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'phosphate: inhibits thymidylate kinase	2.41	2	0
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.48	2	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	3.77	3	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
trioctyl phosphine oxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
oxalyl chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pidotimod pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry	3.44	1	1	peptide
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	3.08	1	0	pyridoindole
silicon monoxide silanone: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	silicon oxide
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	14.45	112	40
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.82	3	0	boronic acids
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.72	3	0	aminopyrimidine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	9.47	46	3	1,2,3-triazole
triflic anhydride triflic anhydride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	organosulfonic anhydride
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2.46	2	0	isocoumarins
rubrene [no description available]	2.05	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.03	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.41	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	5.79	3	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	2.4	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.72	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.31	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
fluindione fluindione: structure	3.16	1	0	cyclic ketone; indanones
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	2.13	1	0	quinolines
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	2.04	1	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
nibufin nibufin: structure	1.94	1	0
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.05	1	0
anaxirone anaxirone: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	1.97	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.45	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.07	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
alafosfalin alafosfalin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	1.98	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	4.48	5	1
2-aminoadenosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	purine nucleoside
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	3.1	5	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.13	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
neamine neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source. neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group.	2.05	1	0	2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside; aminoglycoside	antibacterial agent
cyclopentenyl cytosine cyclopentenyl cytosine: inhibits CTP synthetase; used in therapy of colonic neoplasms; structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (1R-(1alpha,4beta,5beta))-isomer	2.6	1	0
difluoromethylene diphosphonate difluoromethylene diphosphonate: inhibits bone resorption	4.36	3	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.17	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.06	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
pentafluorobenzyl bromide pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.	2.1	1	0	benzyl bromides; fluorobenzenes
n,n'-dibutylurea N,N'-dibutylurea: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
tetrahexylammonium tetrahexylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
trimethoxyvinylsilane [no description available]	2.15	1	0
diethylphosphorocyanidate diethylphosphorocyanidate: reagent for solid phase peptide synthesis; structure	3.2	5	0
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor	2.04	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.36	2	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.15	1	0
3-tropinone 3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
methylenecyclopropane methylenecyclopropane: structure in first source	3.55	2	0
6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2	1	0
1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
benzylphosphonic acid [no description available]	3.61	9	0	benzenes
n,n-diisopropylethylamine N,N-diisopropylethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	tertiary amino compound
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	anthracenes; arylacetylene; benzenes	fluorochrome
sarcosine methyl ester sarcosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
aminomethanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	2	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.1	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; used with 113mIn for bone scanning	2.45	2	0
2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester [no description available]	3.18	5	0
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.46	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.02	1	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonate 4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonate: inhibitors of acid extrusion; amino-reactive agent; inhibits anion fluxes in erythrocytes; RN given refers to sulfonic acid	2.46	2	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.91	4	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.07	5	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane 2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	5.23	3	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.05	1	0
goethite [no description available]	2.73	3	0
2-pinene oxide alpha-pinene oxide : An epoxide of alpha-pinene.	2.25	1	0	epoxide; pinane monoterpenoid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fragrance; human metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	1.96	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phospho-l-arginine phospho-L-arginine: inhibits pyruvate kinase. N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine : An arginine derivative that is L-arginine substituted by a phosphono group at N(omega)-position.	2.11	1	0	L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	animal metabolite
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
lopinavir [no description available]	17.17	96	45	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
5-methylcytidine [no description available]	2	1	0	methylcytidine
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	3.48	2	0
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.45	2	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.43	2	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.76	3	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.25	1	0	pyrroline
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.78	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.	2.38	2	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	GABAB receptor agonist
1-(aminoethyl)phosphonic acid 1-(aminoethyl)phosphonic acid: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	phosphonoacetic acid
1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid 1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine: behaves as a partial agonist toward both alpha1-adrenergic & 5-HT(2) serotonergic receptors. 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine : A 2-arylethylamine compound where the aryl moiety is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl.	2.03	1	0	2-arylethylamine
5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
cellulose sulfate cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9	3.85	3	0	ether; flavonoids
diosgenin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
kemptide [no description available]	2	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.45	20	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	3.26	6	0
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	1.99	1	0
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.94	4	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.73	3	0	oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.04	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.52	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
sr141716 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.8	3	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
acrylodan [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.01	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	1.98	1	0	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.11	5	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.07	1	0
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.96	1	0
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.98	4	0
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	1.98	1	0	inositol phosphate
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.25	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317 FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.05	1	0	proanthocyanidin
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	8.08	75	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
2'-5'-oligoadenylate trimer 2',5'-oligoadenylate: inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free systems	2.78	3	0
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	4.97	11	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2.03	1	0
alpha-methylphenylalanine alpha-methylphenylalanine: induces chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in suckling rats; models for the study of inborn errors of metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
parthenolide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	germacranolide
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.73	10	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	4.46	5	1
tadalafil [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
glycofurol [no description available]	2.05	1	0
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.03	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
polyterephthalic acid anhydride [no description available]	3.22	5	0
9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine [no description available]	4	4	0
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.36	2	0
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.44	2	0	diterpene lactone
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	1.99	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
bw 245c BW 245C: a selective DP receptor agonist. BW 245C : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,4S)- and (3S,4R)-BW 245C. A hydantoin-based prostglandin analogue.. 7-[3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]heptanoic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	4.37	6	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-nitrosomorpholinoaminoacetonitrile [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.44	2	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
sch 39370 Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase	2.91	1	0
egta acetoxymethyl ester EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA	2.04	1	0
rhenium-186 hedp rhenium-186 HEDP: used as a complement to analgesic therapy in patients with painful disseminated bone metastases	2	1	0
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	1.95	1	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dansylsarcosine [no description available]	2	1	0
4-aminophenylphosphate 4-aminophenylphosphate: RN refers to di-Ag salt; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
inositol cyclic phosphate inositol cyclic phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate : A myo-inositol cyclic phosphate that is the 1,2-cyclic phosphate derivative of 1D-myo-inositol.	1.99	1	0	myo-inositol cyclic phosphate	epitope
9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine 9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine: highly selective antiretroviral agent in vivo & vitro; structure given in first source	6.92	7	2
cyclic-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine cyclic-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine: prodrug for HPMPC; specific name and structure not given in first source	5	9	1
imidodiphosphonic acid imidodiphosphonic acid: in combination with technetrium, a superior radiopharmaceutical for myocardial infarct imaging; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.66	9	0	carbene; methanediyl
phosphoramide phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).	2.03	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.06	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.45	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.37	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	2.01	1	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
13-azaprostanoic acid 13-azaprostanoic acid: RN given refers to (1S-trans)-isomer	1.96	1	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.05	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
technetium tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate technetium Tc 99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate: bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical	2.06	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.91	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.42	2	0
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.78	3	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
phosphohistidine phosphohistidine: RN given refers to N-phosphono-L-histidine	4.06	4	0
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.96	1	0	diarylmethane
subecholine subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure	1.95	1	0
amdoxovir amdoxovir: structure in first source; RN given refers to (2R-cis)-isomer	4.72	5	0
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
7-((methylethoxyphosphinyl)oxy)-1-methylquinolinium [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical; has been complexed with gadolinium (see Gd-DOTP) and holmium	3.11	5	0
glutamate thiol glutamate thiol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.92	4	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
lestaurtinib [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indolocarbazole
4-phosphonomethylphenylalanine 4-(phosphonomethyl)-L-phenylalanine : A 4-(phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine that has L-configuration.. 4-(phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine substituted by a phosphonomethyl group at position 4.	2	1	0
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0
n-hydroxy-4-phosphonobutanamide N-hydroxy-4-phosphonobutanamide: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	6.04	14	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n-hydroxysuccinimide s-acetylthioacetate N-hydroxysuccinimide S-acetylthioacetate: introduces sulfhydryl groups into proteins; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
cgs 26393 CGS 26393: prodrug of CGS-26303; RN given for (S)-isomer	4.61	8	0
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
dioctanoylphosphatidic acid dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester
beta-methylene thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide beta-methylene thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide: a phosphodiesterase-resistant analog of TAD; structure in first source	2	1	0
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid [no description available]	4.66	4	0
(hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid (hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid: a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.12	5	0
6h,8h-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one 6H,8H-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5-c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ym 529 YM 529: inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	8.5	13	4	sulfonamide	prodrug
4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-n-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide 4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-N-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide: increases lipoprotein lipase activity with resulting elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol	2.01	1	0
l 690330 L 690330: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
cgs 25462 CGS 25462: a neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
cgs 26303 CGS 26303: a potent non-peptidic inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase capable of protecting atrial natriuretic peptide from enzymatic degradation; structure given in first source	6.69	30	0
ws 79089b WS 79089B: isolated from Streptosporangium roseum; FR901533 is the sodium salt; structure in first source	4.03	2	0
vinyl phosphate vinyl phosphate: used against rodents, weeds, and animal ectoparasites	1.98	1	0
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.43	2	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.52	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione 3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione: a cyclic diketo compound; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.93	25	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (ii) aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (II): structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)	7.5	4	4
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.54	2	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid [no description available]	2.96	4	0
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
5-hydroxypipecolic acid 5-hydroxypipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5-hydroxypipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is pipecolic acid with a hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid	metabolite
phosphorodithioic acid dithiophosphoric acid : A phosphorothioic acid that is the phosphoric acid having two of its oxygen atoms replaced by sulfur atoms.	2.03	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
dirhodium tetraacetate dirhodium tetraacetate: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
beta-aspartyl phosphate 4-phospho-L-aspartic acid : The 4-phospho derivative of L-aspartic acid.. 4-phospho-L-aspartate : An L-alpha-amino acid anion arsing from deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate OH groups of 4-phospho-L-aspartic acid.	2.46	2	0	aminoacyl phosphate; L-aspartic acid derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
n-methacryloyl glycine N-methacryloyl glycine: the aqueous ethanolic solution used as dentin primer	2.43	2	0
ly 311727 LY 311727: a potent & selective inhibitor of human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.03	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.77	3	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methylcytosine triphosphate: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2	1	0
naphthalenediimide naphthalenediimide: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	17.83	114	51	organic sulfate salt
telbivudine [no description available]	17.52	136	17	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.06	1	0	glycoside
tipifarnib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
neodymium oxide neodymium oxide: has antineoplastic activity	2.6	1	0
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.44	2	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidines
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
iron perchlorate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
eritadenine eritadenine: isolated from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom); inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity	1.98	1	0
combivir lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination: contains half the typical daily doses of both drugs in one tablet	5.72	5	4
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	4.19	5	0	carbodiimide
ar-turmerone ar-turmerone: potent antivenom against snake bites; isolated form Curcuma longa; structure given in first source. (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.	2.01	1	0	enone; sesquiterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
orotidylic acid orotidylic acid: structure. orotidine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 6-carboxyuracil as the nucleobase.	2.11	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate: do not confuse with 5-DAHP (5-dehydro-3-deoxyarabinoheptulosonic acid-7-phosphate) or with 2,4-DAHP (2,4-diaminohypoxanthine) which are also referred to as DAHP. 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid : A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid having a phospho group at the 7-position.	1.95	1	0	ketoaldonic acid phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
zirconium phosphate zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio	2.49	2	0
cerous chloride cerous chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeCl3	2.08	1	0	cerium coordination entity
n(6)-(n-threonylcarbonyl)adenosine N(6)-(N-threonylcarbonyl)adenosine: anticodon adjacent nucleoside; occurs at3'end of anticodon in most tRNA's whih read codons beginning with adenosine;RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]threonine : An N-(adenosin-N(6)-ylcarbonyl)threonine in which the threonine portion has L-configuration.	2.31	1	0	L-threonine derivative; N-(adenosin-N(6)-ylcarbonyl)threonine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
phenylarsonous acid phenylarsonous acid: RN given from Chem Abst Guide 1985; RN not in Chemline 11/85	2.05	1	0	arsonous acids
3-(n-acetyl-n-hydroxy)aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxy)aminopropylphosphonic acid: from Streptomyces rubellomurinus sp. nov.; interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis; structure in first source	3.15	5	0	phosphonoacetic acid
yttrium ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) yttrium ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid): used in radiotherapy of leukemia	3.25	6	0
thymidine 5'-diphosphate thymidine 5'-diphosphate: see also record for thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, RN 2863-04-9. dTDP : A thymidine phosphate having a diphosphate group at the 5'-position.	2.21	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group.	2.6	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
diadenosine triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	diadenosyl triphosphate	mouse metabolite
phosphorodiamidic acid phosphorodiamidic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
n-tetradecylphosphorylcholine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.02	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.55	7	0	phosphorothioic acid
maltose 1-phosphate maltose 1-phosphate : A maltose phosphate having the phosphate group located at the 1-position.	2.1	1	0	maltose phosphate
trimethylsilyldiazomethane trimethylsilyldiazomethane: reagent for organic synthesis	2.06	1	0
palladium(ii) acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
vinylphosphonic acid [no description available]	7.62	42	1
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.37	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
aminobutane bisphosphonate aminobutane bisphosphonate: may be useful measure for controlling hypercalcemia in patients with carcinoma	1.97	1	0
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.06	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.14	5	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	6.35	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	5.24	17	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.71	3	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.92	4	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
enzastaurin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles; maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	2.03	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
ceric ammonium nitrate cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate: a catalyst	2.11	1	0
2-nitrophenyl-egta 2-nitrophenyl-EGTA: a photolabile chelator that selectively binds Ca(2+) with high affinity & releases it rapidly upon photolysis; structure given in first source; azid-1 is a caged calcium in which a fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2, has been modified with an azide substituent on the benzofuran 3-position	2.1	1	0
glycitin glycitin: structure in first source. glycitin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
1,4,7-triazacyclononane 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
cyclic-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine cyclic-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine: specific name and structure not given in first source	2.69	3	0
3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane 3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane: 7-aza analog of azabicyclane; structure	2.41	1	0
etravirine [no description available]	10.32	13	5	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ribose-5-triphosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
4-nitrophenyl phosphonate 4-nitrophenyl phosphonate: catalyzes hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters	3.63	9	0
2-deoxystreptamine 2-deoxystreptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure.. 2-deoxystreptamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups and that at position 2 replaced by hydrogen.	2.02	1	0
zk 200775 ZK 200775: structure in first source	6.96	10	3
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	13.74	30	16	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	5.72	10	0
lenalidomide [no description available]	5.51	2	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.21	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.75	3	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.37	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.35	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	3.07	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	5.98	20	0
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	2.41	2	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	3.37	1	1	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	2.95	4	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
menogaril Menogaril: A semisynthetic anthracycline with the amino sugar on the D ring. It displays broad-spectrum antineoplastic activity against a variety of tumors.	3.07	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	3.03	4	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
mitonafide [no description available]	3.37	7	0
pinafide pinafide: structure	1.96	1	0
2'-fluorothymidine [no description available]	7.7	24	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	4.36	4	1
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	3.11	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	6.48	2	2	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	19.5	190	95	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	cinnamate ester
fluorocholine fluorocholine: a radiopharmaceutical agent	3.5	1	1
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.92	4	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.06	1	0
3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acid 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.45	7	0
carboplatin [no description available]	4.39	2	2
n-(2-aminoethyl)glycine N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.01	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	3.08	5	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.66	3	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.01	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.7	3	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.47	2	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
bradykinin [no description available]	3.63	3	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.26	6	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
glucosamine 6-phosphate glucosamine 6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	4.86	6	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
dopaquinone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.9	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.64	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	1.98	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
puromycin [no description available]	3.45	8	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
uridine 5'-(alpha-d-apio-d-furanosyl pyrophosphate) UDP-alpha-D-apiose : A UDP-D-apiose in which the anomeric centre of the apiose fragment has alpha-configuration.. UDP-D-apiose : A UDP-sugar having D-apiose as the sugar portion.	2.07	1	0	UDP-D-apiose
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.05	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.48	2	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
glutathionylspermidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	glutathione derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	cellotriose
2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid: structure in first source. 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid consisting of propan-2-ol with the phospho group at the 1-position.	3.19	5	0	phosphonic acids; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.39	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	11.69	22	13	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	17.18	131	34	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.94	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.72	3	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.92	4	0	tripeptide
candoxatrilat candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	1.98	1	0
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.03	1	0
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	dipeptide
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.54	8	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.61	2	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.77	3	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.06	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.95	4	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	6.2	43	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
elinafide elinafide: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.72	3	0	cyclodextrin
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	1.99	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2	1	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	4.07	15	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	4.81	10	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.08	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
(north)-methanocarbathymidine (north)-methanocarbathymidine: also called NMCT. 1-[(1S,2S,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl]thymine : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane which is substituted at the 2-pro-S, 4-pro-S and 5-pro-R positions by thymin-1-yl, hydroxy, and hydroxymethyl groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	C-glycosyl pyrimidine; carbobicyclic compound; primary alcohol; pyrimidone; secondary alcohol
ribothymidine ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.	2	1	0	methyluridine	antigen; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.53	8	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.11	8	2	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	3.06	4	0
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	3.38	7	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
leucine phosphonic acid leucine phosphonic acid: a leucine aminopeptidase antagonist; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.07	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.61	8	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	1.99	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.11	5	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.42	7	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	5.82	12	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	7.01	40	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	3.1	5	0
cefoxitin Tn antigen: immediate precursor in biosynthesis of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen; present in about 90% of human carcinoma tissue; proposed as universal carcinoma marker. O-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine : A non-proteinogenic L-amino acid that is N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine linked via an alpha glycosidic bond to the O at position 3 of L-serine.	2.1	1	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	tumour antigen
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.44	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
methioninyl adenylate methioninyl adenylate: RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.02	1	0
9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl)adenine diphosphate 9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl)adenine diphosphate: structure in first source	2.94	4	0
epothilone b [no description available]	2.15	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.46	2	0	aromatic amide
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid Cytidine Monophosphate N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid : A nucleotide sugar used as a donor by glycosyltransferases for the synthesis of sugar chains	2.03	1	0	CMP-N-acyl-beta-neuraminic acid	mouse metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.23	6	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	1.94	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.15	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
purvalanol b purvalanol B: protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	purvalanol	protein kinase inhibitor
ethyl methylphosphonic acid ethyl methylphosphonic acid: urinary sarin metabolite	4.35	19	0
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.51	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
taribavirin [no description available]	3.13	1	0	nucleobase-containing molecular entity
decitabine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
colfosceril palmitate colfosceril palmitate: used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf. 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.	2.1	1	0	1-acyl-2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 32:0	mouse metabolite; surfactant
lamivudine triphosphate [no description available]	3.86	4	0
apricitabine apricitabine: BCH-10619 is the (+)-isomer; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.48	4	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.7	3	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.38	1	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.65	3	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	29.49	2,455	587	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
l 743,872 [no description available]	3.18	1	0
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	6.11	9	0
cmx 001 [no description available]	15.35	106	5
iqp-0528 [no description available]	2.48	2	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	4.63	4	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene: structure in first source	3.56	8	0
5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: inhibitor of herpes viruses; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.05	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.02	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
(trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane (trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
pyclen pyclen: also has amyloid disaggregation activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.45	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.07	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	3.98	14	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.08	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.78	31	0	isomethyleugenol
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.31	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.87	3	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.01	1	0
prolinol prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.	2.04	1	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	1.99	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.04	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	11.01	59	1	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.03	1	0	benzamides
omapatrilat omapatrilat: structure in first source	2.71	3	0	dipeptide
plasvita tsm [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	purine nucleoside
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.81	10	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.04	4	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.	3.5	2	0
n-benzoylalanine N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.	2	1	0	N-acyl-L-alanine; N-benzoylalanine	metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	4.8	1	1
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	biphenyls
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.44	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	1.95	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.29	3	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.99	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.52	13	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.47	2	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
selectfluor selectfluor: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor	2.02	1	0	toluenes
bml 241 BML 241: inhibits increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration; conflicting evidence of whether it acts on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors	2.52	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.45	2	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.11	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
methyltrioxorhenium methyltrioxorhenium VII: reagent used as an oxidation catalyst for a wide range of materials	2.11	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nadp [no description available]	2.88	4	0
scandium triflate scandium triflate: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	4.2	4	0
15-phenyl-beta-methylpentadecanoic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.35	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
r-82913 R-82913: antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of HIV-1	1.98	1	0
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.01	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.66	3	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
uc-781 [no description available]	5.29	9	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
maraviroc [no description available]	8.47	16	3	tropane alkaloid
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine: a highly active anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
telaprevir [no description available]	5.11	5	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
ggti 286 GGTI 286: the methyl ester of GGTI-287; inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase	2.05	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.03	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	5.17	15	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.01	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.01	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	4.36	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.95	4	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.94	4	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.06	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.4	2	0
slv 306 SLV 306: also an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.51	2	0
rasagiline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.55	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose [no description available]	2.21	1	0
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules	2.01	1	0
4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid 4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
preussin preussin: from Aspergillus ochraceus	2.04	1	0
fp 21399 FP 21399: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
etomoxiryl-coenzyme a etomoxiryl-coenzyme A: inhibits mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase and other carnitine acyltransferases	2	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	4.96	11	0
pimeloyl-coenzyme a pimeloyl-CoA : An omega carboxyacyl-CoA that is the S-pimeloyl derivative of coenzyme A.	2	1	0	omega-carboxyacyl-CoA	metabolite
butaphosphone [no description available]	5.4	5	3
a 53868a A 53868A: from Streptomyces luridus; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	6.97	25	0
metaphosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to cpd with structure HPO3. phosphonate(1-) : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.	2.48	2	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	3.8	3	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.7	3	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.43	2	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.93	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
4-nitrocatechol 4-nitrocatechol : A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a nitro group at position 4.It is the by-product of the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; catechols	human xenobiotic metabolite; lipoxygenase inhibitor
bemp phosphazene BEMP phosphazene: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.72	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
1-(2'-deoxy-beta-threopentofuranosyl)thymine 1-(2'-deoxy-beta-threopentofuranosyl)thymine: RN refers to D-isomer	1.97	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	4.53	25	0
sew2871 SEW2871: structure in first source	2.79	3	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
7-deazapurine 7-deazapurine: structure in first source	2.9	2	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.46	2	0
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.08	5	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.5	2	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.44	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	3.64	9	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.03	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen	14.69	42	25
jtk-303 [no description available]	14.59	42	20	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	5.87	30	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bilirubin [no description available]	8.1	12	5	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.11	15	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	4.37	6	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.15	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.06	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	9.61	13	4	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.11	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.41	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.01	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	1.95	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	9.59	14	4	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.01	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.96	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.86	4	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.75	3	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	5.19	3	1	alpha-humulene
baicalein [no description available]	1.99	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
daidzein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.06	1	0	oligosaccharide
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.06	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	5.19	15	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
picromycin picromycin: structure. pikromycin : A macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.	2.72	3	0	enone; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.17	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
sorivudine [no description available]	4.52	4	0	organic molecular entity
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.03	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	3.82	11	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.06	1	0	(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate; phosphatidylethanolamine
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.21	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	3.05	1	0
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.42	2	0	octadecadienoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.42	2	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	2.02	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	5.61	22	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
n-palmitoylsphingosine N-palmitoylsphingosine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R,S-(E))-isomer. N-hexadecanoylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).	2.01	1	0	Cer(d34:1); N-acylsphingosine; N-palmitoyl-sphingoid base	human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.37	2	0	hydrochloride
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.57	2	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.06	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2	1	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.84	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
arachidonylcyclopropylamide arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.07	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	4.8	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	7.3	18	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	5.24	6	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
2,3-diaminobutanoic acid 2,3-diaminobutanoic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.41	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
ag-490 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
su 11248 [no description available]	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.07	5	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	5.92	14	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.54	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.68	3	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.63	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.45	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.86	4	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.96	1	0	alkali metal atom
bromebric acid bromebric acid: major descriptor (74-86); on line search ACRYLATES (74-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BROMEBRIC ACID (74-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	carbonyl compound
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	9.17	16	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	5.39	4	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	5.01	2	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.67	10	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	3.37	7	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	3.82	2	1	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.46	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.91	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.71	3	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.08	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
elsamicin a elsamicin A: from actinomycete strain J907-21; structure given in first source	3.38	1	1
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	11.06	23	3	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.84	30	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.03	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.01	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	1.94	1	0	alkaloid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.07	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.68	3	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	3.21	6	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
seleninic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	selenium oxoacid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.86	18	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	4.11	15	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	13.52	137	6	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.7	3	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
bialaphos bilanafos : A tripeptide comprising one L-phosphinothricyl and two L-alanyl units joined in sequence.	4.01	4	0	phosphinic acids; tripeptide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.15	1	0
apocarotenal apocarotenal: structure. 8'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-8'-al : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.	2.41	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; enal
ancriviroc Ancriviroc: CCR5 receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
tenofovir diphosphate [no description available]	5.11	3	1
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	2.87	4	0
antibiotic k 4 antibiotic K 4: from Actinomadura spiculosospora	1.96	1	0
m antigen, brucella melitensis M antigen, Brucella melitensis: preparation of soluble antigen of Brucella melitensis; Brucella melitensis M antigen	2.02	1	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.41	2	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.43	2	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	4.22	17	0	naphthalenes
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.64	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
bromfenvinphos bromfenvinphos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.17	1	0
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	2.03	1	0	fatty amide
mastoparan [no description available]	2	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.05	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.43	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.39	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
dimethyl hydrogen phosphite dimethyl hydrogen phosphite: intermediate in production of insecticides or herbicides	5.57	22	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	3.16	5	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
diphenyl phosphite diphenyl phosphite: a coupling agent for making sterically hindered peptide analogs; structure in first source	4.6	9	0
fosetyl-al fosetyl-Al : An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.	2.01	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.76	10	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.43	2	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
dykellic acid dykellic acid: an apoptosis inhibitor isolated from Westerdykella multispora; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.71	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.95	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	2.1	1	0
propenylphosphonic acid propenylphosphonic acid: RN given is for (Z) isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.4	2	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
1-o-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases	1.99	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.02	1	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
alloxanthin alloxanthin: do not confuse with alloxanthine which is a pyrazolopyrimidine; do not confuse with alloxantin which is a barbiturate; structure	2.11	1	0	diterpenoid
rilpivirine [no description available]	12.36	28	7	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
scy-635 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
noladin ether noladin ether: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist; structure in first source. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether : A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	2-alkylglycerol; endocannabinoid; monoalkylglycerol
epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate 2'-deoxy-4'-C-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine: has anti-HIV activity; structure in first source	2.78	3	0
decarestrictine d decarestrictine D: from Penicillium; structure given in above journal p.66-73	2	1	0	oxacycle
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.07	1	0
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
lactacystin [no description available]	2	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	1.97	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
carboxyl radical [no description available]	3.15	1	0	carbon oxide; organic radical anion	xenobiotic metabolite
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.71	3	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate adenosine 5'-phosphorothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
etonogestrel [no description available]	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
eaa-090 EAA-090: a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist; structure in first source	6.04	10	3	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino acid amide
carbobenzoxyglycylphenylalanine carbobenzoxyglycylphenylalanine: used as substrate for carboxypeptidase B; RN given refers to (L-Phe)-isomer	1.98	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.04	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.95	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.48	2	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.35	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	5.05	3	3	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	1.99	1	0
tri-cyclen [no description available]	3.43	1	1
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	9.5	16	6	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
cyclophostin cyclophostin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; structure given in first source	3.17	5	0
pradefovir mesylate pradefovir: a HepDirect prodrug of adefovir; structure in first source	7.05	9	3
n,n'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl ester N,N'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl ester: structure in first source	5.36	10	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	4.41	2	2
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.06	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
a-317491 A-317491: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.04	1	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	12.82	44	6
racivir [no description available]	2.73	3	0
etomoxir [no description available]	2	1	0	aromatic ether
cp 91149 CP 91149: inhibits liver glycogen phosphorylase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cp 55244 CP 55244: RN given refers to the (2alpha,4abeta,6alpha,8alpha,8aalpha)-(+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
gc 1 compound GC 1 compound: structure in first source	3.61	2	0	diarylmethane
cgs 35066 CGS 35066: an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	5.26	16	0
kb 141 KB 141: an anticholesteremic agent; structure in first source	4.1	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.75	3	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.48	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
avanafil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; prolinols; pyrimidines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	6.02	2	2	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.21	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
dapagliflozin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
sm 19712 SM 19712: an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
miv 150 MIV 150: structure in first source	3.16	1	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fatty acid ester
ap23464 AP23464: a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases	2.03	1	0
zk159222 ZK159222: a 25-carboxylic ester analog of 1alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	vitamin D
azonafide azonafide: structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
vosaroxin vosaroxin: has antineoplastic activity; vosaroxin was formerly voreloxin; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	3.6	2	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	7.23	16	2
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.	1.97	1	0	macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	5.96	13	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	4.62	1	1
jte 013 JTE 013: an Edg-5 antagonist. JTE-013 : A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM).	2.78	3	0	chloropyridine; pyrazolopyridine	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; osteogenesis regulator; pro-angiogenic agent; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist
kb 2115 3-((3,5-dibromo-4-(4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-3-oxopropanoic acid: a thyroid hormone receptor agonist with anticholesteremic activity	3.14	1	0
1-(hexylthio)-2-(hexanoylamino)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-(hexylthio)-2-(hexanoylamino)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of cobra venom phospholipase A2	2.03	1	0
cay 10404 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazole: a cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor	2.03	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
galidesivir [no description available]	4.1	4	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.59	8	0
ceratinamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phosphonothrixin phosphonothrixin: isolated from Saccharothrix sp. ST-888; structure given in first source	3.44	7	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	4.67	9	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source	2.44	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.1	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
uamc00039 UAMC00039: dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
pyrrophenone pyrrophenone: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
auy 954 AUY 954: an S1P(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
cardanol cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation	2.41	1	0	phenols
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	1.95	1	0	nystatins
bms-663068 fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
ponesimod ponesimod: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
cgs 35601 CGS 35601: a single molecule triple vasopeptidase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.21	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	4.8	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
n-acetyl-s-geranylgeranyl-cysteine N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-cysteine: a prenylcysteine analog	1.99	1	0	diterpenoid
VPC 23019 VPC23019: inhibits S1P3 receptor; structure in first source. VPC 23019 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of O-phospho-D-serine with the amino group of m-octylaniline. An analogue of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), it is a potent antagonist for both S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. It can inhibit S1P-induced migration of thyroid cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells, and neural stem cells.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; D-serine derivative; organic phosphate; phosphoric ester; secondary carboxamide	sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 antagonist
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.71	3	0
dc 88-a duocarmycin A: from a Streptomycete	3.18	1	0
4'-thioadenosine 4'-thioadenosine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.	6.02	20	0
peramivir peramivir hydrate : A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of peramivir. Used for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.. peramivir : A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.	2.05	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.51	8	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.18	1	0
ferryl iron [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.89	4	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.64	3	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.07	1	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	3.12	1	0
resorcinarene resorcinarene: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	8.09	31	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	1.94	1	0
cyclic 3',5'-thymidine monophosphate 3',5'-cyclic dTMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide derived from thymidine monophosphate.	1.98	1	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	2.1	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.37	21	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0
carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine: carboxylic analog of 3-deazaadenosine	1.97	1	0
silver carbonate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
perylenetetracarboxylic diimide perylenetetracarboxylic diimide: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
discodermolide discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol	2.72	3	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.91	1	0
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis	4.44	21	0
3-mercaptopropylphosphonic acid [no description available]	2.99	4	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.69	10	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gs-9148 GS-9148: anti-HiV; structure in first source	4.4	6	0
mgl-3196 resmetirom: a thyroid hormone receptor-beta agonist	2.25	1	0
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
rabacfosadine rabacfosadine: has potent antineoplastic activity in dogs with spontaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.36	7	0
st-246 tecovirimat: A potent and specific inhibitor of orthopoxvirus replication. It is used for the treatment of SMALLPOX and other orthopoxvirus infections, including MONKEYPOX under expanded access investigational new drug protocol (https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/Tecovirimat.html).	6.4	11	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	3.6	9	0	polypeptide
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	10.63	17	3
gem91 GEM91: a 25-mer antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioate used as a therapeutic agents for AIDS; may block the translation of gag mRNA& disrupt the secondary structure of RNA	3.14	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	4.14	5	0	peptide hormone
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.05	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	1.98	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.06	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	9.47	78	1
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.06	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.95	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	7.88	13	2	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	6.39	31	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	6.04	39	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.41	7	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.41	2	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
brp-lpa Brp-LPA: a lysophosphatidic acid antagonist that inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
uk 453,061 UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source	4.43	2	2	aromatic ether
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2.01	1	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2.41	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	4.28	5	0
palmitoyl trifluoromethyl ketone palmitoyl trifluoromethyl ketone: phospholipase A2 inhibitor	2.02	1	0
cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate cyclic adenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate: structure given in first source, cyclic refers to arrangement of three phosphates	2.41	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	1.99	1	0
dodecyl 2-(n,n-dimethylamino)propionate dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionate: a transdermal penetration enhancer; RN refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
scalaradial scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2.41	2	0	acetate ester; carbotetracyclic compound; dialdehyde; enal; scalarane sesterterpenoid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; marine metabolite; TRP channel blocker
chitosan [no description available]	4.08	14	0
oxathiaphospholane oxathiaphospholane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.07	1	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.03	1	0
cmx 157 hexadecyloxypropyl 9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl)adenine: an anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis B agent; structure in first source	3.17	5	0
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	16.15	65	35
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.08	1	0
n 0164 N 0164: RN given refers to Na salt; structure	4.03	15	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.05	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	2.43	2	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.08	1	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	3.37	1	1
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	3.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2	1	0
arenaemycin e arenaemycin E: from Streptomyces species; arenaemycin C is the chlorhydrin of the parent cpd, arenaemycin D is the diol & arenaemycin E is the epoxide; structure. pentalenolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro-epoxide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	4.77	9	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.42	2	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.01	1	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	4.8	1	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.31	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-7-phenylheptan-3-one 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-7-phenylheptan-3-one: an iPLA2 GVIA inhibitor	2.07	1	0	benzenes
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	benzodioxoles
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.99	4	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.69	3	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	2.05	1	0	tartrate salt
cobicistat [no description available]	14.31	38	21	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	3.47	1	1	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
berkelic acid berkelic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	5.77	26	0	organic anion
3-phosphonopyruvate 3-phosphonatopyruvate(2-) : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy and one of the phosphonate OH groups of 3-phosphonopyruvic acid.	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
bi 201335 faldaprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease	3.48	1	1
plx4032 [no description available]	5.14	2	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	5.36	11	0
feruloyl-coa feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of feruloyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups.. trans-feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 3-trans-feruloyl-CoA. Major structure at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	feruloyl-CoA(4-)
idx 899 IDX 899: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor	7.5	4	4
quad pill Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.	9.76	13	2
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.2	31	1
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	3.1	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.44	7	0
vpc32183 VPC32183: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor antagonist	2.96	1	0
dufulin dufulin: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ningnanmycin ningnanmycin: isolated from Strepcomces noursei	2.46	2	0
gs-9131 GS-9131: structure in first source	4.24	5	0
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	5.78	6	0
aigialomycin d aigialomycin D: from the marine mangrove fungus Aigialus parvus; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	macrolide
succinyl phosphonate succinyl phosphonate: structure in first source	3.76	10	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.04	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.38	2	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.73	3	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.44	2	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.5	2	0
3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid 3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid: W146 is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source	5.65	27	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.95	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.67	6	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.05	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.94	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.17	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.3	10	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
ascorbic acid 2-sulfate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	butenolide
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.67	9	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	6.41	7	1	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gsk1265744 [no description available]	4.46	3	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
dolutegravir [no description available]	9.77	8	6	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
byl719 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	proline derivative
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.11	5	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.9	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.77	3	0
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	2	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.17	1	0
act-246475 selatogrel: a P2Y12 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	10.39	16	6
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.75	3	0
millepachine millepachine: isolated from Millettia pachycarpa Benth (Leguminosae); structure in first source	2.25	1	0
pf-543 PF-543: Sphingosine Kinase 1 Selective Inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	sulfonamide
oxaline oxaline: a fungal alkaloid from the culture broth of Penicillium oxalicum; structure in first source. oxaline : An indole alkaloid with a heterotetracyclic skeleton isolated from Penicillium oxalicum and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity.	2.1	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fv-100 FV-100: antiviral; potent and selective inhibitors of varicella zoster virus; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.82	3	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.52	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.08	10	1
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.64	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.78	32	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	3.19	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.91	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.	3.13	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.95	1	0
protein kinase c [no description available]	2.03	1	0
uranium octoxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	2.01	1	0
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	2.05	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.04	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.1	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.1	10	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.03	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.43	1	1
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	7.95	11	2
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.05	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.43	2	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.17	1	0
carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid: a competitive NMDA receptor (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) antagonist	3.75	10	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.99	4	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2.43	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.04	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.92	4	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.1	1	0
all-bond 2 All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate	3.43	1	1
5'-deoxythymidine 5'-deoxythymidine: structure given in first source; used to study mechanism of entry into human erythrocytes in comparison with other deoxythymidines	2.01	1	0
echinocandin b echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.	2	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	22.13	447	57	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	13.65	114	2	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.25	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	3.62	3	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	5.62	3	2	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.07	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.74	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.1	16	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	22.77	543	65	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	5.78	16	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2.05	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.08	5	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.35	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.71	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
3'-guanylic acid 3'-guanylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. guanosine 3'-monophosphate : A guanosine 3'-phosphate compound with a monophosphate group at the 3'-position.	2	1	0	guanosine 3'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	6.55	6	3	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.03	1	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	15.43	110	20	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	16.17	191	6	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	8.88	20	1	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	6.71	19	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
2-aminopurine dioxolane (4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source	2	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.02	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
acyclovir triphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cyclopropavir cyclopropavir: cyclopropavir is the (Z)-isomer; has antiviral activity; structure in first source	5.19	5	0
9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine 9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine: structure given in first source	4.89	11	0	phosphoethanolamine
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.07	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.16	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
bropirimine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidines
lobucavir lobucavir: inhibits the replication of HIV virus in T cells, monocytes & macrophages in vitro by inhibiting DNA polymerase and viral DNA synthesis	6.56	10	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.42	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	7.1	14	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	1.97	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.02	1	0
acyclovir monophosphate acyclovir monophosphate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
nsc 614846 carbovir: structure given in first source; potent & selective anti-HIV agent. carbovir : Cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl group such that the two substitutents on the cyclopentene ring are in a cis relationship. The (-)-enantiomer, also known as carbovir, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication replication in cell cultures.. (-)-carbovir : The (active) (-)-enantiomer of the carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroguanosine.	2.44	2	0	carbovir	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxetanocin g oxetanocin G: inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.98	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.96	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
asoxime chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
guanylyl-(3'-5')-uridine [no description available]	2	1	0
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	3.34	1	1
amg531 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
9-deazaguanine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	3.05	1	0
trifazid [no description available]	3.47	1	1
9-deazahypoxanthine 9-deazahypoxanthine: structure in first source	2.96	3	0
carbovir triphosphate carbovir triphosphate: metabolite of abacavir. carbovir triphosphate : The organic triphosphate that is the 5'-triphosphate of (-)-carbovir.	5.05	3	1	organic triphosphate
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89	2.67	3	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.15	1	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine p-oxide 9-((2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl)guanine P-oxide: has anti-DNA-viral activity; acyclonucleotide analog of cGMP; structure given in first source; RN given refers to monosodium salt	2.38	2	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.03	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.17	11	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.9	4	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
lucinactant lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid	2.08	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.03	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	4.04	15	0
phosphatidylbutanol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.99	2	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	17.56	118	26
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.41	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.64	54	6
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	15.5	214	10
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	4.69	6	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Alastrim [description not available]	10.13	36	1
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	7.33	39	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	10.13	36	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	11.13	46	3
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	4.31	7	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	11.13	46	3
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.31	7	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	10.67	54	2
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	10.67	54	2
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	27.37	1,332	353
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	27.37	1,332	353
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	12.67	40	10
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	11.82	49	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	12.67	40	10
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	11.82	49	5
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.31	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.59	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	5.13	10	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	5.13	10	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	17.78	167	19
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	11.28	66	6
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	11.28	66	6
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	9.88	35	3
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	5.22	6	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	8.43	20	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	8.43	20	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.41	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	6.6	17	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	6.6	17	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	14.21	99	8
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	14.21	99	8
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	14.23	107	17
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	11.62	34	3
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	30.77	2,628	1,329
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	11.62	34	3
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	30.77	2,628	1,329
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	20.69	350	43
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	20.69	350	43
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	8.61	13	3
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	8.61	13	3
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	7.46	10	1
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	7.46	10	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	8.17	5	5
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.92	11	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.92	11	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	11.41	29	7
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	11.41	29	7
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.49	11	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.49	11	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.86	60	5
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	12.86	60	5
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	13.18	80	4
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	13.14	64	7
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	13.65	39	14
Bleeding [description not available]	8.71	21	3
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	13.75	85	7
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	8.71	21	3
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	13.14	64	7
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	13.65	39	14
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	12.25	73	6
B Virus Infection [description not available]	10.39	52	2
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	12.25	73	6
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.51	5	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	5.63	3	2
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	5.51	5	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	5.63	3	2
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	5.92	17	0
Molluscum Contagiosum A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.81	18	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	11.84	58	6
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	11.84	58	6
Koch's Disease [description not available]	7.63	19	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.01	12	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	7.63	19	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.01	12	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	15.21	149	10
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	15.21	149	10
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	11.74	43	3
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	11.74	43	3
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	13.43	66	6
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	13.43	69	6
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	13.43	66	6
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	13.43	69	6
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.6	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.6	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.6	1	0
Ocular Toxicity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	3.4	2	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.89	4	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.66	3	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	9.28	31	4
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	9.28	31	4
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.23	6	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	6.05	10	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	6.05	10	1
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	14.51	150	6
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	22.09	267	162
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.73	3	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	8.89	18	3
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	8.89	18	3
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	6.16	11	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	6.16	11	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	5.2	6	2
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	5.2	6	2
Breast Cancer [description not available]	12.42	42	9
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	12.42	42	9
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.9	3	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	12.04	69	5
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	12.04	69	5
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	6.34	8	1
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.09	16	0
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	6.55	12	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.09	16	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	6.34	8	1
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	6.58	12	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	10.67	30	2
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	12.99	100	1
Adult Rickets [description not available]	7.94	55	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	7.94	55	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	15.35	74	18
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	10.67	30	2
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.5	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	17.1	124	32
Amazon Black Fever [description not available]	7.11	13	1
Hepatitis D INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.11	13	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	17.1	124	32
Blood Clot [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	5.3	4	1
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	7.06	11	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	6.15	12	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	6.15	12	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	10.97	41	3
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	10.97	41	3
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	9.42	14	3
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	9.42	14	3
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	15.93	72	18
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	7.37	9	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	9.37	20	2
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	7.3	5	3
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.62	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	7.74	4	4
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	7.74	4	4
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	5.2	3	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.62	1	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	4.62	1	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	9.06	16	5
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	7.34	7	4
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	8.69	20	6
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	6.34	5	3
Caries, Dental [description not available]	7.95	10	4
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.61	6	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	6.26	7	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	5.57	3	2
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	4.62	1	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	5.7	2	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	8.38	9	4
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	7.83	11	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	8.1	13	3
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	5.82	4	2
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	8.56	11	4
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	7.8	8	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	5.61	3	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.92	3	3
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	10.14	13	10
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.79	2	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	5.77	4	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	8.22	9	4
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	13.43	58	12
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	14.7	63	6
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	4.62	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.62	1	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	4.62	1	1
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	4.62	1	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.62	1	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	9.06	16	5
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	7.34	7	4
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.69	20	6
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	12.49	21	10
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	6.34	5	3
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	9.37	20	2
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	7.95	10	4
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	5.31	4	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	5.57	3	2
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.62	1	1
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	5.7	2	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	8.38	9	4
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	5.22	4	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	4.69	2	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.83	11	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	4.62	1	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	8.1	13	3
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	5.82	4	2
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.22	4	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	4.62	1	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	4.62	1	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	7.01	12	1
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	7.8	8	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.62	1	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	5.61	3	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.92	3	3
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	10.14	13	10
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.79	2	1
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	4.62	1	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	8.22	9	4
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	4.62	1	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	7.3	5	3
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	5.04	3	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	4.62	1	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	5.1	3	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	4.62	1	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	5.2	3	1
Ache [description not available]	5.17	17	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	5.17	17	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	5.02	2	1
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	7.3	17	1
Choroidal Detachment Separation of the CHOROID from the SCLERA.	3.52	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	17.45	174	26
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.29	10	2
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.96	4	0
Periimplantitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	2.31	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.31	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	3.18	5	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	8.64	11	2
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.75	3	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.24	5	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.24	5	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	9.67	13	4
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	9.67	13	4
Conjunctival Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.46	2	0
Infections, Poxviridae [description not available]	7.55	17	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	8.24	18	7
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	9.26	22	6
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	8.24	18	7
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	9.26	22	6
Co-infection [description not available]	12.33	48	5
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	3.4	2	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	8.7	10	3
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	8.7	10	3
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Eczema Herpeticum [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.48	2	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	24.71	527	407
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	6.45	11	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	6.45	11	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.76	3	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	2.15	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.27	19	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.52	2	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	4.95	4	2
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	4.95	4	2
Coxa Plana [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Itching [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	3.69	3	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.42	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3	4	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.22	12	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3	4	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.45	2	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	9.95	30	3
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	9.95	30	3
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.89	4	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	9.28	21	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	9.28	21	1
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.15	1	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.57	2	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	6.34	5	3
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	6.34	5	3
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	6.4	15	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.78	3	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	5.06	9	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	5.06	9	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	3.45	2	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	4.27	7	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.08	5	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.17	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	14.75	105	12
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	6.2	7	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	6.2	7	1
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [description not available]	3.48	2	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.51	2	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	4.47	5	1
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	6.31	20	2
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	12.8	27	16
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	4.54	5	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	12.8	27	16
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.17	5	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.46	2	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	6.42	5	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	6.42	5	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.69	7	3
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.69	7	3
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	5.23	11	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	12.24	38	8
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.73	3	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	6.52	6	3
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	6.78	8	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	6.52	6	3
Luft Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	4.44	8	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	10.4	15	7
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	10.4	15	7
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.53	9	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.47	2	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	2.21	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	4.56	5	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	4.56	5	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	2.21	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.51	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	12.61	115	4
DDPAC [description not available]	3	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	3	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	3	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	5.92	13	2
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.79	7	1
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	4.79	7	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	5.92	13	2
Chronic Delta Hepatitis [description not available]	9.07	15	3
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.94	8	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	4.56	9	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.08	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	4.56	9	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.69	3	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	3.47	1	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.74	3	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.08	1	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	6.79	12	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	6.79	12	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	8.81	41	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	8.81	41	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	10.3	35	1
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	2.74	3	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.08	1	0
Erythema Migrans, Lingual [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Male Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.46	8	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.08	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Male Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.	2.08	1	0
Paget Disease, Extramammary A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)	2.41	2	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.5	2	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	8.05	82	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	9.63	13	5
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	7.55	22	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	7.55	22	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.08	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	9.63	13	5
Bilharziasis [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	4.13	6	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	23.99	625	579
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral [description not available]	5	6	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	5.26	8	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	5.26	8	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	15.9	65	51
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.38	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	6.39	15	3
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Cow Pox [description not available]	5.13	17	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.48	2	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.47	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.92	4	0
Lassitude [description not available]	5.71	2	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	5.71	2	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	20.65	378	375
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.81	11	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	9.27	9	2
Anogenital Type Verrucous Carcinoma [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	9.27	9	2
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	15.59	58	18
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	6.19	20	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	6.19	20	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	4.35	7	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.97	4	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	17.6	124	28
Icterus [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	17.6	124	28
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.08	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.08	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.48	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.43	2	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.75	3	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.77	28	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	8.77	28	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	4.38	4	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.47	2	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	6.06	6	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.39	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.38	4	1
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	3.85	4	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	4.78	4	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	6.1	6	2
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	6.1	6	2
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.08	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.77	9	3
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.08	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.39	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	10.16	20	2
Bone Stress Reaction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.1	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.45	2	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.05	5	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	9.98	52	1
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.01	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.01	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	6.11	6	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	3.42	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.29	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.01	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	3.01	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.01	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.11	6	2
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	3.01	1	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.79	8	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	6.22	7	2
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.79	8	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	6.22	7	2
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.77	3	0
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	3.85	2	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	6.21	23	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	6.21	23	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.21	6	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.01	9	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	8.69	21	3
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	8.69	21	3
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	7.86	13	2
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.95	4	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	3.65	3	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.73	3	0
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Fractures, Ununited A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	3.28	6	0
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.	2.1	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	13.49	80	8
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	3.29	6	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	13.49	80	8
Verruca [description not available]	8.72	26	2
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	8.72	26	2
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	2.1	1	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	12.13	21	10
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	12.13	21	10
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.78	3	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.11	1	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	6.91	9	1
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.59	11	1
Duncan Disease [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.58	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.82	2	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	6.59	11	1
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	3.67	3	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	3.01	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	8.59	5	4
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	8.59	5	4
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	5.37	13	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	5.37	13	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.47	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.49	2	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	3.41	7	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	5.47	5	1
Shingles [description not available]	5.26	8	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	5.26	8	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	3.38	2	0
Ectromelia, Infectious A viral infection of mice, causing edema and necrosis followed by limb loss.	3.84	11	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.1	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.1	1	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	2.8	3	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.1	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.1	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.48	2	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.64	9	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	4.89	4	2
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.1	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	3.87	4	0
Metastase [description not available]	11.2	37	6
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	11.2	37	6
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	2.11	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	3.85	4	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	7.67	12	1
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	7.67	12	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	5.87	5	1
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.11	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.05	7	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.46	2	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.47	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.72	3	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.72	3	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.11	1	0
Skin Syphilis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	4.41	1	1
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	3.89	4	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.11	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	9.81	10	9
Joint Pain [description not available]	9.73	9	9
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	9.8	10	9
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	9.97	12	9
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	9.8	10	9
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	9.97	12	9
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	9.73	9	9
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.11	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.49	2	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	3.4	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.72	3	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.11	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	2.11	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.48	20	3
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.69	10	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.48	20	3
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.67	3	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.13	1	0
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	5.47	8	2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.53	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	5.47	8	2
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.44	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.37	13	1
Angiitis [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	2.47	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.66	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	3.38	2	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.91	4	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	4.34	7	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.93	4	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	5.44	5	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	5.44	5	1
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	2.13	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	4.08	5	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.39	2	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	2.73	3	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.13	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	4.13	3	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	3.04	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	3.38	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.46	2	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	2.13	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	2.78	3	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.03	9	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	5.03	9	1
Diathesis [description not available]	5.76	7	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.59	9	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	5.59	9	2
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.46	2	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.3	2	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.39	2	0
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	3.66	3	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	2.96	1	0
Teeth, Devitalized [description not available]	4.4	2	2
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.37	2	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.91	4	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	16.16	116	16
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	2.04	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	16.16	116	16
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.65	3	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	5.05	10	1
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.68	3	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	3.86	4	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	2.95	4	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	9.04	7	4
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.68	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	7.85	5	4
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.72	3	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.72	3	0
Flatus [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	3.43	1	1
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	5.11	10	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	5.21	19	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	5.21	19	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	4.7	3	2
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	2.05	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	4.72	7	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	4.44	3	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.45	2	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	6.26	8	5
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.45	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	3.37	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.05	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.26	8	5
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.05	1	0
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	5.19	11	1
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	5.19	11	1
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.05	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.05	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.41	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.73	3	0
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	2.05	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.43	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	3.63	3	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	4.44	8	0
MODS [description not available]	2.75	3	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.05	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.75	3	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	3.8	2	1
Kraurosis Vulvae [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.	2.05	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	5.8	16	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	5.8	16	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Franklin Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.05	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	5.97	3	1
Genital Warts [description not available]	8.5	21	2
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	8.5	21	2
Atherogenesis [description not available]	4.58	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.81	4	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	4.58	3	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.85	4	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.85	2	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.44	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	2.05	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.94	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.07	5	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	3.43	1	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	3.43	1	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.3	4	1
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	5.22	12	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	5.22	12	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	3.8	2	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.03	5	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.44	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	4.04	3	1
Heerfordt Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	4.15	3	1
HbS Disease [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Thalassemias [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	3.44	1	1
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	3.44	1	1
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	3.13	5	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Injuries, Needlestick [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	4.34	4	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.49	5	1
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	2.05	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	4.51	5	1
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.74	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	4.06	5	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	6.32	14	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	6.32	14	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.44	1	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.05	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	3.38	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.68	3	0
Actinic Keratosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Keratosis, Actinic White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.	2.05	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.38	2	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.06	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.92	4	0
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic [description not available]	3.64	3	0
T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.	3.64	3	0
Sycosis [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	3.86	2	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.06	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.47	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.07	5	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.47	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.97	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.06	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.74	3	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	4.49	5	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Bednar Tumor [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	4.49	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.28	7	0
Dermatofibrosarcoma A sarcoma of the deep layers of the skin. The tumors are locally aggressive tends to recur but rarely metastatic. It can be classified into variants depending on the cell type tumors are derived from or by its characteristics: Pigmented variant from MELANIN-containing DERMAL DENDRITIC CELLS; Myxoid variant, myxoid STROMAL CELLS; Giant cell variant characterized by GIANT CELLS in the tumors; and Fibrosarcomatous variant chracterized by tumor areas histologically indistinguishable from FIBROSARCOMA.	2.97	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.42	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.44	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.87	4	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	4.76	2	1
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	4.76	2	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	2.06	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.47	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.46	2	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.06	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.06	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.06	1	0
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	4.68	3	2
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	2.98	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	3.45	1	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.67	3	2
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.1	5	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.67	3	2
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.98	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.98	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.98	4	0
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.	2.73	3	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.39	2	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.47	2	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.68	3	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	4.8	7	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	4.8	7	1
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.06	1	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	2.06	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.06	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.06	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.69	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.36	7	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.34	2	2
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Anal Fissure [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	2.44	2	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	3.35	2	0
Feline Leukemia [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Injuries, Wrist [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.07	1	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	2.07	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	2.99	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.76	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.76	4	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	4.78	2	1
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.72	3	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Penis [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Penile Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.	3.63	3	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	2.99	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Rubeola [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.8	2	1
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	3.46	1	1
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.07	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.07	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.07	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.71	3	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	4.87	4	2
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	4.87	4	2
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	3.65	3	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	3.47	1	1
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.07	1	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	5.02	3	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.46	1	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.07	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.07	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.34	2	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.71	3	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.08	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.08	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.38	2	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	4.39	1	1
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	3	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	3	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.08	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.67	3	0
Eyelid Neoplasms Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.	2.01	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.01	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.01	1	0
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Erythroplasia A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions.	2.01	1	0
Allergy, Egg [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	3.32	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	3.32	2	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	5.2	4	1
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.22	6	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.29	4	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.01	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.42	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.69	3	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	2.7	3	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.93	1	0
Eczematous Disorders [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.93	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.37	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.42	2	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.11	5	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	5.4	5	3
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	5.4	5	3
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.77	7	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.01	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.01	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.93	4	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	2.42	2	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	2.01	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.41	2	0
Edema, Laryngeal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Laryngeal Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.	2.01	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.79	2	1
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.01	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	5.01	3	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	5.01	3	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.02	1	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.02	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.41	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	4.32	1	1
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	5.75	2	2
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	5.75	2	2
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.02	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.37	2	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.65	3	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.93	4	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	2.02	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.94	4	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.94	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.94	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Primate Diseases Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.	2.02	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.42	2	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.4	2	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.02	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.02	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.37	7	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	4	5	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	4	5	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.72	7	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	4.11	3	0
Seminoma A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.02	1	0
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.	2.02	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.94	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.94	1	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	2.94	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	3.35	2	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.03	1	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	3.29	2	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	2.03	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Uveitis, Posterior Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.	2.94	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	3.84	4	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.41	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	7.42	32	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	7.42	32	0
Alexia Syndrome Without Agraphia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.44	2	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.44	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	3.08	5	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.03	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.63	2	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.42	2	0
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.04	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.65	3	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	2.03	1	0
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.95	1	0
Bell Palsy A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)	2.95	1	0
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	5.03	5	2
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.25	6	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	5.03	5	2
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	2.03	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.03	1	0
Freckle, Melanotic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.04	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	2.03	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	2.37	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	3.42	1	1
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	3.26	6	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	3.26	6	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	2.7	3	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	2.04	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.63	3	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	3.75	2	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.65	3	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	3.37	1	1
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.67	3	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.98	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Ovine [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	1.98	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	1.98	1	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.39	2	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	1.98	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	3.37	1	1
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	1.98	1	0
Hyperdactyly [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	3.37	1	1
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	4.34	2	2
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.38	2	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.37	2	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	1.98	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	1.99	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	3.81	4	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
ARC [description not available]	3.37	1	1
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	3.37	1	1
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	4.88	8	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.33	2	2
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.33	2	2
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.65	3	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.99	1	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	1.99	1	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	1.99	1	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	6.22	8	1
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.91	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.91	1	0
AIDS, Feline [description not available]	6.45	6	3
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	3.38	1	1
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.99	1	0
Mixed Tumor, Mesodermal A sarcoma of the body of the uterus arising in older women, composed of more than one mesenchymal tissue, especially including striated muscle cells. It is associated with previous pelvic radiation exposure in 20% of patients. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1702)	3.38	1	1
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	1.99	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.37	2	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.99	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	4.95	3	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	1.99	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	2.91	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Infections, Morbillivirus [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	3.29	2	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	2.91	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	2	1	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	2.91	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	3.29	2	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	2	1	0
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	3.97	5	0
Epulides [description not available]	2	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.39	2	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.36	2	2
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2	1	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.92	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2	1	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	2	1	0
Bowen Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2	1	0
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	4.7	2	1
Immunoblastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	3.39	1	1
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	2.86	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	1.95	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	1.95	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	1.95	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.35	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	1.95	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.86	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	4.72	7	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	4.72	7	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.95	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.64	3	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	1.95	1	0
Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.	2.64	3	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	1.95	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.27	2	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	1.95	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	3.27	2	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	1.95	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	1.95	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	1.95	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	3.56	3	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.95	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	1.98	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	1.97	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.97	1	0
Dental Deposit [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.97	1	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	4.03	3	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.36	2	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	3.28	2	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.35	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	1.95	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.64	3	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.95	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.95	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.34	2	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.64	3	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Acropachy, Hereditary [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.86	4	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	3.26	2	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	1.94	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.04	5	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.02	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.02	3	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.95	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	1.95	1	0
Anophthalmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Coloboma Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.	1.94	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.63	3	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	1.94	1	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	1.94	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	1.94	1	0
Epiphyses, Slipped A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.	1.95	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	1.95	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	1.95	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.64	3	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	1.95	1	0
Exostoses Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.	1.95	1	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Osteoma A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chondroma A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna Thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone, which may be associated with hypertrichosis and obesity. It most commonly affects women near menopause.	1.95	1	0
Pinealoma Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)	1.95	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.95	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	1.94	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	1.94	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	2.35	2	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.86	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	2.86	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.63	3	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	2.86	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.94	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	1.94	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	1.94	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	1.94	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.64	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	1.94	1	0
Beryllium Disease Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.	1.94	1	0
Berylliosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.	1.94	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	3.32	1	1
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	3.32	1	1
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	1.94	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	1.94	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	1.94	1	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	2.35	2	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	1.94	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	1.94	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.94	1	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	1.94	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.35	2	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	1.94	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	2.35	2	0
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	1.94	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	1.94	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	1.94	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	1.94	1	0

organophosphonates

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